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Viikki Urban Street Tree Laboratory. Dr. Eero Nikinmaa. Aims. To test the load bearing soils as base material of streets/ pavements and growth media for trees in normal urban environment Characterise the urban environment Monitor the tree behaviour. Site: Normal modern street in Helsinki. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Viikki Urban Street
Tree Laboratory
Dr. Eero Nikinmaa
Aims
• To test the load bearing soils as base material of streets/ pavements and growth media for trees in normal urban environment
• Characterise the urban environment
• Monitor the tree behaviour
Site: Normal modern street in Helsinki
Load Bearing Soils
• Skeleton of smaller (d 32-64mm) or larger (d 64-140mm) rocks
• between 75 to 80% of rocks and 20 to 25% of soil (weight)
• variation in soil:– high organic matter content
(about 20%)– sandy– added N + slowly releasing P
and Ca
• laboratory tested for load bearing properties
Water holding capacity
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
0 5 10 15 20 25
Water content, %
pF
Kekkilä
YIT
Uusi sekoitus
Soil nutrient analysisExperimental street - SOIL ANALYSIS, LOAD BEARING SOILS 2003
Soil type
Organic matter
johto-luku pH Ca P K Mg S B Cu Mn Zn NO3-N
NH4-
N Fe Cl Mo Na Cd Cr Ni Al
Kekkilä1 HkMr vm 15.2 7.3 4000 10 91.1 274 111 1.0 2.9 6.7 1.47 350 4 274 140 0.11 164 <0.05 87 48 90401 hkKHt m 14.8 7.3 3790 9.6 88.1 251 102 1.0 2.7 6.8 1.58 320 4 256 120 0.08 168 0.05 19 19 89001 HkMr vm 12.8 7.3 4220 10 88.5 253 103 1.0 2.9 6.6 1.29 310 4 241 120 0.07 148 . . . .1 HkMr vm 13.8 7.3 4500 13 105 268 129 1.0 3.7 7.3 2.58 320 4 298 140 0.11 159 . . . .1 HkMr vm 13.5 7.3 4190 10 92.6 253 109 0.9 3.2 7.0 2.11 320 6 284 103 0.08 169 . . . .keskiarvo 14.0 7.3 4140.0 10.5 93.1 259.8 110.8 1.0 3.1 6.9 1.8 324.0 4.4 270.6 124.6 0.1 161.6 0.1 53.0 33.5 8970.0Yit2 HtMr rm 10.4 6.6 3910 86 454 286 174 1.2 14.0 17.0 37.20 140 37 1570 75 0.15 171 0.1 49 35 112002 HtMr rm 7.0 6.7 3080 110 553 292 83 1.2 7.6 13.0 29.10 42 36 888 73 0.11 209 0.08 130 71 127002 HtMr rm 8.3 6.6 3140 86 496 268 94 1.1 9.6 15.0 30.70 84 33 1150 63 0.13 172 . . . .2 HtMr rm 8.6 6.5 3110 93 551 282 98 1.3 8.3 16.0 26.60 60 44 995 73 0.08 194 . . . .2 HtMr rm 9.5 6.6 2860 100 561 295 102 1.3 7.2 15.0 27.00 58 48 858 84 0.09 208 . . . .keskiarvo 8.8 6.6 3220.0 95.0 523.0 284.6 110.2 1.2 9.3 15.2 30.1 76.8 39.6 1092.2 73.6 0.1 190.8 0.1 89.5 53.0 11950.0Yliop.3 HkMr m 2.6 8.0 3290 39 188 142 36 0.8 3.8 7.6 5.33 14 3 508 15 0.04 36.2 <0.05 160 74 90803 HtMr m 3.1 7.8 3500 42 199 143 44 0.8 3.8 8.1 5.14 15 3 524 19 0.05 38.5 0.05 50 24 88703 HtMr m 3.0 7.9 3120 41 180 131 39 0.8 3.5 7.7 4.79 15 2 509 17 0.05 35.9 . . . .3 HkMr vm 2.4 8.0 3160 41 183 129 35 0.8 3.8 7.6 5.23 12 2 527 14 0.05 35.1 . . . .3 HtMr m 3.2 8.0 3240 40 192 135 41 0.8 3.5 7.3 4.93 21 2 503 19 0.06 37.4 . . . .keskiarvo 2.9 7.9 3262.0 40.6 188.4 136.0 39.0 0.8 3.7 7.7 5.1 15.4 2.4 514.2 16.8 0.1 36.6 0.1 105.0 49.0 8975.0
ViljavuusluokkaleimatBadFairly BadAcceptableSatisfactoryGoodHighQuestionably high
Building phase
Study design• 2 streets• 3 sectors with
different soil in each street
• Alder and Linden• ~5-6 trees per
treatment per street• 3 intensive monitoring
points per street• 9 manual points
Manual monitoring
Intensive Monitoring
Different soils
Street II
Street I
Monitoring-Intensive monitoring every 10 minutes
- Manual monitoringonce in 2 to 3 weeks
• Soil– Temperature profile
– Soil moisture profile
– Gas concentrations
• Above ground– PAR
– Air temp
• Other micromet. from close by station
• Tree (intensive)– sapflow (2 methods)
– growth
• Tree (manual)– gas exchange +
physiology studies
– leaf nutrients
– structure
SoilTemp. profile
Gas profile
Manual measuring point
Gas collectors
Temperature
Soil moisture
21
Above groundPAR
Air Temperature
Tree
Sap flowHeat dissipation
Sap flowDiam change
Data Transfer
Manual measurements
Photosynthetic production at Norkkukuja and Pasteurin katu - streets
Norrkkokuja, lower crown, June
-2
3
8
13
18
23
1500
1100
700
400
200
100
50
0
Light (µmol/m 2/s)
Rat
e o
f p
ho
tosy
nth
esis
(µ
mo
l/m2/s
)
Kasvualusta 1
Kasvualusta 2
Kasvualusta 3
Norkkokuja, lower crown, August
-2
3
8
13
18
23
1500
800
400
150
30 0Light (µmol/m 2/s)
Rat
e o
f P
ho
tosy
nth
esis
(µ
mo
l/m2/s
)
Kasvualusta 1
Kasvualusta 2
Kasvualusta 3
Pasteurin katu, lower crown, June
-5
0
5
10
15
20
1500 1100 700 400 200 100 50 0
Light (µmol/m 2/s)
Rat
e o
f P
ho
tosy
nth
esis
(µ
mo
l/m2/s
)
Kasvualusta 1
Kasvualusta 2
Kasvualusta 3
Pasteurin katu, lower crown, August
-5
0
5
10
15
20
1500 800 400 150 30 0
Light µmol/m 2/s)
Rat
e o
f P
ho
tosy
nth
esis
(µ
mo
l/m2/s
)Kasvualusta 1
Kasvualusta 2
Kasvualusta 3
Stomatal conductance, Pasteurin katu - street
Lower Crown, June
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
1500 1100 700 400 200 100 50 0
Light (µmol/m 2/s)
Co
nd
uct
ance
(m
mo
l/m2/s
)
Kasvualusta 1
Kasvualusta 2
Kasvualusta 3
Lower Crown, August
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
1500 800 400 150 30 0
Light (µmol/m 2/s)
Co
nd
uct
ance
(m
mo
l/m2/s
)
Kasvualusta 1
Kasvualusta 2
Kasvualusta 3
Upper Crown, August
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
1500 800 400 150 30 0
Light (µmol/m 2/s)
Co
nd
uct
ance
(m
mo
l/m2/s
)
Kasvualusta 1
Kasvualusta 2
Kasvualusta 3
Stomatal Conductance, Norkkokuja - Street
Lower Crown, June)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
1500 1100 700 400 200 100 50 0
Light (µmol/m2/s)
Co
nd
uc
tan
ce
(m
mo
l/m2 /s
)
Kasvualusta1
Kasvualusta 2
Kasvualusta 3
Lower Crown, August
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
1500 800 400 150 30 0
Light (µmol/m 2/s)
Co
nd
ucta
nce
(mm
ol/m
2/s
)
Kasvualusta1
Kasvualusta 2
Kasvualusta 3
Upper Crown, August
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
1500 800 400 150 30 0
Light (µmol/m2/s)
Co
nd
uc
tan
ce
(m
mo
l/m2 /s
)
Kasvualusta1
Kasvualusta 2
Kasvualusta 3
Diameter Growth and diurnal variation
Norkkokuja Pasteurinkatu
Dead Tree
Norkkokuja
300
320
340
360
380
400
420
440
460
480
500
17.7. 18.7. 19.7. 20.7. 21.7. 22.7. 23.7. 24.7. 25.7. 26.7. 27.7. 28.7. 29.7. 30.7. 31.7. 1.8. 2.8. 3.8. 4.8. 5.8. 6.8. 7.8. 8.8.
Puu
Kuori
Pasteurinkatu
250
270
290
310
330
350
370
390
410
430
450
17.7. 18.7. 19.7. 20.7. 21.7. 22.7. 23.7. 24.7. 25.7. 26.7. 27.7. 28.7. 29.7. 30.7. 31.7. 1.8. 2.8. 3.8. 4.8. 5.8. 6.8. 7.8. 8.8.
Puu
Kuori
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
280
300
320
340
17.7. 18.7. 19.7. 20.7. 21.7. 22.7. 23.7. 24.7. 25.7. 26.7. 27.7. 28.7. 29.7. 30.7. 31.7. 1.8. 2.8. 3.8. 4.8. 5.8. 6.8. 7.8. 8.8.
P3 -1.9
P3 -1.9
Soil MoisturePasteurinkatu Norkkokuja
0.2000.210
0.2200.230
0.2400.2500.260
0.2700.280
0.2900.300
15.7.
16.7.
17.7.
18.7.
19.7.
20.7.
21.7.
22.7.
23.7.
24.7.
25.7.
26.7.
27.7.
28.7.
30cm
60cm
0.185
0.190
0.195
0.200
0.205
0.210
17.7. 19.7. 21.7. 23.7. 25.7. 27.7. 29.7. 31.7. 2.8. 4.8. 6.8. 8.8.
0.100
0.120
0.140
0.160
0.180
0.200
0.220
0.240
0.260
11.7.
12.7.
13.7.
14.7.
15.7.
16.7.
17.7.
18.7.
19.7.
20.7.
21.7.
22.7.
23.7.
24.7.
25.7.
26.7.
27.7.
28.7.
30cm
60cm
0.125
0.130
0.135
0.140
0.145
0.150
0.155
0.160
0.165
0.170
17.7. 19.7. 21.7. 23.7. 25.7. 27.7. 29.7. 31.7. 2.8. 4.8. 6.8. 8.8.
Soil Temperature
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
29.4. 19.5. 8.6. 28.6. 18.7. 7.8. 27.8. 16.9. 6.10. 26.10. 15.11.
Pvm
Läm
pö
tila -60
-30
-10
-5.0
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
20.5. 4.6. 19.6. 4.7. 19.7. 3.8. 18.8. 2.9. 17.9. 2.10. 17.10.
Pvm
Läm
pö
tila -60
-30
-10
Norkkokuja
Pasteurinkatu
CO2- Concentration
Norkkokuja
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
20000
15
-to
uko
18
-to
uko
21
-to
uko
24
-to
uko
27
-to
uko
30
-to
uko
2-k
esä
5-k
esä
8-k
esä
11
-ke
sä1
4-k
esä
17
-ke
sä2
0-k
esä
23
-ke
sä2
6-k
esä
29
-ke
sä2
-he
inä
5-h
ein
ä8
-he
inä
11
-he
inä
14
-he
inä
17
-he
inä
20
-he
inä
23
-he
inä
hiil
idio
ks
idi u
l/l
1: -10 cm
1: -30 cm
1: -60 cm
2: -10 cm
2: -30 cm
2: -60 cm
3: -10 cm
3: -30 cm
3: -60cm
Pasteurinkatu
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
20000
15-t
ouko
18-t
ouko
21-t
ouko
24-t
ouko
27-t
ouko
30-t
ouko
2-ke
sä5-
kesä
8-ke
sä11
-kes
ä14
-kes
ä17
-kes
ä20
-kes
ä23
-kes
ä26
-kes
ä29
-kes
ä2-
hein
ä5-
hein
ä8-
hein
ä11
-hei
nä14
-hei
nä17
-hei
nä20
-hei
nä23
-hei
nä
hiil
idio
ksid
i ul/l
1: -10 cm
1: -30 cm
1: -60 cm
2: -10 cm
2: -30 cm
2: -60 cm
3: -10 cm
3: -30 cm
3: -60cm
Conclusion this far
• Measurements are technically OK
• Monitoring feasible
• The growth media seem to reflect to tree performance