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VI ALACPA Airport Pavements Seminar & IV FAA Workshop
““Structural Evaluation & Structural Evaluation & Rehabilitation of Airfield Rehabilitation of Airfield Pavements: An OverviewPavements: An Overview””
Dr. S. Hautequest Cardoso, Ph.D. Senior International Consultant
SãoSão Paulo, 26 Paulo, 26 OctoberOctober 20092009
Structural Evaluation & Rehabilitation of Structural Evaluation & Rehabilitation of Airfield Pavements: An OverviewAirfield Pavements: An Overview
IntroductionIntroduction
Structural Evaluation of Airfield PavementStructural Evaluation of Airfield Pavement
Airport Operator DilemmaAirport Operator Dilemma
Pavement RehabilitationPavement Rehabilitation
FAA Evaluation ProcessFAA Evaluation Process
Summary & ConclusionSummary & Conclusion
RehabilitationRehabilitation
ReconstructionReconstruction
Structural Evaluation & Rehabilitation of Structural Evaluation & Rehabilitation of Airfield Pavements: An OverviewAirfield Pavements: An Overview
FAIL.FAIL.
REG.REG.
EXC.EXC.
V. POORV. POOR
40% 40% 75% LIFE75% LIFE
$1.00 $1.00
40% 40%
12%12%
$4.00 TO $ 5.00 $4.00 TO $ 5.00
PERFORMANCEPERFORMANCE
TIMETIME
IntroductionIntroduction
RoutineRoutine
PreventivePreventive
Structural Evaluation & Rehabilitation of Structural Evaluation & Rehabilitation of Airfield Pavements: An OverviewAirfield Pavements: An Overview
Systematic collection and analysis of data Systematic collection and analysis of data needed to make decisionsneeded to make decisions
That quality of a thing according to which it is That quality of a thing according to which it is thought of as being more or less desirablethought of as being more or less desirable
What is evaluation?What is evaluation?
To estimate the value ofTo estimate the value of……
IntroductionIntroduction
Structural Evaluation & Rehabilitation of Structural Evaluation & Rehabilitation of Airfield Pavements: An OverviewAirfield Pavements: An Overview
Pavement evaluation procedures are Pavement evaluation procedures are essentially the reverse of design proceduresessentially the reverse of design procedures
What is Structural Evaluation of What is Structural Evaluation of Airfield Pavement?Airfield Pavement?
IntroductionIntroduction
Structural Evaluation & Rehabilitation of Structural Evaluation & Rehabilitation of Airfield Pavements: An OverviewAirfield Pavements: An Overview
Why Evaluate Airfield Pavement?Why Evaluate Airfield Pavement?
IntroductionIntroduction
••
Original design life is worn outOriginal design life is worn out
••
Pavement damaged due to overloadPavement damaged due to overload
••
Pavement in good condition to be Pavement in good condition to be used by heavier aircraftused by heavier aircraft
••
To report load capacity (PCN)To report load capacity (PCN)
Structural Evaluation & Rehabilitation of Structural Evaluation & Rehabilitation of Airfield Pavements: An OverviewAirfield Pavements: An Overview
Why Rehabilitate Airfield Pavement?Why Rehabilitate Airfield Pavement?
IntroductionIntroduction
••
When life is When life is ““worn outworn out””
••
Poor surface conditions or materialPoor surface conditions or material-- related distressesrelated distresses
••
When pavement is overloaded in a When pavement is overloaded in a certain way that it is not economically to certain way that it is not economically to maintain at serviceable levelmaintain at serviceable level
••
When it is required to operate heavier When it is required to operate heavier aircraft, etc.aircraft, etc.
Structural Evaluation & Rehabilitation of Structural Evaluation & Rehabilitation of Airfield Pavements: An OverviewAirfield Pavements: An Overview
What is allowed What is allowed for the same for the same pavement?pavement?
Airport Operator DilemmaAirport Operator Dilemma
Structural Evaluation & Rehabilitation of Structural Evaluation & Rehabilitation of Airfield Pavements: An OverviewAirfield Pavements: An Overview
Airport management
Bankruptcy
Catastrophe
Airport Operator DilemmaAirport Operator Dilemma
Structural Evaluation & Rehabilitation of Structural Evaluation & Rehabilitation of Airfield Pavements: An OverviewAirfield Pavements: An Overview
Airport management
Overloaded pavementsOverloaded pavementsBankruptcyBankruptcy
Safety/accidentsSafety/accidents
FOD, roughness, skid FOD, roughness, skid resistance, rut depthresistance, rut depth
UnderloadedUnderloaded pavementspavements
Airport Operator DilemmaAirport Operator Dilemma
Structural Evaluation & Rehabilitation of Structural Evaluation & Rehabilitation of Airfield Pavements: An OverviewAirfield Pavements: An Overview
Levels of evaluationLevels of evaluation
Structural Evaluation of Airfield Pavement Structural Evaluation of Airfield Pavement
One One particular particular
branchbranch
Entire airport or Entire airport or airports network airports network
Project levelProject levelNetwork levelNetwork level
Structural Evaluation & Rehabilitation of Structural Evaluation & Rehabilitation of Airfield Pavements: An OverviewAirfield Pavements: An Overview
Structural Evaluation of Airfield Pavement Structural Evaluation of Airfield Pavement
Aircraft loadsAircraft loadsMaterial properties Material properties Aircraft mix Aircraft mix EnvironmentEnvironment
What should considerWhat should consider
Sound Theory: Sound Theory: MLET MLET FEM for linear or nonFEM for linear or non--
linear elastic material linear elastic material behaviorsbehaviors
Structural Evaluation & Rehabilitation of Structural Evaluation & Rehabilitation of Airfield Pavements: An OverviewAirfield Pavements: An Overview
Where we areWhere we are
Where we wereWhere we were
Where we are going toWhere we are going to
Structural Evaluation of Airfield Pavement Structural Evaluation of Airfield Pavement
Past, Present and FuturePast, Present and Future
Structural Evaluation & Rehabilitation of Structural Evaluation & Rehabilitation of Airfield Pavements: An OverviewAirfield Pavements: An Overview
Structural Evaluation of Airfield Pavement Structural Evaluation of Airfield Pavement
Past: Where we werePast: Where we were
Structural Evaluation & Rehabilitation of Structural Evaluation & Rehabilitation of Airfield Pavements: An OverviewAirfield Pavements: An Overview
Structural Evaluation of Airfield Pavement Structural Evaluation of Airfield Pavement
Present: Where we arePresent: Where we are
Structural Evaluation & Rehabilitation of Structural Evaluation & Rehabilitation of Airfield Pavements: An OverviewAirfield Pavements: An Overview
Structural Evaluation of Airfield Pavement Structural Evaluation of Airfield Pavement
Future: Future: Where we are going toWhere we are going to
Structural Evaluation & Rehabilitation of Structural Evaluation & Rehabilitation of Airfield Pavements: An OverviewAirfield Pavements: An Overview
FAA Evaluation ProcessFAA Evaluation Process
(b) Site Inspection(b) Site Inspection
(a) Records research(a) Records research
(c) Sampling & testing(c) Sampling & testing
(1) Direct sampling procedure(1) Direct sampling procedure
(2) NDT(2) NDT
Structural Evaluation & Rehabilitation of Structural Evaluation & Rehabilitation of Airfield Pavements: An OverviewAirfield Pavements: An Overview
(e) Evaluation Report(e) Evaluation Report
(d) PCI(d) PCI
(2) NDT(2) NDT
2.1 FWD/HWD2.1 FWD/HWD
2.2 GPR2.2 GPR
2.3 Infrared 2.3 Infrared thermographythermography (delaminating of PCC)(delaminating of PCC)
FAA Evaluation ProcessFAA Evaluation Process
Structural Evaluation & Rehabilitation of Structural Evaluation & Rehabilitation of Airfield Pavements: An OverviewAirfield Pavements: An Overview
Flexible PavementFlexible Pavement
t, t, μμ, E, EACACGBGB
SBSBCBRCBR
SGSG
FAA Evaluation ProcessFAA Evaluation Process
Structural Evaluation & Rehabilitation of Structural Evaluation & Rehabilitation of Airfield Pavements: An OverviewAirfield Pavements: An Overview
Rigid PavementRigid Pavement
Layer thicknessesLayer thicknesses
Concrete flexural Concrete flexural strengthstrength
SubgradeSubgrade modulus or Kmodulus or K
Layer materialLayer material
KE 284.126=
PCCPCC
slabslab
SBSB
SGSG
FAA Evaluation ProcessFAA Evaluation Process
Structural Evaluation & Rehabilitation of Structural Evaluation & Rehabilitation of Airfield Pavements: An OverviewAirfield Pavements: An Overview
Pavement RehabilitationPavement Rehabilitation
Increase life Increase life and/or and/or
improve load improve load capacitycapacity
Structural enhancements that:Structural enhancements that:
Includes: Restoration Includes: Restoration treatments & treatments &
structural overlaysstructural overlays
Structural Evaluation & Rehabilitation of Structural Evaluation & Rehabilitation of Airfield Pavements: An OverviewAirfield Pavements: An Overview
Pavement RehabilitationPavement Rehabilitation
Techniques for Flexible PavementsTechniques for Flexible Pavements
••
HMA overlayHMA overlay
••
Surface treatmentSurface treatment
••
GeosyntheticsGeosynthetics
in HMAin HMA
••
GeosyntheticsGeosynthetics
in basesin bases
••
Concrete overlaysConcrete overlays
••
Reducing PCC into base/Reducing PCC into base/subbasesubbase
materialsmaterials
••
InIn--place surfacing recyclingplace surfacing recycling
••
FullFull--depth reclamation (FDR)/Recyclingdepth reclamation (FDR)/Recycling
Structural Evaluation & Rehabilitation of Structural Evaluation & Rehabilitation of Airfield Pavements: An OverviewAirfield Pavements: An Overview
Pavement RehabilitationPavement Rehabilitation
AC Cold Recycling AC Cold Recycling (Not as wearing course)(Not as wearing course)
CIR/CCPR CIR/CCPR
FDR FDR
CIR/FOAMED CIR/FOAMED
PoorPoor
TimeTime
ConditionCondition
GoodGood
Structural Evaluation & Rehabilitation of Structural Evaluation & Rehabilitation of Airfield Pavements: An OverviewAirfield Pavements: An Overview
Pavement RehabilitationPavement Rehabilitation
CIR recycling train (CIR recycling train (HajekHajek
et alet al, 2005), 2005)
FDR FDR ––
FullFull--Depth ReclamationDepth Reclamation
Structural Evaluation & Rehabilitation of Structural Evaluation & Rehabilitation of Airfield Pavements: An OverviewAirfield Pavements: An Overview
Pavement RehabilitationPavement Rehabilitation
Hot InHot In--Place RecyclingPlace Recycling
HCPR HCPR ––
Hot Central Plant Recycling (applied to airfield Hot Central Plant Recycling (applied to airfield
pavement surface course (FAA recommends maximum pavement surface course (FAA recommends maximum 15 % of recycled material)15 % of recycled material)
HIR HIR ––
Hot InHot In--Place RecyclingPlace Recycling
Structural Evaluation & Rehabilitation of Structural Evaluation & Rehabilitation of Airfield Pavements: An OverviewAirfield Pavements: An Overview
Pavement RehabilitationPavement Rehabilitation
Hot InHot In--Place RecyclingPlace Recycling
HIRHIR
HIR Type I (Surface Recycling) HIR Type I (Surface Recycling) ––
Hot InHot In--Place Recycling Place Recycling
(add recycling agent but no new aggregates)(add recycling agent but no new aggregates)
HIR Type II (Remixing) HIR Type II (Remixing) ––
Add new aggregates and Add new aggregates and
recycling agent (good for increasing thickness)recycling agent (good for increasing thickness)
HIR Type III (Repaving) HIR Type III (Repaving) ––
Combination of surface Combination of surface
recycling + remixing (uses new HMA as wearing course)recycling + remixing (uses new HMA as wearing course)
Structural Evaluation & Rehabilitation of Structural Evaluation & Rehabilitation of Airfield Pavements: An OverviewAirfield Pavements: An Overview
Pavement RehabilitationPavement Rehabilitation
Techniques for Rigid PavementsTechniques for Rigid Pavements
•• FullFull--depth repairdepth repair
•• Partial depth repairPartial depth repair
•• Bonded concrete overlayBonded concrete overlay
•• UnbondedUnbonded
concrete overlayconcrete overlay
•• Partially concrete overlayPartially concrete overlay
•• Dowell bar retrofitDowell bar retrofit
•• Joint repair & diamond Joint repair & diamond gridinggriding
•• Structural Structural microconcretemicroconcrete
Structural Evaluation & Rehabilitation of Structural Evaluation & Rehabilitation of Airfield Pavements: An OverviewAirfield Pavements: An Overview
Pavement RehabilitationPavement Rehabilitation
PCC Recycling ProcessPCC Recycling Process
BreakBreak--andand--Seat Seat ––
(1 to 4 ft) & seated firmly in place (HMA (1 to 4 ft) & seated firmly in place (HMA
overlay; PCC not common)overlay; PCC not common)
CrackCrack--andand--Seat Seat ––
(2 to 6 in) & seated firmly in place (2 to 6 in) & seated firmly in place
(Overlay HMA 4 to 8 in) (Overlay HMA 4 to 8 in)
RubblizationRubblization
––
SandSand--sized particles up to 6 in sized particles up to 6 in
interconnected (base course for new HMA & PCC) interconnected (base course for new HMA & PCC)
Recycled Concrete Aggregate Recycled Concrete Aggregate ––
Crushing, sizing & Crushing, sizing &
steel removal (unbound base/steel removal (unbound base/subbasesubbase
layers, asphalt or layers, asphalt or
cement treated layers, lean concrete base, etc.) cement treated layers, lean concrete base, etc.) (not (not permitted in the military permitted in the military ––
USA)USA)
Structural Evaluation & Rehabilitation of Structural Evaluation & Rehabilitation of Airfield Pavements: An OverviewAirfield Pavements: An Overview
Pavement RehabilitationPavement Rehabilitation
PCC Recycling PCC Recycling ––
RubblizationRubblization
ProcessProcess
Structural Evaluation & Rehabilitation of Structural Evaluation & Rehabilitation of Airfield Pavements: An OverviewAirfield Pavements: An Overview
ConclusionConclusion
YearsYears
8080
6060
4040
2020
00
100100
PCIPCI RoutineRoutine
PreventivePreventive
RehabilitationRehabilitation
ReconstructionReconstruction
Ria Slides
Creo que el triunfo es el resultado del esfuerzo inteligente, que no depende de suerte, de magia, de amigos,
compañeros dudosos o de jefes.
Creo que el triunfo es el resultado del esfuerzo inteligente, Creo que el triunfo es el resultado del esfuerzo inteligente, que no depende de suerte, de magia, de amigos, que no depende de suerte, de magia, de amigos,
compacompaññeros dudosos o de jefes. eros dudosos o de jefes.