Name: ________________________________ Date: ___________________

Reproduction - Unit 2 Key Ideas• Chapter 4: The nucleus controls the functions of life• Chapter 5: Mitosis is the basis of asexual reproduction• Chapter 6: Meiosis is the basis of sexual reproduction

Chapter 4.1 The Nucleus controls the functions of life

Objectives: By the end of the lesson you should be able to:• State the ____________________ of a cell

• Describe the function of each of the organelles

• Describe the structures of the __________________________

Recall…Cell Theory• The cell is the ________________________ of life

• All cells come from _________________________________ cells

• All living things are made up of _________________________ cell

Animal Cells• Animal cells are equipped with many structures that allow the cell to perform a variety of functions.

Cell Parts and Organelles

• ___________________________________________ - thin covering that controls the flow of materials in and out of the cell.

• _________________ - jelly-like substance contains the organelles

(specialized cell parts)

• _______________________________ - provide energy for cells

• _________________________________ - manufacturing plants for proteins

• _______ ___________________________________ - membrane-covered

channels that act as a transport system for materials made in the cell

• _________________________________ - membrane-covered sacs formed by the endoplasmic reticulum. Vesicles transport new proteins to the Golgi body.

•• ___________________________ - sorts and packages proteins for

transport

• ______________________________ - controls all

cell activities

• ________________________________ -

membrane-free organelle that makes ribosomes

• __________________________________________

- protects the contents of the nucleus

• __________________________________ -

openings in the nuclear membrane that allow only

certain materials to pass

• _________________________________ - membrane-bound storage containers

Plant Cells• Plant cells are equipped with some structures that animal

cells do not have.

________________________________________ - trap energy from Sun to make glucose, food for the plant

____________________________ - tough, rigid structure that surrounds cell membrane, provides protection and structural support

_________________________________ - plant cells are equipped with a large vacuole for storing water

The Nucleus and DNA• The nucleus contains DNA (_______________________________________________);

DNA is the molecule has the _______________________________________________ for how cells function, what they will produce, and when they will die

Structure of DNA• DNA looks like a twisted ladder - two strands wrap around each other in a spiral shape.• The sides of the DNA ladder are made of ___________ and

______________________.

• The steps of the ladder are made of four nitrogen bases: adenine (____),

guanine (____), cytosine (_____), and thymine (_____).

• The bases join in a specific way• _________ always joins with ____________

• _________ always joins with ____________

DNA in the Nucleus• Most of the time DNA is in the form of ______________________________

• Chromatin coils tightly into X-shaped ________________________________

• Every organism has a specific number of chromosomes• Human cells have _____________ chromosomes arranged in _______________ pairs

• The 23rd pair determines sex; ___________ for females and ____________for males

Genes• Genes are ______________________ of DNA located on a chromosome

• Genes store the information needed to ________________________

• Each chromosome can carry ___________________________

• All your body cells have the same genes, but only specific genes are “read” in each cell to produce specific proteins

• Specialized proteins called ___________________ and _______________________ carry out important specific functions in the body

Production of Proteins• Protein production in the cell involves several

important steps:

1) The nucleus receives a chemical signal to make a specific protein.

2) The DNA message for the protein is copied into

a small transportable molecule called ________.

3) RNA leaves the nucleus through a ______________.

4) The RNA message is delivered to a

________________ , the ribosome makes the

____________.

5) The manufactured protein enters the _________

_________________________________ (ER).

6) A ____________________________ forms at the end of the ER, and carries the protein to the

___________________________

7) The Golgi body __________________________ the protein for transport out of the cell

8) A vesicle forms off the end of the Golgi body to

carry the protein to the _________________

9) The vesicle attaches to the cell membrane, and its protein contents are released _____________________