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Vineyard EstablishmentVineyard Establishment
Bruce BordelonBruce BordelonDepartment of Horticulture and Landscape Department of Horticulture and Landscape
ArchitectureArchitecturePurdue UniversityPurdue University
Topics in Vineyard Topics in Vineyard EstablishmentEstablishment
•• Site PreparationSite Preparation•• Vineyard LayoutVineyard Layout•• Vine PlantingVine Planting•• Trellis EstablishmentTrellis Establishment•• Vine trainingVine training•• Vineyard floor managementVineyard floor management•• Fertility Fertility •• Pest managementPest management
Site PreparationSite Preparation
Major ImprovementsMajor Improvements Prior to PlantingPrior to Planting•• Clearing, root, and rock removalClearing, root, and rock removal•• Leveling and terracing Leveling and terracing •• Road building Road building •• Irrigation system, well, etc.Irrigation system, well, etc.Very important tasks to do 1 year before plantingVery important tasks to do 1 year before planting•• Drainage ImprovementDrainage Improvement•• Soil Testing and AmendmentSoil Testing and Amendment•• Weed Control Weed Control -- Cover CropsCover Crops
Soil DrainageSoil Drainageis important for grapesis important for grapes
•• WellWell--draineddrained–– no actionno action
•• Moderately wellModerately well--draineddrained–– minor improvementsminor improvements
•• Somewhat poorly drainedSomewhat poorly drained–– improvements neededimprovements needed
•• Poorly drainedPoorly drained–– improvements may not be justifiableimprovements may not be justifiable
Dig a Soil Test PitDig a Soil Test PitConsult Resources:Soils Maps - County Soil Survey
Natural Resources Conservation Service
Soil PreparationSoil PreparationSubSub--soilingsoiling
Only effective if soil has hard pan or Only effective if soil has hard pan or similar structure with good soil similar structure with good soil beneathbeneath
Soil Testing and Soil Testing and AmendmentAmendment
•• Soil pH:Soil pH:–– American types American types 5.0 5.0 -- 6.56.5–– French HybridsFrench Hybrids 5.5 5.5 -- 6.56.5–– ViniferaVinifera 6.5 6.5 -- 7.07.0
•• Soil FertilitySoil Fertility–– Potassium to 250Potassium to 250--300 lb./A300 lb./A–– Magnesium to 200Magnesium to 200--250 lb./A250 lb./A–– Phosphorous to 40Phosphorous to 40--50 lb./A50 lb./A
Apply lime and fertilizer prior to planting Apply lime and fertilizer prior to planting and incorporate as deeply as possibleand incorporate as deeply as possible
PrePre--plant Weed Control & plant Weed Control & Cover CroppingCover Cropping
•• Control perennial weeds with Control perennial weeds with suitable herbicides, tillage, and suitable herbicides, tillage, and mowingmowing
•• Establish cover crop to increase Establish cover crop to increase soil organic mater, reduce erosionsoil organic mater, reduce erosionoror
•• Establish permanent sodEstablish permanent sod
Site Preparation SummarySite Preparation Summary
•• Evaluate site for problemsEvaluate site for problems
•• Make all necessary improvementsMake all necessary improvementsbeforebefore planting vinesplanting vines–– Correct soil drainage problemsCorrect soil drainage problems–– Test and adjust soil pH & fertilityTest and adjust soil pH & fertility–– Control perennial weedsControl perennial weeds–– etc.etc.
Vineyard LayoutVineyard Layout•• Row Spacing:Row Spacing:
–– 9 to 12 feet (depends on equipment size)9 to 12 feet (depends on equipment size)
•• Vine Spacing within Rows:Vine Spacing within Rows:–– 6 to 8 feet (depends on vine vigor)6 to 8 feet (depends on vine vigor)
•• Number of Vines per Acre:Number of Vines per Acre:–– 6 x 9 = 807 6 x 9 = 807 7 x 9 = 6917 x 9 = 691 8 x 9 = 605 8 x 9 = 605 –– 6 x 10 = 726 6 x 10 = 726 7 x 10 = 6227 x 10 = 622 8 x 10 = 5458 x 10 = 545–– 6 x 12 = 605 6 x 12 = 605 7 x 12 = 5187 x 12 = 518 8 x 12 = 4548 x 12 = 454
•• Direction of RowsDirection of Rows–– North / South PreferredNorth / South Preferred–– Across Slope or ContouredAcross Slope or Contoured
Vineyard LayoutVineyard Layout
A B
C
40’
30’50’
3-4-5 Right Triangle Rule
Edge of Field
1st row of vineyard
✘✘
✘✘
Measure and mark ends of rows
✘✘
✘✘
Hea
dlan
ds (3
0-40
’) He adla nds (30-40 ’)
Vine Planting and Vine Planting and EstablishmentEstablishment
•• Disease Free Nursery Stock?Disease Free Nursery Stock?•• Proper Storage and HandlingProper Storage and Handling•• Plant Early SpringPlant Early Spring•• PostPost--planting Careplanting Care
–– Weed ControlWeed Control–– Disease & Insect ControlDisease & Insect Control–– IrrigationIrrigation–– TrainingTraining
Vine HandlingVine Handling
•Inspect upon arrival. Should be moist, no mold•Store in cool, dark place (or cold storage) after receiving•Soak roots in water 12-24 hours before planting•Keep moist during planting operation
Vine Planting with an AugerVine Planting with an Auger
Disk entire field, auger and plant
Disk and ridge only rows, then auger holes
Vine Planting by HandVine Planting by Hand
1. Strike row with subsoiler
2. Use shovel to plant vines
3. Pull up raised bed with disk or cultivator
Trellis SystemsTrellis Systems
•• Wood Wood or steel posts spaced 21or steel posts spaced 21--24 feet apart24 feet apart–– Dependent on vine spacingDependent on vine spacing
•• HighHigh--tensile galvanized steel wiretensile galvanized steel wire–– High cordon or High cordon or KniffenKniffen: 2 wires: 2 wires–– Vertically shoot positioned: 7Vertically shoot positioned: 7--8 wires8 wires–– Geneva Double Curtain: 3Geneva Double Curtain: 3--4 wires4 wires
•• Strong endStrong end--post designpost design–– Anchored: earth screw, deadmanAnchored: earth screw, deadman–– Braced: HBraced: H--brace or slant bracebrace or slant brace
HH--brace End Postbrace End Post5-6” x 9-10’ end post3-4” x 8’ line post
Brace wire
2’ deep3-4’ deep
6’ tall
Anchored End PostAnchored End Post5-6” x 9-10’ end post
Brace wire
2-3’ deep
6’ tall
Screw anchoror deadman
60˚
60˚
60˚
Trellising OptionsTrellising Options
Complete trellis system established after planting
Minimal trellis established after planting. Bamboo vine supports attached to temporary wire
Trellis EstablishmentTrellis EstablishmentDistribute and drive posts immediately after plantingDistribute and drive posts immediately after planting
Driving PostsDriving Posts
In proper positionIn proper positionStraightStraight
Correct depthCorrect depth
Training Young VinesTraining Young Vines•• 1st year: 1st year: Grow at least one shoot long Grow at least one shoot long
enough to reach the top wireenough to reach the top wire–– Keep the shoots off the groundKeep the shoots off the ground–– Grow tubes? Strings, stakes, etc.Grow tubes? Strings, stakes, etc.
•• 2nd year: Select the best cane for trunk(s)2nd year: Select the best cane for trunk(s)–– Disbud nodes below desired area and establish cordonsDisbud nodes below desired area and establish cordons–– Tip cordon shoots at appropriate length to promote Tip cordon shoots at appropriate length to promote
lateralslaterals
•• 3rd year: Tie cordons to wires 3rd year: Tie cordons to wires –– Disbud nodes on trunk and other areasDisbud nodes on trunk and other areas–– Adjust crop to avoid Adjust crop to avoid overcroppingovercropping
Effects of Training MethodEffects of Training Method
Tubed Un-pruned Pruned to single shoot
Un-pruned vines had 3 x more leaf area and 2 x more root dry weight
Strong correlation between leaf area and root dry weight (R=0.96)
Using Grow TubesUsing Grow Tubes
Attach tube to wire Provide support for vine above tube
Install grow tubes after growth has started.
Remove in late summer, early fall.
With proper support, shoot reaches top wire for good trunk establishment.
Without support, shoot bends, and may break, lateral branches form, poor trunk establishment.
Using Grow TubesUsing Grow Tubes
•• Cover crop between rowsCover crop between rows–– planted perennial cover crop planted perennial cover crop -- usually grassusually grass–– native species native species -- mixturemixture
•• Provides solid surface for equipmentProvides solid surface for equipment•• Reduces soil erosion and compactionReduces soil erosion and compaction
•• WeedWeed--free strip beneath vine rowfree strip beneath vine row–– eliminate competition for water, nutrientseliminate competition for water, nutrients–– improve air movement improve air movement -- reduce disease reduce disease
incidenceincidence
Vineyard Floor ManagementVineyard Floor Management
Weed Control Weed Control in the in the Vine RowVine Row
Herbicides Herbicides (pre(pre--emergent + postemergent + post--emergent)emergent)•• BandBand--applied applied -- one or both sides of each rowone or both sides of each row•• Minimum 4 ft. wide band under rowMinimum 4 ft. wide band under row•• Calculate correct rate based on band/row widthCalculate correct rate based on band/row width
Mechanical weedingMechanical weedingMulchingMulching
Importance of Weed ControlImportance of Weed Control
With weed control-full canopy development
Without weed control-very small vines
Zabadal, Michigan State University
Weed Management in New Weed Management in New VineyardsVineyards
Minimum of 4 ft wide band Use tubes or a shielded sprayer to prevent vine damage
HerbicidesHerbicides
PrePre--emergent and postemergent and post--emergent herbicidesemergent herbicides
•• PrePre--emergent emergent -- prevent weeds from becoming prevent weeds from becoming establishedestablished
•• PostPost--emergent emergent -- kill or suppress existing weedskill or suppress existing weeds
•• Tank mix postTank mix post--emergent plus one or more preemergent plus one or more pre--emergent (selected for problem weeds)emergent (selected for problem weeds)
PostPost--emergent herbicidesemergent herbicides
Broad spectrumBroad spectrum•• Roundup Roundup -- glyphosate glyphosate •• Touchdown Touchdown -- sulfosatesulfosate•• Rely Rely -- glufosinate glufosinate •• Gramoxone Extra Gramoxone Extra -- paraquat (RUP)paraquat (RUP)Grass specificGrass specific•• Prism Prism -- clethodimclethodim•• Poast Poast -- sethoxydimsethoxydim•• Fusilade 2000 Fusilade 2000 -- fluazifopfluazifop
PrePre--emergent herbicides for emergent herbicides for newly planted vinesnewly planted vines
•• Snapshot (Snapshot (isoxabenisoxaben plus trifluralin)plus trifluralin)•• Gallery (Gallery (isoxabenisoxaben))•• Surflan (Surflan (oryzalinoryzalin))•• Devrinol (napropamide)Devrinol (napropamide)•• Treflan (Treflan (trifluralintrifluralin))•• Prowl (pendimethalin) Prowl (pendimethalin) -- dormant onlydormant only•• Goal (Goal (oxyfluorfenoxyfluorfen) ) -- dormant onlydormant only•• *Casoron (dichlobenil) *Casoron (dichlobenil) -- 4 weeks4 weeks•• *Kerb (*Kerb (pronamidepronamide) ) -- 6 months (RUP)6 months (RUP)
Differ in specificity, soil behavior, vine age restrictions, etcDiffer in specificity, soil behavior, vine age restrictions, etc..READ THE LABEL!READ THE LABEL!
Mechanical weedingMechanical weeding
•• Grape hoeGrape hoe–– Green hoeGreen hoe–– RadiusRadius
•• Rotary cultivatorRotary cultivator–– Weed BadgerWeed Badger–– Other brandsOther brands
•• Hand hoeing and pullingHand hoeing and pulling–– Requires extreme dedication!Requires extreme dedication!
MulchingMulching
•• Organic Organic -- sawdust, wood chips, sawdust, wood chips, leaves, etc.leaves, etc.
–– Well composted to prevent N tie upWell composted to prevent N tie up
•• Mow & ThrowMow & Throw–– Grow cover crop between row, mow, and throw Grow cover crop between row, mow, and throw
mulch under rowmulch under row
•• Plastic or Fabric mulchPlastic or Fabric mulch–– Plastic laid prePlastic laid pre--plant… planting?plant… planting?–– Fabric laid along sides, but expensiveFabric laid along sides, but expensive
Nitrogen FertilizationNitrogen Fertilization
•• 1st year: 301st year: 30 lblb. actual N per acre . actual N per acre –– 2 ft. band down row with spreader2 ft. band down row with spreader–– 2 ft. diameter circle by hand2 ft. diameter circle by hand–– Split applications on wellSplit applications on well--drained soilsdrained soils
•• 2nd year: 302nd year: 30--6060 lblb. actual N per acre . actual N per acre –– Apply more to high vigor vinesApply more to high vigor vines–– Split applications on wellSplit applications on well--drained soilsdrained soils
•• 3rd year: 603rd year: 60 lblb. actual N per acre. actual N per acre–– Adjust for vigorAdjust for vigor–– Split applications on wellSplit applications on well--drained soilsdrained soils
Disease and Insect Disease and Insect ManagementManagement
•• Maintain healthy foliage by controlling diseases and Maintain healthy foliage by controlling diseases and insectsinsects
–– Combination of cultural and chemical methodsCombination of cultural and chemical methods–– Proper identification of disease or insectProper identification of disease or insect–– Proper selection of control measuresProper selection of control measures–– Proper application of chemicalsProper application of chemicals
•• Timing, Rate, CoverageTiming, Rate, Coverage•• Consult state guidelines for recommendationsConsult state guidelines for recommendations
–– Small Fruit & Grape Spray GuideSmall Fruit & Grape Spray Guide–– Midwest Small Fruit Pest Management HandbookMidwest Small Fruit Pest Management Handbook
Summary of Vineyard Summary of Vineyard EstablishmentEstablishment
•• Thoroughly prepare site prior to plantingThoroughly prepare site prior to planting•• Layout the vineyard carefully Layout the vineyard carefully •• Handle vines properly before plantingHandle vines properly before planting•• Establish trellis as soon as possible Establish trellis as soon as possible •• Properly train new vinesProperly train new vines•• Control weeds in new plantingsControl weeds in new plantings•• Control diseases and insectsControl diseases and insects