DBQ on p. 147 – February 13, 20131) Compare the typica and annulata forms of Adalia 2-punata.

The typica form of Adalia 2-punata has a black dot on each of its wings, whereas the

annulata form has a connected pattern from its head to the bottom of its wings. Half of

the head of the typica is yellow, but the head of the annulata form has less yellow

(around ¼ of its head is yellow).

2) The differences between the two forms are due to a single gene. If male and female

typica are mated together, all the offspring are typica. Similarly, the offspring

produced when annulata forms are mated are all annulata. Explain the conclusions

that can be drawn.

The alleles for the typica and annulata form are co-dominant. For a ladybird to be

typica, it would have to have two alleles that coded for that form. A typica would be

homogeneous, so the offspring of two typica would also be homogeneous and

therefore a typica. The same applies for annulata.

3) When typica is mated with annulata, the F1 hybrid offspring are not identical to

either parent. Examples of these F1 hybrid offspring are shown in Figure 10a.

Distinguish between the F1 hybrid offspring and the typica and annulata parents.

The typica have two black dots on each of their wings, and the annulata have what

looks like an upside down T with a line through the middle on their wings. On the

other hand, the F1 hybrid offspring having markings that are somewhat similar to

those of the parents, but not quite the same. For example, there might be an identical

mark on each of the wings, but the shape of the mark wouldn’t be a circle.

4) If F1 hybrid offspring are mated with each other, the offspring include both typica

and annulata forms, and also offspring with the same wing case markings as the F1

hybrid offspring.

a) Use a genetic diagram to explain this pattern of inheritance.

b) Predict the expected ratio of phenotypes.

1 typica: 2 mixed features: 1 annulata

DBQ on p. 145 – February 8, 20131) Calculate the ratio between grey and albino offspring, showing your working.

Second generation 1:0

Third generation 11:4

2) Deduce the colour of coat that is due to a recessive allele, with two reasons for your

answer.

The color of coat that is due to a recessive allele is white fur. The first reason is

because none of the hybrid mice had white fur even though one of their parents had

white fur – this shows that allele for grey fur (which is what all the hybrid mice had)

dominated over the allele for white fur. Furthermore, even in the third generation, the

number of mice with grey fur was greater than the number of mice with white fur.

3) Choose suitable symbols for the alleles for grey and albino coat and list the possible

genotypes of mice using your symbols, together with the phenotype for each

genotype.

T: grey coat – black eyes

t: albino coat – red eyes

4) Using the headings shown to the right, explain how the observed ratio of grey and

albino mice was produced.

The parental phenotypes were grey fur with black eyes and white fur with red eyes,

and the genotypes were TT, Tt/tT, and tt. The alleles in the gametes were the alleles

for grey fur with black eyes and white fur with red eyes. The hybrid phenotype was

grey fur with black eyes, and the genotypes was tT/Tt. The alleles in their gametes

were the same as the alleles in their parents’ gametes. The genotypes of the offspring

of the hybrid mice were grey fur with black eyes and white fur with red eyes, and the

genotypes were tt, TT, Tt/tT.

5) Suggest how one gene can determine whether the mice had grey fur and black eyes

or white fur and red eyes.

One gene could have a dominant allele that is responsible for the grey fur with black

eyes and a recessive allele that is responsible for the white fur and red eyes.

DBQ on p. 138 – February 6, 20131)

a) In figure 9, distinguish between:

i) chromosome 5 and chromosome 6

Chromosome 5

ii) chromosome 17 and chromosome 18

Chromosome 18 has a thicker yellow tip than chromosome 17.

Chromosome 18 also has a white band at the other end whereas chromosome 17

doesn’t.

iii) the X and Y chromosome

The X chromosome is larger than the Y chromosome.

2)

a) State the gender of the subject of the human karyotype in Figure 9.

Female.

b) State whether the karyotype shows any abnormalities.

DBQ on p. 137 – February 6, 20131) Outline the relationship between maternal age and the incidence of chromosomal

abnormalities in live births.

There is an exponential relationship between maternal age and the incidence of

chromosomal abnormalities in live births; as maternal age increases, incidence

increase at an accelerating rate.

2)

a) For mothers 40 years of age, determine the probability that they will give

birth to a child with trisomy 21.

The probability is approximately 1%.

b) Using the data in Figure 5, calculate the probability that a mother of 40

years of age will give birth to a child with a chromosomal abnormality other than

trisomy 21.

The probability is approximately 0.8%.

3) Only a small number of possible chromosomal abnormalities are ever found among

live births, and trisomy 21 is much the commonest. Suggest reasons for these trends.

If there is an abnormality in chromosomes 1 to 12, spontaneous abortion always

occurs. Furthermore, the mother can undergo prenatal tests to identify whether or not

the embryo has chromosomal abnormalities, and if so, choose to abort it.

4) Discuss the risks parents face when choosing to postpone having children.

When parents choose to postpone having children, they increase the risks of their

children having chromosomal abnormalities. As the mother gets older than 40 years,

the chances of her baby having an abnormality increases rapidly.

DBQ on p. 136 – February 4, 20131) Compare the DNA content of the bog mosses.

The S. aongstroemii, S. balticum, S. fibriatum, S. teres, S. tundrae, and S. warnstorfii all

have 19 chromosomes and masses ranging from 0.42 to 0.48 DNA/pg.

2) Suggest a reason for six of the species of bog moss on the Svalbard islands all

having the same number of chromosomes in their nuclei.

A reason why the six species of bog moss on the Svalbard islands all had the same

number of chromosomes could be because they all live in the same environment.

3) S. arcticum and S. olafii probably arose as new species when meiosis failed to occur

in one their ancestors.

a) Deduce the chromosome number of nuclei in their leaf cells. Give two

reasons for your answer.

The chromosomes number of nuclei in their leaf cells is 38 because if meiosis

failed to occur then there would be twice as many chromosomes and also because the

mass of the DNA for those two species is approximately double the masses of the

other species (with 19 chromosomes).

b) Suggest a disadvantage to S. arcticum and S. olafii of having more DNA

than other bog mosses.

A disadvantage could be that there would be increased chances of a mutation

occurring because there are more possibilities for error.

4) It is unusual for plants and animals to have an odd number of chromosomes in their

nuclei. Explain how mosses can have odd numbers of chromosomes in their leaf cells.

Mosses can have odd numbers of chromosomes in their leaf cells because they have a

haploid number of chromosomes.

DBQ on p. 134 – February 4, 20131) Outline five similarities between the life cycle of a moss and of a human.

Both involve bitosis, meiosis, and fertilization. Both also have eggs, sperm, and

zygotes.

2) Distinguish between the life cycles of a moss and a human by giving five

differences.

The human life cycle has a male and female but moss doesn’t. Human cycles are two

cycles (female and male) that meet together but moss is just one cycle. Meiosis

happens twice in the human cycle but only once in the moss cycle, and mitosis

happens four times in the moss cycle but only twice in the human cycle. Moss plants

have a haploid number of chromosomes whereas humans have a diploid number.

DBQ on p. 145 – January 30, 20131) There are many different chromosome numbers in the table, but some numbers are

missing, for example, 5, 7, 11, 13. Explain why none of the species has 13

chromosomes.

None of the species have 13 chromosomes because in the body cells of most

eukaryotes there are two chromosomes of each type.

2) Discuss, using the data in the table, the hypothesis that the more complex an

organism is, the more chromosomes it has.

The data shown in the table seems to support this hypothesis up to a certain point

because in general, larger mammals have more chromosomes than insects. It’s

assumed that larger mammals are more complex than insects, so this makes sense.

However, there are exceptions because organisms that are thought to be the most

intelligent (i.e. modern humans and chimpanzees) have fewer chromosomes than

those that aren’t considered to be as intelligent (i.e. domestic sheep and goats).

3) Explain why the size of the genome of a species cannot be deduced from the

number of chromosomes.

The number of chromosomes doesn’t reveal the size of the whole of the genetic

information of an organism.

4) Suggest, using the data in Table 3, a change in chromosome structure that may have

occurred during human evolution.

Humans may have lost some of their chromosomes.