Chapter 9 Study Guide

Compare and contrast anabolic and catabolic pathways (9.1)

What are reducing agents? What are oxidizing agents? (9.1)

In this reaction: C6H12O6 + 6 O2 >>> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy, which reactant is being oxidized to which product, and which is being reduced to what product. (9.1)

If a molecule loses a hydrogen atom is it oxidized or reduced? What if the molecule gains a hydrogen atom? (9.1)

Describe the function of NAD+ and NADH. Which of these has more chemical energy? In what processes are each of these being reduced/oxidized? (9.1)

Where does glycolysis occur? (9.1)

What is the term used for the generation of ATP in glycolysis? (9.1)

What role does O2 play in cellular respiration? (9.1)

Cellular respiration and fermentation share what process? (9.1)

What characteristic of carbohydrates and fats make them high energy foods? (.1)

What are all of the products of glycolysis? (9.2 and Figure 9.8)

How many ATP are used and produced in glycolysis? What is the net ATP in glycolysis? (9.2)

Describe the process of forming acetyl CoA. What are the reactants? What are the products? (9.3)

What purpose does coenzyme A (CoA) serve in the forming of acetyl CoA?(9.3)

Mitochondria accumulate pyruvate through what process? (9.3)

What molecule enters the citric acid cycle? (9.3)

** Review the citric acid cycle in Figure 9.12. (pg. 171) How many ATP are produced? How many NADH are produced? How many FADH2 are produced? How many molecules of CO2 are produced. (9.3)

Where is the electron transport chain located in the mitochondrion?

** Review Figure 9.13 (pg. 173) From what molecule do the electrons initially come? What is the sequence of electron carriers in the ETC? (9.4)

From where does O2 come, during oxidative phosphorylation? (9.4)

What is the energy source for the production of ATP in the mitochondria? (9.4)

Into which location are H+ ions pumped in cellular respiration? What is the result of the increased H+ ions?(9.4)

The complete oxidation of glucose in cellular respiration produces how many ATP? (9.4)

In the ETC, what is happening to the electron carriers as they are accepting and donating electrons? (9.4)

Describe the role of ATP synthase and how ATP is synthesized. Refer to Figures 9.14 (pg. 174) and 9.16 (pg. 175). (9.4)

What is ubiquinone? What is its role in the ETC? (9.4)

** Review Figure 9.18 (pg. 178) and describe the process of each type of fermentation, where it occurs in the cell and what are the products of each type. (9.5)

How is ATP generated in fermentation? (9.5)

What are the products of yeast fermentation?

How is NAD+ regenerated from NADH in alcohol fermentation and lactate fermentation? Review Figure 9.18 (pg. 178). (9.5)

Why is glycolysis considered to be one of the first metabolic pathways to have evolved? (pg. 179) (9.5)

** Review the section on Regulation of Cellular Respiration via Feedback Mechanisms on pg. 181. Refer to Figure 9.21 to understand how Phosphofructokinase controls cellular respiration. What type of enzyme is it? What inhibitors are used?

** Review 9.9 (pgs. 168-169). Where is organic phosphate added? In which step is an intermediate molecule oxidized? What steps is phosphorylation occurring in which ATP is the phosphate source?