(vhHn?ZbHn?ZvH) 509 ngo gqkfJwoh gZXo *s/ ;wkfie ftfrnkB ...mooc.nios.ac.in/mooc/pluginfile.php?file=/14884... · Declaration/ Disclaimer This is translated version of D.El.Ed. course

(vhHn?ZbHn?ZvH)

509

ngo gqkfJwoh gZXo *s/ ;wkfie ftfrnkB dh f;ybkJh

2

;wkfie ftfrnkB dhnK XkoBktK ns/ ftPk

www.nios.ac.in

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Declaration/ Disclaimer

This is translated version of D.El.Ed. course material available in English medium at

www.dled.nios.ac.in. All care and diligence has been ensured while translating to ensure

sanctity of materials, however, in case of any kind of divergence/translation/ meaning the

source version i.e material in English medium shall prevail.

www.dled.nios.ac.in

;wkfie ftfrnkB dhnK XkoBktK ns/ ftPk 1

B'N

fJekJh ^3 fJfsjk;

;zouBk L

3H0 gfou?

3H1 f;ZyD dk wzst

3H2 fJfsjk; dk Gkt

3H3 fJfsjk; dh gqfeosh

3H4 w[ZYb/ gZXo *s/ fJfsjk; dh ;kwZroh

3H5 ;wkie ftfrnkB gkmeqw ftZu fJfsjk; dh f;Zfynk dh wjZssk

3H6 G{sekb Bz{ ;wMD bJh fJfsjk;e gj[zu

3H7 p[fBnkdh gZXo *s/ fJfsjk; ftZu d' u?gNoK dh ;zebg w?fgzr

3H8 ;koKP

3H9 ;[MkJ/ nfXn?B ns/ ;zdoG

3H10 fJekJh nzs nfGnk;

3H0 gfou?

nkyoh fJekJh ftZu s[;hA G{r'b Bz{ ;wkie ftfrnkgB gkmeqw (Gkt fJ; pbke dh fJekJh^3) Bz{ tkfunk. fJj fJekJh p[fBnkdh s"o *s/ fJfsjk; dk Gkt ns/ gqfeosh dk toBD eodh j?. fJ; s'A tZX e/ ;wkie ftfrnkgB gkmeqw d/ ;zebg (XkoDk) ftZu fJfsjk; dh f;Zfynk dh nfjwhns Bz{ ;zy/g ftZu toBD eodh j?. f;ZN/ ti'A fJj fJekJh ;wkie ftfrnkBhnK tZb'A G{sekb Bz{ ;wMD ns/ s[jkBz{ fJ; rZb Bkb skbw/b eoB fe w?fgzr seBhe okjhA fet/A fJfsjk;e xNBktK Bz{ toBD eoBk j?, Bkb jh skbw/b eotkT[D bJh ngDkJh gqfefonk T[Zgo.

3H1 f;ZyD d/ wzst

fJ; fJekJh dk nfXn?B eoB wro'A s[;hA :'r j't'r/

fJfsjk; dk noE toBD eoB d/l fJfsjk; dh gqfeosh toBD eoB d/l

2 (vhHn?ZbHn?ZvH)

B'N

fJfsjk;

p[fBnkdh gZXo *s/ fJfsjk; d/ ftP/ Bz{ gqwkDs eoB d/l toswkB ;zdoG ftZu ;wkie ftfrnkB gkmeqw ftZu fJfsjk; dh nfjwhns

Bz{ toBD eoB d/l fJfsjk;ekoK dh G{sekb dh gVskb ns/ fJ; Bz{ d{finK Bkb tzvD ftZu

G{fwek dk toBD eoB ns/l ;zebg w?fgzr seBhe okjhA fJfsjk;e sZsK dh ikDekoh, ftuko ns/ fuzsBK

Bz{ toBD eoB d/.

3H2 fJfsjk; dk Gkt s[;hA PkfJd nb?rI?Avo d/ nfXnkge no;s{ pko/ gfVQnK j't/rk. T[j rqh; (:{BkB) dk t;Bhe ;h. eh s[;hA ikDd/ j' fe rqh; d/ b'e (:{BkBh) frnkB ns/ f;nkDg d/ XkoDh j[zd/ jB. ftfPnK ftZu'A fJZe fi;B/ T[BQK dk frnkB ns/ f;nkDg *u tkXk ehsk fJfsjk; ;h. nzrq/Ih dk Ppd ‘HISTORY* :{BkBh ;zfrnk ‘HISTORIA* s'A fte;s ehsk frnk j? fi;dk Gkt j? L iKu, y'i, g;ko ns/ ;{uBk. wB[Zysk d/ G{sekb pko/ iKu iK y'i d[nkok f;ZyDk, pknd *u gqkuhB :{BkBh fJfsjk;eK d[nkok fJZe nB[Pk;B ftZu fte;s ehsk frnk. fJBQK fJfsjk;ekoK ftZu jho'v'N; (484 ph ;h ^ 425 ph ;h) ns/ E{;hvkJhv; (460 ^ 401 ph ;h) Pkwb ;B. jho'v'N;, fi; Bz{ nkws"o *s/ fJfsjk; dk fgskwk fejk jho'v'N; iKdk j?, B/ :{BkBh ^ fJokBh izrK pko/ fbZfynk, fiBQK ftZu ;{uBktK (484 ph ;h s'A 425 ph ;h) dh fJZe ykB ;zfwbs j?, ftP/Peko T[j fijVh :{BkBh ns/ fJokBh fuZso L wkof;nk; ih n?Zc (gqkuhB) Bkb ;zpzXs j?. vh n?Zb


B'N

fJfsjk;

wkokEkB dh izr :{BkBh ^ fJokBh izr E[;hvkJhv; B/ fJj ftPk ftfrnkBe nkXko *s/ fte;s ehsk. T[; B/ g?b'g?Bf;nkJh izrK Bz{ g{oh soQK gqwkDK d/ nkXko *s/ fbZfynk ns/ ekoDK ns/ gqGktK ftueko ;zpzXK Bz{ do;kfJnk. g?b'g'B/f;nkJh E{;hvkJhvvI izr dh Sth, dh Sth ekoeK *s/ (ph ;h 460 ^ e/Ados eodk j?. 401 ph ;h)

g?b'g'B/f;nkJh izr dh Sth

g?b'g'B/f;nkJh izr dk BePk j?Boh i"jB;B (1969) d/ PpdK ftZu "fJfsjk; xNBktK dk ft;skos b/yk j?, fi; B/ ;EkB rqfjD ehsk j?." gfoGkPk s'A fJj g{oh soQK ;gPN j' iKdk j? fe fJfsjk; w[Zy s"o *s/ G{sekb dhnK xNBktK Bkb jh toskok eodk j?. fJfsjk; ftZu f;oc xNBktK dk jh t/otk j[zdk j?. Ekw; ekobhb (1895), coK; dh eoKsh d/ fJZe wPj{o fJfsjk;eko B/ fJfsjk; Bz{ ‘wjkB ftneshnK dh ihtBh* d/ s"o *s/ t/fynk ns/ fJj fe fJj wB[Zy g{oDsk dk fJZe b/yk j?, ftP/Peo wjkB o{jK dk. fe;/ ftnesh dh fJZe fJefjoh B/e fefonk B/ eJh tko fJZe ;zg{oD fgzv Bz{, ;zg{oD Pfjo iK ;zg{oD okPNo Bz{ wjkB Bkw ns/ gqf;ZXh Bz{ T[Ekfgs ehsk j?. gq'H w/Nb?Av (1898) B/ nrKj fJj nky e/ ;kv/ frnkB ftZu ;[Xko ehsk j? fe, "wB[ZyK B/ eh ehsk j? ns/ fejk j? ;G s'A tZX e/ i' T[BQK ;'funk ^ T[j fJfsjk; j?." ;zg{oD ftPb/PD ftZu fJj fuzsB gqfefonk gqfsfpzps fefonk ns/ T[BQK ;kfonK dh Sth ;zouBk j? i' G{sekb ftZu tkgfonk, fijVk fe fJfsjk; dk gqw[Zy ekoi j[zdk j?. gq'H o/Bhno (1950) e'b i'VB tk;s/ fJZe BthA ftwk j?, T[j

4 (vhHn?ZbHn?ZvH)

B'N

fJfsjk;

nkydk j? fe "fJfsjk; ;wkiK ftZu ofjzd/ ftneshnK dh ejkDh j? fJfsjk;." fJZe BthA XkoDk fi; ftZu ;w{je fefonk, ouBkswe fuzsB Bz{ ;w{je itkp ns/ fwbD;kosk ns/ ;kfonK d/ fjZsK dh ;/tk eoB dh fJZSk wjZso T[ZxkgD jk;b eodh j?. gq'H x'P (2007) d/ PpdK ftZu "fJfsjk; fJZe ftfrnkBe nfXn?B ns/ ;zg{oD G{sekb dk b/yk j?."

;ko/ ftdtkBK ftubh ;G s'A nfjw gfoGkPk noB?;N poBjhw (1889) dh j?, fijVk fe nkydk j?, "fJfsjk; fJZe ftfrnkB j?, fijVk fe T[BQK sZsK Bz{ T[BQK d/ wB'^G"fse ekoDsk d/ ;zdoG ftZu gVskb ns/ g/P eodk j? fijV/ fe ftnesh d/ T[rwD d/ ;EkB ns/ ;w/A d[nkok fBoXkos ehs/ j[zd/ jB ns/ Bkb jh ;wkie gqkDh d/ s"o *s/ ftbZyD ns/ ;w{je fefonk th." fJ; gfoGkPk B/ fJfsjk;e feZfsnK dhnK p[fBnkdh rshftXhnK Bz{ S'fjnk j?. fJj fJZe ftfrnkB j? feT[Afe fJj gqDkbhpZX frnkB Bz{ ;zfwbs eodk j? fijVk fe fIzdrh dhnK jehesK ns/ tkodksK ns/ xNBktK pko/, T[Zgo nkXkos j[zdk j? fijVhnK fe n;b ftZu tkgohnK j[zdhnK jB ns/ XkoDk iK ebgBk T[Zgo nkXkos BjhA j[zdhnK. d{ik fJ;dk gqw[Zy ekoi fIzdrh d/ T[BQK sZsK Bz{ T[BQK d/ ;jh ;zdoG ftZu g/P eoB dh wBPk Bkb y'iDk j[zdk j?. gqzs{ ;G s'A nfjw ekoi T[BQK dh ekoDsk dk toBD, ;wZf;nk Bz{ bZGD, w[Zd/ Bz{ fJ; dh vz{xkJh ftZu goy eoBk ns/ tosko/ Bz{ fJ; dh T[sgZsh s'A nkyoh nzs sZe ftnkfynk eoBk j?. T[sgZsh wkBf;e ns/ gdkoEe ekoeK d/ ;z:'r ftZu j[zdh j? fijVh fe ;w/A d/ fJZe ftP/P fpzd{ ns/ ftP/P ;EkB *s/ fBoXkos j[zdh j?. fJ; soQK gVskb ehs/ rJ/ sZs gqrsh Bkb ;zpzXs j[zd/ jB iK c/o fiZE/ sZe T[; dh ftneshrs fefonk dk ;zpzX j?. fco th Gkos ftZu fJfsjk; fJZe I[pkBh gqEk j?. gqkuhB Gkosh ;{ophoK dhnK gqkgshnK Bz{ ;kek iK rkEk d/ o{g ftZu g/P ehsk frnk j?. YkvhnK ns/ j'oBK b'eK B/ fGzB xNBktK ns/ b'eK d/ ekoBkw/ I[pkBh ;[D/ feT[Afe fbZyD dh ebk ns/ g[;seK dh gqekPBk nfrnks ;h. fJfsjk;e xNBktK Bz{ ;kfjse, ebkswe, okiBhse ns/ Xkofwe wzstK bJh tofsnk iKdk ;h. g[okD ns/ Gkos dhnK j'o fJfsjk;e fbZysK Bz{ gqDkbhpZX ns/ eqwnB[;ko soshp ftZu BjhA gqpzXs ehsk frnk. okfinK ns/ :'fXnK dh fInkdk T[;ss ehsh rJh j?. fJj f;oc f;Zfynk dh nzrq/Ih gqDkbh nXhB ;h fe fJfsjk; Bz{ Gkos ftZu ;e{bh ftP/ d/ s"o *s/ g/P ehsk frnk. fJ; bJh pj[shnK P[o{nksh gkm g[;seK nzrq/I ftdtkBK tZb'A fbZyhnK rJhnK ;B. nzs ftZu fJj dZ;Dk ekch j't/rk fe fJfsjk; wB[Zy Bkb ;zpzXs ;ko/ d[Bhnkth wkwfbnK Bkb toskok eodk j?.

nkgDh gqrsh dh goy eo' ^ 1 B'N L (i) j/mK fdZs/ ;EkB ftZu nkgDk T[Zso fbZy'.


B'N

fJfsjk;

(ii) fJekJh d/ nzs ftZu fdZs/ T[ZsoK Bkb fwbkU. I) po?eN ftZu ;jh iK rbs dZ;'. TH) nzrq/Ih dk Ppd ‘HISTORY* :{BkBh ;zfrnk ‘HISTORIA* s'A fBek; ehsk frnk j?. () nH) The Proceedings Pelopensian War, jho'v'N; tZb'A fbZyh rJh ;h. () JH) E[;hvkJhv; Bz{ fJfsjk; d/ fgskwk d/ s"o *s/ ikfDnk iKdk j?. () ;H) gqkuhB Gkosh ;{ophoK dhnK gqkgshnK Bz{ ;kfenK iK rkEktK ftZu ;zGkb e/ oZfynk frnk j?. () jH) f;Zfynk dh nzrq/Ih gqDkbh B/ Gkos ftZu ‘fJfsjk;* Bz{ ;e{bh ftP/ d/ s"o *s/ g/P ehsk. () 2H fJfsjk; d/ Gkt Bkb ;zpzXs gqw[Zy f;ZfNnK (;koKP) dh ;{uh fsnko eo'. ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 3H gqkuhB Gkosh gqkgshnK Bz{ ;kfenK ns/ rkEktK d/ o{g ftZu feT[A ;zGkb e/ oZfynk frnk j?< ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

3H3 fJfsjk; dh gqfeosh T[go'es uouk s'A pknd ;kv/ bJh fJfsjk; dh n;b gqfeosh Bz{ ;{uhpZX eoBk nk;kB j't/rk.

1H wB[Zy (gqkDh) dk nfXn?B j? fJfsjk; L ;dhnK s'A wB[Zy d/ T[ZdwK ns/ gqkgshnK Bkb i[fVnk j'fJnk j?. fJj fet/A wB[Zyh ;ZfGnsk ;dhnK s'A fte;s j'fJnk, pko/ fdbfyZuthA ejkDh dk y[ok^y'i bZGdk j?. fw;kb d/ s"o *s/ f;zX{ xkNh ;ZfGnsk, nkfonk ;ZfGnsk dqkftV ;ZfGnsk nkfd wB[Zy d/ G{sekb ftZu fJZe soshp nB[;ko ;wki dh ;EkgBk ftZu wB[Zy d/ :sBK Bz{ do;kT[Adk j?.

2H fJfsjk; toswkB Bz{ g/P eodk j? L s[jkv/ fdwkr ftZu fJZe gqPB T[Zm ;edk j? fe toswkB fet/A G{sekb s'A T[rwD j'fJnk. nkU n;hA nkgD/ o'IkBk

6 (vhHn?ZbHn?ZvH)

B'N

fJfsjk;

ihtB d/ nB[GtK s'A fJZe fw;kb bJhJ/. Gkt nktkikJh (NoK;g'oN) dh toswkB gqDkbh gqkuhB ftnesh tZb'A izrb ftZu tos/ iKd/ x[zwD tkb/ gjhJ/ dk gVkntko ftek; dk f;ZNk j?. fJfsjk; dk ezw fJ; T[rwB dk nfXn?B eoBk j?. u[DhnK j'JhnK xNBktK ftueko ekoDsk ;zpzXK Bz{ bZGDk j?, fijVk fe tkodksK dh gqfeosh Bz{ T[ikro eoB ftZu wdd eodk j? ns/ ekBz{B pDkT[D ftZu th. fJfsjk;eko dk ekoi G{sekb Bz{ uzrh soQK ikDBk j? sK i' toswkB T[Zgo fJ; d/ gqGkt Bz{ ;wfMnk ik ;e/.

3H fJfsjk;e xNBktK fBozso ns/ nB[e{be jB L e'Jh th wB[Zyh tkodks ybkn ftZu'A g?dk BjhA j'Jh. fJj g{opbhnK xNBktK dhnK p[fBnkdK ftZu'A T[GohnK. fJ; d/ pdb/ g{opbhnK xNBktK d[nkok poeoko xNBktK j'oBK nkg;h ;zpzXs ns/ nzsofBoGo xNBktK d/ Bkb BthnK xNBktK Bz{ T[Gko fdzdhnK jB ns/ gqrshPhb gfqefonk Bz{ T[Gko fdzdhnK jB. fw;kb d/ s"o *s/ Gkos ftZu (1857) rdo B/ Gkos ftZu y/soh gZXo *s/ fGzB jfEnkopzd ftdo'jK Bz{ T[Gko fdZsk. fi; B/ nrKj okPNoh nzd'bB Bz{ T[Gko fdZsk ns/ Gkosh okPNoh eKro; dh ouBk.

4H fJfsjk; toswkB ns/ G{sekb ftueko Bk w[ZeDtkbh tkosk j? L fit/A fe n;hA ikDd/ jK fe G{sekb pko/ n;hA frnks BjhA jK ns/ jo/e fJfsjk;eko fJ; dk fJZe Gkr y'iD bJh jzGbk wkodk j? ns/ BthA ikDekoh i'V e/ iK c/o fJZe BthA ftnkfynk g/P eoe/ jehes d/ B/V/ nkT[Adk j?. fJj ;G fJfsjk;eko fijVk fe toswkB ftZu j? ns/ xNBktK fijVhnK fe G{sekb ftZu ;B, ftueko p/jZd nzsozr tkosk Bz{ Pkwb eodk j?. feT[Afe G{sekb dk gdkoE T[; d/ ;kjwD/ g/P BjhA j[zdk, fit/A fe fBZih vkfJohnK, uPwdhdK iK foekov iK b/y/, fijV/ fe ftnesh s'A jZNe/ j'o fe;/ tZb'A fsnko ehs/ j[zd/ jB, fiBQK fJ; ftZu Gkr fbnk j[zdk iK c/o fJZe xNBk Bz{ gq/yD ehsk j[zdk j? ns/ nkyo nkgDh ebgBkPhb Pesh dh tos'A eodk j?, ftP/ T[Zgo gqfsfpzps eodk j? ns/ fJ; soQK G{sekb Bkb fJZe tkosk ftZu Pkwb j[zdk j?. G{sekb d/ ysw nzeV/ T[; dh pk^dbhb ns/ f;nkDg Gog{o Pesh d[nkok ihts j' iKdh j?.

5H fJfsjk; GftZy dh GftZypkDh d/ wzst Bkb G{sekb dh ftnkfynk j? L fJ; o{g ftZu fJfsjk; G{sekb Bz{ GftZy dh Gktg{oD fsnkoh d/ o{g ftZu gqdoPs eodk j?. fJfsjk;e xNBktK ;wK ns/ ;EkB nB[;ko tkgohnK. fJfsjk;e xNBktK dh gqfeosh ekoDsk ;zpzXB ftZu'A fJZe j? ns/ fJ; dh gq/oDkdkfJe Pesh T[jh wB[Zyh gqfeosh j?. fw;kb d/ s"o *s/, Gkos ftZu fcoe{ ;fEsh ikDfdnK uofub B/ d/P ftZu'A p/sjkPk poskBth fBek;h d/ f;ZN/ ti'A y{B dhnK BdhnK dh GftZypkDh ehsh ;h. fJj tkgfonk th. jo/e d/P dh nkX[fBe


B'N

fJfsjk;

e{NBhsh ns/ ftd/P Bhsh phs/ nB[GtK Bkb ;zpzXs b/fynk Bz{ fXnkB ftZu oZyfdnK fBoXkos ehsh rJh.

6H fJfsjk;e skesK o/ykth s/ nktose jB L [ fJfsjk; dk o/ykth BIohnk gqrNkT[Adk j? ] fe fJfsjk; frnks toswkB s'A nfrnks GftZy ftZu'A dh bzxfdnK fJZe nfrnks G{sekb s'A fJZe f;ZXh o/yk j?. fJ; s'A nrKj fJj nkydk j? fe fJfsjk; ftZu fJZe fBeN fBozsosk j? ns/ fJ; Bz{ fJZe f;o/ s'A d{i/ f;o/ sZe fJZe m'; f;ok pDkT[Adk j?. fJfsjk; dk nktose BIohnk gqrNkT[Adk j? fe fJfsjk; fJZe uZeo ftZu x[zwdk j?. fJZe P[o{nksh fpzd{ j[zdk j? ns/ sd fJj T[gZotb Bz{ iKdk j? id'A sZe f;yo *s/ BjhA gj[zu iKdk. T[; s'A pknd j/mK tZb'A dh rshftXh ;Ekgs j[zdh j? id'A sZe fe fJj fBwBsw fpzd{ Bz{ S'j BjhA b?Adk, fiZE/ fJj rkfJp j' iKdk j?. ;ko/ ;ZfGnkukoK dk uVkn s/ T[sokn fJ; P?bh Bz{ fJe;[o j[zdk j?. fw;kb d/ s"o *s/ fw;oh (ykBkpd'P), pkpbh, f;zX{ xkNh, jZVgk, uhBh, :{BkBh, o'wB, fJ;bkwh, :{ogh nkfd fJ; f;XKs d/ nXhB j?.

7H fJfsjk; dk frnkB nX{ok j? L fJfsjk; dh gqfeosh Bz{ uzrh soQK ;wMD bJh ;kBz{ fJfsjk;e ftXh T[Zgo fBeN Mks wkoBh gt/rh, yk;eo fJ;dhnK ewhnK. fJj ftXh fJZe fJfsjk;e xNBk pko/ ;kohnK ;zpzXs ikDekohnK Bz{ gSkDB d/ jzGb/ (isB) Bkb P[o{ j[zdh j?. feT[Afe fJfsjk;eko G{sekb Bz{ f;ZXk jh nfXn?B BjhA eo ;ed/, T[; Bz{ T[gbZpX gqwkDK T[Zgo fBoGo eoBk g?Adk j?. fJZE/ n;hA n;b fJfsjk; ns/ frnks fJfsjk; ftZu nzso eoKr/. n;b fJfsjk; ;G e[M j? fijVk fe n;b ftZu nfXn?B nXhB fJfsjk;e xNBk d/ ;w/A ns/ ;EkB *s/ tkgfonk j[zdk j?, idfe frnks fJfsjk; fgZS/ S[ZN frnk fybfonk gqwkD wkso j[zdk j?. b'e T[BQK dhnK :kdK b? fe wo iKd/ jB. e[M wB[Zyh ebkswe sZs ;dhnK pu/ ofjzd/ jB. ;kv/ e'b wkw{bh fijk iK c/o fe;/ fJfsjk;e gVkn dk e'Jh gqwkD BjhA j[zdk. fJ; bJh, frnks G{sekb n;b sZs Bkb'A S'Nk j[zdk j?.

8H fJfsjk; gfotosDPhb j[zdk j? L fJfsjk; ;fEo BjhA j[zdk, fJfsjk; pko/ ;kv/ ftuko fBozso gfotos j[zd/ ofjzd/ jB fit/A BthnK ekYK fJikd j[zdhnK jB fijVhnK g{opb/ frnkB T[Zgo PZe g?dk eodhnK jB. 1900 s'A gfjbK No'iB izr Bz{ g{oh soQK fJZe fwZE ;wfMnk iKdk ;hl wku{, fgZu{ ns/ uhB dh N/ok e'Nk c"i nfrnks ;h. fJfsjk;e tkodksK dhnK BthnK ftnkfynktK fBozso g[okD/ ftukoK Bz{ u[D"sh fdzdhnK ofjzdhnK jB. eh ftz;NB uofub nkgD/ ;w/A dk wjkB e{NBhse, fit/A fe jkb jh ftZu ;[MkfJnk frnk j?, xZN uofus ftnesh ;h. nfijhnK BthnK ftebge ftnkfynktK Bz{ ;'Xtkdh fJfsjk; fejk iKdk j?. fJZE'A sZe fe fJZe wPj{o fcbw phs/ fJfsjk; tZb otZJhJ/ pko/ iBse ikro{esk gfotos eoB ftZu ekch :'rdkB gk ;edh j?.

8 (vhHn?ZbHn?ZvH)

B'N

fJfsjk;

fJfsjk; dh gqfeosh p/jZd ifNb j?. fJj y[Zd ftfGzB ftnkfynktK ;kwQD/ M[edh j?. fJfsjk; dh e'Jh fJefjoh Pkyk ftPkb ifNb tosko/ dh fJZe Mks wkso s'A tZX e[M BjhA j?. Gkt/A fe e'Jh th fJfsjk; dh rshPhb gqfeosh *s/ MrV BjhA ;edk, fijVk fe nkgD/ nkg fJZe jw/Pk fIzdrh d/ gfotosDPhb BkNe Bkb ;zpzXs j[zdk j? fi; dk fJZe wzst ns/ noE j[zdk j?.

nkgDh gqrsh dh goy eo' ^ 2 B'N L i. nkgDk T[Zso j/mK fdZs/ ;EkB ftZu fbZy' ii. fJekJh d/ nzs ftZu fdZs/ T[ZsoK Bkb nkgDk T[Zso fwbkU. 4H fJfsjk; dh gqfeosh dk toBD eo'. ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 5H toBD eo' fe fJfsjk;e skesK fet/A o/ykth s/ Bkb jh nktose jB< ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 6H fJfsjk; d/ w[ZYb/ ;o'sK ns/ r"D ;o'sK ftZu nzso eo'. ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

3H4 p[fBnkdh gZXo *s/ fJfsjk; d/ nzP fit/A fe s[;hA ikDd/ j' fe VthA iwks sZe tksktoD nfXn?B (Jh th n?Z;) dk fJfsjk; fJZe Gkr j?. d[jokJ/ Jh th n?Z; f;b/p; B/ iwks I s'A V sZe d/ pZfunK dk fXnkB ;w/A, ;EkB ns/ ;wki ftZu ihtB d/ g;ko sZe fyZuD bJh jzGbk wkfonk ns/ fJ; Bz{ T[; Yzr Bkb i'VB dh e'fPP ehsh fi; ftZu T[j nkgD/ frod dh d[Bhnk Bz{ t/yD ns/ ;wMD bJh nkfJnk. S/thA s'A d;thA iwks sZe ;ko/ ftfdnkoEh fJfsjk; Bz{ ;wkie ftfrnkB gkmeqw d/ s"o *s/ fJfsjk; Bz{ gVQBr/. fJZe f;yKdo{ dk p[ZXhihth ftek; nfjw r[Dkswe spdhbhnK Bz{ t/ydk j? fit/A jh T[j wrob/ pugB iK P[o{nksh feP'o nt;Ek ftZu gqt/P eodk j?. pknd ftZu pugB pZu/ d/ nzdo{Bh ihtB ftZu ;zpzXs ;[w/b d[nkok fuzBQs ehsk j[zdk j?. p"fXe s"o *s/, pj[s/ ftfdnkoEh ghnki/N dh ‘m'; fefonk* d/ gZXo *s/ gqt/P eod/ jB ns/ T[j fJBQK ;kbK d"okB skofee fuzsB d/ P[o{nksh gVktK ftZu


B'N

fJfsjk;

nkgD/ gfotosD Bkb s?n eod/ jB. fJBQK ;kbK d"okB ftfdnkoEhnK dk fuzsB tkX/ d/ Bkb fBog/y ns/ pj[^ftwkth pD iKdk j?. T[j nzeV/ d/ pj[frDsh ;?NK d/ nkogko s[bBkswe ftPb/PD ftZu o[MD d/ ekpb j' iKd/ jB, nzsoK d/ nkXko *s/ ftnkfynk eod/ jB, T[gbZpX nzeV/ ns/ ftek; d/ nkXko *s/ th ftnkfynk eod/ jB ns/ fBrwBh ftPb/PD okjhA gfoebgBk dk gqhyD eod/ jB. fJj PeshPkbh ftPb/PDkswe gqfefonktK jB fijVhnK fe ftfdnkoEhnK dh o[uh ns/ fXnkB Bz{ u[D"sh fdzdhnK jB. T[j Gkosh ;ZfGnsktK d/ ftek; ns/ T[sgZsh dh o[uh Bkb nB[;oD eo ;edhnK jB. gqzs{ T[BQK d/ j[Bo m'; fdPkswe wddrkoK, BefPnK, nzeV/ g/P eoB bJh d' ns/ fszB ftwkth ukoNK ns/ ;wK o/yktK dh tZvh ftftXsk d[nkok ;jkJh j'DhnK ukjhdhnK jB. nfijhnK fdPkswe wddK d/ Bkb ftfdnkoEh nb'uBkswe s[bBk eoB ns/ t?X nB[wkB pDkT[D d/ :'r j'Dr/. iwks S/ s'A nZm sZe dh ftPk ;{uh Gkosh ;wki d/ phs/ T[Zgo e/Ados j[zdh j? ns/ ftfdnkoEhnK Bz{ T[BQK d/ d/P d/ ftek; dh ;zg{oD Mks T[gbZpX eodh j?, Bkb jh d[Bhnk ftZu fJ; dh G{fwek pko/. ftfdnkoEh f;Zyd/ jB fe G{sekb (phs/) s'A fet/A gkmK Bz{ toswkB ns/ GftZy bJh ;wMdko fBoD/ b?D bJh tos/ ik ;ed/ jB. fJ; ;zxNe Bz{ fJ; Yzr Bkb fvIkJhB ehsk frnk j? fe fJj ftfdnkoEhnK Bz{ fJfsjk; dh wjZssk pko/ fJfsjk;e ;{M ns/ ikro{esk dk ftek; eoB ftZu ftfdnkoEhnK dh wdd eo/rk. XkoDk fJj j? fe ftfdnkoEhnK Bz{ fJfsjk; gVQB dh b'V Bk f;oc phs/ d/ sEK, fit/A fe nkoEe, ;wkie, okiBhse ns/ ;ZfGnkukoe, d/ ;?ZN d/ s"o *s/ ikfDnk ikt/, gqzs{ fJj th fe T[BQK Bz{ fJfsjk;e s"o *s/ th f;ZyDk j?. Gkt, fJfsjk;e gqwkDK T[Zgo nkXkos. ftfdnkoEhnK Bz{ gqfefonk ns/ xNBktK, fJZe ;EkB ns/ d{i/ d/ ftek; dofwnkB go;go ;zpzXB pDkT[D dh ;woZEk jk;b eoBk j[zdk j? ns/ fJ; d/ Bkb jh ftfGzB ;w{jK ns/ ;wkiK ftueko fJfsjk;K dofwnkB ;zpzXB d/ gq/yD d/. fJBQK fszBK ;kbK (VI-VIII) ftZu fXnkB w[Zy s"o *s/ Gkosh fJfsjk; T[Zgo j't/rk. fijVk fe P[o{nksh ;w/A s'A toswkB sZe j't/. jo/e ;kb fJZe ekb eqfwe ;wK nfXn?B ehsk ikt/rk. fJj jzGbk T[BQK dofwnkB e[M ;wkie, nkoEe, okiBhse ns/ ;ZfGnkukoe gqfefonktK Bz{ ;wMD bJh j't/rk. fJBQK YzrK Bkb fJfsjk; dk nfXn?B ftfdnkoEhnK Bz{ ;wki ftZu :'rdkB gkT[D d/ bJh fsnko eodk j? ns/ fJZe ifNb ;wki ftZu fIzw/tko Bkrfoe pDB ftZu wdd eodk j? fijVk fe ;ZfGnkuko dh nB/esk ns/ shpo seBheh, nkoEe, oki^Bhse ns/ ;wkie gfotosDK d[nkok fusos j[zdk j?. fJfsjk; d/ iwks VI s'A iwks VIII bJh e'o; f;ob/y (fJfsjk;) ;?ANob p'ov nkc ;?ezvoh n?i{e/PB (CBSE 2006) d[nkok fBwB nB[;ko jB L

10 (vhHn?ZbHn?ZvH)

B'N

fJfsjk;

iwks VI L ;kvk G{sekb ^ I

ed'A, feZE/ ns/ feT[A nfXn?B nXhB ;wK u"yNk G{r'fbe co/wtoe ;o's

P[o{nksh ;wki ihtB d/ Yzr d/ s"o *s/ fPeko

ns/ fJZem, fJ; d/ Gkt noE gZXo d/ n"Iko ns/ T[BQK dh tos'A dh P[o{nks

e/; nfXn?B L dZyD (the Deccan) gfjb/ fe;kB ns/ uotkj/

y/sh ns/ uotkjk d/ Gkt^noE

c;bK, gP{nK, wekBK, n"IkoK, epoK, fwZNh d/ GKv/ nkfd d/ g[oksst gqwkD

e/; nfXn?B L T[Zso^gZSw ns/ T[Zso^g{op

gfjb/ Pfjo jVZgk ;ZfGnkuko dh ;EkgBk

P?bh ftbZyD fBowkDebk ;zpzXh

ftP/PsktK d;sekoh T[sgkdB PfjoheoD dk noE e/; nfXn?B L T[Zso^gZSw

fIzdrh d/ fGzB wkor t/u ns/ i' T[j ;kBz{ dZ;d/ jB ;wekbh ;EkgBk e/; nfXn?B L T[Zso^gZSw s/

dZyD P[o{nks oki

iBgd s'A wjkiBgd e/; nfXn?B L fpjko, wrX

ns/ tZih oki ;zx

Bt/A ftuko T[gfBPd i?B ws p[ZX ws

gfjbk ;kwoki ;kwoki dk g;ko nP'e gqPk;B

e;fpnK ns/ fgzvK *u ihtB d{ik PfjoheoD y/sh ;zpzXh shpoheoD e/; nfXn?B ^ skfwb Bkv{

d{o^doki dhnK G{whnK Bkb ;zgoe

;zrw gkm (wIw{B) ns/ bzwh d{oh d/ tNKdo/

;[MkJ/ y/so L skfwb y/so, fijVk fe dZyD^g{op J/Phnk ns/ gZSw tZb tkXk.

d{o dhnK IwhBK d/ i/s{ L T[Zso gZSwh ns/ gZSwh Gkos

p[ZX wZs dk g;ko L T[Zsoh Gkos s'A e/Adoh J/Phnk

okiBhse ftek; r[gs ;kwoki ns/ joPtoXB gZbt ns/ ukb{fenk

;ZfGnkuko ns/ ftfrnkB ;kfjs, ;w/s g[okD,

wjKekft, j'o ;z;feqs ns/ sfwb feosK

fBowkDebk, ;w/s P[o{nksh wZm, wzdo p[Zs ekbk, g/AfNzr (nizsk), ftfrnkgB.

iwks ^ VII L ;kvk G{sekb ^ II


B'N

fJfsjk;

feZE/, ed'A s/ fet/A

fJZe T[gwjkdhg ns/ fJ; d/ y/soK dk fJZe BeP/ Bkb ftnkfynk eoB tkbh Ppdktbh

;wK gZXsh dh o{go/yk ns/ w[Zy ftek;

t;hfbnK T[Zgo ;zy/g uouk Bt/A oki/ ns/ ;BsBsK

okiBhse ftek; ph ;h 700^1200 dh o{go/yk

feo;kDK ;w/s u'bktK dk e/; nfXn?B

skfwb y/so dk g;ko fdZbh d/ ;[bskB

fJZe T[Zgoh Mks dopko, e[bhBsk ns/ G{wh

fB:zsqD dh ftP/Psk s[rbeK dk e/; nfXn?B

fJZe ;kwoki dh ;zouBk w[rb ;kwoki dh T[sgZsh

(tkX/) dh o{go/yk j'oBK Pk;eK, gqPk;B ns/

dopko Bkb ;zpzXB y/sh ;zpzXh ;zpzXB nepo dk e/; nfXn?B

Pesh d/ o{g *u fBowkDebk L febQ/ ns/ gftZso ;EkB

d/P d/ ftfGzB fjZf;nK ftZu ;wkoe fBowkDebk dhnK ftftXsktK

Pkj ijkB dh fBowkD ebk dh ;ogq;sh dk e/; nfXn?B

e;p/, eko'pkoh ns/ d;seko Pfjoh e/AdoK ^ ekopkoh

e;p/ dhnK ftftXsktK shoE e/AdoK, pzdorkjK e/; nfXn?B L jKgh,

wk;{bhgZsw, ;{os ;wkie gfotosD L rshPhb ns/ ;Ekgs ;w[dkfJ

ephfbnK, ykBkpd'PK ns/ fcos{ gqukoeK T[Zgo uouk

iksh ;zouDk *u gfotosD oki ouBk dk e/; nfXn?B L

r'Av, nj'w. y/soh ;ZfGnkukoK dk tZXDk c[bDk

y/soh GkPktK, ;kfjs, g/AfNzr, ;zrhs dh T[Zgoh Mks

e/; nfXn?B L pzrkb 18 thA ;dh ftZu BthnK oki Bhse ;zouBktK

T[ZgwjKdhg ftZu ;[szso ns/ y[dw[yfsnko okiK *s/ T[Zgoh Mks

e/; nfXn?B L wokm/ b'efgq: nk;EktK ns/ Xkowe uouktK

nk;Ek^gqDkbh, ohsh fotkI, shoE ;EkB ns/ ;wBt?tkdh wZs

e/; nfXn?B L epho

iwks VIII L ;kvk G{sekb ^ III

feZE/, ed'A, fet/A ekb T[Zgo T[gohMks Bt/A G{r'fbe e?NkrohnK dk

gfou?.

wfjbktK s/ ;[Xko ;sh, ftXtk g[Boftnkj, pkb

ftnkj s/ oIkwzdh dh T[wo pko/ uouktK

12 (vhHn?ZbHn?ZvH)

B'N

fJfsjk;

;wK gZXsh dh o{g o/yk t;hfbnK dk gfou?

ezgBh Pesh dh ;EkgBk tgkotkd ns/ eko'pkoh izr IwhB bJh ;zxoP, Gkosh

Pk;eK Bkb izr p;sh c"i ns/ r?oc"ihnK dk

tkXk gqPk;B 1 y/soh c'e; L skfwb

Bkv{ g/Av{ ihtB ns/ ;wki

p;shtkdh y/sh BhshnKl fe;kBK s/ fIwhdkoK T[Zgo T[BQK dk gqGkt

tDie c;bK dk tkXk fe;kBK dh prkts L Bhb d/

pkrhnK T[Zgo fXnkB e/Ados y/soh c'e; L pzrkb s/

fpjko. gzikp ftub/ pkndb/ ftek;K Bkb s[bBk.

p;shtkd ns/ epkfJbh ;wki 19 thA ;dh ftZu epkfJbh

nkofEesk ns/ ;wkiK nzdo gfotosD

epkfJbh prktsK L fpo;k w[zvk T[Zgo fXnkB e/Ados.

y/soh c'e; L S'Nk Bkrg[o ns/ T[Zso^g{ot

d;sekoh ns/ ;BnsK 19 thA ;dh ftZu d;sekoh

(fPbg) dk gsB 20 thA ;dh ftZu ;Bns d/

tkX/ pko/ ;zy/g t/otk. 1857^58 dk rdo

c"i *u prkts, nzd'bs dk g;ko

ftfPPN tor dh gqfeosh ns/ fe;kBK dh Gkrhdkoh. y/soh

wfjbktK ns/ wfjbk f;Zfynk th ;fEsh T[Zgo fGzB ;[XkoeK d/ ftuko

y/soh c'e; L wjkokPNo s/ pzrkb

iksh gqDkbh Bz{ u[D"sh iksh ;[Xko bJh soe. c[b/,

thok;kfbzrw, ;qh BkokfJDkr[o{, g/ohnko, rKXh, nzp/deo.

;[XkoeK dhnK ;orohnK d/ f;ZN/ ns/ fBfjs Gkt.

y/so L wjkokPNo, nKXok. p;shtkd ns/ Pfjoh gfotosD

fB;^PfjoheoD ns/ Bt/A e;fpnK dk T[rwD.

p;shtkdh BhshnK d/ fBfjs Gkt ns/ ;z;EkB ^ fwT[A;g?bNhnK, iBse ekoi, :'iBk, o/bt/ fbze, g[fb;

e/; nfXn?B L fdZbh. ebktK *u gfotosD L g/AfNzr, ;kfjs, fBowkDebk

BthnK seBheK ns/ ;z;EktK dk gqGkt L ebk ;e{b, fgqzfNzr gq?Z;.

gZSwh nekdfwe P?bh ns/ okPNotkdh ebk.

g/Pekoh ebk ftZu gfotosD fit/A L fe ;zrhs s/ fBqs dk iBse y/so ftZu gqt/P eoBk.

fbZyD dhnK BthnK P?bhnK BthA fBowkDebk e/; nfXn?B L w[zpJh, u/BJh

okPNotkdh nzd'bB 1870 ftnK s'A 1940 ftnK

sZe okPNotkdh nzd'bB T[Zgo T[Zgoh Mks


B'N

fJfsjk;

c'e; L ntX f;Zfynk ns/ poskBth Pk;B

BthA f;Zfynk gqDkbh ^ ;e{b, f;b/p;, ekbi, :{Bhtof;NhnK, seBheh No/fBzr.

d/;h gqDkbhnK *u gfotosD. okPNoh f;Zfynk *u tkXk. e/; nfXn?B L pV'dk,

nbhrVQ.

nzd'bB d/ nzdo ftfGzB o[MkB s/ fGzB ;wkie ;w{jK dk ;zfwbB.

;zftXkBe gfotosBK Bkb fbzr

e/; nfXn?B L fybkcs s'A n;fj:'r

nkIkdh s'A pknd Gkos 1947 s'A okPNoh ns/ y/sh

ftek;. d{i/ d/PK Bkb ;zpzX. GftZy tZb t/yDk.

3H5 ;wki ftfrnkB ftZu fJfsjk; dh wjZssk n;hA w[ZYb/ gZXo *s/ ;wki ftfrnkB d/ gkmeqw ftZu fJfsjk; dk nfXn?B feT[A eod/ jK. fJ; gqPB d/ eJh T[Zso jB. fJ; ;tkb T[Zgo ft;skos uouk ftZu ikD s'A gfjbK ;kBz{ ;{yw gZXo T[Zgo ;wki ftfrnkB d/ ;zpzXK T[Zgo gzSh Mks wko bJhJ/. fit/A fe s[;hA ikDd/ j' fe ;kwi ftfrnkB ;wki ns/ wB[Zyh ;zpzXBK Bkb toskok eodk j?. fJZe gk;/ fJ; dk nfXn?B ;wki d/ ns/ wB[Zy foPfsnK d/ b'VhAd/ frnkB ns/ ;wM ftZu wdd eodk j?, d{i/ gk;/ fJj B"itkBK Bz{ ;wki ns/ okPNo dh gqrsh ns/ fpjsoh ftZu :'rdkB gkT[D bJh fsnko eoB dh fIzw/tkoh th g{oh eodk j?. fJfsjk;^;wki ftfrnkB d/ y/so ftZu f;Zfynk gqdksk d/ s"o *s/ n;hA ukj[zd/ jK fe ;kv/ ftfdnkoEh ;wkie, nkoEe ns/ okiBhse ;wZf;nktK dh ifNbsk Bz{ wfj;{; eoB. n;hA ukj[zd/ jK fe T[BQK ftZu eh nfjw j? ns/ eh nfjw BjhA j?, goyD dh :'rsk j't/. ;wki ftfrnkB dh ftfdnk Pkyk d[nkok T[gbZpX frnkB ftfdnkoEhnK Bz{ edodkBh d/ :'r pDkT[Adk j? fe fet/A ftuko, xNBktK ns/ ftneshnK B/ ;w/A nB[;ko gfotosD fbnkT[FD bJh ekN gkJh j? ns/ Bkb jh T[BQK ;fEshnK s/ PeshnK Bz{ gSkDB d/ :'r eodk j? fijVhnK fe wB[Zyh ;wki *u fBozsosk Bz{ poekoko oZydhnK jB. i/eo fJj ;wki ftfrnkB d/ ;zpzXB (tk;sk) jB, j[D fet/A fJfsjk;e xNBktK dhnK f;ZfynktK wB[Zyh ;wki d/ nfXn?B ftZu :'rdkB gkT[AdhnK jB<

gfjbK 21 thA ;dh d/ ftfrnkBe ns/ seBheh nzd'bB ekoD d[Bhnk fJZe S'Nk ;EkB pD e/ ofj rJh. PKsh Bkb ofjDh ns/ Xosh T[Zgo wB[Zy dh gotfoP bJh d[Bhnk d/ nkogko tZv/ ns/ S'N/ d/PK ftueko nkg;h ;dGktBk ns/ ;wM dh b'V j?. fJ; bJh b'eK dofwnkB fJZe d{i/ Bz{

14 (vhHn?ZbHn?ZvH)

B'N

fJfsjk;

fpjso ikDB bJh ;KMh fJZSk j[zdh j?. fJ; dh ewh fJfsjk; dk nfXn?B g{ok eodh j?.

d{ik, fJfsjk; Bz{ T[; d/ fto[ZX ekbe e?Bt; tKr toskok eoBk skofee j[zdk j?, fi; ftZu j'oBK ftfPnK ftZu nfXn?B ehs/ sZE soshp *u ehs/ ik ;eD. pZu/ d/ wB ftZu fJfsjk; s'A tZy ftfrnkB ns/ rfDs j'oBK ftfPnK ftZu gVQ/ iKd/ jB. fJfsjk; dk fJZe uzrh soQK dk :'iBkrs f;b/p; fJZe fJfsjk;e gfog/y ftZu rfDsh seBheK dhnK ftfrnkBe ekYK ns/ y'iK ;Ekgs eoB ftZu ;jkJh j' ;edk j?. fw;kb d/ s"o *s/ n"IkoK dh nktkikJh ns/ ;zukoD ns/ y[oke gdkoEK ns/ dtkJhnK dhnK wPhBK dhnK ejkDhnK pZu/ bJh ftfrnkB ns/ rfDs dh tX/o/ ftnkge ;wM Bz{ ;zGt eodk j?.

shik, fJfsjk; dh f;Zfynk gkfVQnK ftZu fJybkeh edoKêhwsK fte;s eodh j?. fJj feP'o wBK ftZu ;jh iK rbs d/ B?fse f;XKs fdqVkT[Adk j?. fJj ;kv/ pZfunK ftZu d/P Grsh dh GktBk gq/os eodk j?. T[j ;kv/ ;wfoZX ;ZfGnkukoe fto;/ d/ frnkB ns/ phs/ dh ;'Gk ekoD cyo wfj;{; eoBr/. fijVh fe T[BQK *u wK G{wh bJh fgnko dh GktBk gq/os eo/rh.

u"Ek, fJfsjk; dh f;Zfynk ftfdnkoEhnK ftZu wjkB ftneshnK dh feosK d/ nfXn?B dh o[uh T[sgzB eo ;edh j?. fJj o[uh T[BQK Bz{ wjkB ftneshnK ns/ wfjbktK dhnK ihtBhnK dk nfXn?B eoB ftZu wdd eo ;edhnK jB. fJ; nfXn?B Bkb T[BQK dhnK GktBktK T[Zu nkdoPk ns/ edoKêhwsK tZb ;/Xs j[zdhnK jB.

gzitK, fJfsjk; dhnK f;ZfynktK ;kv/ pZfunK Bz{ fJj ;wMD ftZu wdd eodhnK jB fe j'oBK ;fwnK ns/ ;EkBK T[Zgo jehes, fBnK ns/ fBZih fIzw/tkoh d/ p[fBnkdh gqPB Bkb ieV/ j'J/ ;B ns/ fJ; w[Zd/ *s/ fuzsB eoB ftZu fe fJBQK w[ZfdnK Bkb nZi fet/A toskok eod/ jK. wkBfteh Pk;so dk nfXn?B eoe/ ns/ wjkB fuzseK d/ ftukoK, gqw[Zy Xow ns/ w[Zy dkoPfBe Yzr dhnK gozgoktK dh goy eoe/ ;kv/ ftfdnkoEhnK T[BQK ftfGzB wkorK T[Zgo gqfsfpzp eoBr/ fiBQK bJh b'eK B/ ;zxoP ehsk. gqfsfpzpK *s/ nkXkos T[j ftuko eoBr/ fijV/ fe ;kv/ bJh nZi gfoDkws jB.

nkyo ftZu fJj ;kv/ pZfunK Bz{ :kdkPs, ebgBk ns/ soe dhnK skesK jk;b eoB ftZu wdd eodk j?.

nkgDh gqrsh dh goy eo' ^ 3


B'N

fJfsjk;

B'N L i) j/mK fdZs/ ;EkB ftZu nkgDk T[Zso fbZy'.

ii) fJekJh d/ nzs ftZu fdZs/ rJ/ T[ZsoK Bkb nkgD/ T[Zso dk fwbkD eo'.

1H fJfsjk; pZfunK ftZu fet/A ;dkukoe ns/ B?fse edoKêhwsK dk ftek; eodk j?<

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

2H w[ZYb/ gZXo *s/ fJfsjk; f;ZyD dhnK fszB ;wkie edoKêhwsK dk toBD eo'.

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

3H fJfsjk;e gfog/y ftZu ftfrnkB ns/ rfDs fet/A f;Zfynk ik ;edk j?<

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

3H6 G{sekb Bz{ ;wMD bJh fJfsjk;e gj[zu

16 (vhHn?ZbHn?ZvH)

B'N

fJfsjk;

n;hA ;ko/ nkgD/ bJh fJfsjk; dk nfXn?B eod/ jK. n;hA phs/ pko/ ikDBk ukj[zd/ jK, feT[Afe n;h fJ; Bz{ u[D"sh Gog{o gkT[Ad/ jK, Bkb jh wk:{;, T[s/iBkGog{o, j[bk;ekoh ns/ fBokPkiBe th gkT[Ad/ jK ns/ n;hA ;ko/ ftPtk; eod/ jK fe fGzB ;fwnK ns/ ;EkBK ftZu g[oPK ns/ wfjbktK dhnK fIzdrhnK gqfs nkgDk nB[Gt g;ko e/, fJfsjk; ;kBz{ d{;fonK ns/ ;kv/ nkgD/ pko/ ehwsh uhIK f;ykT[Adk j?. j[D s[;hA fJj ikDB ftZu fdbu;g j't'r/ fe fJfsjk;eko fet/A G{sekb (;{uBk, sZE, xNBktK) Bz{ bZG fbnkT[Ad/ jB< T[j G{sekb Bz{ fet/A y'id/ ns/ ftPb/PD eod/ jB< fit/A fe s[;hA ikDd/ j' fe fe;/ d/ ;kjwD/ G{sekb m'; o{g ftZu toswkB BjhA j[zdk. G{sekb pko/ ikDB bJh ;kBz{ nkws"o *s/ eJh ;o'sK T[Zgo fBoGo ofjDk g?Adk j?. fw;kb d/ s"o *s/ Gkos ftZu ;[szsosk dh gfjbh izr d/ ekoD. Gkos ftZu e'Jh fJeZbk ;o's T[gbZpX BjhA j? fijVk fe eqwnB[;ko ;[szsosk dh gfjbh izr d/ ekoDK Bz{ ;jh Yzr Bkb toBD eo ;e/. fJ; bJh ;kBz{ pj[frDsh t;hfbnK fit/A fe b'eK ftukb/ gZso^ftjko, nypkoK, izrK dhnK r'bhnK, fJZe ekb T[Zgo fbZyhnK g[;seK, tkd^fttkd ns/ fJZe ekb T[Zgo wkjoK Bkb rZbpks nkfd T[Zgo ftuko eoBk g?Adk j?. j[D s[;hA fJZe gqPB g[ZS ;ed/ j' fe n;hA fJBQK ;ko/ t;hfbnK T[Zgo feT[A ftuko eoKr/. feT[Afe ;kv/ ftZu'A e'Jh th T[; ekb Bkb ;zpzX BjhA oZydk, Bk jh ;kv/ e'b e'Jh uPwdhd j?. fJ; s'A tZXe/ n;hA ekoDK d/ ;woED ftZu t;hfbnK d/ fe;/ soe Bz{ fJBeko BjhA eo ;ed/. fJ; bJh n;hA ekoDK d/ f;ZfNnK sZe g[ZiD bJh eJh t;hfbnK s'A T[gbZpX ikDekoh dh ftnkfynk ns/ f;Zfyns nB[wkB dh tos'A eo ;ed/ jK. fJ;/ soQK fJfsjk;eko T[j ftnesh jB fijV/ G{sekb dh y'i eod/ jB ns/ eJh rZbK Bz{ ftukod/ jB fit/A fe ;w/A^;w/A *s/ gqkuhB b'eK d[nkok fbZfynk gqkuhB fJfsjk;, fe;/ ftP/P ;wkoe dk :[Zr fBoXkos eoB bJh o/vhUekopB v/fNzr dh seBhe dh tos'A, fPbkb/y, YKu/, gqkuhB b'e eEktK s'A ejkDhnK, bg/N ekrIK dhnK g[okDhnK :kdrkoK, ezX, uZNkBK ns/ r[cktK T[Zgo fbZysK nkfd. e[M j'o t;hb/ jB fiBQK d[nkok fJfsjk;eko phs/ Bz{ ikDd/ jB. T[go'es uouk B/ fJj ;gPN eo fdZsk j? fe ;wki Pk;soh phs/ ;w/A Bz{ wzstg{oD y[dkJh eoB bJh tZvh frDsh ftZu t;hfbnK dh tos'A eod/ jB. fJj ;ko/ n;b fJZe gqw[Zy gj[zu nXhB nkT[Ad/ jB Gkt L G{sekb Bz{ y'iD tk;s/ fJfsjk;e gj[zu. fJ; soQK ;ko/ ;wki Pk;soh G{sekb Bz{ ;wMD bJh fJfsjk;e gj[zu Bz{ ngBkT[Ad/ jB. nkU n;hA fJfsjk; d/ fGzB ;o'sK dh uouk eohJ/.

fJfsjk; d/ fGzB ;o's (T[gbZpXsk d/ nkXko T[Zgo) T[go'es uouk s'A fJj ;gPN j? fe fJfsjk;eko jw/Pk phs/ dhnK xNBktK dh ;gPN ikDekoh jk;b eoB bJh pj[frDsh ;o'sK T[Zgo fBoGo eod/ jB. nkU


B'N

fJfsjk;

n;hA ;zGt fJfsjk;e t;hfbnK T[Zgo gzSh Mks wkohJ/, Gktl g[oksst ;o's, ;kfjse ;o's, IpkBh gozgoktK.

1H g[oksst ;zpzXh ;o's L fJ; ftZu fszB fe;w d/ ;o's Pkwb j[zd/ jB, fit/A fe L TH) ;wkoe ;zpzXh bZGsK, fiBQK ftZu fJwkosK dhnK ezXK T[Zgo T[eohnK fbZysK, gZehnK fJZNK gZEo ns/ w{osK

2H ;kfjse ;o's L fJBQK ;o'sK Bz{ fBwB fszB ;w{jK ftZu tzfvnk ik ;edk j? L T) gftZso iK Xkofwe ;kfjs ^ t/d, rzqE, g[okD, p[ZX ws d/ Xkowe ;kfjs, i?BK dhnK Xkowe g[;seK nkfd. n) Xow fBog/y ;kfjs, fJ; Bz{ d' Pq/DhnK ftZu tzfvnk ik ;edk j? ^ fBZih ;kfjs ns/ nfXekos ;kfjs. fBZih ;kfjs ftZu vokwk, Bktb eftsktK, ftnkeoD *s/ g[;seK, yr'b ftfrnkB, w?vh;B ns/ ebk, ihtBhnK, ;t? ihtBhnK, vkfJohnK, :kso{nK d/ b/y/. nfXekos j[ew, fv;g?u, ;Bd, ndkbsK d/ fBoD/, nfXekos ;kfjs *u nkT[Ad/ jB. J) ftd/Ph gqwkD ^ ftd/PhnK d/ b/y/ fit/A ck^jhB w?r;EBhI fJ; tor ftZu nkT[Ad/ jB.

3H IpkBh gozgoktK L ;EkBe fJfsjk; pko/ ikDekoh gqdkB eoB *u p/jZd ;jkJh j[zdhnK jB. N"v d/ fJfsjk;e b/y ;zrqfj, dhgtzPk ns/ wrtzPk fJ; ;o's nXhB nkT[Ad/ jB.

fJfsjk; d/ ftfGzB ;o's (gqwkD d/ nkXko T[Zgo) L i/eo n;hA fJfsjk;e xNBktK d/ ;ko/ t;hfbnK Bz{ foekov *u torhfeqs eod/ jK, T[BQK Bz{ d' w[Zy f;ob/yK nXhB fbnkfJnk ik ;edk j? L w[ZYb/ ;o's ns/ r"D ;o's. fJBQK ;ko/ ;o'sK Bz{ nkU n;hA ft;sko *u uouk eohJ/.

1) w[ZYb/ ;o's L fJj ;o's T[j b/y/ jB, fijV/ fe T[BQK ftneshnK tZb'A fsnko ehs/ rJ/ jB, fijV/ fe iK sK f;ZX/ s"o *s/ fe;/ xNBk Bkb i[V/ j'J/ ;B iK fJ; d/ gqsZy doPh ;B. gkobhwkBh ns/ fBnKfJe rshftXhnK d/ yoV/, ekBz{B, ;wM"s/ (;zXhnK), okiK d/ nfXekos ekrIks, ;t?îhtBhnK fJ; ;o's nXhB nkT[AdhnK jB. T[; ekb s'A gqwkD, fit/A fe wodwP[wkoh, b'eK ftukb/ gZso^ftjko thfvU fcbw c[N/i, o/vhU, nypko, rtkj b/y/, g[;seK, ebkfeosK ns/ G"fse y'iK Gktl wepo/, izrK s'A r'bhnK, th fJBQK ;o'sK sfjs nkT[Ad/ jB.

2) r"D ;o's L fJj T[j ;o's jB fijV/ fe T[BQK ftneshnK d[nkok fsnko ehs/ j[zd/ jB fijV/ fe n;b xNBktK d/ fdqP s'A goK j[zd/ jB, gqzs{ fi; B/ T[BQK Bz{ fsnko eoB ftZu gqsZy doPhnK d/ b/fynK dh wdd bJh j't/. fGzB ekbK dhnK gqwkDe fJfsjk;e feosK fijVhnK fe nkws"o *s/ n;b b/fynK T[Zgo nkXkos

18 (vhHn?ZbHn?ZvH)

B'N

fJfsjk;

;B, Bz{ r"D ;o'sK *u torhfeqs ehsk ik ;edk j?l fit/A fe T[; ekb T[Zgo fbZyhnK g[;seK, tkd^fttkd, jkbhnK nypkoK, fJZe ekb T[Zgo wkjoK Bkb tkosk nkfd.

fJfsjk;e gj[zu bJh fdPk^fBod/P fJfsjk;e gqwkD nkb'uBk dh gqfefonk d[nkok fJfsjk;e nzefVnK s'A fBek; ehsk iKdk j?, fijVk fe d' fe;wK dk j[zdk j?l pkjoh ns/ nzdo{Bh. fBwB nkws"o *s/ fJfsjk;ekoK d[nkok tos/ rJ/ fdPk^fBod/PK Bz{ ;zy/ghfeqs eodk j?, fijV/ fe pkjoh nkb'uBk, nzdo{Bh nkb'uBk d/ f;ob/y nXhB nkT[Ad/ jB.

pkjoh nkb'uBk L (gqwkDeosk ns/ P[ZXsk)

pkjoh nkb'uBk nzeV/ dh gqwkDesk iK P[ZXsk Bz{ ;Ekgs eodk j?. eh ;wkoe iK d;skt/I ;jh iK X'yk j?< P[ZXsk d/ ftfGzB gqhyD tos/ ik ;ed/ jB. fw;kb d/ s"o *s/ e"fNfbnk d[nkok fbys noEPk;so dh P[ZXsk ikDB bJh, n;hA d;skt/I dh b/yDekoh ikDBk ukj[zd/ jK fijVk fe j;skyo, jE fbZysK, fbgh, fe;w, Ppd i'V, GkPk dh tos'A, d;skt/IheoD, ;w/A *s/ T[gbZpX frnkB ns/ T[; dh gfenkJh fijVh frnks j't/. fJ; ftZu f;nkjh, g/AN g/go nkfd dk G"fse ns/ o;kfJDe gqhyD Pkwb j' ;edk j?. eh fJj ;ko/ sZs fe;/ ftnesh pko/, T[gbZpX frnkB ns/ T[; ekb dh seBhe pko/ fdqV j[zd/ jB, fi; ftZu ofjzd^yz{jd iK d;skt/I T[sgzB j'fJnk j[zdk j?.

nzdo{Bh nkb'uBk (fJfsjk;e Go';/:'rsk)

fJfsjk;e d;skt/IK iK yzvoK dh gqwkDesk s'A pknd, T[BQK dh P[Xsk iK ehws dk w[bKeD eoB dh ni/ th ;wZf;nk j?. Gkt/A fe T[j ;jh j' ;ed/ jB, eh T[j fJZe ;jh s;tho T[Gkod/ jB< eh T[j tkIp, JhwkBdko, r?o^gZygksh ns/ n;b ftZu sZEK Bkb ;Zws[b jB iK c/o T[BQK e'b b/y/ Bz{ ftrkV e/ g/P eoB dk wzst j[zdk j?< xNBk s'A pknd fezBh d/o pknd T[BQK fJBQK dh gqwkDesk dk foekov (b/yk) fsnko ehsk ns/ eh T[j ;jh Yzr Bkb :kd eoB ftZu :'r ;B fe eh tkgfonk< eh T[j j'oBK w[ekpbsB rtkjK Bkb nB[;kosk ftZu ;B<

3H7 p[fBnkdh gZXo *s/ fJfsjk; ftZu d' u?gNoK dh ;zebg w?fgzr

fJZe ;zebg wkDfuZso rqkfce nkor/BkJhIo dh fJZe fe;w j? fi; Bz{ fe ftfdnkoEh Bz{ fJZe ftP/ d/ frnkB gqpzX eoB ns/ g/P eoB ftZu wdd eoB bJh tofsnk iKdk j?. id'A ;jh Yzr Bkb ns/ g{oDsk Bkb ouBk eo bJh iKdh j?, ;zebg w?fgzr s[jkv/ ftfdnkoEhnK bJh ;zfrnkBe g/Pekoh d/ T[Zu gZXo *s/ gj[zuD bJh fJZe skesto n"Iko j[zdk j?. s[;hA fJ; Bz{ :[fBN$u?gNo d/ nzs ftZu


B'N

fJfsjk;

nkgD/ ftfdnkoEhnK dh ekor[Ikoh dk w[bKeD eoB ftZu tos ;ed/ j'. fit/A ftfdnkoEh ;zebg wkDfuZso dh ouBk eod/ jB, T[j nkgD/ PpdK dh tos'A eoe/ ftukoK Bz{ d[jokT[Ad/ jB ns/ rbs ftukoK ns/ ;zebgK Bz{ PBkys eoB ftZu wdd eod/ jBl T[; ;fEsh ftZu s[;hA fJj gq/yD eoB d/ :'r j't'r/ fe ftfdnkoEh eh BjhA ;wMd/, T[BQK Bz{ fJZe ;jh wkor T[gbZpX eoe/ T[BQK y/soK dk w[bKeD eoB d/ :'r j't'r/ fiBQK ftZu ftfdnkoEh g{oh soQK ;zebgK Bz{ BjhA ;wMd/. fJZe ;zebg wkDfuZso Bz{ fte;s eoB dh gqfefonk bJh fBwB uouk ehsh rJh j? L

fJfsjk; ftZu ;zebg wkDfuZso Bz{ fet/A fsnko eoBk

;zebg wkDfuZso ftP/Ps"o *s/ doikpzd j[zd/ jB fijV/ fe wksfjs ;zebgK Bkb j[zd/ jB ns/ T[Zu e'Nh d/ w[Zy ;zebg iK ftuko s'A fBeb/ j[zd/ jB. fJ; fe;w dk rqkfce gqpzXe Gkt/A fe jw/Pk gfotosD ns/ Bt/A ;zebgK Bz{ i'VB dh fJikIs fdzdk j?.

w[Zy ftuko, ftP/ iK w[Zd/ Bkb P[o{ L s[jkv/ ;zebg wkDfuZso d/ ;zdoG Bz{ fBoXkos eoB bJh fJZe ;jkJh wkor c'e; gqPB Bz{ u[DBk j?. e[M ^ nfij/ fiBQK d/ ;wkXkB dh b'V j[zdh j? iK c/o fJZe fBu'V fiZE/ gj[zukDk j[zdk j?. id'A fJZe ftPk iK gqPB dk fBoDk ehsk iKdk j?, ;zebg BeP/ dh doikpzd ;zouDk d/ Bkb fBowkD ;ob j' iKdh j?.

wksfjs ;zebgK Bz{ fBoXkos eoBk L wksfjs ;zebgK Bz{ bZG' fijV/ fe s[jkv/ w[Zy ftuko Bz{ i'Vd/ ns/ ;zpzXs eod/ jB ns/ T[BQK Bz{ doik fdU, ;kXkoD s"o *s/ ;wkt/Ph ;zebg gfjbK nkT[Ad/ jB, c/o ;G s'A S'N/ Bz{ fbze eo', tX/o/ ftP/P ;zebg.

;zebgK Bz{ i'Ve/ ^ i'VB tkb/ tkeKP ns/ PpdK dh ouBk eoe/ L fJZe tko id'A ;zebgK dofwnkB p[fBnkdh fbze fsnko ehs/ iKd/ jB, eok;^fbzeK Bz{ i'V', fijV/ fe wkD fuZso d/ fGzB y/soK ftZu ;zebgK Bz{ i'Vd/ jB sK i' ftP/ T[Zgo ftfdnkoEh dh ;wM ns/ frnkB wip{s j' ;ed/ s/ foPs/ dh ftnkfynk j' ;e/. nkU n;hA VII thA iwks d/ ;wki ftfrnkB d/ gkmeqw s'A fJZe fw;kb bJhJ/.

20 (vhHn?ZbHn?ZvH)

B'N

fJfsjk;

1857 *u b'e prkts d/ ekoD

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B'N

fJfsjk;

ftPk L b'e prkts d/ ekoD ns/ 1857 s'A pknd

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s'A P[o{ f;gkjhnK tZb'A fJBeko

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pjkdo Pkj Ico Bz{ nkgD/ bhvo ti'A n?bkBBk

nc;oK dh nkfrnk ekoD

fdZbh tZb wkou

rktK ns/ HHHHHHHHHH uoph Bkb e'fNzr

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wkou 1857 *u wzrb gKv/

w/om iBse

izr ftZu okDh bePwh pkJh dh jko ns/ 1858 *u esb

pjkdo Pkj Ico Bz{ i/bQ ns/ 1862 ftZu ozr{B i/bQ ftZu w"s

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okDh bePwh pkJh

fNZgDh L bkb ozrK *u fbZy/ nZyo T[Zg ;zebgK Bz{ i'VB tkb/ jB.

22 (vhHn?ZbHn?ZvH)

B'N

fJfsjk;

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fJfsjk; wB[Zyh j'Ad dk fJfsjk; j?. fJj ;dhnK s'A wB[Zy d/ T[ZdwK ns/ gqkgshnK Bkb i[fVnk j'fJnk j[zdk j?. fJj xNBktK dh bVh Bkb toskok eodk j? fijVhnK fe ;w/A d/ fJZe fwZE/ fpzd{ *s/ tkgohnK j[zdhnK jB ns/ Bkb jh fJZe G"fse ns/ G{r'fbe tksktoD ftZu tkgohnK j[zdhnK jB. fJfsjk;e xNBktK fBozso ns/ ;[w/b j[zdhnK jB. e'Jh th wB[Zyh xNBk ybkn ftZu'A g?dk BjhA j[zdh. fJj g{opbhnK xNBktK dhnK p[fBnkdK ftZu'A T[Godh j?. fJfsjk; GftZy dh GftZypkDh d/ Bkb G{sekb dh ftnkfynk j?. fJ; ftZu ;wekbhBsk j[zdh j? ns/ fJj G{sekb ns/ toswkB ftZu ftukb/ Bk w[ZeD tkbh tkosk j?. fJj ftebgsk ftZu fJZe GftZypkDh j[zdh j?, feT[Afe fJj e[M jZd sZe fJj ikDB ftZu wdd eodk j? fe GftZy *u eh T[whd ehsh ikDh j?. eJhnK nB[;ko fJj o/ykth j? ns/ j'oBK nB[;ko nktose. fJj nX{ok j?, feT[Afe ;kv/ e'b eJh fJfsjk;e ekbK s'A wkw{bh fijk iK c/o e'Jh gqwkD BjhA j?. fJ; bJh frnks G{sekb n;b G{sekb s'A ekch S'Nk j?. fJfsjk; ;fEo BjhA j?, fJfsjk; pko/ ;kv/ ftuko fBozso pdb oj/ jB, feT[Afe BthnK ekYK j[zdhnK ik ojhnK jB, fijVhnK fe g[okD/ frnkB T[Zgo PZe g?dk eo fdzdhnK ;B. jkbKfe e'Jh th fJfsjk; dh rshPhb gqfeosh T[Zgo MrVk g?dk BjhA eo ;edk fijVk fe nkgD/ nkg fIzdrh d/ fJZe jw/Pk gfotsDPhb BkNe Bkb ;zpzXs j[zdk j? fi; dk fJZe wzst ns/ Gkt j[zdk j?. S/thA iwks s'A nZmth iwks fJfsjk; d/ w[Zy f;ob/y ns/ gqw[Zy T[Zg f;ob/y ;?ANob p'ov nkc ;?ezvoh n?i{e/PB (CBSE 2006) tZb'A fBoXkos ehs/ rJ/ jB. fJBQK ftPk^t;s{nK d[nkok T[gbZpX frnkB ftfdnkoEhnK Bz{ fJj ;wMD d/ :'r pDkT[Adk j? fe fet/A ftukoK, tkodksK ns/ ftneshnK B/ ;w/A d/ nB[e{b gfotosD fbnkT[D bJh ekN fbnKdh j?, Bkb jh T[BQK ;fEshnK ns/ PeshnK dh gSkD eoB bJh fijVhnK fe wB[Zyh ;wki ftZu fBozsosk poeoko oZydhnK jB, d/ :'r pDkT[Adk j?. fJfsjk;eko T[j ftnesh jB fijV/ fe ekch frDsh ftZu t;hfbnK Bz{ ftuko nXhB b? e/ G{sekb dh y'i eod/ jB, fit/A fe gqkuhB ftneshnK tZb'A fbZy/ gqkuhB fJfsjk;e foekov, seBkb'ih dh tos'A fit/A fe o/vhUekopB v/fNzr, fijVh fe fJZe ftP/P ;wkoe, YKuk, fPbkb/y, g[okD/ b'e rhsK s'A ejkDhnK, bg/NhnK g[okDhnK :kdrkoK, ezXK T[Zgo T[eohnK fbZysK, uNkBK ns/ r[ckcK ftubhnK T[eohnK fbZysK nkfd. fJj e[M t;hb/ jB fijV/ fe fJfsjk;eko G{sekb Bz{ ikDB tk;s/ tosd/ jB.



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fJfsjk;

Martha C. Howell and Walter Prevenier. (2001). From Reliable Sources : An

Introduction to Historical Methods. Cornell University Press.

Anthony Brundage (2002). Going to the Sources : A Guide to Historical

Research and Writing. Harlan Davidson.

Abrams, Robert, Kothe, Denise, Iuli, Rick. "A Callobrative Literature Review of

Concept Mapping." The Meaningful Learning Research Group Home Page.

http://www2.ucsc.edu/mlrg/clr-conceptmapping.html (18-January 2002).

Maitland, Frederic William in Venn, J. & J.A., Alumni Cantabrigienses,

Cambridge University Press, 10 vols, 1922-1958.

Hale, Steven. "Concept Mapping Handout" Handouts from Georgia Perimeter

College.

http://www.dc.peachnet.edu/~shale/humanities/composition/hadnouts/con

cept.html (18 January 2002).

Novak, Joseph D. "The Theory Underlying Concept Maps and How to

Construct Them." Institute for Human and Machine Imaging.

http://cmap.coginst.uwf.edu/info/printer.html (18 January 2002).

Ghosh, Papiya (2007). Partition and the South Asian Diaspora : Extending the

Subcontinent. New York : Routledge. ISBN 0-415-42409-7

Bernheim, E. (1889). Lehrbuch der historschen Methode. Leipzig : Verlag von

Duncker & Humblot.

B. Charles and S.P. Harter (1980). Research Methods in Librarianship :

techniques and Interpretations. Academic Press : New York, NY.

Report of the Secondary Education Commission (1953). Ministry of

Education, Government of India, New Delhi.

Report of the Education Commission, 1964-66, Minsitry of Education,

Government of India, New Delhi.

The Curriculum for the Ten Year School : A Framework, 1975, NCERT, New

Delhi.

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fJfsjk;

National Curriculum for Elementary and Secondary Education : A Framework,

1988, NCERT, New Delhi.

National Curriculum Framework for School Education, 2000, NCERT, New

Delhi.

Position Paper in Teaching of Social Science, (2006). National Curriculum

Framework, NCERT, New Delhi.

http://www.newsofyesteryear.com/achives/1049

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Johnson_%28Medal_of_Honor%29

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography_of_the_French_Revolution


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26 (vhHn?ZbHn?ZvH)

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rshftXh ^ 1 G{r'b ;zxNe nXhB s[jkv/ tZb'A gVQkJ/ iKd/ fGzB ftfPnK dh ;{uh fsnko eo'< ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ s[;hA nkgD/ ftfdnkoEhnK Bz{ Xosh, ;"o gqDkbh, tksktoD, ibwzvb, gZEo wzvb, Xosfe;wK, ibtk:{ ns/ w";w, gqkfeqse ns/ wB[Zyh t;hb/, y/so, d/P, T[Zg wjKdhg, nkoEe rshftXhnK, y/shpkVh, ;Bnsh tgko, nktkikJh ns/ ;zuko, ftfGzB nkbwh w[Zd/ fit/A fe ibtk:{ gfotosD, nkbwh sgP, wko{Eb, n?bBhB', ib ;o's, e[dosh fpgsk, rohph, p/o[Irkoh, tksktoDe froktN pko/ gVQkfJnk j't/rk ns/ fJ;/ soQK j'o th. s[;hA fJZe nfBtkoh gqPB T[mk ;ed/ j' fe ftfdnkoEhnK Bz{ fJj ftP/ feT[A gVQkT[D dh b'V j?< d{i/ PpdK ftZu, s[jkv/ wB ftZu fJZe gqPB Io{o j't/rk fe n;hA G{r'b dk nfXn?B feT[A eod/ jK. s[;hA fJ; sZE Bkb Io{oh oIkwzd j' ;ed/ j' fe wB[Zy j'D Bks/ n;hA wB[Zysk d/ ;fjitk; d/ s"o *s/ n;hA Xosh pko/ ikDB d/ p/jZd T[s;[e j[zd/ jK. fJ; d/ Bkb jh fIzdrh d/ j'oBK o{gK pko/ th. G{r'b d/ nfXn?B Bkb ftnesh ;kv/ rqfjnK ns/ fJ; dhnK gqDkbhnK dh gftZso ;{M th jk;b eo ;edk j?. T[j ftfdnkoEh fijV/ G{r'b dk nfXn?B eod/ jB, T[j nkbwh okiBhse w[ZfdnK Bz{ ;wMD ns/ ftnkfynk eoB dh ;fEsh ftZu j[zd/ jB fijV/ fe d/PK, ;ZfGnkukoK, PfjoK ns/ nzsod/P ns/ d/PK d/ nzdo y/soK ftukb/ th. n;hA ikDd/ jK fe ;kvhnK fIzdrhnK eJh YzrK Bkb ;kv/ nkb/^d[nkb/ s'A gqGkts j[zdhnK jB. fJ;/ ekoD jh tksktoD dk nfXn?B nfjwhns jk;b eodk j?, wB[Zy^gqfeosh ;zpzXB d/ Bkb. ;kBz{ nkb/^d[nkb/ d/ y/soK ftZu nkgD/ nkg Bz{ poeoko oZyD bJh t;hfbnK dh tzv pko/ gsk j'Dk ukjhdk j?. ;kBz{ nkbwh ;zdoG ftZu y/soK, ;{fpnK ns/ d/P pko/ ikDB dh b'V j[zdh j?. ;kBz{ poeoko oZyD:'r ftek; bJh ftfGzB y/soK ns/ d/PK

28 (vhHn?ZbHn?ZvH)

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B'N

G{r'b

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ s[;hA Xosh dh ;sfj T[Zgo fJ; d/ G"fse tksktoD ns/ Bkb jh ;ZfGnkukoe tksktoD ftZu ftfGzB ftftXsktK dh ;{uh fsnko ehsh j?. s[;hA r"o ehsk j't/rk fe fGzB tosko/ fJZe ;wkB jB idfe eJh j'o n;wkB. s[;hA fJj th r"o ehsk j't/rk fe fJj tosko/ fJZe ;EkB s'A d{i/ ;EkB *s/ fGzB j[zd/ jB iK c/o d{i/ PpdK ftZu n;hA nky ;ed/ jK nkgDh ;EB nkfeqsh, ibtk:{, fwZNh, tZXD^c[ZbD, gqkfeqse ns/ wB[Zyh t;hfbnK ns/ ;ZfGnkuko ftZu fGzB (gfotosDPhb) j[zd/ jB. eh s[;hA j[D soe d/ ;ed/ j' fe G{r'b fJbkekJh nzso dk nfXn?B j?< G{r'b ftZu n;hA Xosh dh ;sfj T[Zgo tosko/ ftubhnK ftfGzBsktK dk jh f;oc nfXn?B BjhA eod/ fi; Bz{ n;hA g[bkV d/ s"o *s/ jtkbk fdZsk j?, ;r'A j'oBK ekoeK Bkb ;zpzXB dk th nfXn?B eod/ jK, fiBQK ekoD fJj ftftXsktK tkgodhnK jB. fw;kb d/ s"o *s/ nkpkdh dk ;e/AdoD fJbke/ s'A fJbkek fGzB j[zdh j?, gqzs{ fJj gfotosDPhbsk fijVh fe nkpkdh d/ ;e/AdoD ftZu j?, fJZe tosko/ d/ s"o *s/ G"fse ftP/PskJhnK, ibtk:{, fwZNh, gqkfeose pB;gsh, Xks{ ;o's dh T[gbZpXsk, Xow, ykD nkdsK, ;ZfGnkuko, b'eK d/ ftfdne gZXo dh gqkgsh Bkb ;zpzXs j?. fJ; soQK G{r'b dk ;zpzX d' toskfonK iK c/o fJZe s'A tX/o/ toskfonK ftukb/ nkw ;zpzX Bz{ bZGDk j?. nkU n;hA S/thA s'A nZmthA iwksK d/ G{r'b dh n?ZB ;h Jh nkoNh dhnK gkm g[;seK ftZu'A e[M fw;kbK bJhJ/. nw?I'B p/f;B ftZu izrbK dh spkjh dk pj[s ftnkge fBfjs Gkt j?. po;ks

j'D d/ Bkb f;yobh fwZNh o[V iKdh j? ns/ jfonk Gfonk izrb pzio IwhB ftZu spdhb j' iKdk j?. (iwks VII, iwks VIII wB[Zy^tksktoD go;go fefonk). fJ; wkwb/ ftZu eh s[;hA ekoD ns/ gqGkt ;zpzX Bz{ B'N eo ;ed/ j'. fGzB y/soK ftZu fGzB c;bK T[rkJhnK iKdhnK jB (iwks VIII u?gNo 4,

y/shpkVh). G{r'b ftZu n;hA ekoDK Bz{ PBkys eoB dh gqftosh oZyd/ jK. feT[Afe fJj ftnkfynk eoB ftZu wdd BjhA eodk ;r'A GftZy ftZu tosko/ Bz{ th t/ydk j?.

s[;hA fJj th r"o ehsk j't/rk fe n;hA rshPhb, gfotsDPhb ns/ ;wki ftZu ofjzd/ jK. G{r'be toskok, d't/A G"fse ns/ wB[Zyh, ;fEo BjhA jB, gqzs{ T[Zu rshPhb th jB, T[j spdhb j[zd/ ofjzd/ jB, gfotosD dh rsh s/I iK Xhwh j' ;edh j?.

30 (vhHn?ZbHn?ZvH)

B'N

G{r'b

rshftXh 3

T[BQK gfotosBK dh ;{uh fsnko eo' fijVhnK s[;hA fgSb/ d' djkfenK ftZu nkgD/ B/V/^s/V/ t/yhnK<

nkokw *u skgwkB pkoP

fwZNh dh r[DtZsk gqkfeqse pB;gsh

izrbh ihtB b'e

ykD nkdsK g[Pke

seBkb'ih nktkikJh ;j{bsK ;zuko ;j{bsK

tgko s[;hA bkIwh r"o ehsh j't/rh fJj toskok ;w/A wro'A T[j BjhA ofjzdk. T[j d' djkfenK d/ tec/ ftZu pdb rJ/. j[D s[;hA fJ; T[Zgo fNZgDh eoB d/ :'r j't'r/ fe fJj gfotosD feT[A j'J/. eh fJj jw/Pk gfotosDPhb Xosh ns/ Bk EZeD tkb/ ns/ jw/Pk fefonkPhb wB[Zy ftueko go;go fefonk ekoD j?< iK c/o e'Jh j'o ekoD j?< s[;hA bkIwh nB[Gt ehsk j't/rk fe fJj fJ; bJh j? feT[Afe gqfeosh B/ wB[Zyh ihtB d/ fGzB gfjb{nK Bz{ gqGkts ehsk j?. fJ; dh Skg G'iB, eZgVk, gBkj ns/ g/P/ T[Zgo t/fynk ik ;edk j?. wB[Zy Bz{ nB[e{bD ns/ BthBheoD d[nkok gqfeosh Bkb skbw/b eoBk ukjhdk j?. fJ; soQK fJj G{r'b d/ fJZe j'o gfjb{ Bz{ fusos eodk j?. j[D n;hA fNZgDh eo ;ed/ jK fe G{r'b wB[Zy ns/ T{BQK d/ tksktoD ftueko ;zpzXK dk nfXn?B eodk j?.

G{r'b dk ftPk t;s{ j'oBK ;wki ftfrnkBK s'A fGzB j?. G{r'b fJZe ftfdnk Pkyk d/ s"o *s/ g[bkV Bkb ;zpzXs j? ns/ fJ; bJh g[bkVh ftfrnkB d/ s"o *s/ ikfDnk iKdk j?. G{r'b tosko/ d/ eh, feT[A ns/ feZE/ Bz{ w[yksp j[zdk j?. n;hA ftP/PskJhnK, toskok ns/ gqfefonktK eh jB, pko/ gsk eod/ jK, fit/A fe Xosh dh ;sfj T[Zgo gkfJnk iKdk j?. n;hA fJBQK ftP/PskJhnK, toskfonK dh tzv pko/ ikDB ftZu o[uheo j[zd/ jK. fit/A fe fJj Xosh dh ;sfj T[Zgo gkJ/ iKd/ jB. fJj d't/A gqPB eh ns/ feZE/ gqkfeose ns/ ;ZfGnkukoe tosko/ d/ tzvkswe ns/ w[ekwh gfjb{nK dk T[Zso d/D dh e'fPP eodk j?. fJj gqPB ftP/PskJhnK eh jB ns/ T[j feZE/ ;fEs jB dh ;{uhfeqs ikDekoh T[gbZpX eod/ jB. fJj


B'N

G{r'b

p;shtkdh gVkn d"okB p/jZd b'efgq: gj[zu ;h. fJBQK d' gqPBK B/ G{r'b Bz{ fJZe ftfrnkBe ftfdne Pkyk BjhA pDB fdZsk. shik gqPB fijVk fe ftP/PskJhnK ns/ gqfefonktK ns/ tosko/ dofwnkB ekoDe ;zpzX iK ftnkfynk feT[A T[gbZpX ehsh rJh pko/ j?. feT[A tkb/ fJ; gqPB B/ G{r'b dh ftfdne Pkyk Bz{ ftfrnkBe gSkD fdZsh j?. fJBQK fdBK ftZu ftek;Phb seBkb'ih d/ Bkb fit/A fe G{r'be ;{uBk gqDkbh [Geographical Information System (GIS)], fow'N ;?Af;zr ns/ ezfgT{No ;jkfJsk gqgks BePkdkoh B/ ftfdne Pkyk Bz{ ftP/PskJhnK ns/ gqfefonktK ns/ tosko/ ftueko ekoDe ;zpzX ns/ ftnkfynk b?D ftZu wdd ehsh j?. fJ; soQK G{r'b B/ fvihNb :[Zr ftZu gqt/P ehsk j? ns/ ftnkfynk s/ ekoDe ;zpzX Bz{ Gkb ns/ ;wM fojk j?.

G{r'b Xosh dh ;sfj d/ fJbkekJh nzso d/ t/ot/ ns/ ftnkfynk Bkb ;zpzXs j? ^ fouov jkoN P'oB

G{r'b nkws"o *s/ Xosh dh ;fsj d/ fGzB fjZf;nK Bkb ;zpzXs tosko/ d/ nzsoK dk nfXn?B eodk j? ^ j?NBo

fJZe ftfdnk Pkyk fi; dk fwby ;g/; (g[bkV) ns/ ;EkB j? ns/ e'Jh uhI fijVh T[BQK dofwnkB fefonkPhb j? iK c/o T[BQK d/ gfjb{nK Bz{ toBD eodk j? iK c/o T[BQK ftZu b'e, gkDh, nk;Ek, fvihNb nzeV/ gqtkjs eodk j?, f;oc ftnkge ns/ p/w/b j? ^ ghNo w'BkxB

id'A n;hA G{r'b dk toBD eod/ jK, e[M bZSD T[wrd/ jB. n;hA T[BQK ftZu'A e[M gqw[Zy d/ T[Zgo o'PBh gktKr/.

G{r'b ftZu ;EkB iK fJZe tksktoD dk fXnkB g{ote gq/yD$gqhyD$t/otk ftP/Peo nfjw j[zdk j?. j[D sZe pj[s/ G{r'fbe ekoiK B/ ftukoD:'r chbv ekoi Bz{ ;zfwbs ehsk. ;EkB dk w[ekw ;zg{oD ns/ ;zpzXs PpdK d/ s"o *s/ gfVQnk iKdk j?. n;hA ;EkB dh gqfeosh Bz{ th G"fse ns/ wB[Zyh gfjb{nK d/ s"o *s/ nfXn?B eod/ jK.

32 (vhHn?ZbHn?ZvH)

B'N

G{r'b

G{r'b ftZu iht y/so, tksktoD ns/ ibwzvb ftubh gqfefonk ns/ P?bh T[Zgo fXnkB e/Ados eoB dh gqftosh oZyd/ jK. ne;o, fXnkB XosfdqP T[Zgo ns/ gqkfeqse ns/ wB[Zy fBows PeshnK fJ; Bz{ gqGkts eodhnK jB, j[zdk j?.

G{r'b ftZu n;hA wB[Zyh ^ tksktoD gqfsfeqnktK Bz{ ;wMD tZb gqftos j[zd/ jK ns/ t/yd/ jK fe tksktoD fet/A wB[Zyh fefonk Bz{ nkeko fdzdk j? ns/ fet/A wB[Zyh fefonk tksktoD Bz{ nkeko fdzdh j?. d{i/ PpdK ftZu n;hA nky ;ed/ jK fe b'e fet/A gqkfeqse tksktoD Bkb go;go fefonk eod/ jB. eh gqkDh tksktoD nB[e{b YZb iKdk j? iK fJ; Bz{ BftnkT[Adk j? iK c/o tksktoD T[Zgo jh fBoGo eodk j?< ;EkBK ftueko ;zpzX, yk;eo ;EkB fet/A T[rwD j[zd/ jB ns/ fte;s j[zd/ jB, pj[sk fXnkB jk;b eod/ jB. b'eK ns/ t;sK dh rshPhbsk th nfjw j?.

y/so fJZe ftP/P fJbke/ dhnK ftP/PskJhnK T[Zgo fXnkB e/Ados eodk j?, fijVk fe ftbZyD r[DtZsktK Bz{ Gkbdk j? ns/ fJZe y/so dh d{i/ Bkb s[bBk eodk j?. y/soK dh ouBk fet/A j[zdh j? ns/ T[j fet/A pdbd/ jB, fBozso fdbu;gh d/ ftP/ jB. nfXn?B ehs/ y/soK dh fJZe' fijhnK ftP/PskJhnK j' ;edhnK jB fit/A fe pzio (n"V wko/) fJbke/ iK c/o fJZe ftP/P y/so fit/A dZyD g{op J/PhnkJh y/so.

g[bkVh ftPb/PD fJZe G{r'fbe tzv ns/ P?bhnK ftub/ sZsK ftukb/ ;zpzXK Bz{ t/ydk j?. fJj g[bkV ftubh rshPhbsk dk th nfXn?B eodk j?. fJj ;wMD dh e'fPP eodk j? fe fet/A wB[Zy, t;sK ns/ ftuko ;EkBK ftueko xz[wd/ jB. j[D n;hA G{r'b Bz{ fBwB nB[;ko fuZsos eo ;ed/ jK L

fJZe ftfdne Pkyk d/ s"o *s/ G{r'b g[bkV Bkb ;zpzXs j? ns/ g[bkVh ftP/PskJhnK ns/ bZSDK T[Zgo r"o eodk j?. fJj tzv dhnK P?bhnK w[ekw ns/ g[bkV T[Zgo tosko/ d/ ;e/AdoD dk nfXn?B

eodk j?, T[BQK dh ftnkfynk eodk j? ns/ fJBQK P?bhnK tk;s/ ftnkfynktK bZGdk j?. fJj tosko/ dofwnkB ;z:'iB ns/ nzso ;zpzXK Bz{ r"o eodk j?, fijV/ fe

gqkDhnK ns/ T[BQK d/ G"fse tksktoD dhnK rshPhb gqfefonktK s'A gfoDkws j[zd/ jB.


B'N L T) s[jkv/ T[ZsoK tk;s/ ;EkB fdZsk frnk j?.


B'N

G{r'b

n) fJekJh d/ nzs ftZu fdZs/ rJ/ T[ZsoK Bkb nkgD/ T[ZsoK Bz{ fwbkU.

1H G{r'b eh j?<

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

2H G{r'b dk nfXn?B eoB d/ ekoDK dh ftnkfynk eo'<

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

3H nkgDh G{r'b dh gkm g[;se ftZu'A d' T[dkjoDK dZ;' fijVhnK fe G{r'b dhnK ftP/PskJhnK gqfsfpzps eodhnK j'D.

(i) ftfdnk Pkyk d/ s"o *s/ G{r'b g[bkV Bkb ;zpzXs j? ns/ g[bkVh ftP/PskJhnK ns/ bZSDK Bz{ r"o eodk j?.

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

(ii) fJj tzv dhnK P?bhnK, w[ekw ns/ g[bkV T[Zgo tosko/ *u ;e/AdoD dk nfXn?B eodk j? ns/ fJBQK P?bhnK dh ftnkfynk tk;s/ T[BQK dk noE eZYdk j?.

34 (vhHn?ZbHn?ZvH)

B'N

G{r'b

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

(iii) fJj tosko/ dofwnkB ;z:'iB ns/ nzso ;zpzXK Bz{ r"o eodk j?, fijV/ fe gqkDhnK ns/ T[BQK d/ G"fse tksktoD dhnK rshPhb gqfefonktK s'A gfoDkws j[zd/ jB.

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

4H4 G{r'b gVQkT[D dhnK gj[zuK

G{r'b gVQkT[D ;w/A s[;hA bkIwh nB[Gt ehsk j't/rk fe eJh ftP/ jB fijV/ fe j'oBK ftfdne PkyktK ftZu th gVQkJ/ iKd/ jB. fw;kb d/ s"o *s/ b'eK ns/ ;wki dk nfXn?B th ;wki Pk;so ftZu Pkwb ehsk frnk j?. p{fNnK dk nfXn?B pB;gsh ftfrnkB ftZu ehsk iKdk j?. Xosh dk nfXn?B G{^ftfrnkB ftZu ehsk frnk j?. G{r'b d/ ftPk t;s{ T[Zgo Mks wkoB *s/ fJj gqrN j[zdk j? fe fJj Bk f;oc G"fse iK gqkfeqse t;hfbnK s'A nzP nkeoPs eodk j?, ;r'A ;wki Pk;so ns/ seBheh ftfrnkB s'A th. fJ; soQK G{r'b fJZe fwPos (obrZv) iK nfBZyV ftfrnkB ns/ frnkB dk ;z;b/PD (nzPK Bz{ i'VB tkbk) j?.

G{r'b ftZu jo/e ftP/Phfeqs y/so ftfrnkB dhnK j'oBK ;zpzXs PkyktK Bkb obrZv j[zdk j?. n;hA nrb/o/ yzv n;hA G{r'b dhnK nwbdkoh dhnK uouktK eoKr/.

g{opb/ yzv ftZu n;hA ftPb/PD ehsk ns/ ;wfMnk fe G{r'b dh ftfdne Pkyk nkgDk ftPk^t;s{ fGzB gqkfeqse ftfrnkB fit/A G{^ftfrnkB, tk:{ wzvb, ib


B'N

G{r'b

ftfrnkB, ;?b ftfrnkB, pB;gsh ftfrnkB, iht ftfrnkB ns/ ;wki ftfrnkB fit/A fe noE Pk;so, iB^nzeeh, okiBhsh Pk;so, fJfsjk;, doPB Pk;so, wkBt ftfrnkB ns/ ;wki ftfrnkB s'A b?Ad/ jB. fJj ;ko eZfYnk ik ;edk j? fe G{r'b fJZe nzso ftfdne Pkykth ns/ pj[ftfdne Pkykth nfXn?B dk ftPk j?. jo/e ftPk fJZe iK fe;/ j'o gj[zu d[nkok nfXn?B ehsk iKdk j?. id'A rZb G{r'b d/ nfXn?B dh nkT[Adh j?, d' w[Zy gj[zuK jB.

gqDkbhpZX gj[zu L gqDkbhpZX gj[zu ftZu fJZe tosko/ Bz{ fJZe ;zg{oD d/ s"o *s/ nfXn?B ehsk iKdk j?. fJ; Bz{ ftPkswe gj[zu d/ s"o *s/ th ikfDnk iKdk j?, fi; okjhA n;hA ft;sko ftZu fJZe ftP/P tosko/ dk nfXn?B eod/ jK ns/ fJZe fwZE/ y/so ftZu fJZe ;wZro Yzr ftZu. fw;kb d/ s"o *s/ i/eo fe;/ Bz{ g"D^gkDh d/ sZs, g"D gkDh dhnK fe;wK ns/ d[Bhnk d/ g"D^gkDh ;zpzXh fJbke/.

y/soh gj[zu L y/soh gj[zu ftZu fGzB doikpzd gZXoK T[Zgo y/soK ftZu tzfvnk frnk j? ns/ c/o fJZe ftP/P y/so ftZu G{r'fbe tosko/ dk nfXn?B ehsk iKdk j?. fJj y/so gqkfeqse, okiBhse iK fBPus y/so j' ;ed/ jB. fJZe y/so ftubk toskok ftfGzBsk ftZu J/esk bJh y'i eofdnK ;wZro o{g ftZu nfXn?B ehsk iKdk j?. fw;kb d/ s"o *s/ id'A n;hA fJZe y/so dh u'D eod/ jK, fw;kb d/ s"o *s/ ;kv/ nkgD/ ;{p/ dk G{r'b, sZd n;hA okjs, vo/B/i, g"D^gkDh, fwZNh, gqkfeqse pB;gsh, yfDi, wB[Zyh ;o's, nkofEe rshftXhnK, nktkikJh ns/ ;kv/ ;{p/ dk ;zuko. fJ; wkwb/ ftZu nB[eoD ehsh rJh gj[zu y/soh gj[zu j?.

4H5 G{r'b dh nwbdkoh

G{r'b dh nwbdkoh ekch ftPkb j?. G{r'b dk ftPk t;s{ PkyktK dh ftP/Phfeqs ;zfynk okjhA nfXn?B ehsk iKdk j?. fJj PkyktK d' gj[zuK gqDkbhpZX ns/ y/soh T[Zgo nkXkos j[zdhnK jB. Pkyk fijVh gqkfeqse ftfrnkB Bkb nzso;sfj j[zdh j?, Bz{ G"fse G{r'b fejk iKdk j?. nkU n;hA fJBQK PkyktK pko/ j'o tX/o/ ikDekoh gqkgs eohJ/.

1H G"fse G{r'b L fJj G{^ftfrnkB ns/ j'oBK gqkfeqse ftfrnkBK s'A T[rwD j'fJnk. do n;b fJj gqkfeqse ftfrnkB Bkb'A T[Zgo j? pikfJ fe fJZe ;wkie d/. G"fse G{r'b tksktoDe ftftXsktK Bkb ;zpzXs j? L

g"D gkDh G{^fe;wK, ;w/s uZNkB fe;wK ns/ soshp, okjs ns/ vo/B/i iht izs{^pB;gsh ;w{j

36 (vhHn?ZbHn?ZvH)

B'N

G{r'b

fwZNh izrbh pB;gsh fJBQK gfotosDhnK ftukb/ ;zpzX

(i) G{^nkfeqsh ftfrnkB G{^fe;wK, T[BQK dk T[rwD ns/ ;zpzXs gqfeqnktK d/ nfXn?B Bz{ ;wogs j?.

(ii) g"D^gkDh ftfrnkB tk:{ wzvb dh pDso d/ nfXn?B ns/ w";w ns/ g"D gkDh d/ sZsK ns/ g"D^gkDh ;zpzXh fe;wK ns/ y/soK d/ nfXn?B Bz{ Pkwb eodk j?, Bkb jh g"D gkDh fe;wK ns/ y/so dk th nfXn?B eodk j?.

(iii) ib ftfrnkB ;w/s ;w[zdoK, MhbK, BdhnK ns/ j'o ib Gzvko, Xosh dh ;sfj T[Zgo gkDh d/ y/so dk nfXn?B eodk j?. fJj ftfGzB ihtB fe;wK (o{go/yktK), ;w/s wB[Zyh ihtB ns/ T[BQK dhnK rshftXhnK, T[Zgo fJ; d/ gqGkt Bz{ th nfXn?B eodk j?.

(iv) fwZNh G{r'b fwZNh dh ouBkswe gqfefonk, fwZNh dhnK fe;wK, T[BQK dh T[gikT{ ;zpzXh gfo;fEsh, tzv ns/ tos'A d/ nfXn?B Bz{ ;wogs j?.

2H wB[Zyh G{r'b ;wki d/ g[bkVh ;zrmB Bkb ;zpzXs j?. P[o{nks *u ;EkBK d/ t/ot/ T[Zgo ;h, fiZE/ b'e t;d/ ;B. jkb jh *u nkoEe rshftXhnK B/ t;hfbnK dh y/soh tzv T[Zgo I'o ns/ nkoEe rshftXhnK T[Zgo tX/o/ fXnkB gqkgs ehsk. tksktoDe w[Zd/ th fXnkB nkeoPs eod/ jB, gqzs{ pj[sk fXnkB fJ; T[Zgo fe pkrpkBh b'eK Bz{ ftgohs dh s[bBk *u fet/A gqGkts eodh j?.

(i) ;wkie$;ZfGnkukoe G{r'b ;wki ns/ fJ; dh g[bkVh rshPhbsk d/ Bkb^Bkb ;wki d[nkok :'rdkB gkJ/ ;ZfGnkukoe sZsK dk nfXn?B eodk j?.

(ii) nkpkdh ns/ ;Ekgsh G{r'b (g/Av{ ns/ Pfjoh) L fJj nkpkdh d/ tkX/ ns/ tzv, ;zxDsk, fbzr nB[gks ns/ gotk; T[Zgo ;zouBk, feZskw[yh pDso nkfd dk nfXn?B eodk j?. ;EkgB G{r'b g/Av{ ns/ Pfjoh ;EkgB dhnK ftP/PskJhnK dk nfXn?B eodk j?.

(iii) nkoEe G{r'b, ;w/s y/shpkVh, ;Bns, ;?o^;gkNk, tgko ns/ nktkikJh, p[fBnkdh YKuk ns/ ;/tktK nkfd dk nfXn?B eodk j?.


B'N

G{r'b

(iv) fJfsjk;e G{r'b fJfsjk;e gqfefonktK dk nfXn?B eodk j?, fi; okjhA g[bkV ;zrms j[zdk j?. jo/e y/so toswkB o[spk jk;b eoB s'A gfjbK e[M fJfsjk;e nB[GtK s'A bzxdk j?.

(v) okiBhse G{r'b g[bkV tZb okiBhse xNBktK d/ e'B/ s'A t/ydk j? ns/ ;hwktK, r[nKYh (fBeNsw) fJekJhnK dofwnkB g[bkV ;zpzXK, u'D y/soK dh jdpzdh, u'D fdqP dk nfXn?B eodk j? ns/ nkpkdh dk okiBhse tshok ;wMD bJh f;XKse o{go/yk fte;s eodk j?.

3H iht ftfrnkB G{r'b

G"fse G{r'b ns/ wB[Zyh G{r'b ftueko nzso;sfj B/ iht ftfrnkB G{r'b d/ ftek; dh nrtkJh ehsh j?, fi; ftZu Pkwb j? AL

(i) g"dk G{r'b fijVk fe T[BQK d/ ;fjitk; ftZu gqkfeqse pB;gsh dh g[bkVh P?bh dk nfXn?B eodk j?.

(ii) fuVhnkxo G{r'b, fijVk fe g[bkVh P?bhnK ns/ ikBtoK dhnK G{r'b ftP/PskJhnK ns/ T[BQK d/ ;fjitk;K dk nfXn?B eodk j?.

(iii) gq;fEsh ftfrnkB$gq;fEsh gqDkbh ;fjitk;K d/ ftfrnkBe nfXn?B ns/ ihtK dhnK ftP/PskJhnK Bkb toskok eodk j?.

(iv) tksktoDe G{r'b tksktoDe ;zpzXBK ns/ w[ZfdnK Bkb toskok eodk j?.

4H y/soh G{r'b

(i) y/soh nfXn?B$J/ohnk nfXn?B L fJ; ftZu tZv/, wZXtosh ns/ ;{yw nfXn?B Bkb pfDnk j[zdk j?.

(ii) y/soh :'iBk L d/P$g/Av{ ns/ e;pk$Pfjoh :'iBk Bkb pDdk j?.

(iii) y/soh ftek;

(iv) y/soh ftPb/PD

fJBQK gqw[Zy PkyktK s'A fJbktk d' j'o gfjb{ jB fijV/ fe jo/e ftfdne Pkyk Bkb ;wo{g jB, fJj jB L

(i) doPB Pk;so

38 (vhHn?ZbHn?ZvH)

B'N

G{r'b

T) G{r'fbe fuzsB

n) G{wh ns/ wB[Zyh go;go fefonk$wB[Zyh go;fEsh

(ii) ftXhnK ns/ seBheK

T) ezfgT{No BePkekoh ;ws/ BePkekoh

n) wksokswe seBheK$nzeVkswe ftXhnK

J) chbv ;ot/yD ftXhnK

;) G{^;{uBkswe seBkbh Bkb pDdk j? fit/A fe fow'N ;?Af;zr, ih nkJh n?Z;, ih gh n?Z; nkfd.

fuZso 4H1 ftZu gqDkbhpZX gj[zu T[Zgo bhI ehs/ G{r'b dh nwbdkoh


B'N

G{r'b

G{r'b d

h fw

bydk

oh L g

qDkbhp

ZX gj

[zu *s/

nkX

kos

'b

;Bns

nkt

kikJ

h tg

ko

y/sh

Pfjo

h g/Av{

okiB

hse

G{r'b

fJfs

jk;e

G{r'b

nko

Ee G

{r'b

;Ekg

B G{r

'b

iB;zf

ynk

G{r'b

;wki

e^;ZfG

nku

koe

G{r'b

tksk

toDe

G{r

'b gf

o;fE

sh ftf

rnkB

p{Nk

fufV

nkx

o

fwZNh

ib

ftf

rn

kB

ibtk

:{ ftf

rn

kB

G{^nkfe

qsh ftf

rn

kB

wkBt

n

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G"fse

fuZso 4H1 L gqDkbhpZX gj[zu T[Zgo nkXkos G{r'b dh fwbydkoh

40 (vhHn?ZbHn?ZvH)

B'N

G{r'b

fuZso 4H2 y/soh gj[zu *s/ nkXkos G{r'b dh fwbydkoh

fuZso 4H3 G{r'b L fuzsB ns/ ekoi ftXh T[Zgo nkXkos

y/soh gjz[u *s/ nkXkos G{r'b dh fwbydkoh

y/soh nfXn?B$fJbkek nfXn?B

ih gh n?Z;

ih nkJh n?Z;

fow'N ;?Bf;zr

y/soh ftPb/PD

G{îkDekoh

chbv ;ot/yD

wksokswe ftXhnK

BePkekoh

y/soh ftek;

wB[Zyh gfo;fEsh ftfrnkB G{wh s/ wB[Zy

G{r'be fuzsB

ftXhnK s/ seBheK

f;XKs$doPB Pk;so

G{r'b

e;pk s/ Pfjoh :'iBk

d/jksh$g/Av{ :'iBk ;{yw y/soh nfXn?B

wZXtosh y/soh nfXn?B

dhox y/soh nfXn?B

y/soh :'iBk


B'N

G{r'b


B'N L (T) s[jkv/ T[ZsoK bJh j/mK ;EkB SZfvnk frnk j?

(n) fJekJh d/ nzs ftZu fdZs/ rJ/ T[ZsoK Bkb nkgD/ T[Zso dh s[bBk eo'.

1) G{r'b nfXnkgB^f;ZybkJh ftZu y/soh ns/ gqDkbhpZX ftP/PskJhnK dZ;'.

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

2) nkgDh G{r'b dh gkm g[;se dk fJZe gq/yD fsnko eo' ns/ G{r'b Bkb toskok eoB ftZu nB[eoD ehshnK gj[zuK fsnko eo'.

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

4H6 T[Zgoh w[ZYb/ gZXo *s/ G{r'b gVkT[Dk

j[D sZe n;hA G{r'b Bz{ ;wki Pk;so d/ fJZe ;zxNe d/ s"o *s/ nfXn?B eo u[Ze/ jK. fJ; ;w/A sZe ;kv/ e'b G{r'b dh b'V, gqfeosh, ftPk t;s{, gj[zuK ns/ PkyktK pko/ P[ZX ftuko nk rJ/ jB. fJ; yzv ftZu n;hA T[Zgoh w[ZYb/ gVkn T[Zgo G{r'b nfXnkgB d/ ftP/P skofee nkXko Bkb toskok eoKr/ ns/ nkgD/ nkg Bz{ fJ; gVkn T[Zgo G{r'b nfXnkgB d/ wzstK Bkb i[fVnk j'fJnk gktKr/. s[jkBz{ gsk j't/rk fe ;wki ftfrnkB dk nfXnkgB^f;ZybkJh gkmeqw y/soK dk fJZe nfGzB Gkr j?. fJ; gkmeqw y/so dh nfjwhns ;e{bh f;Zfynk d/ ;ko/ gZXoK *s/ wfj;{; ehsh ik ;edh j?, Gkt, gqkfJwoh, ngo gqkfJwoh, ;?ezvoh ns/ T[Zu ;?ezvoh. fBo;zd/j gqfeosh, ftPk t;s{ ns/ gj[zu pdbdh ofjzdh j?. gqkfJwoh gZXo *s/ gzithA iwks sZe ftP/ Bz{ tksktoD ftfrnkB d/ s"o *s/ gVQkfJnk iKdk j?. fJ; Bz{ ;zg{oD gqkfJwoh gVkn T[Zgo fJZe nfBZyV gkmeqw y/so d/ s"o *s/ rqfjD ehsk iKdk j?. fJ; gVkn T[Zgo tksktoD ftfrnkB dk gkmeqw (f;b/p;) pZu/ dh fIzdrh d/ fBeNsw S/ ;KM/ wIw{BK T[Zgo fsnko ehsk iKdk j? fit/A fe gfotko ns/ fwZso, G'iB ns/ gBkj (oZfynk ;EkB), gkDh, :ksok ns/ ezw$t;sK fijV/ n;hA eod/. fsnko eod/ jK. eh s[;hA nky ;ed/ j' fe G{r'b

42 (vhHn?ZbHn?ZvH)

B'N

G{r'b

tksktoD Bkb pj[s jZd sZe i[fVnk j'fJnk j?. fBwB gqkfJwoh iwksK I-II *s/ Jh th n?Z; d/ ;zxNeK Bz{ GkPk ns/ rfDs Bkb i'fVnk frnk j?. fJ; dk Gkt fJj j? fe Jh th n?Z; th fBwB gqkfJwoh gZXo *s/ gkmeqw dk fJZe Gkr j?. Jh th n?Z; dk gkmeqw, fijVk fe okPNoh gkmeqw ftt;Ek 2005 d/ nkXko *s/ fsnko ehsk frnk j?, fi; B/ fe ;wK, ;EkB ns/ ;wki ftZu ihtB ft;sko tZb pZu/ dk fXnkB nkeoPs eoB bJh T[; Yzr Bkb i'VfdnK jzGbk wkfonk j?, fi; ftZu T[j nkgD/ fJod^frod dh d[Bhnk Bz{ g/qyD ns/ ;wM ;fenk j?. T[Zgoh gqkfJwoh gZXo T[Zgo fJj gqfefonk ikoh ofjzdh j?, gqzs{ ftP/ wiw{BK tZb tZvk fXnkB ns/ ftfdne PkyktK tZb fJZe Mks Bkb, fiBQK okjhA ;wki ftfrnkB dk T[rwD j'fJnk.

4H6H1 skofee nkXko ns/ wzst

fJ; T[gyzv ftZu n;hA s[jkBz{ okPNoh gkmeqw ftt;Ek 2005 d/ nkXko *s/ fusos T[Zgoh gqkfJwoh gZXo T[Zgo G{r'b nfXnkgB d/ soe nkXko Bkb o{po{ eoKr/. n;hA ikDd/ jK fe G{r'b ;wki ftfrnkB dk fJZe nfByVtK nzr j?. fJ; gVkn T[Zgo gkfVQnK Bz{ T[; d[Bhnk Bz{ ;wMD bJh Io{oh p[fBnkdh gfjb{nK Bkb gfofus ehsk iKdk j?, fi; ftZu T[j ofjzd/ jB. G{r'b Bz{ ftfGzB fyZfsnK ns/ d/PK dh nzsofBoGosk dh ;wM Bz{ ft;fsqs eoB bJh P[o{ ehsk frnk j?. pZu/ Bz{ ;wekbh w[ZfdnK Bkb gfofus ehsk iKdk j? fit/A fe nkoEe t;hfbnK dh ftnkge tzv, fbzr, jkPhJ/ *s/ nkJ/ ;w{j ns/ tksktoD ns/ ftPtftnkgheoD. fJ; gVkn T[Zgo e'o; Xosh Bz{ wB[Zysk d/ ;fjitk;, tksktoD, t;hfbnK dk nfXn?B ns/ fGzB gZXoK *s/ ftek;, fit/A fe ;EkBe, y/soh$okPNoh ns/ d[Bhnk. nkU n;hA okPNoh gkmeqw ftt;Ek (2005) d/ nkXko T[Zgo G{r'b nfXnkgB d/ wzstK Bz{ ikDhJ/.

e'o; d/ w[Zy wzst fBwB nB[;ko jB L

wB[Zysk d/ ;fjitk; d/ s"o *s/ Xosh pko/ ;{M Bz{ fte;s eoBk ns/ fIzdrh d/ j'o o{g. ftnkge ;zdoG ftZu gkVQ/ Bz{ nkgD/ fyZs/, ;{p/ ns/ d/P d/ nfXn?B dh gfjb

eoBh. nkofEe t;hfbnK dh ftnkge tzv Bz{ g/P eoBk ns/ ftPtftnkgh eoD dh

uZb ojh gqfefonk dh P[o{nks eoBk. fGzB fyZfsnK ns/ d/PK dh nzso fBoGosk dh ;{M Bz{ gq's;kjB d/Dk.

4H6H2 ftPk ;{uh dh o{go/yk


B'N

G{r'b

fJ; T[gyzv ftZu n;hA ftPk ;{uh dh o{go/yk T[gbZpX eotkT[Ad/ jK fijVh fe T[Zgoh gqkfJwoh gVQkn T[Zgo ;wki ftfrnkB d/ G{r'b ;zxNe nXhB gVkJh ikDh j?. e'o; ;zouBk dh o{go/yk okPNoh gkmeqw ftt;Ek (2005) T[Zgo nkXkos j?. nkU n;hA f;b/p; d/ o{go/ykekoK tZb'A fsnko f;ZybkJh wzstK Bkb fJefwe j'JhJ/.

iwks VI L Xosh ;kvk ;fjitk;

ftP/ wzst rqfj L ;"o gqDkbh ftZu Xosh. rb'p L Xosh, nePK; ns/ o/yKP dk Bw{Bk, Xosh dh joes, uZeo, x[wkNh BeP/ L BeP/ d/ nfBtkoh nzPl d{oh, fdPk ns/ gqshe Xosh d/ uko y/so l ;Eb wzvb, ib wzvb, tksktoD ns/ iht wzvbl wjKdhg ns/ ;w[zdo. Xosh d/ gqw[Zy okjs bZSD. Gkos ns/ d[Bhnk L Gkos dh G"fse nkXko *s/ tzv ^ uNkBK, gmko, w?dkB l ibtk:{l gqkfeose pB;gsh ns/ izrbh ihtBl T[BQK dh ;zGkb dh b'V.

;"o gqDkbh ftZu Xosh d/ ftbZyD ;EkB Bz{ ;wMDk, fijVk fe fIzdrh d/ jo/e ;o{g bJh nkdoP ;fEshnK T[gbZpX eodk j?, ;w/s gqkDhl Xosh dhnK d' joesK ns/ T[BQK d/ gqGktK Bz{ ;wMDkl BePk gVQB d/ p[fBnkdh j[BoK Bz{ fte;s eoBkl Xosh d/ y/soK d/ nzso ;zpzXB Bz{ ;wMDk G{wh, ibtk:{, pB;gsh ns/ wB[Zyh ihtB T[Zgo izrbh ihtB d/ gqGkt Bz{ nB[Gt eoBk gqkfeose pB;gsh ns/ izrbh ihtB dh ;zGkb bJh b'V Bz{ ;wMDk.

iwks VII :

;kvk tksktoD ftP/ wzst

tksktoD nkgDh ;zg{oDsk ftZul gqkfeqse ns/ wB[Zyh tksktoD. gqkfeqse tksktoD L Xosh d/ G{wh dk nzdo, uZNkBK ns/ yfDi, Xosh dhnK joesK s/ w[Zy G{wh dhnK fe;wK. (G{ukb Bkb ;zpzXs fJZe e/; nfXn?B

tksktoD Bz{ fJ; dh ;zg{oDsk ftZu ;wMDk, ;w/s ftfGzB ;zxNeK d/, d't/A gqkfeqse s/ wB[Zyh. gqkfeqse tksktoD d/ ;zxNeK dk toBD

44 (vhHn?ZbHn?ZvH)

B'N

G{r'b

g/P ehsk ikDk j?) tk:{ ^ ;zouBk, tksktoD dh pDso, w";w d/ sZs ns/ g"D gkDh ^ skgwkB, dpkn, Bwh ns/ s/I jtktK. (tkto'b/ Bkb ;zpzXs fJZe e/; nfXn?B g/P ehsk ikDk j?) gkDh ^ skIk ns/ ykok, w[Zy ib GzvkoK, ;w[zdoK d/ gkDh dh tzv ns/ T[BQK dk b/yk. (;[BkwhnK Bkb ;zpzXs fJZe e/; nfXn?B g/P ehsk ikDk j?) gqkfeqse tksktoD L ;EkgB, nktkikJh ns/ ;zukoD. wB[Zyh ^ tksktoD go;go fefonkl e/; nfXn?B ^ wko{Eb ftZu ihtB ^ ;jkok ns/ bZdkyl sgsyzvh ns/ T[gsgs yzvh y/soK ftZu ihtB ^ nw/I'B ns/ rzrk ^ pqjwg[Zsol ;ziwh y/soK *u ihtB ^ go/noh ns/ t?bvN (uoKdK ns/ xkj d/ w?dkB)

eoBk. fJBQK ;zxNeK dh nzso fBoGosk ns/ ;kv/ ihtB ftZu T[BQK dh nfjwhns Bz{ ;wMDk. tksktoD gqfs ftek; dh ;zt/dBPhbsk d/ wjZst Bz{ ;wMDk. tk:{ wzvb ns/ fJ; d/ sZsK Bz{ ;wMDk. Xosh *s/ gkDh dh tzv pko/ ikDBk. tzB^;[tzB/ gP{ s/ g"fdnK dh gqfeosh Bz{ bZGDk gqkfeqse tksktoD ns/ wB[Zyh ;fjitkX d/ ;zpzXK dh ftnkfynk eoBh. nZi dh d[Bhnk ftZu j' oj/ ftek;K bJh nktkikJh ns/ ;zuko dh b'V d/ wjZst Bz{ ;wMDk.

iwks VIII L ;o's ns/ ftek;

ftP/ wzst ;o'sl ;o's ns/ T[BQK dhnK fe;wK ^ gqkfeose ns/ wB[Zyh gqkfeose ;o'sl T[BQK dh tos'A ns/ ;zGkb, G{wh ns/ fwZNh, gkDh, gqkfeqse pB;gsh, izrbh ihtB, yfDi ns/ T{oik ;o's (Gkos d/ ftP/P jtkb/ d/ Bkb ftPt P?bhnK). y/shpkVh L y/sh dhnK fe;wK, w[Zy c;bK, o/P/, phto/i, y/sh ftek; ^ d' e/; nfXn?B ^ fJZe Gkos s'A ns/ d{ik fJZe fte;s d/P, :{n?Z;, Bhdob?Av$nk;Nq/bhnk s'A fJZe y/s. ;BnsK L nkeko, eZu/ wkb, wkbeh d/ nkXko *s/ ;BnsK dk torheoDl

;o'sK d/ noE, T[BQK dhnk fe;wK, w[ekw ns/ tzv Bz{ ;wMDk. ;kv/ ihtB ftZu ;o'sK dh nfjwhns Bz{ ;wMDkl ikoh ofjD:'r ftek; bJh ;o'sK dh T[fus tos'A d/ wjZst Bz{ ;wMDk. ;o'sK dh ;zGkb pko/ ikro{esk fte;s eoBh ns/ ;zGkb gqfefonk bJh gfjb eoBh.


B'N

G{r'b

w[Zy ;BnsK ns/ tzvl p[fBnkdh YKuk ns/ ftek;. b'jk ns/ ;Nhb (iwP/dg[o ns/ :{n?Z; J/ *u fJZe e/Ado Gkt v?No"fJN dk s[bBkswe nfXn?B). N?e;NkJhb nfXn?B (nfjwdkpkd ns/ U;kek) ;{uBk seBkb'ih (pzrb"o ns/ f;bhe"B t?bh) wB[Zyh ;o's ^ ;zouBk, nkpkdh gfotosD tzv ns/ ;zxDsk.

y/sh dhnK ftfGzB fe;wK ns/ d' ftfGzB y/soK ftZu y/shpkVh ftek; Bz{ ;wMDk. fBowkD ;BnsK dhnK nfjw fe;wK Bz{ ;wMDk. okPNo dh nkofEesk d/ ftek; ftZu wB[Zyh ;o'sK dh G{fwek Bz{ ;wMDk.

4H7 nktkrwB dh gkm :'iBk

T[Zgoh Mks

fJ; yzv ftZu n;hA G{r'be gfog/y ftZu fJZe w[Zd/ d/ s"o *s/ ‘nktkikJh* (NoK;g'oN) d/ ftP/ T[Zgo rZbpks eoKr/. nfXnkgB fpzd{nK dh gSkD eofdnK, f;ZybkJh d/ wzstK Bz{ fpnkB eofdnK ns/ ;w/s w[bKeD T[fus nfXnkgB ftXhnK Bz{ ngBkT[AfdnK s[jkBz{ wdd eoB bJh fJZe gkm :'iBk fsnko eoB bJh jzGbk wkfonk frnk j?. Gkt/A fe wkfvT{b ftZu e[M ;{fpnK dhnK fw;kbK fdZshnK rJhnK jB, s[jkBz{ nkgD/ ;{p/ dh fw;kb b?D dh ;[szsosk j?, Bkb jh ftfdnkoEhnK Bz{ nktkikJh pko/ ;wMkT[D bJh r[nKYh ;{fpnK dhnK fw;kbK th b? ;ed/ j'. fJj th Io{oh j? fe ftfdnkoEhnK Bz{ gkm g[;seK s'A nrKj j'o gVQB dk th nt;o fwb/ sK i' T[j nkgDk nB[Gt tXk ;eD.

wzst

fJ; gkm :'iBk dk nfXn?B eoe/ s[;hA :'r j't'r/L

nktkikJh d/ ftP/ Bz{ ftPb/PD eoB d/l f;ZybkJh dh wjZssk Bz{ ;wMD bJh ftP/ Bz{ eqwpZX eoB d/l u?gNo d/ f;ZybkJh wzstK dh o{go/yk eoB d/l f;ZybkJh dh wjZssk Bz{ ;wMD bJh ftXhnK ;[MkT[D d/l nfXnkgB ^ f;ZybkJh ;o'sK dh PBkys ns/ tos'A d/l f;ZybkJh d/ wzstK dh gqkgsh bJh rshftXhnK Bz{ fbyD ns/ fefonkPhb eoB

d/.

46 (vhHn?ZbHn?ZvH)

B'N

G{r'b

gqtkj ukoN, fuZso fuZsos eoB d/l gkm d/ ;ko/ gVktK T[Zgo BefPnK dh tos'A eoB d/.

nfXnkgB fpzd{

nktkikJh d/ Yzr ^ o'vt/I, o/bt/I, ibwkor ns/ jtkJh wkor fJZe fwZE/ ;EkB *s/ nktkikJh d/ YzrK dh T[gbZpXsk bJh fIzw/tko ekoe. nkpkdh tzv, nkoEe ftek; ns/ ;ZfGnkukoe gfotosD T[Zgo nktkikJh dk gqGkt.

nfXnkgB f;ZybkJh ;o's


B'N

G{r'b

BeP/ ^ G"fse, fJZe Pfjo dk ;?bkBh BePk, nktkikJh d/ ;kXB s;thoK ^ nktkikJh d/ ;kXB, wB[Zyh ;EkgB, Xoksb, G{^fy;eD, ;Ve pbke, ihtB nB[Gt

fuZso 1 ^ Gkos jkJht/I

48 (vhHn?ZbHn?ZvH)

B'N

G{r'b

fuZso 2 ^ Gkos L jtkJh wkor


B'N

G{r'b

fuZso 3 L Gkos L o/bt/

50 (vhHn?ZbHn?ZvH)

B'N

G{r'b

fuZso L 4 n?e;gq?; jkJht/

fuZso 5 L gjkVh fJbke/ dk fdqP

rshftXhnK dh bVh


B'N

G{r'b

nkws"o *s/ jo/e nfXnkge ekch fsnkoh s'A pknd iwks ftZu ikt/rk. fiBQK fJZe gkm Bz{ gVQkT[Dk nfjw j?, gkm dh :'iBk th T[zBh jh nfjw j?. nktkikJh T[Zgo u?gNo T[Zgo r"o eo' ns/ e/Ados fpzd{nK dh PBkys eo'. T[BQK ftZu'A e[M fBwB jB L

nktkikJh ;kv/ o'IkBk ihtB ftZu fJZe nfjw G{fwek fBGkT[Adh j?. nktkikJh dh T[gbZpXsk fGzB ekoeK T[Zgo fBoGo eodh j?. nktkikJh dh ftfGzB wkor ns/ ;kXB jB. T[Zso^g{op ;{fpnK ftZu o'vt/I nktkikJh d/ nkw ;kXB jB. o'vt/I fGzB YzrK dh j[zdh j? ^ nzsookPNoh Pkj wkor, okPNoh Pkj wkor,

;{pk Pkj wkor, fIbQk ;VeK ns/ fgzv dhnK ;VeK.

eh s[;hA j[D u?gNo ftZu'A j'o e/Ados fpzd{nK dh PBkys eo'r/ ns/ T[BQK Bz{ j/mK pDkJ/ pef;nK ftZu fby'r/ L

nfXnkgB fpzd{nK dh PBkys eoB s'A pknd T[BQK Bz{ nfXnkgB d/ wzst bJh eqwpZX eoB dh b'V j?. T[go'es ;ko/ nfXnkgB fpzd{nK *s/ Mks wko' ns/ j/mK fdZs/ ;EkB ftZu T[BQK Bz{ eqwpZX eo'.

ftPk ;zpzXh fpzd{nK dh PBkys eoB ns/ eqwpZX eoB s'A pknd ftPk t;s{ T[Zgo nkXkos f;ZybkJh wzstK Bz{ toBD eoBk Io{oh j?.

nktkikJh dh nfjwhns Bz{ T[xkVDkl

nktkikJh d/ ftfGzB YzrK dh PBkys eoBhl

;VeK dhnK fe;wK dh PBkys eoBh.

52 (vhHn?ZbHn?ZvH)

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G{r'b

T[whd j? fe s[;hA ikDd/ j' fe f;ZybkJh wzstK Bz{ fet/A fsnko eoBk j?. eh s[;hA nktkikJh T[Zgo pkeh d/ ftP/ bJh e[M f;ZybkJh wzst fsnko eo'r/. s[;hA fJBQK Bz{ j/mK fdZs/ pe;/ ftZu fbZy ;ed/ j' L

nkU n;hA j[D f;ZybkJh wzstK Bkb ;zpzXs rshftXhnK dh o{go/yk fsnko eohJ/ ns/ ftfdnkoEhnK Bz{ ‘nktkikJh* T[Zgo frnkB fsnko eoB bJh jZbkP/oh d/JhJ/.

iwks ftZu fe;/ ftP/ *s/ uouk eoB s'A gfjbK. ftP/ Bkb ;zpzXs ftfdnkoEhnK d/ nB[Gt dh tos'A T[fus j?. nkU n;hA t/yhJ/ T[BQK d/ nB[Gt dh tos'A eofdnK uouk fet/A fsnko ehsh ikDh j?. ftfdnkoEhnK B/ G{wh fy;eD. wB[Zyh fefonk iK fe;/ j'o ekoD eoe/ o'v pbke dk nB[Gt ehsk j't/rk. T[BQK Bz{ o'v pbke d/ ekoDK ns/ gqGktK pko/ rZbpks eoB fdU.

uouk e[M gqPBK Bkb P[o{ j' ;edh j?. e[M fw;kbK j/mK fdZshnK rJhnK jB L

o'v pbke dk nB[Gt fe;Bz{ j?<

o'v pbke feZE/ j'Jh<

fJj fezBh bzwh ;h<


B'N

G{r'b

o'v pbke feT[A j'Jh<

fJ; B/ s[jkvh jZbuZb Bz{ fet/A gqGkts ehsk<

fJj b'eK d/ fB:ws ezwK Bz{ fet/A gqGkts eodk j?<

T[go'es gqPBK dk T[Zso d/D wro'A ftfdnkoEhnK Bz{ f;nkDg Gog{o nB[wkB brkT[D dh b'V j?. fJ; bJh T[BQK Bz{ g[ZS', "wzB bU ;Ve pbke fJZe jcs/ bJh ikoh ofjzdh j?, b'eK d/ o'IkBk ihtB ftZu eh tkgo/rk< n;hA ;Ve pbke *s/ fet/A ekp{ gk ;ed/ jK<" T[go'es rshftXh ftfdnkoEhnK Bz{ nktkikJh dh nfjwhns Bz{ ;wMD d/ :'r pDkt/rh.

nkU n;hA j[D ftfdnkoEhnK Bz{ o'IkBk tos'A dhnK e[M t;sK d/ Bkn g[ZShJ/. fJ; Bz{ pb?e p'ov T[Zgo fbZyD fdU. fJ; Bz{ ;EkBe s"o *s/ fsnko ns/ r?o ;EkBe ftZu torhfeqs eohJ/. T[BQK Bz{ g[ZS' fe T[BQK fJj ;G feZE'A jk;b ehsk. T[j T[BQK dh oZfynk fet/A eod/ jB. T[j t;sK d[ekBK sZe fet/A gj[zudhnK jB< fJBQK gqPBK Bz { ftfdnkoEhnK Bz{ Ppd ‘nktkikJh* dh ftnkfynk dh wBPk Bkb g[ZfSnk ikDk j?.

nktkikJhô'vt/I, o/bt/, ib wkor ns/ Gkos d/ jtkJh wkorK d/ BeP/ gqdoPs eo'. T[Zso^g{op Gkos, izw{êPwho, fjwkub gqd/P, T[Zsokyzv nkfd ftZu T[gbZpX nktkikJh d/ YzrK dh Gkb eoB dh gqtkBrh fdU. T[BQK dh pb?e p'ov T[Zgo ;{uh fsnko eo'. s[;hA ftfdnkoEhnK Bz{ fuZso Gkt fuZso 6 Bz{ fusoD eoB ftZu wdd eo ;ed/ j'.

fuZso 6 L nktkikJh d/ Yzr

nktkikJh

;Veh wkor jtkJh wkor ib wkor

54 (vhHn?ZbHn?ZvH)

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G{r'b

T[BQK Bz{ nktkikJh d/ ftfGzB YzrK okjhA i[V/ nfjw ;EkBK d/ BKn th g[ZS/ ik ;ed/ jB.

fJZe tko id'A gkfVQnK Bz{ nktkikJh d/ YzrK Bkb gfofus eo fdZsk iKdk j?, T[BQK Bz{ Gkos ftZu nktkikJh T[Zgo rkj[D ns/ uouk bJh :'iBk dh wBI{oh fdZsh ik ;edh j?. ftfdnkoEhnK Bz{ nktkikJh d/ ujz[nK YzrK T[Zgo ekoi eoB bJh fJZSs ;zfynk d/ ;w{jK ftZu ;w{js j'D bJh fejk ik ;edk j? jo/e ;w{j ftZu ftfdnkoEhnK dh nB[wkBs fJZe' fijh ;zfynk j'Dh ukjhdh j?. T[BQK Bz{ nktkikJh dk fJZe wkor u[DB tk;s/ ekch ;wK ns/ ;[szsosk d/Dh ukjhdh j?. T[BQK Bz{ nktkikJh d/ YzrK dh T[gbZpXsk do;kT[Adh ;{uBk, s;thoK ns/ BeP/ fJZeso eoB bJh fejk ikt/, fijVk Yzr T[BQK u[fDnk j?. s[;hA T[fus nzsokbK ftZu T[BQK Bz{ ;/X fdUr/. gVskb d/ nzs ftZu jo/e ;w{j T[BQK tZb'A fJeZso ;kwZroh ns/ ;{uBk Bz{ gqpzXs eo/rk ns/ ftfdnkoEh fJ; Bz{ fJZe uouk okjhA iwks ftZu g/P eodk j?. j[D s[;hA fJZe fdwkrh fcs{o tkb/ ;?PB d[nkok nktkikJh d/ bkfjnK tZb w[V ;ed/ j'. jo/e ftfdnkoEh Bz{ nktkikJh dk xZN'^xZN fJZe bkjk dZ;D pko/ g[ZS'. pb?e p'ov T[Zgo T[BQK dh ;{uh fsnko eo'. s[;hA pb?e p'ov T[Zgo fszB s'A uko bkfjnK Bz{ fuzBQs eo ;ed/ j', fijVk fe nkofEe ftek; tZb fbiKdk j? (fit/A fe yfDiK, ygseko t;sK dh Y'j^Y[jkJh) ns/ ftfdnkoEhnK Bz{ g[ZS' fe nktkikJh d/P d/ ftek; *u fet/A :'rdkB gkT[Adh j?. ftfdnkoEhnK Bz{ fJj ikDB fdU fe ;ko/ ;EkB fGzB t;sK d/ T[sgkdB d/ PpdK ftZu ;t?^;woZE BjhA jB. T[j jw/Pk nzso fBoGo jB. nzso^fBoGosk fe;/ th gZXo *s/ j' ;edh j? ^ ;EkBe, y/soh, okPNoh ns/ nzso okPNoh. ftfdnkoEhnK Bz{ fJj bZGD fdU fe fejVhnK t;sK T[BQK d/ ;EkBK s'A G/ihnK iK ojhnK jB ns/ fejVhnK t;sK j'oBK ;EkBK s'A T[BQK d/ ;EkBK *s/ fbnKdhnK ik ojhnK jB. fJj ;G ftfdnkoEhnK Bz{ ;ot/yD okjhA dZf;nk ik ;edk j? fi; dk toBD j/mK ehsk frnk j? L

;Ve T[Zgo tkjBK dk ;ot/yD L

iwks Bz{ ;w{jK ftZu tzfvnk ik ;edk j? ns/ s[;hA nkgDh b'e/PB d/ fGzB y/soK d/ rqkc nbkN eo'. jo/e ;w{j ftZu jo/e ftfdnkoEh Bz{ 10 fwzNK sZe tkjBK dhnK ftfGzB fe;wK dh frDsh bJh fejk ik ;edk j? (gP{ fojV/, d' gjhnk tkjB, Eoh tQhbo, jbe/ tkjB$ekoK, Gkoh tkjB$NoZe s/ pZ;K). i/eo tkjB T[BQK d/ ;{p/ d/ pkjo dk j?, T[BQK Bz{ tkjBK dh ofi;Nq/PB th B'N eoB bJh ej'. T[j nkgD/ tv/fonK s'A T[BQK t;sK pko/ ikDekoh th fJeZso eo ;ed/ jB fijV/ fe NoZeK d[nkok Y'j/ rJ/ jB, fijV/ fe ;{p/ ftZu uZbd/ jB.


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G{r'b

id'A ftfdnkoEh ;ot/yD w[ezwb eo b?D, T[BQK Bz{ fJZe ;w{j ftZu fpmkU j/mK fdZsh ;koDh w[skpe tkjBk dh ;zfynk ns/ tkjBK dhnK fe;wK d/ o{g ftZu gq/yD Bz{ wip{s eoB fdU.

;EkBe nktkikJh (NoK;g'oN) dh G{fwek L

;w{j ;zH L

gq/yD ;EkB L

;wK L

fwnkd L 10 fwzN

tkjB dh fe;w

gq/yD ehs/ tkjBK dh ;zfynk

;{pk ofi;No/PB

tkjB

d{i/ ;{p/ dh ofi;No/PB

gP{ fojV/ d' gjhnk tkjB

Eqh tQhbo jbe/

tkjB$uko gjhnk tkjB

Gkoh tkjB$pZ;K

Gkoh tkjB$NoZe

;ot/yD s'A T[gbZpX nzeV/ Bz{ ;w[Zuh iwks bJh wip{s (fJeZso) ehsk ik ;edk j? ns/ ftneshnK ns/ t;sK dh Y'j^Y[jkJh d/ o{g ftZu uouk ehsh ik ;edh j?. uouk ftfGzB tkjBK d[nkok j'J/ gqd{PD T[Zgo ehsh ik ;edh j?, fJ; Bz{ xNkT[D tk;s/ ;[MktK pko/ th.

T[go'es ;ot/yD nzefVnK Bz{ nkoEe ftek; ftZu NoK;g'oN dh G{fwek *s/ uouk bJh th tofsnk ik ;edk j?. e[M w'joh gqPB fsnko eo' fijV/ fe s[jkv/ tZb'A iwks P[o{ eoB s'A gfjbK g[ZS/ ikD/ jB. fJj gqPB fBwB pe;/ ftZu fbZy'.

56 (vhHn?ZbHn?ZvH)

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G{r'b

Gkos d/ NoK;g'oN BeP/ dh tos'A eo'. ftfdnkoEhnK Bz{ nkgD/ ;{p/ ftub/ nktkikJh d/ YzrK dh gSkD eoB fdU ns/ nktkikJh d/ fGzB YzrK dh T[gbZpXsk ns/ r?o T[gbZpXsk$E[VQ d/ ekoD bZGD fdU. tkX{ ;{uBk ns/ fdqPK dh wdd Bkb, fijV/ fe g[;se ftZu fdZs/ rJ/ jB, T[BQK s'A fJbktk, iwks ftZu fJZe uouk ehsh ik ;edh j?. uouk dh P[o{nks eoB bJh fijV/ gqPB g[ZS/ ik ;ed/ jB, T[BQK ftZu'A e[M jB L

nk;kw ftZu ibwkorK dk fpjso B?ZNtoe feT[A j?< f;Zew ftZu e'Jh o/b wkor feT[A BjhA j?< ;ko/ T[Zso^g{op ;{fpnK e'b fe;/ j'o s'A fJbktk o'v B?ZNtoe tX/o/ j?, feT[A< eJh ;EkBK *s/ nktkikJh bJh gP{nK dh tos'A ehsh iKdh j?, feT[A<

uouk s'A nk; ehsh iKdh j? fe fJj ftfdnkoEhnK Bz{ fJj ;wMD ftZu wdd eo/rh fe fJZe fwZE/ ;EkB T[Zgo nktkikJh d/ ftfGzB YzrK dh T[gbZpXsk jo/e ;EkB *s/ feT[A BjhA j?.

j[D s[;hA nkgD/ ;{p/ dh fw;kb b? ;ed/ j' ns/ ftfdnkoEhnK Bz{ ;wMk ;ed/ j' fe ;{p/ d/ jo/e Gkr ftZu nktkikJh d/ ;ko/ Yzr T[gbZpX feT[A BjhA jB. s[;hA fJ; Bz{ fet/A eo'r/< fJ; Bz{ fBwB pe;/ ftZu toBD eo'.

ftfdnkoEh jw/Pk T[; s'A tX/o/ ikDB dh e'fPP eod/ jB fijVk fe gkm g[;se ftZu fdZsk j[zdk j?. s[;hA xo ftZu iK c/o r[nKY ftZu tZv/ ftneshnK s'A g[ZS ;ed/ j' ns/ T[BQK d/ P[o{nksh fdBK ftZu nktkikJh ;j{bsK pko/ ikDekoh jk;b eo ;ed/ j'. gkfVQnK Bz{ fJ; T[Zgo gqfsT[Zso d/D dh fJikIs fdU fe nfijk feT[A ;h< fJj j[D fGzB feT[A j?< nktkikJh d/ w;b/ *s/ T[BQK Bz{ G{sekb ns/ toswkB dh s[bBk eoB bJh T[sPkjs eo' ns/ T[BQK Bz{ gqrsh dh wjZssk Bz{ ;wMD fdU fijVh fe fyZs/ ftZu j'Jh. G{sekb ftZu nktkikJh pko/ uouk eoB s'A


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G{r'b

pknd gkfVQnK Bz{ Gkos ftubh nktkikJh (NoK;g'oN) pko/ gfofus ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j?. nktkikJh T[Zgo BeP/ gqdoPs ehs/ ikD/ ukjhd/ jB ns/ gkfVQnK Bz{ BePk gVQB pko/ g[ZS'. s[;hA ftfdnkoEhnK Bz{ BefPnK s'A ftP/P ikDekoh bZGD ftZu wdd eoB tk;s/ gqPB g[ZS ;ed/ j'. e[M gqPB fijV/ g[ZS/ ik ;ed/ jB, fBwB jB L

rzrk dk fejVk Gkr ijkIokDh :'r j?< rzrk dk ;zg{oD Gkr jh ijkIokDh :'r feT[A BjhA j?< izw{êPwho ns/ T[Zso^g{op y/so ftZu o/b ns/ jtkJh wkorK dk BZ?Ntoe

gq/yD eo'. s[;hA eh nzso gkT[Ad/ j'< nfijk feT[A j?< okPNoh bKx/ ns/ ;[Bfjoh us[oG[i dh PBkys eo'. T[BQK ;{fpnK dh ;{uh

fsnko eo' fiBQK ftZu'A dh fJj bzxd/ jB. fJBQK o{NK d/ eh bkj/ jB<

T[go'es gqPBK tKr s[;hA ftfdnkoEhnK s'A T[BQK d/ nB[Gt d/ nkXko *s/ j'o tX/o/ eYtkT[D tkb/ T[Zso g[ZS ;ed/ j'.

s[;hA wB[Zyh ;EkgBk dhnK s;thoK Bz{ gqdoPs eo ;ed/ j' (fijVhnK fe ;VeK Bz{ do;kT[AdhnK jB)

ftfdnkoEhnK Bz{ fuZsoK dk gqhyD eoB ns/ nfijhnK ftt;EktK bJh ekoD dZ;D bJh ej'. nktkikJh dh T[gbZpXsk ekoD b'eK d/ fJZe ;EkB s'A d{i/ ;EkB *s/ gotk; dk jtkbk fdU. feogk eoe/ e[M ;EkBe fw;kbK fdU. fiZE/ fes/ th nkpkdh ^ xDh iK NkthA NkthA dh n;wsb tzv j't/ ns/ ftfdnkoEhnK s'A nkpkdh dh nfijh tzv tk;s/ ekoD g[ZS'. fJj ftfdnkoEhnK Bz{ fJj ;wMD ftZu wdd eo/rh fe nktkikJh nkpkdh dh tzv Bz{ gqGkts eodh j?. fit/A fe s[;hA ikDd/ j' fe nktkikJh fJZe ;EkB d/ ;ZfGnkuko Bz{ th pdb fdzdh j?. nkgD/ ftfdnkoEhnK Bz{ fJj ;wMkT[D bJh fe fejVh rshftXh s[;hA iwks ftZu b?D tk;s/ ;[MkUr/. fJ; Bz{ j/m fdZs/ pe;/ ftZu fbZy'.

;zrms ftt;Ek T[ZxV^d[ZxV ftt;Ek

58 (vhHn?ZbHn?ZvH)

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G{r'b

4H8 ;koKP

fJ; fJekJh ftZu s[;hA ;wki Pk;so d/ nfjw ;zxNeK ftZu'A fJZe Bz{ BPo j'J/ j'. fJj nk; ehsh iKdh j? fe s[;hA fJ; ftP/P ;zxNe pko/ nkgDh ;wM Bz{ fBPus s"o *s/ w'ebk ehsk j?. s[;hA nB[Gt ehsk j? fe G{r'b fJZe g[bkVh ftfrnkB j?, fi; okjhA n;hA Xosh dh ;sfj T[Zgo fefonkPhb ftfGzB toskfonK (gqkfeose ns/ wB[Zyh) dk nfXn?B eod/ jK. n;hA fJ; pko/ th nfXn?B ehsk j? fe fet/A gqDkbhpZX ns/ y/soh gj[zuK dh wdd Bkb G{r'b dk nfXn?B ehsk iKdk j?. sdT[gozs s[;hA G{r'b T[Zgo ftfGzB gqfsfpzp Bkb gfofus ;h ns/ f;Zfynk dh fJZe ftfdne Pkyk d/ s"o s/ G{r'b g[bkV Bkb ;zpzXs j? ns/ fJj g[bkVh ftP/PskJhnK ns/ ;fji r[DK tZb fXnkB fdzdk j?. fJj tzv, w[ekw ns/ g[bkV T[Zgo tosko/ d/ ;e/AdoD dhnK P?bhnK dk nfXn?B eodk j? ns/ fJBQK P?bhnK bJh t/oftnK dh ftnkfynk eodk j?. fJj gqkDhnK ns/ T[BQK d/ G"fse tksktoD ftueko rshPhb gqfsfefonk s'A gfoDkws toskfonK ftukb/ nzso ;zpzXB ns/ ;z:'iB tZb fXnkB fdzdk j?. fJ; fJekJh ftZu n;hA G{r'b dh nwbdkoh dh jZd sZe rkyD dh e'fPP ehsh j? ns/ nB[Gt ehsk j? fe G{r'b dhnK ekch frDsh ftZu ftP/Phfeqs PkyktK jB, fijVhnK fe ftfGzB gqkfeose ns/ ;wki Pk;so s'A ftPk t;s{ nkeoPs eodhnK jB. fJ; fJekJh ftZu s[;hA T[Zgoh gqkfJwoh gVkn T[Zgo ;wki Pk;so ftZu G{r'b d/ ;EkB pko/ ikfDnk. s[;hA T[Zgoh gqkfJwoh gZXo T[Zgo G{r'b nfXnkgB dh ftPk t;s{ dh o{g o/yk ns/ wzstK Bkb gfofus j'J/. s[;hA bkIwh r"o ehsh j't/rh fe fJ; gVkn T[Zgo G{r'b dh ftPk t;s{ fszB gqw[Zy gqeoDK ^ ;kvh Xosh, ;kvk tksktoD ns/ t;hb/ ns/ ftek; d[nkb/ x[zwdh j?, fiBQK Bz{ fe tZyo/ s"o *s/ eqwtko S/th, ;ZsthA ns/ nZmthA iwks ftZu fbnk frnk. nkT[D tkbhnK fJekJhnK ftZu s[;hA nkgD/ frnkB Bz{ fJBQK ftfPnK Bkb toskok eoB dhnK ftXhnK pko/ f;Zy'r/. s[;hA t;hfbnK pko/ th ikro{e j't'r/ fijV/ fe fJBQK ftfPnK Bz{ gVQkT[D ftZu tos/ ik ;ed/ jB.


BePkekoh L BePk fsnko eoB dh ebk, ftfrnkB ns/ seBkb'ih.

fow'N ;?Af;zr L fJj fJZe t;s{ iK tosko/ pko/ ;{uBk *s/ gdkoE d/ Bkb ;zgoe ehs/ pr?o, jk;b eoBk j?. nkX[fBe tos'A ftZu fJj Ppd nkws"o *s/ gqukos ;ze/sK (Gktl J/noeokcN iK ;?N/bkJhN s'A T[rwD fJb?eNo'w?rB?fNe o/vhJ/PBK) d/ ;kXBK d[nkok Xosh T[Zgo gdkoEK Bz{ PBkys eoB ns/ torheoD eoB tk;s/ jtkJh ;?A;o seBkb'ihnK dk jtkbk fdzdh j?.


B'N

G{r'b

G{r'fbe ;{uBk gqDkbh (ih nkJh n?Z;) L fJj fJZe gqDkbh j? fi; Bz{ fe jo/e fe;w d/ G{r'be jtkbk fdZs/ nzefVnK Bz{ geVD, ;zrqfjD, f;o/ ukVQD, ftPb/PD eoD, ftt;fEs eoB ns/ g/P eoB bJh fsnko ehsk frnk j?. ;kXkoD PpdK ftZu G{r'fbe ;{uBk gqDkbh BePkekoh, nzeVkswe ftPb/PD ns/ nzeVk nkXkos seBkb'ih dk obrZv j'Dk j?. fJj fJZe nkX[fBe seBkb'ih j? fijVh fe G{r'b ftZu fpjso g[bkVh ftnkfynktK bJh tosh iKdh j?.

ftPt ftnkgh (nkbwh) ;fEsheoD gqDkbh (ih gh n?Z;) L fJj fJZe g[bkV nkXkos ijkIokDh ;?N/bkJhN gqDkbh j? fijVh fe ;ko/ w";wK ftZu Xosh d/ B/V/ iK fes/ th w[ekw iK ;wK ;{uBk gqdkB eodh j?, fiZE/ fes/ th uko iK tX/o/ ih gh n?Z; ;?N/bkJhNK dh fdqP dh nD ftxBs o/yk j't/.

wkskokswe seBheK L fJj nzeVkswe, rfDsh iK frDkswe seBheK okjhA ;wkie tosko/ dh gqDkbhpZX nB[Gtf;ZX y'i dk jtkbk fdzdhnK jB.

g[bkVh ftfrnkB L fJj fJZe nekdfwe ftfdne Pkyk j? fi; *u ;ot/yD, G{r'be ;{uBk gqDkbhnK, ib ftfrnkB ns/ BePkekoh nkfd y/so Pkwb jB. g[bkVh ftfrnkB ftP/Ps"o *s/ wkg, gqpzXB, ftPb/PD ns/ Xosh dh ftnkfynk eodh g[bkVh ;{uBk Bz{ gqdoPs eoB Bkb ;zpzXs j?. Bkb jh fJ;dhnK G"fse ftP/PskJhnK ns/ fBows tksktoD Bz{ th.

jtkJh nzso L fJj G{r'b d/ nfXn?B pko/ fJZe gj[zu j?. fJj toBD eodk j? fe fet/A Xosh dh ;sfj d/ y/so fGzBsk oZyd/ jB Xosh dh ;sfj T[Zgo fet/A wB[Zyh ns/ G"fse toskok fGzBsk oZydk j?. fijVk fe ;Ekgs d[Bhnk d/ ufoZso ftubhnK ftftXsktK dh ftnkfynk eoB d/ e/Ados j?.

g?vkb'ih L fwZNh d/ nfXn?B dk ftfrnkB.


Adhikari, Sudeepta(2004) : Fundamentals of Geogrpahic Thought, Chaitanya,

Allahabad.

Dikshit, R.D. (2000) : Geographical Thought : A Contextual Hisotry of Ideas,

Prentice Hall,

Hartshorne, Richard (1959) : Perspectives on the Nature of Geogrpahy, Rand,

McNally and Co., Chicago.

60 (vhHn?ZbHn?ZvH)

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G{r'b

Minshull, R. (1970) : The Changing Nature of Geography, Hutcchinson

University Library, London.

NCERT (2005) : National Curriculum Framework, NCERT, New Delhi.

NCERT (2006) : Class VI Social Science; the Earth our Habitat, NCERT, New

Delhi.

NCERT (2006) : Class XI, Geography Text Book, Fundamentals of Physical

Geogrpahy, NCERT, New Delhi.

NCERT (2006) : Position Paper, National Focus Group on Teaching of Social

Sciences, NCERT, New Delhi.

NCERT (2007) : Class VII, Social Science; Our Environment, NCERT, New Delhi.

NCERT (2008) : Class VIII, Social Science; Resources and Development, NCERT,

New Delhi.

Spellman, Frank. R. (2010) : Geogrpahy for Non Geographers, Published by

Government Institutes, Plymoth, United Kingdom.


s[jkv/ ;{p/ ftZu T[gbZpX G{r'b$;wki Pk;so T[Zgo nkXkos gkm g[;se

T) G{r'b d/ nfXnkgB ns/ f;ZyD dh b'V

n) G{r'b dk ftPk t;s{

J) ;wki Pk;so$G{r'b nfXnkgB dhnK gj[zuK.

iwks VIII Bz{ G{r'b nfXnkgB bJh gkm :'iBk fsnko eo'. s[jkBz{ ;gPN s"o *s/ nkgD/ f;ZybkJh wzst, f;ZybkJh ;o's, eqwpZX f;ZybkJh rshftXhnK ns/ w[bKeD d/ YzrK Bz{ ;gPN eoB dh b'V j?.


B'N

fJekJh ^ 5 L okiBhsh Pk;so$noE Pk;so$;wki Pk;so d/ nfBZyVt/A ftP/ d/ s"o *s/ ;wkie ns/ okiBhse ihtB

;zouBk

5H0 gfou?

5H1 f;ZybkJh d/ wzst

5H2 P[o{nksh gVkn *s/ ;wki Pk;so ftZu ;wkie ns/ okiBhse ihtB d/ ftP/

5H2H1 ;wkie ns/ okiBhse ihtB ^ P[o{nksh gZXo *s/ ;wki Pk;so dk fJZe ;zxNe

5H2H2 ;wkie ns/ okiBhse ihtB ^ okiBhsh Pk;so$noE Pk;so$;wki Pk;so dk nfBZyVtK ftPk

5H2H3 ;wkie ftfrnkB ftZu :'rdkB gkT[Ad/ ;wkie ns/ okiBhse ihtB d/ ftP/

5H3 okiBhsh Pk;so, noE Pk;so ns/ ;wki Pk;so ftZu ;wkie ftfrnkBhnK tZb'A ngDkJhnK ftXhnK$gj[zuK

5H3H1 okiBhsh Pk;so Bz{ ;wMD bJh ;wkie ftfrnkBhnK tZb'A ngDkJhnK ftXhnK$gj[zuK

5H3H2 noE Pk;so Bz{ ;wMD bJh ;wkie ftfrnkBhnK tZb'A ngDkJhnK ftXhnK$gj[zuK

5H3H3 ;wki Pk;so Bz{ ;wMD bJh ;wkie ftfrnkBhnK tZb'A ngDkJhnK ftXhnK$gj[zuK

5H4 ;wki ftfrnkB gkmeqw d/ fjZ;/ d/ s"o *s/ ;wkie ns/ okiBhse ihtB dh nfjwhns

5H4H1 ;wki ftfrnkB gkmeqw d/ fjZ;/ d/ s"o *s/ ;wki ns/ okiBhse ihtB dh nfjwhns

5H4H2 ;wkie ns/ okiBhse ihtB dh f;ZybkJh dh nfXnkgeh f;XKs L ;wkie ftfrnkB gkmeqw

62 (vhHn?ZbHn?ZvH)

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okiBhsh Pk;so$noE Pk;so$;wki Pk;so d/ nfBZyVt/A ftP/ d/HHH

5H5 ;wkie ftfrnkB gkmeqw d/ ;wkie ns/ okiBhse ihtB gfjb{ dh f;ZybkJh bJh gkm :'iBk fte;s eoBh

5H6 ;koKP


5H8 s[jkvh gqrsh dh goy bJh T[Zso



5H0 gfou?

T[Zgoh gqkfJwoh gZXo T[Zgo ;wkie ftfrnkB gkmeqw p[fBnkdh s"o *s/ fszB e'o ;zxNe Gktl fJfsjk;, G{r'b ns/ ;wkie ns/ okiBhse ihtB Bz{ Pkwb eodk j?. fJ; pbke dhnK d' fJekJhnK (Gktl fJekJh 3 ns/ fJekJh 4) ftZu s[;hA T[Zgoh gqkfJwoh gZXo T[Zgo ;wkie ftfrnkB gkmeqw d/ j'o y/soK d/ s"o *s/ fJfsjk; ns/ G{r'b pko/ ft;sko *u e[M Bk e[M bkIwh gfVQnk j't/rk. fJ; fJekJh ftZu s[;hA T[Zgoh gqkfJwoh gZXo T[Zgo ;wki ftfrnkB d/ j'o y/soK ftZu'A fJZe d/ s"o *s/ ;wkie ns/ okiBhse ihtB pko/ gVQ'r/. w[Zy s"o *s/ fJj fJekJh s[jkBz{ fJBQK fpzd{nK Bkb gfofus eotkJ/rhl fit/A fe P[o{nksh gZXo *s/ ;wkie ftfrnkB ftZu ;wkie ns/ okiBhse ihtB d/ ftP/, okiBhsh Pk;so, noE Pk;so ns/ ;wki Pk;so ftZu ;wkie ftfrnkBhnK tZb'A ngDkJhnK ftXhnK$gj[zuKl ;wkie ns/ okiBhse ihtB dh nfjwhns.

fJ; fJekJh ftZu toshnK rJhnK s;thoK Bz{ ;wki ftfrnkB gkmeqw d/ fJZe fjZ;/ ti'A ;wkie ftfrnkB gkmeqw d/ ;wkie ns/ okiBhse ihtB d/ gfjb{ d/ nfXnkgB bJh gkm :'iBk fte;s eoB bJh sgB e[wko p;zshnk (2006) d/ vkeN'ob y'i gZso s'A bJ/ rJ/ jB. fJ; fJekJh ftZu f;XKse uouk d/ Bkb gqfso{g gq'i?eN nkXkos nB[GtK Bz{ ;wkie ns/ okiBhse ihtB Bz{ ;wkie ftfrnkB d/ fJZe nfBZyVt/A f;ZybkJh y/so d/ s"o *s/ g/P eoB bJh fusos ehsk frnk j?.

5H1 f;ZybkJh d/ wzst

fJ; fJekJh Bz{ gVQB wro'A s[;hA :'r j't'r/ L


B'N


;wkie ftfrnkB gkmeqw d/ ;zxNe fJfsjk; ns/ G{r'b s'A ;wkie ns/

okiBhse ihtB ;zxNe ftZu nzso dZ;D d/l okiBhsh Pk;so$noE Pk;so$;wki Pk;so d/ nfBZyVt/A ftP/ d/ s"o *s/

;wkie ns/ okiBhse ihtB Bz{ T[fus mfjokT[D d/l ;wkie ftfrnkB gkmeqw ftZu ;wkie ns/ okiBhse ihtB d/ ftPk y/soK

dh PBkys eoB d/l okiBhsh Pk;so, noE Pk;so ns/ ;wki Pk;so Bz{ ;wMD bJh ;wki

Pk;sohnK d[nkok ngDkJhnK ftXhnK$gj[zuK dk toBD eoB d/l ;wkie ftfrnkB gkmeqw d/ ;zxNe d/ s"o *s/ ;wkie ns/ okiBhse ihtB

Bz{ Pkwb eoB dh nfjwhns Bz{ T[fus mfjokT[D d/l ;wkie ftfrnkB gkmeqw ftZu ;wkie ns/ okiBhse ihtB dh f;ZybkJh d/

nfXnkgeh f;XKsK dk toBD eoB d/l ;wkie ftfrnkB gkmeqw ftZu ;wkie ns/ okiBhse ihtB dh f;ZybkJh

bJh gkm :'iBk fsnko eoB d/.

5H2 P[o{nksh gVkn *s/ ;wki Pk;so ftZu ;wkie ns/ okiBhse ihtB d/ ftP/

‘;wkie ftfrnkB dh f;ZybkJh T[zBh g[okDh j? fizBh fe wB[Zysk nkg.* gqkuhB ;wki ftZu ;wkie ftfrnkB dh e'Jh o;wh ns/ gqDkbhpZX f;ZybkJh BjhA ;h. ;wkie ftfrnkB dh f;ZybkJh r?o o;wh, fBZih ns/ gqfeosh ftZu ;t?^fJZS[e. gqzs{ ;wekbh d[Bhnk ftZu ;wkie ftfrnkB dh f;ZybkJh tX/o/ o;wh ns/ ftt;fEsh pD u[Zeh j?. fJ; ;G ;wkie gqDkbh d/ ifNb, frnkB d/ T[xkV, b'VK ns/ wzrK nkfd dh pj[bsk ekoD j?.

gqkfJwoh gZXo *s/ ;wkie ftfrnkB Bz{ ;kv/ ;e{b d/ gkmeqw ftZu tksktoDe nfXn?B d/ o{g ftZu, T[Zgoh gqkfJwoh gZXo *s/ ;kv/ ;e{bh gkmeqw ftZu ;wkie ftfrnkB gkmeqw d/ o{g ftZu Pkwb ehsk frnk j?.

T[Zgoh gqkfJwoh gVkn T[Zgo ;wkie ftfrnkB gkmeqw ftZu fszB gqw[Zy y/so Gkt, fJfsjk;, G{r'b ns/ ;wkie ns/ okiBhse ihtB Bz{ Pkwb ehsk iKdk j?.

5H2H1 ;wkie ns/ okiBhse ihtB ^ P[o{nksh gZXo *s/ ;wki Pk;so dk fJZe ;zxNe

P[o{nksh (ftP/Peo T[Zgoh gqkfJwoh) gVkn T[Zgo ;wkie ftfrnkB Bz{ j'oBK GkPktK, rfDs nkfd tKr o;wh ;e{bh ftP/ d/ s"o *s/ gVQkfJnk iKdk j?. T[Zgoh

64 (vhHn?ZbHn?ZvH)

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gqkfJwoh gVkn T[Zgo ;wkie ftfrnkB gkmeqw fszB gqw[Zy f;ZybkJh y/soK Gktl fJfsjk;, G{r'b ns/ ;wkie ns/ okiBhse ihtB Bz{ Pkwb eodk j?. fit/A fe T[Zgoh gqkfJwoh gVkn nkws"o *s/ iwks VI s'A VIII s'A eto eodk j?l fJj ;ko/ f;ZybkJh y/so Gktl fJfsjk;, G{r'b ns/ ;wkie ns/ VIthA s'A VIIIthA iwks d/ nkogko c?b/ ;wkie ftfrnkB gkmeqw d/ okiBhse ihtB. T[Zgoh gqkfJwoh gZXo *s/ ;wkie ftfrnkB dk gkmeqw fJZe ;zrms P?bh ftZu ;zxNe ftfPnK d/ d[nkb/ ;zpzXK T[Zgo I'o gkT[AfdnK ns/ fGzB ro/vK nB[;ko fsnko ehsk frnk j?. fi; dk Gkt j?l (fJfsjk;, G{r'b ns/ ;wkie ns/ okiBhse ihtB) ns/ ro/vK d/ d[nkb/ (iwks VI s'A iwks VIII). T[Zgoh gqkfJwoh gVkn *s/ fJfsjk; dh f;ZybkJh L fJfsjk; dh f;ZybkJh ;w/A d/ ;zpzX ftZu d[Bhnk d/ fGzB GkrK ftZu ns/ Gkos d/ fGzB GkrK ftZu ns/ Gkos d/ fGzB GkrK ftZu ftek; d/ Bkb gfofus eotkT[Adk j?.

T[Zgoh gqkfJwoh gVkn *s/ G{r'b dh f;ZybkJh L G{r'b dh f;ZybkJh gkfVQnK Bz{ gqfeosh, tksktoD, ;o'sK, ;kwZroh nkfd Bkb g[bkV d/ ;zpzXs ftZu (;EkBe s'A ftPt ftnkgh gZXo sZe) gfofus eotkT[Adk j?. T[Zgoh gqkfJwoh gVkn *s/ ;wkie ns/ okiBhse ihtB dh f;ZybkJh L T[Zgoh gqkfJwoh gVkn *s/ ;wkie ns/ okiBhse ihtB okiBhsh Pk;so$noE Pk;so$;wki Pk;so d/ nfBZyVt/A ftP/ d/ s"o *s/ fefonk eodk j?. fet/A ;wkie ns/ okiBhse ihtB okiBhsh. ftfrnkB$noE Pk;so$;wki Pk;so d/ nfBZyVt/A ftP/ d/ s"o *s/ fefonk eodk j?, j/mK fdZsk frnk j?.

5H2H2 ;wkie ns/ okiBhse ihtB ^ okiBhsh Pk;so$noE Pk;so$;wkie Pk;so dk nfBZyVtK ftPk

‘;wkie ns/ okiBhse ihtB* g{opb/ Bkrfoe Pk;so d/ f;ZybkJh y/so d/ ;EkB *s/ T[Zgoh gqkfJwoh gVkn *s/ ;wkie ftfrnkB gkmeqw dk fJZe BtK f;ZybkJh y/so j?. n?ZB ;h n?Zc (2005) fNZgDh eodk j? fe, "Bkrfoe Pk;so Gkosh ;e{b gkmeqw ftZu p;shtkdh ekb d"okB GkoshnK ftZu oki gqfs tZX ojh r?o^tckdkoh d/ fgS'eV ftZu gqrN j'fJnk. nkfrnk gkbD ns/ tckdkoh Bkrfoe Pk;so dhnK nfjw ftP/PskJhnK ;B."

;wkie ns/ okiBhse ihtB ‘n;b ihtB* ;fEsh T[Zgo nkXkos j?, fijVk fe ;zebgK dh f;ZybkJh bJh gq:'rh ;fEshnK dh tos'A eodk j? feT[Afe fJj nB[Gt eodk j? fe pZu/ m'; nB[GtK okjhA fpjso f;Zyd/ jB. fJj ;kwZrohnK dh tos'A eodk j?, fijVk fe gfofus ns/ ;wkie w[ZfdnK dh nB[Gtkswe ;wM T[Zgo nkeoPs j[zd/ jB fijV/ fwvb ;e{b d/ pZu/ iwks ftZu fbnkT[Ad/ jB.


B'N


;wkie ns/ okiBhse ihtB nkgD/ gqftos nB[GtK Bz{ okiBhsh Pk;so, noE Pk;so ns/ ;wki Pk;so s'A nkeoPs eod/ jB. okiBhsh ftfrnkB pZu/ Bz{ b'esKsfoe gqfefonktK ns/ Gkrhdkoh Bkb pZu/ Bz{ gfofus eotkT[Adk j?. noE Pk;so pZu/ Bz{ nkoEe rshftXhnK Bkb gfofus eodk j? fit/A T[sgkdB, ygs, tzv, tNKdok nkfd. ;wki Pk;so pZu/ Bz{ Bkrfoe ;wki, dk fJZe nfjw w?Apo j'Dk fsnko eodk j?l iksh, iwks, Xow nkfd dhnK o'eK Bz{ jNkT[Adk j?.

5H2H3 ;wkie ftfrnkB ftZu :'rdkB gkT[Ad/ ;wkie ns/ okiBhse ihtB d/ ftP/

T[Zgoh gqkfJwoh gVkn T[Zgo ;wkie ftfrnkB gkmeqw d/ ;wkie ns/ okiBhse ihtB Bz{ gfjbK Bkrfoe Pk;so d/ s"o *s/ f;ykfJnk iKdk ;h. fet/A ;wkie ns/ okiBhse ihtB B/ Bkrfoe Pk;so Bz{ gqfs;EkgB ehsk, T[Zgo gfjbK jh uouk ehsh ik u[Zeh j?. nkU n;hA JhPto GkJh gN/b ew/Nh (1977) d[nkok ;[MkJ/ Bw{Bk e'o; ftP/ ftueko nzso ns/ gqhyD eohJ/, fit/A fe okPNoh c'e; ;w{j d[nkok ;wkie ftfrnkB (2006) d/ nfXnkgB T[Zgo ;[Mkn fdZs/ rJ/ jB.

JhPto GkJh gN/b ew/Nh (1977) B/ T[Zgoh gqkfJwh gVkn T[Zgo (Gktl iwks ^ VI, VII ns VIII) ;wkie ftfrnkB gkmeqw d/ ‘Bkrfoe Pk;so* y/so bJh fBwB Yzr ftZu fBwB Bw{Bk e'o; ftP/ ;[MkJ/ jBl Bkrfoe Pk;so (iwks VI - Bkrfoe ihtB)

1H ;w[dkfJe ;ehw dk ftek;, e'nkgo/fNt, ;w[dkfJe ftek;.

2H ;EkBe ;oekoK (g/Av{) L b'V, ;zouBk ns/ fefonktK.

3H ;EkBe ;oekoK (Pfjoh) L ;zouBk ns/ fefonktK.

4H fIbQk gqPk;B L nwBêkBz{B, Bkrfoe ;j{bsK.

5H ;w[dkfJ dh ;zgZsh dh ;zGkb L iBse ;zgsh, fJ; dh ;zGkb, fJfsjk;e ;wkoe.

6H gq'i?eN ekoi L :'rsktK Bz{ fte;s eoB d/ nt;o fijV/ fe Gkos ftZu fe;/ fefonkPhb Bkrfoe, ;wZf;nktK bJh Io{oh jB.

Bkrfoe Pk;so (iwks VII - ;kvk iK Gkosh ;zftXkB)

1H ;kv/ ;zftXkB dhnK gqw[Zy ftP/PskJhnK L p[fBnkdh f;XKs, okPNoh ;oekoK, oki ;oekoK, nfXeko, eosZt, fdPk ;{ue f;XKs, okPNoh gqshe.

66 (vhHn?ZbHn?ZvH)

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2H ekBz{B pDkT[D dh gqfefonk L gkobhw?AN, oki dh ftXkB ;Gk, ekBz{B fet/A pDkJ/ iKd/ jB<

3H ekBz{BK Bz{ bkr{ eoBk L okPNogsh, gqXkB wzsoh, wzsoh wzvb, w[Zy wzsoh ns/ wzsoh wzvb, iBse ;/tktK.

4H ekBz{B dh ftnkfynk L ;[gohw e'oN, jkJh e'oN ns/ wksfjs ndkbsK.

5H gq'i?eN ekoi.

Bkrfoe Pk;so (iwks VIII - ;[szso Gkos ^ gqkgshnK ns/ u[D"shnK)

1H ;kv/ okPNoh Nhu/ L b'eszso, ;wkitkd ns/ Xow fBogysk, nzsookPNoh ;fj:'r

2H ;kv/ b'e szso Bz{ wip{s eoBk L Gkos ftZu Bkrfoesk, Gkos ftZu nZyo p'X

3H ;wkie ns/ nkoEe g[BoouBk L rohph, nkpkdh, p/o[Irkoh, ikshtkd

4H gzi ;kbk :'iBk ^ gqkgshnK ns/ n;cbsktK L y/shpkVh, ;BnsK, g/Av{ ihtB

5H d/P dh oZfynk L jfEnkopzd pb, fJbkekJh c"i, ph n?Z; n?Zc, n?ZB ;h ;h, J/ ;h ;h, Bkrfoe ns/ oZfynk.

6H Gkos ns/ d[Bhnk L ;fj:'r dh b'V, ;fj^j'Ad, :{BkJhfNv B/PBI.

7H gq'i?eN ekoi.

;wki ftfrnkB dh f;ZybkJh T[Zgo okPNoh c'e; ;w{j (2006) B/ T[Zgoh gqkfJwoh gZXo (Gktl iwks^VI, VII ns/ VIII) T[Zgo ;wkie ftfrnkB gkmeqw d/ ‘;wkie ns/ okiBhse ihtB* y/so bJh fBwB Bw{Bk e'o; ftP/ ;[MkJ/ jB.

iwks VI (ftfGzBsk ns/ nzso fBoGosk)

fJekJh ^ 1 ftfGzBsk

fJekJh ^ 2 ;oeko

fJekJh ^ 3 ;EkBe ;oekoK

fJekJh ^ 4 t;/pk (ofjDh^;fjDh) fsnko eoBk


B'N


iwks VII (b'eszso ns/ pokpoh)

fJekJh ^ 1 b'eszso

fJekJh ^ 2 oki ;oeko

fJekJh ^ 3 whvhnk Bz{ ;wMDk

fJekJh ^ 4 fbzr G/d ftukoDk

fJekJh ^ 5 ;kv/ nkb/^d[nkb/ dh wkoehN

iwks VIII (ekBz{B dk Pk;B ns/ ;wkie fBnK)

fJekJh ^ 1 ;zftXkB

fJekJh ^ 2 gkobhwkBh ;oeko

fJekJh ^ 3 fBnkgkfbek

fJekJh ^ 4 ;wkie fBnK ns/ jkPhnkfeqs

fJekJh ^ 5 ;oeko dh nkoEe w"i{drh


gqPB L ‘;wkie ns/ okiBhse ihtB* fet/A okiBhsh Pk;so, noE Pk;so ns/ ;wki Pk;so Bkb ;zpzXs j?<

(B'N L nkgDk T[Zso j/mK fdZs/ ;EkB ftZu fbZy' ns/ nkgD/ T[Zso dh fJekJh d/ nzs ftZu fdZs/ rJ/ Bw{Bk T[Zso Bkb fwbkU.)

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

5H3 okiBhsh Pk;so, noE Pk;so ns/ ;wki Pk;so ftZu ;wkie ftfrnkBhnK tZb'A ngDkJhnK ftXhnK$gjz[uK

68 (vhHn?ZbHn?ZvH)

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fJj gfjbK jh uouk ehsh ik u[Zeh j? fe ;wkie ns/ okiBhse ihtB okiBhsh ftfrnkB, noE Pk;so ns/ ;wki Pk;so dk ;zxNB j?, Gkt/A fe okiBhsh ftfrnkB, noE Pk;so ns/ ;wki Pk;so fszB ;[szso T[dko ftfrnkB$ftfdne PkyktK jB, fiBQK dh ftPk^t;s{ Bz{ ;wMD bJh ns/ f;ZyD bJh nkgDhnK gj[zuK jB. fJBQK fszBk ftfPnK dk ftPk^t;s{, gqfeosh ns/ dkfJok eJh YzrK Bkb fJZe^d{i/ s'A fGzBsk oZydk j?. fJ; bJh ;wki Pk;soh fJBQK fszBK ftfPnK Bz{ ;wMD bJh fJZe' gj[zuK$ftXhnK dh tos'A BjhA eod/. ;r'A T[j T[BQK dh gqfeosh w[skpe fJBQK ftfPnK Bz{ ;wMD bJh gj[zuK dk nB[;oD eod/ jB. okiBhsh Pk;so, noE Pk;so ns/ ;wki Pk;so ftZu fBwB T[gyzvK ftZu ngDkJhnK ftXhnK$gj[zuK dh uouk eoKr/.

5H3H1 okiBhsh Pk;so Bz{ ;wMD bJh ;wkie ftfrnkBhnK tZb'A ngDkJhnK ftXhnK$gj[zuK

Gkt/A fe okiBhsh Pk;so dhnK gj[zuK Bz{ fGzBsk Bkb torhfeqs ehsk frnk j? gqzs{ okiBhsh Pk;so Bz{ ;wMD bJh gj[zuK dh nfjw torheoD o;wh ns/ nkX[fBe gj[zuK jB fijVhnK fe gqGkth pD rJhnK jB. gozgokrs gj[zuK fijVhnK fe ;[eoks, gb{N' ns/ no;s{ d/ :'rdkB Bkb T[rwD j'JhnK, 19thA ;dh dh P[o{nkd sZe nkgDk dkpk ekfJw oZfynk. nkX[fBe gj[zuK dh P[o{nks 15thA^16thA ;dhnK ftZu P[o{ j'JhnK ns/ 20thA ;dh ftZu okiBhsh Pk;so Bz{ ;wMD bJh gqGkth j'JhnK. gozgokrs gj[zuK ns/ nkX[fBe gj[zuK ftub/ e[M ;KM/ nzso j/mK fdZs/ rJ/ jB.

gozgokrs gj[zuK nkX[fBe gj[zuK okiBhsh Pk;so Bz{ oki ns/ fJ; dhnK ;oekoh ;z;EktK d/ nfXn?B d/ s"o *s/ gfoGkPs eoBk j?.

okiBhsh Pk;so Bz{ ;Zsk ns/ okiBhse fttjko d/ fBoDk eoB d/ s"o *s/ gfoGkPs eodk j?.

okiBhsh d/ o;wh ;kI^;wkB *s/ e/Ados j[zdk j? L ;oeko, ;z;EktK, ;zftXkB nkfd.

okiBhsh Bz{ fJZe fefonk iK fJZe gqfefonk ;/tk d/ s"o *s/ t/yDk.

okiBhsh Pk;so Bz{ nzsow[Zyh, f;XKse ns/ wzstw[Zyh ti'A gfoGkPs eodk j?.

okiBhsh Pk;so Bz{ fJZe pkjow[yh, ftfrnkBe ns/ gqfefonk w[Zyh gfoGkPs eodk j?.

gqfeosh *u tX/o/ dkoPfBe. gqfeosh *u tX/o/ ftPb/PDkswe.


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okiBhsh Pk;so Bz{ r?o^gq/yD:'r s/ wjZssk Gog{o ftP/ ti'A t/ydk j?.

okiBhsh Pk;so Bz{ gq/yD:'r ns/ wjZstjhD ftP/ ti'A t/ydk j?.

nkd/Pkswe ns/ B/wXkoe. uzr/ ;wki dh gqkgsh T[Zgo Nhuk.

wkskokswe ns/ gq/oe gj[zu. okiBhsh Bz{ frnkB dk ftfrnkBe gqfso{g dk Nhuk.

p[fBnkdh s"o *s/ torheko ns/ ;z;EktK T[Zgo ;wkie gfotosD ns/ fB:zsqD d/ w[Zy T[geoD ti'A c'e;.

tkX{ okiBhse ekoeK ns/ ;fEshnK *s/ c'e; fijV/ fe okiBhse xNBktK ns/ ;z;EktK dk fttjko gqGkts eod/ jB.

gozgokrs gj[zuK ns/ nkX[fBe gj[zuK ftueko T[go'es toDB ehs/ nzso jw/Pk gqfeosh ftZu ;zg{oD BjhA j[zd/. gozgokrs gj[zuK ns/ nkX[fBe gj[zuK ftueko ;zpzX eJh ;zdoGK ftZu nN[ZN eqw j?. eJh ;fEshnK ftZu gj[zuK dhnK fJBQK d'jK e?NkrohnK ftueko fJZe go;go fefonk j?. okiBhsh Pk;so Bz{ ;wMD bJh eJh gozgokrs gj[zuK ns/ nkX[fBe gj[zuK jB. fJZE/ n;hA d' nfjw gozgokrs gj[zuK (dkoPfBe gj[zu ns/ t?X^;z;EkBe gj[zu) ns/ d' nfjw nkX[fBe gj[zuK (fPPNkukoe gj[zu ns/ wB'ftfrnkBe gj[zu) Bz{ okiBhsh Pk;so Bz{ ;wMD tk;s/ eod/ jK.

dkoPfBe gj[zu

fJj gj[zu nkws"o *s/ nftjkoe ns/ B/wXkoe j[zdk j?. pj[sk gozgokrs okiBhse doPB Pk;so f;oc wm fBrwD Bkb ;zpzXs ;h Gktl wkw{bh g/qyD d/ Bkb ;koKP dk eZYDk. fJj gjz[u gqfeosh *u ftPte'Ph j?. gb{N' dk fogpfbe, j"p dk Gkoh Goew nkfd, i/eo nkdoPe BjhA sK fJZe nG"fse ftykT[D d/ gqftos ;B. eJh j'o okiBhse dkoPfBeK B/ th oki, fBnK, ekBz{B, T[dkosk, b'eszso nkfd dh XkoDk Bz{ fBrwDh ekoDsk dh fuzsB gqfefonk dh tos'A eofdnK ;gPN ehsk j?. fBrwDh ekoDsk d[nkok fJj okiBhse dkoPfBe ;gPN ehsk j?. fBrwDh ekoDsk d[nkok fJj okiBhse dkoPfBe okiBhse fttjko, ;oeko dhnK fe;wK nkfd pko/ r?o gfotosh ;t? gqwkDs f;ZfNnK T[Zgo gj[zu/ jB. gqzs{ nkX[fBe ftfrnkBe gj[zu dh tekbs eoB tkb/ nkb'uBk eod/ jB fe fJBQK dkoPfBeK B/ ne;o jh ;thfeqs bJh wB[Zyh gqfeosh Bz{ fbnk ns/ ed/ jh fJZe pkjow[yh nfXn?B ehsk. jkbKfe fJ; okiBhse doPB Pk;so Bz{ nkX[fBe fuzseK B/ nkb'uBk ehsh j?, c/o th okiBhsh d/ nfXn?B ftZu fJ; dh

70 (vhHn?ZbHn?ZvH)

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p/jZd gqk;zfresk j?. bZke, no;s{, ukDfenk, gb{N' ns/ j'oBK d/ okiBhse doPB Pk;so nZi th gqk;zfre jB.

t?X^;z;EkBe (;zftXkBe) gj[zu

;wekbh okiBhsh ftZu t?X ;z;EkBe (iK ;zftXkBe) gj[zu ni/ th g{ot^gqGkth gj[zu j? ns/ fJ; gj[zu dhnK iVK no;s{ :{BkBh Bro oki d/ ;zftXkB d/ no;s{ d/ t/ot/ d/ ;w/A tZb tkg; iKdh j?. fJj gj[zu okiBhsh d/ o;wh ;ki ;wkB T[Zgo c'e; eodh j? fit/A fe ;oeko, ;z;EktK, ;zftXkB ns/ oki. fJ; gj[zu w[skpe ^ t?X fB:wK ns/ ohsK dk fJZe t/otk ns/ ftPb/PD fijVk fe o;wh ;z;EktK ftueko fefonk ns/ ;zpzXK Bz{ ;zukbs eodk j? s/ fijVk fe ;fji/ jh gj[zuD:'r nfXekos ;o'sK ns/ b/fynK T[Zgo nkXkos j't/, okiBhse rshftXh pko/ nkw f;ZNk eZYD bJh p/Pehwsh nzso fdqPNh T[gbZpX eo/rk. Gkos dh e/Adoh ns/ oki ;oeko dh fefonkPhbsk ns/ T[BQK ftZu ;zftXkBe ;zpzX ns/ fefonkPhbsk Bz{ fJ; gj[zu okjhA fpjso nfXn?B ehsh ik ;edh j?. fJ; gj[zu Bz{ ;fEo ik fBoiht tKr nkb'uBk ehsh ik ;edh j?, feT[Afe fJj ;oeko d/ ufoZso (ftP/Psk) Bz{ fJZe fBPus gb *s/ pbkxks eodh j? ns/ fJ; sZE Bz{ nDr"bdh j? fe okiBhsh fJZe rshftXh j? iK gqfefonk. fJj gj[zu ftek; nXhB ns/ gZSV/ ;w[dkfJnK dk nfXn?B eoB ftZu n;cb j[zdh j?, fiBQK dhnK o;wh ;z;EktK ns/ okiBhse fttjko BjhA j[zdk. fJj gj[zu nzsookPNoh okiBhsh dk nfXn?B eoB ftZu n;cb ofjzdh j?, feT[Afe nzsookPNoh okiBhsh fInkdk so o;wh ;z;EktK dh xkN *u j[zdh j? ns/ fjz;k d[nkok fusos j[zdh j?.

fPPNkukoe gj[zu

fPPNkukotkd (fttjkotkd) 1940 ftnK *u T[rwD okiBhsh Pk;so d/ y/so d/ nfXn?B dh gj[zu j? ns/ nZi sZe fJ; gj[zu dk nZi th okiBhsh Pk;so d/ y/so ftZu dkpk j?. idfe gozgokrs gj[zuK xNBktK, ;zouBktK, ftukoXkoktK, ;z;EktK nkfd *s/ e/Ados j[zdhnK jB, fPPNkukotkd ftnesh d/ fttjko $ns/$iK ftPb/PD dh p[fBnkdh fJekJh d/ s"o *s/ w[ekpbsB S'N/ ;w{jK T[Zgo e/Ados j[zdk j?. okpoN vkjb fPPNkukotkd Bz{ okiBhsh Pk;so ftZu nzd'bB d/ s"o *s/ ;gPN eodk j? fijVk fe okiBhse ebkekoK d/ gq/yD:'r fttjkoK Bz{ ftPb/PD eoB *s/ I'o fdzdk j?. fJj gj[zu nB[Gtf;ZXh d[nkok gqwkD:'r nzeV/ d/ nkXko okiBhse fttjko Bz{ ;zy/ghfeqs eodk j?. fJ; gj[zu d/ nkb'ue nkyd/ jB fe wB[Zyh fttjko gq:'rkswe g[ZS^frZS dk ftPk BjhA j? ns/ okiBhsh Pk;so ftZu ;kXkoDheoD rfDsh ;wheoD dh P[Xsk dh fvroh okjhA w[Peb Bkb jk;b ehsk ik ;edk j?. fJ; s'A th tZX e/ nkb'ue nkyd/ jB fe gqsZy fttjko dk g/qyD


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ehsk ik ;edk j?, fijVk fe fJZe ejkDh d/ Gkr pko/ rZb eodk j?. gqsZy fttjko pko/ nfXn?B eoBk fi; dk fe ;t? ejkDh ftZu :'rdkB j?.

wB'ftfrnkBe gj[zu

wB'ftfrnkBe gj[zu rqkjw tkbk; d/ ‘okiBhsh ftZu wB[Zyh gqfeosh (1908)* dh gqekPBk wro'A gqGkth j'Jh fi; B/ fe okiBhsh Pk;so d/ ;wkie^wB'ftfrnkBe p[fBnkd T[Zgo I'o gkfJnk. fJ; gj[zu d/ jwkfJshnK B/ fe;wK ns/ ;zouBktK d/ PpdK dh pikfJ ‘wB'ftfrnkBe skesK* d/ PpdK ftZu okiBhse tosko/ Bz{ gfoGkPs ehsk. fJj gj[zu dkntk eodh j? fe "ftnesh dhnK okiBhse fefonktK g{oh soQK ekoDK ns/ soeK d[nkok ;/Xs BjhA j[zdhnK pikfJ fe T[j ekch jZd sZe wB'ftfrnkBe ekoeK d[nkok ;/Xs j[zdhnK jB fit/A fe ftnefsst, otZJhnk, gq/oDk nkfd." fJ; bJh eJh okiBhse Pk;sohnK B/ nkgD/ iBse okfJ, t'fNzr tosko/ nkfd d/ nfXn?B ftZu ftnefsst, otZJhnk, o{uhnK, ;t?^;BwkB nkfd Bz{ y'i d/ fBoDkfJe ekoeK$gfotoshnk d/ d"o *s/ ftukod/ jB. fJ; gj[zu d/ nkb'ue nkyd/ jB fe okiBhse GkJhtkbK d/ ftnefsst ns/ j'o wB'ftfrnkBe fttjko dk nfXn?B ekch w[Peb j? feT[Afe wB'ftfrnkB g{oh soQK nB[Gtf;ZX ftfrnkB BjhA j?.

T[go'es uouk ehshnK gj[zuK s'A fJbktk eJh j'o gj[zuK jB fit/A fe s[bBkswe gj[zu, gqDkbh ftPb/PD gj[zu, YKukrs ^ fefonkswe ftPb/PD gj[zu wkoe;h gj[zu nkfd fijVhnK fe okiBhsh Pk;so d/ y/so ftZu okiBhse fttjko ns/ okiBhse tosko/ d/ nfXn?B ftZu ekch b'efgq: jB.

5H3H2 noE Pk;so Bz{ ;wMD bJh ;wkie ftfrnkBhnK tZb'A ngDkJhnK ftXhnK$gj[zuK

noEPk;so frnkB dk fJZe i[Z;k j? fi; dk e'Jh ;gPN noE BjhA j?. feT[Afe ;zg{oD PpdK ftZu noE Pk;so Bz{ gfoGkPs eoBk w[Peb j? fGzB noE Pk;sohnK$;wki ftfrnkBhnK tZb'A ;w/A^;w/A f;o ;wfMnk$ftnkfynk ehsh rJh j?. ftPk ‘noE Pk;so tkX/ ns/ ftek; dh gqfefonk ftZu j?.* jkbKfe noE Pk;so Bz{ ;wMD bJh noE Pk;sohnK tZb'A eJh gj[zuK dh tos'A ehsh rJh j?, gqzs{ T[BQK ftZu'A eJh gj[zuK p/jZd nfjw jB ns/ fJZE/ s[jkBz{ ;wMkT[D bJh T[BQK dh uouk ehsh ik ojh j?.

n?vw ;fwZE dh d"bs gj[zu

72 (vhHn?ZbHn?ZvH)

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noE Pk;so d/ fgskwk n?vw ;fwZE B/ noE Pk;so Bz{ ‘d"bs d/ ftfrnkB d/ s"o *s/ gfoGkPs ehsk j?.* 1776 ftZu n?vw ;fwZE B/ f;ob/y "An Enquiry into

the Nature and Causes of Wealth of Nation" gqekPs ehsh. fJ; g[;se ftZu n?vw ;fwZE B/ noE Pk;so dh ftPk t;s{ d/ s"o *s/ d"bs dh g?dktko ns/ tkX/ *s/ I'o fdZsk j?. n?vw ;fwZE w[skpe noE Pk;so T[sgkdB, tzv ns/ XzB^d"bs dh ygs Bkb toskok eodk j?. ;fwZE nkydk j? fe noEPk;so T[BQK ekoeK pko/ gVskb eodk j? fijV/ fe fJZe d/P dh d"bs ns/ ;wfoZXh Bz{ fBoXkos eod/ jB ns/ Bkb jh T[BQK d/ tkX/ Bz{. noE Pk;so d/ ftPk t;s{ d/ s"o *s/ d"bs dh T[sgZsh ns/ tkXk n?vw ;fwZE tZb'A fpnkB ehsk ik u[Zek j?. gqzs{ fJ; gfoGkPk d/ nkb'ue dkntk eod/ jB fe f;oc d"bs Bz{ epikT[Dk jh wB[Zyh dk fJZe'^fJZe wzst j?, g{oh soQK nkXkojhD j?. fJZe ;ZfGn ;wki ftZu wB[Zyh fefonktK eJh j'o wzstK d[nkok ;/Xs j[zdhnK jB, pikfJ fe d"bs dh fJZesosk d/. fJ; s'A th tZXe/ nkb'ueK dh okfJ j? fe n?vw ;fwZE dh d"bs ;zpzXh gfoGkPk B/ d"bs T[Zgo tX/o/ I'o gkfJnk j? Bk fe wB[Zysk dh fpjsoh T[Zgo. d{i/ PpdK ftZu d"bs dh gj[zuK noE Pk;so d/ w[Zy wzst d/ s"o *s/ wB[Zyh efbnkD Bz{ ;kps eoB ftZu n;cb fojk j?.

nkbco?v wkoPb dh efbnkDekoh gj[zu

1890 ftZu nkbco?v wkoPb B/ "Principles of Economics" f;ob/y j/m fJZe g[;se gqekPs ehsh. nkgDh g[;se ‘Principles of Economics* ftZu wkoPb B/ noEPk;so Bz{ efbnkD d/ ftfrnkB d/ s"o *s/ ;zebgs ehsk j?. n?vw ;fwZE dh d"bs dh gfoGkPk dh nkb'uBk eofdnK, wkoPb B/ fejk fe noEPk;so bJh d"bs nkgD/ nkg *u nzs BjhA j? gqzs{ fJj fJZe nzs dk ;kXB (wkfXnw) j?, nzs wB[Zyh efbnkD tZb gq's;kjB j?. wkoPb nkydk j?, "fIzdrh dh ;kXkoD rshftXh ftZu noEPk;so wB[Zysk dk nfXn?B j?. fJj ftnesh ns/ ;wkie fefonk d/ T[; Gkr dk gqhyD eodk j?, fijVk fe gqkgsh ns/ fpjsoh bJh b'VhAd/ gdkoE dh tos'A Bkb B/fVT[A i[fVnk j'fJnk j?." wkoPb dh noEPk;so pko/ gfoGkPk p[fBnkdh s"o *s/ fszB fpzd{nK Bz{ dZ;dh j?. gfjbk noEPk;so nkdwh dk nfXn?B j? fijVk fe ;kohnK nkoEe rshftXhnK ftZu ofjzdk j?. d{i/ PpdK ftZu fJj ftnesh dh fefonk, fet/A T[j d"bs ewkT[Adk j? ns/ fJ; Bz{ you eodk j?. d{ik, noEPk;so ftnesh d/ ihtB d/ fJZe ftP/P gfjb{ Bkb ;zpzXs j? Gktl fIzdrh dh nkw rshftXh. fIzdrh dh nkw rshftXh s'A Gkt j? fe wB[Zyh fIzdrh d/ eJh j'o gfjb{ jB ^ ;wkie, okiBhse nkfd. shik noEPk;so dk w[ZYbk f;ok (nzs) gdkoEe efbnkD dh gqrsh (gq's;kjB) j?. fJj fXnkB d/D dh b'V j? fe noEPk;so wB[Zyh efbnkD dh ;zg{oDsk Bkb ;zpzXs BjhA j? ;r'A


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;zg{oDsk dk fJZe Gkr j?, Gktl gdkoEe efbnkD (gdkoEK dh tos'A ;zpzXh fpjsoh). wkoPb B/ noEPk;so d/ w[Zy ;zpzXB d/ s"o *s/ gdkoEe GbkJh T[Zgo I'o fdZsk j?. eJh noEPk;soh wkoPb dh gj[zu Bz{ r'bw'b (n;gPN) d/ s"o *s/ nkb'uBk eod/ jB, feT[Afe T[j$T[;B/ t;sK$rshftXhnK Bz{ d; BjhA ;fenk$dZf;nk BjhA, fiBQK Bz{ fe fIzdrh dh nkw rshftXh ftZu Pkwb ehsk ikDk ;h. noEPk;so pko/ wkoPb dh XkoDk f;oc gdkoEe t;sK Bkb ;zpzXs j?. gqzs{ o"fpB tor/ nkb'ue B/ fNZgDh ehsh fe r?o^gdkoEe t;sK dh gqkgsh$bZGs dk noEPk;so ;zpzXh wkoPb dh XkoDk ftZu e'Jh ;EkB BjhA j?. fijVk fe noEP;kso d/ nfXn?B nXhB nkT[Adk j?. fJ; s'A nrKj o"fpBI B/ nkb'uBk ehsh j? fe noEPk;so GbkJh (y[Pjkbh) dk nfXn?B BjhA j?, feT[Afe ;kohnK nkoEe rshftXhnK y[Pjkbh Bz{ tXk BjhA ;edhnK. B[e;kB gj[zukT[D tkbhnK t;sK fit/A fe f;roN, Pokp nkfd noEPk;so nXhB nfXn?B ehs/ iKd/ jB gqzs{ T[j jw/Pk fJ; f;nkDg ftZu y[Pjkbh Bz{ tXk BjhA ;ed/ fe y[Pjkbh fJZe go;go ;zebg j?, fijVk fe ftnesh s'A ftnesh ns/ ;fEsh s'A ;fEsh pdbdk ofjzdk j?.

fbUBb o"fpBI dh tzBrh gj[zu ns/ E[VQ

noEPk;so Bz{ nfXn?B eoB dh fbUBb o"fpB dh gj[zu e[M jZd sZe tX/o/ ;zP'Xs ns/ P[ZX j? w[ekpbsB n?vw ;fwZE ns/ wkoPb d/. o"fpBI B/ noE Pk;so ftZu f;ob/y "An Essay on the Nature and Significance of Economics

Science" dh wPj{o g[;se gqekPs ehsh. 1931 ftZu gqekPs nkgDh g[;se ftZu o"fpBI B/ gfoGkPs ehsk j? fe noEPk;so E[VQ ns/ tzBrh dk ftfrnkB j?. o"fpBI nB[;ko ‘noEPk;so fJZe ftfrnkB j? fijVk fe wB[Zyh fttjko Bz{ f;fonK ftueko ;zpzX d/ s"o *s/ nfXn?B eodk j? ns/ E[VQ s'A Gkt fi; dhnK ftebge tos'A jB.* o"fpBI dh gj[zu fBwB f;XKsK T[Zgo nkXkos j?

1H wB[Zyh doeko n;hws j?.

2H doeko d/ ;zpzX ftZu ;o's ;hws$E'VQ/ jB.

3H ;o'sK dhnK ftfGzB tos'A jB.

4H eh t;sK ns/ ;/tktK y[Pjkbh Bz{ gq's;kjB eoBrhnK iK Bk, noEPk;so dk e'Jh ;zpzX BjhA j?. noEPk;so T[BQK dk nfXn?B (t;sK ns/ ;/tktK) sZd jh eo/rk i/eo T[j wB[Zyh b'VK dh g{osh eod/ jB.

74 (vhHn?ZbHn?ZvH)

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5H noEPk;so fJj toskok th eodk j? fe fet/A ;wki d/ ;o's fGzB b'VK dh ;zs[PNh bJh fBoXkos ehs/ ikD.

o"fpBI dh gj[zu dh eJh ekoDK eoe/ nkb'uBk ehsh rJh. o"fpBI B/ wkoPb dh y[Pjkbh dh gfoGkPk dh nkb'uBk ehshl gqzs{ o"fpBI dh gfoGkPk d/ fXnkB g{ote ftPb/PD s'A fJj gsk bZrk fe y[Pjkbh dk ftuko o"fpBI dh gfoGkPk ftZu w"i{d j?. o"fpBI dh gfoGkPk fBfjs eodh j? fe ;o'sK dk fBoXkoD fJ; Yzr Bkb ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j? fe nfXesw g{osh fBek; ehsh ik ;e/. eJh wkwfbnK ftZu nfXesw g{osh s'A Gkt nfXesw y[Pjkbh. fJ; s'A tZX e/ o"fpBI dh gj[zu nkoEe tkX/ ns/ ftek; Bz{ BjhA eidh fi; Bz{ fe jkb jh d/ ;kbK ftZu p/jZd nfjw ;wfMnk iKdk j?.

;?w{nb;B dh tkXk gj[zu

nkX[fBe noEPk;soh ;?w{nb;B B/ fJZe ‘tkXk w[Zyh* gfoGkPk, noEPk;so T[Zgo, g/P ehsh j?. T[; d/ w[skpe "noEPk;so fJj nfXn?B j? fe b'e ns/ ;wki fet/A XB d/ Bkb ns/ pr?o Bkekch T[sgkdBPhb t;hfbnK dh tos'A bJh u[DB Bz{ ;wkgs eodk j?, fiBQK dh ftebge tos'A j[zdh j?, fijVh fe ftfGzB Io{oh t;sK d/ T[sgkdB bJh ns/ T[BQK dh j[D iK GftZy ftZu ygs bJh ftfGzB ftneshnK ns/ ;wki ftub/ ;w{jK ftukb/ tzvD bJh j't/." fJj t;hfbnK dh ftt;Ek dhnK ;ztkoDPhb P?bhnK dh bkrs ns/ bkfjnK dk ftPb/PD eodk j?. fJ; gfoGkPk s'A fBwB bZSD eZY/ ik ;ed/ jB.

1H ;?w{nb;B B/ T[sgkde ;o'sK dh E[VQ T[Zgo nfjwhns fdZsh j?, fijVh fe nkw nkdwh dh fIzdrh T[Zgo gqGkt oZydh j?.

2H noEPk;so ftfGzB s'N ;o'sK dh ygs ns/ tzv d/ Bkb ;zpzXs go;go ;wZf;nktK dk ftPb/PD eodk j?.

3H fJj gfoGkPk fJ; ;{M ftZu o"fpBI d/ Bkb'A ftnkge j?. fJj d't/A s'N ns/ tkX/ Bz{ S'Ajdk j?.

4H fJj nkoEe ftebg d/ ;zpzX ftZu ftnesh dhnK ;wZf;nktK d/ ftPb/PD ftZu d't/A XB ns/ t;s{^tNKdok Bz{ Pkwb eodk j?.

5H3H3 ;wkiPk;so Bz{ ;wMD bJh ;wkie ftfrnkBhnK tZb'A ngDkJhnK ftXhnK$gj[zuK


B'N


;wki Pk;so ;wki dk nfXn?B j?. ;wki Pk;so ;wki d/ ftfGzB gfjb{nK dk nfXn?B eodk j?l Gkt, ;wkie B/w, fB:wssk, gqfefonktK, edoKêhwsK, ;zouBktK, fefonktK nkfd. gqzs{ e'Jh fJefjoh ftXh gj[zu BjhA j? fijVh fe ;wki ftfrnkBhnK tZb'A ;wki d/ nfXn?B tk;s/ toshnK iKdhnK jBl pikfJ fe ;wki ftfrnkBhnK B/ ;wki d/ nfXn?B tk;s/ ekch frDsh ftZu ftXhnK Bz{ tofsnk j?. jo/e ftXh dh nkgDh Pesh ns/ ;hwktK j[zdhnK jB, fijVh fe ;wki d/ nfXn?B d/ ;zdoG T[Zgo fBoGo eodhnK jB.

fJfsjk;e gj[zu

;wki Pk;so d/ fgskwk ej/ ikD tkb/ fit/A nkr;s/ e'wN/, jopoN ;g?AB;o ns/ ekob wkoe; B/ ;wki d/ nfXn?B bJh g{oh soQK fJ; ftXh dh tos'A ehsh. jkb d/ ;w/A ftZu ;wki Pk;sohnK j'E{;, t?;Nowkoe ns/ n?Ac Ug/Bjhwo B/ wip{sh Bkb fJ; ftXh dh jwkfJs ehsh. fJfsjk;e ftXhnK jtkbk fdzdhnK jB. fJ; dh gqfeosh ns/ ekoiP?bh Bz{ ;wMfdnK, T[sgZsh dh y'i d/ wzst iK ;wekbh ihtB dhnK g{opbhnK xNBktK bJh G{sekb d/ ;wki dhnK ;z;EktK, xNBktK ns/ gqfefonK dk nfXn?B j?. fJfsjk;e ;wkiPk;so (fJfsjk;e ftXh T[Zgo nkXkos ;wki Pk;so) d{otosh ;wki dk nfXn?B eodk j?, Bkb jh phs/ d/ fIzdrh d/ toswkB ihtB bJh ftnkfynktK ns/ T[sgZsh dh y'i bJh nfXn?B eodk j?. ;wki d/ nfXn?B bJh fJfsjk;e gj[zu p[fBnkdh s"o *s/ d' fe;wK dk nB[eoD eodk j?l Gkt, i) fJfsjk;e gj[zu T[rwD d/ iht ftfrnkBe nfXn?B d[nkok gqGkts j[zdk j? ns/ fJfsjk;e gj[zu nkoEe ftnkfynktK d[nkok gqGkts j[zdhnK jB. gfjbh gj[zu ;wki dh T[sgZsh ns/ ftek; Bkb ;zpzXs w[ZfdnK T[Zgo e/Ados j[zdh j?. e'wN/ ns/ ;g?AB;o B/ ;wki d/ nfXn?B bJh fJ; gj[zu dh tos'A ehsh. d{ih gj[zu dk p[fBnkdh s"o *s/ w?e; t?po tZb'A nkgD/ gz{ihtkd dh T[sgZsh, nkX[fBe pkp{Pkjh dk ftek; ns/ ftPth XowK dk noEPk;soh gqGkt d/ nfXn?B bJh tofsnk frnk.

s[bBkswe gj[zu

s[bBkswe gj[zu T[BQK ekoeK d/ yksw/ bJh ;wkie tosko/ T[Zgo skofee f;XKsK dh tos'A$bkr{ eodh j?, fijV/ fe nfBtkoh BjhA j[zd/ ns/ T[BQK ekoeK *s/ gj[zud/ jB fijV/ nfBtkoh j[zd/ jB. ;wkiPk;so d/ y/so ftZu s[bBkswe gj[zu G{sekb dk nfXn?B eodk j? iK c/o u'D, s[bBk iK eN'sh dh gqfefonk d[nkok ti{dh ;wki ns/ ;wkie ;z;EkBK dk nfXn?B eodk j? sK i' fJZe ;jh ;kXkoDheoD *s/ gj[zfunk ik ;e/. s[bBk ;wekbh ;wkiK dofwnkB ehsh iKdh j?, fiBQK dk ;KMk fJfsjk;e, okiBhse ns/ eJh j'o ftP/PskJhnK j[zdhnK jB. gqkfeose

76 (vhHn?ZbHn?ZvH)

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ftfrnkB ftZu ftfrnkBh gq:'r d[nkok ekoDe ;zpzX ;Ekgs eo ;ed/ jB. gqzs{ ;wki ftt;Ek d/ nfXn?B ftZu gq:'r w[Peb Bkb jh ;zGt j?. fJ; bJh ;wki ftfrnkBh e/;K dh gqhfynk d[nkok ekoDe ;zpzX ;Ekgs eod/ jB, fi; ftZu d' iK tX/o/ tosko/ gko;gfoe Yzr Bkb w"i{d iK r?o jkIo ofjzd/ jB. fJ; soQK ;wkie ftfrnkB d/ y/so ftZu s[bBkswe ftXh fJj do;kT[Adh j? fe fet/A e[M ;wkie tosko/ brkskosk dh fB:ws soshp ftZu fJZe d{i/ Bkb pkozpko i[Vd/ jB iK pkozpko tkgod/ jB. d[oyhw, w?e; t?po ns/ eJh j'o ;wki Pk;sohnK B/ fJ; gj[zu Bz{ ;wkie tosko/ d/ nfXn?B bJh tX/o/ brkskosk Bkb tos'A ehsh. fw;kb d/ s"o *s/ d[oyhw B/ fJZe ;wki d/ nzdo fGzB ;w{jK d/ ns/ fGzB ;wkiK dh nksw jZfsnk do dh s[bBk ehsh. sK i' do;kfJnk ik ;e/ fe fJj doK ;wkie fJei[ZNsk d/ ftfGzB g?wkB/ d/ Bkb g[Zm/ gkf;UA ftfGzBsk oZydh j?.

fefonkPhbtkdh gj[zu

fefonkPhb gj[zu B/ nkX[fBe ;wkie ftfrnkBe f;XKsK T[Zgo rzGho gqGkt gkT[Adh j?. don;b, fJj ftXh ftek;swe ftXh fto[ZX gqfsfefonk dk Bshik j?. don;b fefonkPhb gj[zu Bz{ pikfJ fe y'i d/ ftnkfynk dh fJZe gj[zu d/ s"o *s/ ftukfonk iKdk j?. ;wki d/ nfXn?B bJh fefonkPhb gj[zu ";wki dhnK fefonktK d/ fpzd{$;wkie tosko/ (iK ;wki$;wkie tosko/ d/ sZs) d/ nfXn?B"

dk jtkbk fdzdh j?. fJZe gqDkbh dhnK fefonktK T[BQK rshftXhnK dk jtkbk fdzdhnK jB fijVhnK fe fJZe gqDkbh d[nkok (iK fJ; d/ sZsK) gqDkbh d/ szdo[;s oZy oykn dh gqkgsh bJh fBGkJhnK iKdhnK jB. fJj gj[zu fJ; XkoDk T[Zgo nkXkos j? fe fJZe gqDkbh eJh ;zxNe fjZf;nK dh ;zfynk T[Zgo nkXkos j[zdh j?. gqDkbh dk jo/e Gkr gqDkbh d/ j'oBK fjZf;nK Bkb go;go ;zpzXs j[zdk j?. gqDkbh d/ fjZ;/ dh fefonk gqDkbh d/ j'oBK fjZf;nK d/ ;zpzX ftZu ;wfMnk iKdk j?. fJ;/ soQK jh i/eo ;wki fJZe gqDkbh j?, fJ; d/ ;zxNe Gkr Xow, nkofEesk, okiBhsh nkfd jB. id'A e'Jh th fefonkPhb gfog/y Bkb ;wki dk nfXn?B eodk j?, T[; Bz{ Xow, nkofEesk, okiBhsh nkfd tKr ;wki d/ fjZf;nK dhnK ;zpzXs fefonktK d/ ;zpzX ftZu ;wMD dh b'V j[zdh j?. nr;s/, e'wN/ ns/ jopoN ;g?AB;o B/ fefonkPhb gfog/y s'A ;wki d/ nfXn?B bJh p[fBnkd oZyh. d[oyhw ;wkie tosko/ d/ nfXn?B ftZu fJ; ftXh dh tos'A dk u?AghnB ;h. o?vefbc pqkT{B ns/ w?fbB't;eh fij/ ;wki Pk;sohnK B/ ;wkie tosko/ d/ nfXn?B ftZu fJ; gj[zu dh Pbkxk ehsh j?.

nzeVkswe gj[zu


B'N


17thA ;dh s'A P[o{ nzeVkswe gj[zu dh tos'A ;wkie tosko/ d/ nfXn?B ftZu ehsh rJh j?. fJ; gj[zu dh tos'A wksokswe ns/ pkjow[yh YzrK ftZu ;wkie tosko/ d/ nfXn?B ftZu ehsh iKdh j?. iBw ns/ w"s, sbke, i[ow, gotk;, nkofEe ;fEshnK, iBse okfJ nkfd Bkb ;zpzXs ;wkie w[Zd/ fJ; gj[zu okjhA uzrh soQK nfXn?B ehs/ ik ;ed/ jB. fJ; gj[zu dh ;wkie tosko/ d/ ftfGzB gfjb{nK ftukb/ ;zpzX Bz{ y'bQD tk;s/ tX/o/ tofsnk iKdk j?. fJj ;jh j? fe pj[sk ;wkie nzeVk fwnkoh j[zdk j?, gqzs{ c/o th ;wkie ftfrnkBh nzeVkswe ftXh dh noEGog{o tos'A d[nkok nfijk wksokswe ns/ pkjow[yh nzeVk fsnko eoB nkgDk f;os'V :sB eo oj/ jB. frfvzrI ns/ eJh j'o ;wkiPk;sohnK B/ ;wkie ftfrnkB ;zpzXh y'iK tk;s/ fJ; gj[zu dh tos'A T[Zgo I'o fdZsk j?.

fJBQK gj[zuK s'A fJbktk eJh j'o gj[zuK jB fit/A fe e/; nfXn?B gj[zu, ftek;kswe gj[zu nkfd fijVhnK fe ;wkie tosko/ dh ekch tos'A *u jB.


gqPB L noEPk;so d/ nfXn?B d/ o"fpBI dh E[VQ (feZbs) ns/ g;zd gj[zu d/ ftP/P bZSD eh jB<

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

5H4 ;wki ftfrnkB gkmeqw d/ fjZ;/ d/ s"o *s/ ;wkie ns/ okiBhse ihtB dh nfjwhns

ftPk ;wkie ftfrnkB Bz{ ;kv/ ;e{bh gkmeqw ftZu ftfdnkoEhnK Bz{ ;wki dh ;wkie^;ZfGnkukoe gqDkbh gqfs ikro{e eoB ns/ T[BQK Bz{ jehes dk ;kjwDk eoB bJh wdd tk;s/ Pkwb ehsk frnk j?. fJj e[M p[fBnkdh fwnko, ;woZEk ns/ ftfdnkoEhnK ftZu edoKêhwsK d/ ftek; T[Zgo e/Ados j? sK i' T[j ;wki d/ ng;koh ;wkie, ;ZfGnkukoe, okiBhse, nkofEe ns/ nfijhnK j'o ;wZf;nktK dk ;wkXkB eo ;eD. fJj ftPk ftfdnkoEhnK d/ b'eszsoh ;wki d/ gqGkth w?Apo pDB ftZu wdd eodk j?.

T[Zgoh gqkfJwoh gZXo *s/ ;wki ftfrnkB gkmeqw fszB nfXnkge^f;ZybkJh y/soK fit/A fe fJfsjk;, G{r'b ns/ ;wkie s/ okiBhse ihtB Bz{ Pkwb eodk j?. j[D

78 (vhHn?ZbHn?ZvH)

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s[;hA ;wki ftfrnkB gkmeqw d/ fJZe Gkr d/ s"o *s/ ;wkie ns/ okiBhse ihtB dh nfjwhns pko/ f;Zy'r/.

5H4H1 ;wki ftfrnkB gkmeqw d/ fjZ;/ d/ s"o *s/ ;wkie ns/ okiBhse ihtB dh nfjwhns

s[;hA gfjbK jh gVQ u[Ze/ j' fe y/so ‘;wkie ns/ okiBhse ihtB* B/ ;wki ftfrnkB gkmeqw ftZu Bkrfoe Pk;so d/ y/so Bz{ gqfs;EkgB eo fdZsk j?. j[D n;hA ‘;wkie ns/ okiBhse ihtB* dh nfjwhns pko/ ;wkie ftfrnkB gkmeqw d/ fjZ;/ d/ s"o *s/ uouk eoKr/. ‘;wkie ns/ okiBhse ihtB* fJfsjk;e ns/ G{r'b tKr ;wki ftfrnkB gkmeqw d/ fJZe nfjw gfjb{ dh ouBk eodk j?. id'A fe fJfsjk; Bz{ ;wki ftfrnkB gkmeqw ftZu pZfunK Bz{ fGzB ;w/A *s/ nkgD/ ;wfoZX G{sekb pko/ ikro{e eoB bJh, G{r'b Bz{ ;wki ftfrnkB gkmeqw ftZu fJ; tk;s/ Pkwb ehsk frnk j? sK i' pZfunK Bz{ T[BQK d/ fJod frod d/ G"fse, tksktoDe ns/ ;wkie^;ZfGnkukoe ftP/PskJhnK pko/ ikro{e ehsk ik ;e/, ;wkie ns/ okiBhse ihtB Bz{ ;wkie ftfrnkB gkmeqw ftZu pZfunK Bz{ T[BQK d/ ;wkie, okiBhse ns/ nkoEe ihtB d/ fGzB gfjb{nK pko/ ikro{e eoB d/ wzst Bkb ehsk frnk j?. T[Zgoh gqkfJwoh gZXo T[Zgo ;wkie ns/ okiBhse ihtB dh f;ZybkJh nkws"o *s/ fJBQK wzstK Bkb ;zpzXs j? L

gkfVQnK ftZu ;wkie, okiBhse ns/ nkoEe edoKêhwsK Bz{ gq/os eoB bJh gkfVQnK ftZu d/PGrsh, ;fj:'r ns/ ;fjDPhbsk dh GktBk fte;s eoB bJh gkfVQnK Bz{ ;wki d/ fefonkPhb GkJhtkb pDkT[D bJh gkfVQnK Bz{ fGzB fttkdkswe ;wkieôkiBhse ns/ nkoEe w[ZfdnK d/ ;wkXkB

bJh wdd eoB bJh gkfVQnK ftZu b'eszsoh ns/ ;zftXkBe edoKêhwsK gq/os eoB bJh gkfVQnK Bz{ ;wkie, okiBhse ns/ nkoEe ;z;EkBK Bkb gfofus eoB bJh gkfVQnK ftZu PKsh ns/ ;wM dhnK ehwsK gq/os eoB bJh

T[Zgoh gqkfJwoh gZXo T[Zgo ;wkie ftfrnkB gkmeqw *s/ n?ZB ;h n?Zc (2005) d/ Gkt noE L

T[Zgoh gqkfJwoh gVkn T[Zgo ;wkie nfXn?B nkgDk wIw{B fJfsjk;, G{r'b okiBhsh Pk;so ns/ noEPk;so s'A bt/rk` fJfsjk; Gkos d/ fGzB GkrK ftZu, ;w/s ftPt d/ j'oBK GkrK ftZu ftek; iK xNBktK T[Zgo yzvK d/ Bkb, ftek; Bz{ b/y/ ftZu b?Adk j?, G{r'b, ;EkBe s'A ftPt ftnkgh gZXo T[Zgo fGzB gZXoK *s/


B'N


tksktoD, ;o's ns/ ftek; Bkb ;zpzXs w[ZfdnK T[Zgo ;zs[bs gfog/y fte;s eoB ftZu wdd eo ;edk j?. okiBhsh Pk;so ftZu ftfdnkoEhnK Bz{ ;EkBe, oki ns/ e/Adoh gZXoK T[Zgo ;oekoK dh ouBk ns/ fefonk ns/ Gkrhdkoh dh iwj{oh gqfefonk Bkb gfofus ehsk iKdk j?. noEPk;so d/ ;zxNe ftfdnkoEhnK Bz{ nkoEe ;z;EktK fit/A fe gfotko, pkIko ns/ oki Bz{ gq/yD eoB d/ :'r pDkt/rk. fJZe j'o yzv th j't/rk fijVk fe fJBQK gqeoDK dhnK pj[ ftfdne PkyktK Bz{ ;ze/s eo/rk.

;wkie ftfrnkB (2006) d/ nfXnkgB T[Zgo okPNoh c'e; ;w{j fJ; Yzr Bkb ‘;wkie ns/ okiBhse ihtB* d/ skofee nkXko ns/ wzstK Bz{ fpnkB eodk j? L

skofee nkXko

P[o{nksh gVkn T[Zgo ftfdnkoEhnK Bz{ okiBhse, ;wkie ns/ nkoEe ihtB d/ ftfGzB gfjb{nK Bkb gfofus eoBk j?. fJj e[M gqw[Zy XkoDktK T[Zgo fXnkB e/Ados eoe/ ehsk ikt/rk, Gkosh iwj{ohns Bz{ ;wMD tk;s/ fi; dk frnkB nfBtkoh j?. fJBQK XkoDktK Bz{ ebgBkPhb fposKsK dh tos'A eoe/ toBD ehsk ikt/rk fijVk fe pZfunK Bz{ fJBQK ns/ T[BQK d/ o'IkBk d/ nB[GtK dofwnkB ;zpzX ;Ekgs eoB dh ;thfeqsh fdzd/ jB. Gkos d/ iwj{oh YKu/ d/ ;ko/ gfjb{nK Bz{ eZiD bJh fJ; gZXo T[Zgo e'Jh jzGbk BjhA wkfonk ikt/rk, ;r'A fJZe ntb'eD T[gbZpX eotkT[D T[Zgo tX/o/ :sB j?, fi; Bkb fe pZuk nkgD/ nkg Bz{ fJZe r[zikfJwkB ns/ uZb ojh iwj{oh gqfefonk dh fdbu;gh b?D tkb/ Bkrfoe d/ s"o *s/ fsnko eoe/ nkb'uBkswe (;zt/dBPhb) Yzr Bkb ftt;Es eoBk f;Zydk j?. ;z;EktK dh n;bîhtB fefonkPhbsk ns/ nkdoP T[Zgo fXnkB e/Ados eoB Bkb pZu/ Bz{ T[;d/ o'IkBk d/ ihtB d/ okiBhse ns/ ;wkie gfjb{nK dofwnkB vz{xh go;go ;zpzXsk d/ Bkb^Bkb nkoEe T[fussk d/ y/so ftZu fJBQK d'jK d/ gqGkt Bz{ rqfjD eoB d/ :'r pDkT[Dk j?.

wzst

ftfdnkoEhnK Bz{ T[BQK d/ o'IkBk d/ ihtB ns/ fJ; gkm g[;se *u uouk ehs/ w[ZfdnK dofwnkB ;zpzXB pDkT[D bJh :'r pDkT[Dkl Gkosh ;zouBk d/ nkdoPK Bz{ rqfjD eoB d/ :'r pDkT[Dkl pZfunK Bz{ Gkosh iwj{ohns dh ekoiP?bh dh ;jh ;wM jk;b eoB d/ :'r

pDkT[Dkl

80 (vhHn?ZbHn?ZvH)

B'N


ftfdnkoEhnK Bz{ okiBhse, ;wkie ns/ nkoEe w[ZfdnK ftueko nzso ;zpzXsk Bz{ rqfjD eoB d/ :'r pDkT[Dkl T[BQK Bz{ T[mkJ/ rJ/ ;ko/ w[ZfdnK dh fbzre gqfeosh Bz{ gSkDB d/ :'r pDkT[Dl T[BQK ftZu jkPhnkfeqs d/ fdqPNhe'D s'A okiBhse, ;wkie ns/ nkoEe ftek;

dh ftnkfynk ns/ ;wkb'ue ftPb/PD eoB dk j[Bo fte;s eoBkl T[BQK YzrK dh gSkD eotkT[Dk, fiBQK ftZu okiBhsh T[BQK d/ o'IkBk ihtB Bz{

gqGkts eodh j?.

5H4H2 ;wkie ns/ okiBhse ihtB dh f;ZybkJh d/ nfXnkgeh f;XKs L ;wkie ftfrnkB gkmeqw

p[fBnkdh s"o *s/ ;wkie ns/ okiBhse ihtB dh f;ybkJh fJZe nzsofefonkPhb ns/ gq:'rkswe nfXnkgeh ;fEsh Bz{ b'Vdh j?. f;ybkJh gkVQ/ d/ n;b ihtB ;fEshnK Bkb ;zpzXs j'Dh ukjhdh j?. gkVQ/ d/ ;ZfGnkukoe ns/ ;wkie ;zdoGK Bz{ ;wkie ns/ okiBhse ihtB dh ;zg{oD nfXnkgB f;ZybkJh gqfefonk ftZu T[Zu gqkEfwesk d/Dh ukjhdh j?. fJ; y/so dh f;ybkJh bJh tosh rJh nfXnkgB ftfdnk (Pk;so) Bz{ gkfVQnK dh ouBkswesk, nkb'uBkswe ;wM ns/ ;wZf;nk ;wkXkB dh :'rsk Bz{ tXkT[Dk ukjhdk j?. fJ; y/so dh nfXnkgB f;Zfynk Bz{ y/vK d[nkok f;ZybkJh, nkBzd wkDfdnK f;ZybkJh ns/ ezw eoB d[nkok f;ZybkJh dk bkIwh nB[eoD eoBk ukjhdk j?. gkVQ/ Bz{ nfXnkgB^f;ZybkJh d/ e/Adoh ;EkB *s/ oZy e/ nfXnkgB f;Zfynk w[Zyh j'Dh ukjhdh j?.

s[;hA f;oc j/mK fNZgDh eo' fe ;wkie ns/ okiBhse dh f;ZybkJh fet/A fJZe rshftXh w[yh nfXnkgB^f;ybkJh nfXnkgB Pk;so Bz{ nB[;oD eodh j?.

rshftXh ^ 1 (uzrhnK ;wkie nkdsK *s/ rshftXh nkXkos f;ybkJh)

fJj fJZe ebk;o{w nkXkos rshftXh j?. fJ; rshftXh dk wzst gkfVQnK nzdo uzrhnK ;wkie nkdsK Bz{ fte;s eoBk ns/ T[BQK nzdo'A wkVhnK ;wkie nkdsK Bz{ eZY ;[ZNDk j?. rshftXh dk t/otk fBwB f;ob/yK$fpzd{nK nXhB fdZsk frnk j?.

T) rshftXh dk o/yk fuZso

iwks L VI thA

f;ZybkJh y/so L ;wkie ftfrnkB gkmeqw dk ‘;wkie ns/ okiBhse ihtB* y/so


B'N


f;ZybkJh dk wiw{B L uzrhnK ;wkie nkdsK

w[Zy f;ZybkJh wzst L gkfVQnK nzdo uzrhnK ;wkie nkdsK Bz{ fte;s eoBk ns/ T[BQK nzdo'A wkVhnK ;wkie nkdsK Bz{ eZY ;[ZNDk

b'VhAdh ;kwZroh L uzrhnK ;wkie nkdsK ns/ wkVhnK ;wkie nkdsK Bkb ;zpzXs e[M s;thoK

oDBhsh L T[fus s;thoK ;kjwD/ ;jh (II) iK eok; (X) dk fuzBQ

Yzr L ftneshrs

n) nB[;oD ehsh rshftXh

fJ; rshftXh ftZu nfXnkge gkfVQnK Bz{ fJ; Yzr Bkb ;/X d/t/rk L fgnko/ ftfdnkoEhU. T[go'es pe;/ ftZu ekch frDsh ftZu s;thoK fdZshnK rJhnK jB. fJj ;kohnK s;thoK ;wki ftZu ftneshnK tZb'A fBGkJhnK e[M ;wkie nkdsK Bz{ fusos eodhnK jB. T[fus s;thoK dh u'D eo' fijVhnK uzrhnK nkdsK Bz{ do;kT[AdhnK jB ns/ s;thoK d/ ;Zi/ gk;/ ;jh (II) dk fuzBQ nzfes eo' ns/ T[BQK s;thoK d/ ;Zi/ gk;/ eok; dk fuzBQ (X) nzfes eo', fijVhnK wkVhnK ;wkie nkdsK Bkb ;zpzXs jB.

J) rshftXh nkXkos f;ybkJh ekoi

fJj f;ybkJh ekoi gkfVQnK bJh jB. fJBQK f;ZybkJh ekoiK Bz{ g{ok eoB bJh nfXnkge gkfVQnK Bz{ fBwB Yzr Bkb ;/X d/t/rk L j/mK s[jkv/ (gkVQ/) tk;s/ ekch

82 (vhHn?ZbHn?ZvH)

B'N


ezw fdZsk frnk j?, fijVk fe p/jZd fdbu;g j?. ekoi Bz{ g{ok eo' ns/ T[BQK Bz{ uouk ns/ ftPb/PD bJh iwQK eotkU.

1H fJZe S'Nh fijh ejkDh fsnko eo' ns/ ejkDh Bz{ f;ob/y fdU L ‘uzrhnK ;wkie nkdsK*

2H ‘wkVhnK ;wkie nkdsK d/ G?V/ gqGkt* T[Zgo b/y fbZy'.

3H uzrhnK ;wkie nkdsK T[Zgo e[M g';No fsnko eo'.

4H s[jkv/ ;e{b d/ njks/ nzdo nwb *u nkJhnK wkVhnK ;wkie nkdsK dh ;{uh fsnko eo' ns/ nkgD/ ebk; Nhuo Bz{ T[BQK pko/ dZ;'.


gqPB L ;wkie ftfrnkB gkmeqw d/ ‘;wkie ns/ okiBhse ihtB* d/ gfjb{ dh f;ybkJh d/ nfXnkgeh f;XKs eh j'D/ ukjhd/ jB<

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

5H5 ;wkie ftfrnkB gkmeqw d/ ;wkie ns/ okiBhse ihtB gfjb{ dh f;ybkJh bJh gkm :'iBk fte;s eoBh

;wkie ftfrnkB gkmeqw d/ ‘;wkie ns/ okiBhse ihtB* d/ y/so ftZu gkm :'iBk s[jkv/ f;ZyD ns/ uouk bJh g/P ehsk ik fojk j?. fJj gkm :'iBk VIthA iwks ftZu ‘Gkos ftZu ftfGzBsk ns/ J/esk* d/ nfXnkgB bJh fsnko ehsh rJh j?. fJj :'iBk nfXnkgB^f;ybkJh bJh ouBkswe gj[zu dk nB[;oD eoe/ ehsk frnk. fJj :'iBk nfXnkge s'A gkfVQnK dh ;zg{oD f;ZybkJh gqfefonk d/ wkordoPe d/ s"o *s/ fefonk eoB dh nk; eodh j?. :'iBk dh ft;skos o{go/yk fBwB f;ob/yK j/m fdZsh rJh j?.

T) gkm dk ;zdoG

iwks L S/thA

f;ZybkJh y/so L ;wkie ftfrnkB gkmeqw d/ ‘;wkie ns/ okiBhse ihtB* y/so


B'N


ftPk L Gkos ftZu ftfGzBsk ns/ J/esk

;wK L 1 ghohnv

f;ybkJh bJh gj[zu L ouBkswe gj[zu

gkm d/ f;ybkJh wzst

fJ; ftP/ d/ nfXn?B wro'A s[;hA (gkVQ/) :'r j't'r/ ^

Gkos ftZu w"i{d ftfGzBsk dhnK fGzB fe;wK (fw;kb d/ s"o *s/ Xow, ftfGzBsk, iksh ftfGzBsk, iwks ftfGzBsk nkfd) dh gSkD eoB d/l nfijhnK ;kohnK ftfGzBsktK dh gqfeosh ns/ ekoDK dh ftnkfynk d/l soe;zrs eoB d/ fe GkoshnK ftukb/ J/esk d/ nkXko d/ s"o *s/ Gkos dh

ftfGzBsk fet/A fefonk eodh j?l Gkosh ;wkie ^ ;ZfGnkukoe BeP/ ftZu ftfGzBsk ftP/PskJhnK dk w[ekw

bZGD d/l Gkos d/ ;zdoG ftZu ftfGzBsk ftZu J/esk Bkb ;zpzXs gq'i?eN$:'iBktK fsnko

eoB d/l

J) f;ybkJh gqfefonk

iwks ftZu dkyb j'D wro'A nfXnkge :ehB fdtkJ/rk fe eh ebk; o{w ftt;Ek ;jh Yzr Bkb ehsh rJh j? iK BjhA. gfjbK nfXnkge iwks ftZu g{oD nB[Pk;B j? iK BjhA ns/ c/o T[j nfXnkgB f;ybkJh gqfefonk bJh gkfVQnK Bz{ gq/os eoB bJh e[M gq/oDkdkfJe seBheK dh nB[;oD eo/rk. toswkB iwks p[fBnkdh s"o *s/ nfXnkgB^f;ybkJh tk;s/ ouBkswe gj[zu dk nB[;oD eo/rk. eko'pko ;zpzXh gqfefonktK t/otk fejVk nfXnkge gkfVQnK Bz{ fJj u?gNo gVQkT[D bJh tos/rk, fBwB f;ob/yK sfjs fdZsk frnk j?.

;) ftP/ dh ikD^gSkD

toswkB f;ybkJh ekoi tk;s/ gkfVQnK Bz{ g/qos eoB bJh nfXnkge e[M s;thoK ftykJ/rk.

(pe;k ^ 1 *u fdZsk frnk) fijVk fe fGzB XowK Bz{ ;ze/s eodk j? ns/ s;thoK Bkb ;zpzXs fBwB gqPB g[ZS'.

84 (vhHn?ZbHn?ZvH)

B'N


nfXnkge dhnK rshftXhnK gkVQ/ dhnK rshftXhnK (nk; ehsh iKdh)

eh s[;hA fJBQK s;thoK *u nzso eo ;ed/ j'< fJj s;thoK fJZe^d{i/ Bkb'A fet/A fGzB jB (nzsoK dk nkXko) eh fJj fuZso fJZeb/ Xow Bkb ;zpzXs j?< eh fJj ;ko/ Xow Gkos ftZu gkJ/ iKd/ jB<

jK Xow nzso dk nkXko j?. BjhA, T[j eJh XowK Bkb ;zpzXs jB. jK.

j) ftP/ dk n?bkB

gkfVQnK Bkb T[go'es uouk eoB wro'A nfXnkge nky/rk fe Xkofwe ftfGzBsk Gkos dh gqw[Zy ftP/Psk j? ns/ fJ; tKr eh Gkos ftZu e'Jh j'o ftfGzBsk j? iK BjhA, nkU n;hA uouk eohJ/.

e) fJ; gVkn T[Zgo nfXnkge ftfGzBsk ns/ Gkosh T[g wjKdhg dh J/esk ;zpzXh ftP/Psk ;zpzXh gkfVQnK Bkb uouk eoB bJh fGzB gj[zuK$seBheK dh nB[;oD eo/rk. nfijhnK gj[zuK$seBheK dk ft;sko ftZu fBwB d' yzvK (yzv^T ns/ yzv^n) ftZu uouk ehsh rJh j?.

yzv^T (ftfGzBsk ;zdoG ftZu ouBkwe f;ZybkJh)

pe;k ^ 2 L ftfGzBsk ;zdoG ^ 1


B'N



fJBQK uj[znK fdqPK Bz{ t/y' ns/ dZ;' fe fJj uko/ fdqP fJZe d{i/ Bkb'A fet/A fGzB jB< ;jh t/ot/ Bkb b/y fbZy' fe Gkos fet/A fGzB ;EkBK T[Zgo ns/ fGzB ;w/A *s/ fJBQK nzsoK Bz{ nB[Gt eodk j?.

gkVQ/ nkgD/ nB[GtK Bkb wzsoK Bz{ bZGDr/. gkVQ/ nkgD/ nB[Gt Bkb fJ; ;zpzXh b/y fbZyDr/.

nfXnkge gkfVQnK tZb'A fbZy/ b/yK pko/ uouk eo/rk ns/ nfXnkgeK ns/ gkfVQnK ftukb/ fJZe ;zg{oD uouk ehsh ikt/rh fe Gkosh fet/A nkgDh ihtBP?bh ftfGzBsk dk nB[Gt eod/ jB.

pe;k 3 L ftfGzBsk ;zdoG ^ 3

86 (vhHn?ZbHn?ZvH)

B'N



pe;k ^ 3 ftZu e[M s;thoK fdZshnK rJhnK jB, e[M g/Av{ fJbkfenK Bkb ;zpzXs jB ns/ e[M Pfjoh fJbke/ Bkb. Pfjoh fJbke/ ns/ g/Av{ fJbke/ d/ ;zpzX ftZu T[BQK ftZu nzso dZ;'.eh s[;hA j'o nzso bZG ;ed/ j', fijV/ n;hA g/Av{ Gkos ns/ Pfjoh Gkos ftZu bZGd/ jK.

gkVQ/ s;thoK tZb t/y e/ nzso bZGDr/. gkVQ/ j'o nzso bZGDr/.

ouBkswe f;ybkJh go;go fefonktK (T[go'es d' ftfGzBsk ;zdoGK dh g[PNh ftZu)

gkVQ/ fBwB Yzr Bkb ftfGzBsk d/ ;zpzX ftZu (Gkt/A fe T[BQK T[go'es d' ftfGzBsk ;zdoGK d/ ;zpzX ftzu nB[Gt ehsk j't/) nkgDh f;ybkJh dh ouBk eoBr/.



B'N


n;hA Gkos ftZu j'o fe; fe;w d/ nzso gkT[Ad/ jK. nfij/ nzsoK dh fJZe ;{uh fsnko eo'. T[j fGzB ikshnK fejVhnK jB, fijVhnK Gkos ftZu ti{d *u jB nkgDh okfJ d/t' fe ikshtkd fJZe todkB j? iK fJZe ;okg. eJh tko n;hA iwksh ;zxoP, GkPk ;zxoP, y/sh ;zxoP nkfd Bz{ b'eK ftueko gkT[Ad/ jK< nfij/ ;zxoP ;kv/ d/P ftZu feT[A tkgo oj/ jB ns/ fJBQK ;zxoPk d/ wkV/ gqGkt eh jB<

gkVQ/ iksh, iwks, y/soh, GkPk, ;ZfGnkuko, uzrhnK nkdsK, eZgV/, fsT[jko, gP{nK, gzShnK nkfd *u nzso dZ;Dr/. jo/e gkVQk fJ; Bz{ nkb'uBkswe ftPb/PD eo/rk s/ T[Zso d/t/rk. gkVQ/ fJBQK ;zxoPK d/ ekoDK ns/ gqGktK Bz{ nkb'uBkswe ftPb/PD eoBr/ ns/ j'oBK Bkb nkgD/ ftuko ;KM/ eoBr/ gkVQ/ fJBQK w[ZfdnK, eEBK T[Zgo ftuko uouk eoBr/ ns/ iwks *u g/P eoBr/.

yzv ^ n (J/esk ;zdoG ftZu ouBkswe f;ybkJh)

J/esk ;zdoG ^ 1

nfXnkge dhnK rshftXhnK

Gkos

88 (vhHn?ZbHn?ZvH)

B'N


fJ; s;tho tZb t/y'. s[;hA fJ; s;tho ftZu eh t/yd/ j'< s;tho t/yD Bz{ fezBh uzrh j?< eh s[;hA fJ; s;tho s'A Gkos dh J/esk dh ftP/Psk bZGd/ j'<

gkVQ/ dhnK rshftXhnK (nk; ehsh iKdh)

gkVQ/ nkgD/ T[ZsoK ftZu fJj dZ;Dr/ fe n?B/ nzsoK d/ pkti{d Gkos J/esk Bz{ poeoko oZyD bJh fezBk :'r j?.

pe;k ^ 4 J/esk ;zdoG ^ 2


pe;k ^ 4 ftubhnK s;thoK tZb t/y'. eh s[;hA nB[Gt eod/ j' fe Gkos nkgD/ ;ZfGnkukoe nzsoK ekoD wjkB j?.

jK. gkVQ/ soe ;zrs mfjokT[Dr/


B'N


T[go'es s;thoK s'A ;zy/ghfeqs eo' fe Gkos fet/A fJ; d/ nzsoK s'A ;ZfGnkukoe J/esk ekfJw oZydk j?.

fe Gkos fet/A ;ZfGnkukoe J/esk Bz{ ekfJw oZydk j?.

ouBkswe f;ybkJh go;gofefonktK

(T[go'es d' J/esk ;zdoGK d/ ;zpzX ftZu)

gkVQ/ T[go'es d' J/esk ;zdoGK d/ ;zpzX ftZu fJ;dhnK ftfGzBsktK s'A Gkos ftZu J/esk ;zpzXh nkgDh f;ZybkJh dh ouBk eoBr/.


nfXnkge fJZe d; o[gJ/ dk B'N ftykT[Adk j? ns/ toBD eodk j? fe fet/A Gkos dh ftfGzBsk dh ftP/Psk ns/ J/esk Bz{ fJ; ftZu T[b/y ehsk frnk j?. d[Bhnk Gkos Bz{ fJ; dh pj[ GkPk, Xow ns/ ;ZfGnkukoe J/esk eoe/ gSkDdh j? ^ fJ; T[Zgo fNZgDh eo'. s[;hA ftfGzBsk ftZu J/esk d/ gqshe d/ s"o *s/ Gkosh wjkBroK dh gSkD fet/A eo'r/. rhsK dh ;{uh fsnko eo' fijV/ Gkos dh gqfsfrnk, fijV/ Gkos ftZu ftfGzBsk *u J/esk Bz{ gqfsfpzps eod/ jB.

gkVQ/ B'N T[Zgo t/yDr/ ns/ nfij/ B'N s'A ftfGzBsk ns/ J/esk dhnK ftP/PskJhnK Bz{ ;ze/s eoBr/. gkVQ/ nkgD/ nB[Gt d/ nkXko T[Zgo nkgdh fNZgDh eoBr/. gkVQ/ wjkBroK ftZu J/esk dhnK ftP/PskJhnK dh Gkb eoBr/. gkVQ/ rhsK, gqfsfrnktK nkfd dk ;zebD eo ;ed/ jB, fijV/ Gkos ftZu ftfGzBsk ftZu J/esk Bz{ gqfsfpzps eod/ jB ;ko/ ijK ;/ nZSkHHHHHHHHHHHHH

y) w[bKeD

fBwB ekoi s[jkv/ (gkVQ/) bJh jB. fJBQK ekoiK Bz{ g{ok eo'.

1H fszB gqw[Zy fsT[jkoK dh ;{uh fsnko eo', fijV/ fe s[jkv/ oki ftZu wBkJ/ iKd/ jB, Xkofwe ns/ ;ZfGnkukoe ;w{jK d/ Bkn fbZy', fijV/ fe fJBQK fszBQK fsT[jkoK ftZu'A jo/e Gkr b?Ad/ jB.

90 (vhHn?ZbHn?ZvH)

B'N


2H Gkos ftZu fpqfNP oki d"okB b'eK d/ fGzB ;w{jK B/ J/esk dhnK ftP/PskJhnK dk gqdoPB ehsk ns/ Gkos Bz{ fpqfNP jZEK s'A w[es ehsk. fJ; T[Zgo nkgDh fNZgDh eo'.

3H fBwB f;XKs T[Zgo fJZe gq'i?eN fsnko eo'.

nkgD/ fJbke/$fgzv ftZu ikU. fGzB ;ZfGnkuko, iksh ns/ Xow ;w{jK Bkb ;zpzXs b'eK dh Gkb eo' fijV/ T[ZE/ ofjzd/ jB. T[BQK nzsoK Bz{ bZG' fijV/ T[BQK ftZu ftdwkB jB. T[BQK ftZu J/esk dh gqkgsh bJh e[M ftXhnK ;[MkU.

4H ykBk ‘T* ftZu uko okPNoh nkr{nK d/ Bkn fdZs/ rJ/ jB, ykBk ‘n* T[BQK nkr{nK d/ iBw ;EkB Pkwb eodk j?. ykBk ‘T* s'A nkr{nK Bz{ ykBk ‘n* s'A iBw ;EkBK d/ Bkb fwbkD eo',

sho d/ fBPkB ( ) Bkb fuzBQs eo' L

ykBk ^ U ykBk ^ n

;[GkP p'; T[Zso gq/dP

itkjo bkb Bfjo{ T[Vh;k

wjkswk rKXh r[ioks

pkb rzrkXo fsbe wjkokPNo

n;w eoBkNe

5H gqPB BzH L ^ 4 ftZu uko okPNoh nkr{nK d/ BKn fdZs/ rJ/ jB. toBD eo' fe T[BQK ;kv/ d/P dh J/esk bJh nkgD/ nkg Bz{ e[opkB ehsk.


gqPB L Gkos ftZu ftfGzB fe;w dhnK ftfGzBsktK eh jB<

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^


B'N


5H6 ;koKP

fJ; fJekJh ftZu ‘;wkie ns/ okiBhse ihtB* d/ ;zpzX ftZu okiBhsh Pk;so$noEPk;so$;wki Pk;so d/ nfByVt/A ftP/ d/ s"o *s/ uouk ehsh ik u[Zeh j?. fJj fJekJh w[Zy s"o *s/ fszB fpzd{nK T[Zgo e/Ados j? Gktl P[o{nksh gVkn T[Zgo ;wki Pk;so ftZu ‘;wkie ns/ okiBhse ihtB* d/ ftP/, ;wkie ftfrnkBhnK tZb'A okiBhsh Pk;so, noEPk;so ns/ ;wi Pk;so ftZu ngDkJhnK rJhnK ftXhnK$gj[zuK ns/ ;wkie ftfrnkB gkmeqw d/ fjZ;/ ti'A ‘;wkie ns/ okiBhse ihtB* dh nfjwhns. fJ; fJekJh d/ nzsw Gkr ftZu ;wkie ftfrnkB gkmeqw d/ ‘;wkie ns/ okiBhse ihtB* Bkb ;zpzXs gkm :'iBk g/P ehsh rJh j?.


;wkie ns/ okiBhse ihtB L ‘;wkie ns/ okiBhse ihtB* T[Zgoh gqkfJwoh gZXo T[Zgo ;wkie ftfrnkB gkmeqw d/ ;zxNe Gkr$nzP j?. T[Zgoh gqkfJwoh gZXo T[Zgo ;wkie ftfrnkB gkmeqw *u j'o ;zxNe Gkr$nzP ‘fJfsjk;* ns/ ‘G{r'b* jB.

oki L fJZE/ oki s'A Gkt fpqfNP oki iK gqPk;B s'A j?.

Bkrfoe Pk;so L Bkrfoe Pk;so gfjbK T[Zgoh gqkfJwoh gZXo *s/ ;wkie ftfrnkB gkmeqw dk y/so ;h. toswkB *u T[Zgoh gqkfJwoh gZXo T[Zgo ;wkie ftfrnkB gkmeqw ftZu Bkrfoe Pk;so dk y/so ‘;wkie ns/ okiBhse ihtB* d/ y/so d[nkok gqfs;EkgB j' frnk j?.

5H8 s[jkvh gqrsh dh goy bJh T[Zso

nkgDh gqrsh dh goy eo' ^ 1 L

‘;wkie ns/ okiBhse ihtB* nkgDk f;ybkJh nB[Gt nkws"o *s/ okiBhsh Pk;so, noEPk;so ns/ ;wki Pk;so s'A rqfjD eodk j?. okiBhsh Pk;so pZu/ Bz{ iwj{oh gqfefonktK ns/ GkJhtkbh s'A gfofus eotkT[Adk j?. noE Pk;so pZu/ Bz{ nkoEe rshftXhnK fit/A fe T[sgkdB, ygs, tNKdok nkfd Bkb gfofus eotkT[Adk j?. ;wki Pk;so fJZe pZu/ Bz{ Bkrfoe ;wki dk fJZe nfjw w?Apo j'Dk f;ykT[Adk j?, T[j th iksh, iwks, Xow nkfd dhnK o'eK Bz{ jNkT[Adk j?.


92 (vhHn?ZbHn?ZvH)

B'N


o"fpB; B/ noEPk;so Bz{ T[; ftfrnkB d/ s"o *s/ gfoGkPs ehsk j? fijVk fe wB[Zyh fttjko Bz{ f;fonK ns/ d[obZG ;kXBK ftukb/ ;zpzXK dk nfXn?B eodk j? fiBQK dhnK ftebge tos'A j[zdhnK jB. E[VQ d/ ftP/P bZSD ns/ g;zd gj[zu o"fpBI dh nkofEesk d/ nfXn?B bJh j?, fBwB nB[;ko j? L

1H wB[Zyh b'VK n;hws jB

2H ;o's b'VK d/ ;zpzX ftZu ;hws$d[obZG jB

3H ;o'sK dh ftfGzB ftebge tos'A j?

4H eh t;sK ns/ ;/tktK y[Pjkbh Bz{ gq's;kjs eoBrhnK, noEPk;so dk ;zpzX BjhA j?. noEPk;so Bz{ T[BQK dk nfXn?B T[; ;{os ftZu eoBk ukjhdk j?, i/eo T[j wB[Zyh b'VK Bz{ ;zs[PN eodk j? (t;sK ns/ ;/tktK).

5H noEPk;so fJ; rZb Bkb toskok eodk j? fe ;wki d/ ;o's fet/A fGzB b'VK dh g{osh bJh fBoXkos ehs/ ikD/ ukjhd/ jB.


;wkie ftfrnkB gkmeqw d/ ‘;wkie ns/ okiBhse ihtB* d/ gfjb{ dh f;ybkJh fJZe nzsofefonkPhb ns/ gq:'rkswe nfXnkgeh Pk;so ;fEsh Bz{ p[fBnkdh s"o *s/ b'Vdk j?. f;ybkJh gkfVQnK d/ n;b ihtB ;fEsh Bkb bkIwh ;zpzXs j'Dh ukjhdh j?. gkVQ/ d/ ;ZfGnkukoe ns/ ;wkie ;zdoGK Bz{ ;wkie ns/ okiBhse ihtB dh ;zg{oD nfXnkgB^f;ybkJh gqfefonk ftZu T[Zu nfjwhns fdZsh ikDh ukjhdh j?. fJ; y/so dh f;ybkJh bJh tosh iKdh nfXnkgeh Pk;so Bz{ gkVQ/ dh ouBkswesk, nb'uBkswe ;wM ns/ gqwkDe ;wZf;nk ;wkXkB :'rsk Bz{ nrKj tXkT[Dk ukjhdk j?. fJ; ftP/ d/ nfXnkgB f;ybkJh dk nfXnkgB Pk;so Bz{ y/vK, d[nkok, nkBzd Bkb ns/ ezw eoB Bkb dh ftXh Bz{ nB[;oD eoBk ukjhdk j?.


Gkos ftZu fGzB fe;wK dhnK ftfGzBsktK gkJhnK iKdhnK jB. T[j ftfGzBsktK iksh, iwks, Xow, GkPk, ;ZfGnkuko, ykD nkdsK, eZgV/, fsT[jko, gP{ ns/ gzSh, g/Av{ Pfjoh ;zdoG, ibtk:{ ;fEsh nkfd d/ ;zpzX ftZu j' ;edhnK jB.



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Trail, R.D. LOGAN, L.Ml & Remmington, G.T. (1968). Teaching the Social

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2H fBwB ftP/ T[Zgo gq'i?eN fsnko eo' L

‘nkgD/ fgzv$fwT[A;g?bNh fJbke/ ftZu ikU. T[ZE/ rohph o/yk s'A j/mK ofj oj/ gfotkoK dh ;zfynk bZG'. T[BQK d/ ;wkie ihtB ns/ ofjD ;fEshnK dk nfXn?B eo'. T[BQK Bz{ T[Zgo u[ZeD bJh jZb ;[MkU.*

iwks VI *s/ Gkosh ;zdoG ftZu ‘fbzr G/dGkt* dh nfXnkgB^f;ZybkJh bJh gkm :'iBk fsnko eo'.

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