Visceral Structures of the Thorax

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Visceral

Structures of

the Thorax -Arranged

Alphabetical

ly

Organ/Part of Organ Location/Description Notes

apex tip of the left ventricle ofthe heart

apex of the heart is located 3" tothe left of the midline at the

level of the 5th intercostal space

atrioventricular bundle part of the conductionsystem of the heart

atrioventricular bundle is astrand of specializedmyocardium that passes through

the right fibrous trigone into the

muscular part of theinterventricular septum; it

divides into right and left

branches to supply theventricles; also known as:

bundle of His

atrioventricular node part of the conduction

system of the heart

atrioventricular node is located

in the wall of the right atriumabove the opening of the

coronary sinus and the septal

cusp of the tricuspid valve

atrioventricular valve,

left

heart valve located betweenthe left atrium and the left

ventricle

left atrioventricular valve hastwo valve cusps; also known as:

mitral or bicuspid valve

atrioventricular valve,

right

atrioventricular node

between the right atriumand the right ventricle

right atrioventricular valve has

three valve cusps; also knownas: tricuspid valve

atrium, right chamber of the heart that

receives deoxygenated

blood from the systemiccirculation body!

right atrium forms the right

margin of the heart; it receives

blood from the superior venacava inferior vena cava and

coronary sinus

atrium, left chamber of the heart that

receives oxygenated blood

left atrium is located on the

posterior aspect of the heart; it



from the pulmonic

circulation lungs!

receives blood from the

pulmonary vv#

auricle small appendage that

pro$ects anteriorly from theatrium

paired one on each atrium; right

auricle lies beside the aorta andcovers the right coronary artery;

left auricle lies beside the

pulmonary trunk

base the superior aspect of heart base of the heart is where theaorta pulmonary trunk and

superior vena cava exit%enter the

heart

bronchi the air conducting passagesof the lungs

bronchi may be classified as primary secondary lobar! and

tertiary segmental!

bronchus, primary first branch of the airconducting system arisingfrom the bifurcation of the

trachea at &'%&5

intervertebral disc

paired right and left; one primary bronchus enters thehilus of each lung; the right

primary bronchus is shorter

larger in diameter and morevertically oriented than the left

so that aspirated foreign bodies

tend to lodge in the right primary bronchus

bronchus, secondary a branch of the air

conducting system arising

from the primary bronchus

there are 3 secondary bronchi in

the right lung: upper middle

lower; there are ( secondary bronchi in the left lung: upper

lower; also known as: lobar

bronchi

bronchus, tertiary a branch of the airconducting system arising

from the secondary lobar!

bronchus

there are )* tertiary bronchi inthe right lung: branching from

the right superior lobar bronchus

+ apical anterior posterior;

branching from the right middlelobar bronchus + medial lateral;

branching from the right inferior

lobar bronchus + superioranterior basal posterior basal

medial basal lateral basal; there

are , tertiary bronchi in the leftlung: branching from the left

superior lobar bronchus +

apicoposterior anterior;



branching from the lingular

bronchus off of the superior

lobar bronchus! + superiorlingular inferior lingular;

branching from the inferior

lobar bronchus + superioranteromedial basal posterior

basal lateral basal; also known

as: segmental bronchi

bronchus, segmental a branch of the airconducting system arising

from the secondary lobar!

bronchus

there are )* tertiary bronchi inthe right lung: branching from

the right superior lobar bronchus

+ apical anterior posterior;

branching from the right middlelobar bronchus + medial lateral;

branching from the right inferior

lobar bronchus + superioranterior basal posterior basal

medial basal lateral basal; there

are , tertiary bronchi in the leftlung: branching from the left

superior lobar bronchus +

apicoposterior anterior;

branching from the lingular bronchus off of the superior

lobar bronchus! + superior

lingular inferior lingular;

branching from the inferiorlobar bronchus + superior

anteromedial basal posterior basal lateral basal; also known

as: segmental bronchi

carina keel+shaped cartilage lying

within the tracheal bifurcation

carina trachealis is an important

landmark during endoscopy ofthe bronchial tree

chordae tendineae thin connective tissue cords

that attach the

atrioventricular valve cuspsto the papillary mm#

chordae tendineae are found

only in the ventricles not in the

atria

coronary sulcus groove on the surface of the

heart that separates the atria

from the ventricles

coronary sulcus contains the

coronary sinus circumflex a#

and right coronary a#

crista terminalis ridge of cardiac muscleseparating the smooth sinus

the sinuatrial node lies withinthe superior end of the crista



venarum posteriorly from

the roughened wall of the

primitive atrium anteriorly

terminalis

cupula serous membrane lining the pleural cavity which

extends above the level of

the )st rib into the root ofthe neck

cupular pleura is continuousinferiorly with the costal and

mediastinal parietal pleurae; it is

reinforced by a specialization ofscalene fascia called -ibson.s

fascia or suprapleural

membrane!; also known as:cervical parietal pleura or

cervical dome of pleura

esophagus the portion of the

gastrointestinal tract between the pharynx and

the stomach

connects: superiorly with

laryngopharynx at lower borderof cricoid cartilage; inferiorly it

passes through diaphragm at the&)* vertebral level to reach the

stomach; the upper )%3 isskeletal muscle innervated by

the recurrent laryngeal the

lower (%3rds is smooth muscleinnervated by the vagus nn# via

the esophageal plexus

fissure, oblique deep groove in the surface

of the lung that separatesthe upper lobe from the

lower lobe both lungs! andthe middle lobe from thelower lobe right lung!

obli/ue fissure extends from the

level of the &3 vertebra posteriorly to the 0th

costochondral $unctionanteriorly

fissure, horizontal deep groove in the surface

of the lung that separates

the middle lobe from theupper lobe right lung only!

horizontal fissure extends from

the 5th rib at the mid+axillary

line along the 'th rib to thesternum anteriorly

fossa ovalis shallow depression in the

left wall of the right atrium

fossa ovalis is the remnant of the

foramen ovale which provided

an open communication

between the right atrium and leftatrium in the fetus

heart muscular pump for blood

located within middlemediastinum of the thorax

heart is nearly surrounded by the

pericardial sac and pericardialcavity

interventricular sulcus,

anterior

groove between the

ventricles on the anterior

anterior interventricular sulcus

contains the anterior



surface of the heart interventricular a# and the great

cardiac v#; it marks the location

of the interventricular septum

interventricular sulcus,

posterior

groove between theventricles on the

diaphragmatic surface of

the heart

posterior interventricular sulcuscontains the posterior

interventricular a# and the

middle cardiac v#; it marks thelocation of the interventricular

septum

ligamentum arteriosum fibrous cord of connective

tissue that connects the left pulmonary a# near its origin

with the undersurface of the

aortic arch

ligamentum arteriosum is a

remnant of the ductus arteriosus;the left recurrent laryngeal n#

passes beneath it

limbus fossa ovalis the ridge around the fossa

ovalis in the left wall of theright atrium

limbus fossa ovalis is the margin

of the septum primum

lobe, inferior the portion of the lung

supplied by the inferiorlobar bronchus

inferior lobe of the right lung:

possesses 5 bronchopulmonarysegments + superior anterior

basal posterior basal medial

basal lateral basal; inferior lobeof the left lung: possesses '

bronchopulmonary segments +

superior anteromedial basal

posterior basal lateral basal

lobe, middle the portion of the right lung

supplied by the middle

lobar bronchus

middle lobe is found in the right

lung only; it possesses (

bronchopulmonary segments:

medial and lateral; lingula of theinferior lobe of the left lung is

e/uivalent to the middle lobe of

the right lung

lobe, superior the portion of the lungsupplied by the superior

lobar bronchus

superior lobe of the right lung: possesses three

bronchopulmonary segments +

apical anterior and posterior;superior lobe of the left lung:

possesses four

bronchopulmonary segments +apicoposterior anterior superior

lingular inferior lingular

lung the portion of the paired; right lung is divided into



respiratory system where

exchange of gasses occurs

between the air and the blood; located in the

thoracic cavity

three lobes: superior middle and

inferior; left lung has two lobes:

superior and inferior

mitral valve heart valve located between

the left atrium and the leftventricle

mitral valve has two valve

cusps; it is named for thesimilarity of its shape to that of

a bishop.s miter; also known as:

left atrioventricular valve or bicuspid valve

moderator band ridge of cardiac muscle

spanning from the

interventricular septum tothe anterior papillary m# in

the right ventricle

septomarginal trabecula contains

part of the right branch of the

atrioventricular bundle; alsoknown as: septomarginal

trabecula papillary muscle a small nipple+like

pro$ection of cardiacmuscle located within the

ventricles

papillary muscles attach to the

cusps of the atrioventricularvalves via chordae tendineae

and act to keep the valve cusps

from prolapsing under systolic

blood pressure; there are three inthe right atrium: anterior

posterior septal; there are two in

the left atrium: anterior posterior

pectinate muscles prominent ridges of

myocardium located on the

inner surface of the rightatrium

pectinate muscles are very

pronounced in the right atrium

and in both auricles

pericardial sinus, oblique an area of the pericardial

cavity located behind the

left atrium of heart

serous pericardium reflects onto

the inferior vena cava and

pulmonary vv# to define thisspace

pericardial sinus,

transverse

an area of the pericardial

cavity located behind the

aorta and pulmonary trunkand anterior to the superior

vena cava

transverse pericardial sinus was

a simple structure when the

heart tube began to form duringdevelopment; it separates the

outflow vessels from the inflow

vessels of the heart

pericardium, fibrous a fibrous sac that attaches tothe central tendon of the

diaphragm and fuses with

fibrous pericardium contains the pericardial cavity and heart; it is

lined on its inner surface by the



the adventitia of the great

vessels superiorly

parietal layer of serous

pericardium; it defines the

outermost boundary of themiddle mediastinum

pericardium, parietal

serous

serous membrane lining the

pericardial cavity; it is

located on the inner surfaceof the fibrous pericardium

parietal serous pericardium

reflects onto the heart at the

origins of the great vessels to become continuous with the

visceral serous pericardium

pericardium, visceral

serous

serous membrane covering

the surface of the heart

visceral serous pericardium

reflects onto the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium at the

origins of the great vessels to

become continuous with the parietal serous pericardium; also

known as: epicardium pleura serous membrane lining the

pleural cavity

there are two types of pleura:

visceral pleura covers the lungs parietal pleura lines the inner

surfaces of the walls of pleural

cavity; parietal pleura is

sensitive to pain but visceral pleura is not sensitive to pain

pleura, cervical parietal serous membrane lining the

pleural cavity which

extends above the level ofthe )st rib into the root of

the neck

cervical parietal pleura is

continuous inferiorly with the

costal and mediastinal parietal pleurae; it is reinforced by a

specialization of scalene fascia

called -ibson.s fascia orsuprapleural membrane!; also

known as: cupula or cervical

dome of pleura

pleura, costal parietal serous membrane lining the pleural cavity on the inner

surfaces of the ribs costal

cartilages and intercostal

mm#

costal parietal pleura iscontinuous anteriorly with the

mediastinal parietal pleura at the

costomediastinal reflection; it is

continuous posteriorly with themediastinal parietal pleural at

the vertebral bodies; it is

continuous inferiorly with thediaphragmatic parietal pleura at

the costodiaphragmatic

reflection; it is continuoussuperiorly with the cervical



parietal pleura at the level of the

)st rib

pleura, diaphragmatic

parietal

serous membrane lining the

pleural cavity on thesuperior surface of the

diaphragm

diaphragmatic parietal pleura is

continuous superiorly with thecostal parietal pleura at the

costodiaphragmatic reflection; it

is continuous superiorly with themediastinal pleura at the

inferomedial borders of the

pleural cavities

pleura, mediastinal

parietal

serous membrane lining the pleural cavity on the lateral

surface of the mediastinum

mediastinal parietal pleura iscontinuous anteriorly with the

costal parietal pleura at the

costomediastinal reflection; it iscontinuous inferiorly with the

diaphragmatic pleura at theinferomedial borders of the

pleural cavities; it is continuous posteriorly with the costal

parietal pleura lateral to the

vertebral bodies; it is continuoussuperiorly with the cervical

pleura at the level of the )st rib

pleura, visceral serous membrane lining the

surfaces of the lungs

visceral pleura extends into the

obli/ue and horizontal fissuresof the lungs; it does not have

pain fibers

pulmonary conus smooth area of the right

ventricle below the openinginto the pulmonary trunk

pulmonary conus is the

pulmonary part of the conuscordis which divides during

development to form the

outflow portions of the right andleft ventricles

pulmonary ligament fold of pleura located below

the root of the lung

pulmonary ligament is where the

visceral pleura and the

mediastinal parietal pleura are

continuous with each other semilunar valves valve with three pocket+

shaped cusps located in the

base of the pulmonary trunk and ascending aorta

semilunar valve has a thin

endothelial free margin on each

cusp called a lunula; a densenodule is located at the midpoint

of the free margin of each valve

cusp; the pulmonary semilunar



valve has anterior left and right

cusps; the aortic semilunar valve

has right left and posteriorcusps

septomarginal trabecula ridge of cardiac muscle

spanning from the

interventricular septum tothe anterior papillary m# in

the right ventricle

septomarginal trabecula contains

part of the right branch of the

atrioventricular bundle; alsoknown as: moderator band

sinuatrial node part of the conduction

system of the heart

sinuatrial node is located within

the crista terminalis near thesuperior vena cava; it is the

"pacemaker" of the heart

sulcus terminalis groove on the external

surface of the right atrium

marking the location of thecrista terminalis

the sinuatrial node is located at

the superior end of the crista

terminalis

trabeculae carnae ridges of cardiac muscle

located on the inner wall of both ventricles

the word trabecula is derived

from the 1atin word trabswhich means a beam

trachea main airway that lies

anterior to the esophagus

trachea extends from vertebral

level 20 to the level of the &'%5

intervertebral disc; superiorly itis connected to the cricoid

cartilage via the cricotracheal

ligament; it bifurcates into two primary bronchi

tricuspid valve a three cusped valve located

at the ostium between the

right atrium and the rightventricle

tricuspid valve possesses

anterior posterior and septal

cusps; also known as: rightatrioventricular valve

ventricle, right heart chamber that pumps

blood to the pulmonary

circulation

right ventricle has a

septomarginal trabecula and 3

papillary mm#; it pumps bloodinto the pulmonary trunk

ventricle, left heart chamber that pumps blood to the systemic

circulation

left ventricle has ( papillarymm#; it pumps blood into the

ascending aorta



Visceral

Structures of

the

Abdoen -

Arranged

Alphabetical

ly


adrenal gland endocrine gland located

superomedial to the kidney;

right adrenal gland is

somewhat triangular inshape left is semilunar in

shape

adrenal cortex manufactures

corticosteroids; adrenal

medulla manufactures

epinephrine andnorepinephrine; adrenal

medulla receives preganglionic

sympathetic innervation fromthe greater thoracic splanchnic

n#; also known as: suprarenal

gland

angular notch of the

stomach

a sharp indentation locatedabout (%3 of the way down

the lesser curvature of the

stomach

angular notch marks thetransition from body of

stomach to pylorus

appendix, vermiform terminal portion of thececum which has a small

dead+end lumen

vermiform appendix isattached to the posteroinferior

surface of the cecum; it is

usually located behind thececum in the right iliac fossa;

pain from the appendix

pro$ects to c4urney.s pointon anterior abdominal wall

)%3rd distance along an

imaginary line from the

anterior superior iliac spine tothe umbilicus!; it has a

complete peritoneal covering

and a small mesenterymesoappendix!

appendix epiploica fat+filled pendants of

peritoneum pro$ecting from

there are many appendices

epiploices on the large



the visceral peritoneum on

the surface of the large

intestine

intestine except the rectum!

and none on the small

intestine; also known as:omental appendage

ascending colon part of the large intestine that

is continuous with the cecum

proximally and thetransverse colon at the right

colic hepatic! flexure

ascending colon is

retroperitoneal

bare area of the liver the part of the diaphragmatic

surface of the liver that is notcovered by visceral

peritoneum

bare area is between the

anterior and posterior laminaeof the coronary ligament and is

in contact with the diaphragm

bile duct, common part of the biliary tree that is

formed by the union of the

cystic and common hepaticducts; located in the

hepatoduodenal ligament

common bile duct drains into

the hepatopancreatic ampulla

and greater duodenal papilla incompany with the main

pancreatic duct

calyx, minor portion of the urinarycollecting system within the

kidney that drains one renal

papilla

one renal papilla pro$ects intothe lumen of one minor calyx;

several minor calyces unite to

form a ma$or calyx

calyx, major portion of the urinarycollecting system within the

kidney that drains several

minor calyces

ma$or calyx collects urine fromseveral renal papillae; all ma$or

calyces unite to form the renal

pelvis

cardia of the stomach part of the stomachsurrounding the opening of

the esophagus

esophagus empties into thestomach at this location; also

known as: cardiac region of the

stomach

caudate lobe tail+like pro$ection of theliver

caudate lobe arises from the posterior aspect of liver to the

left of the inferior vena cava;

functionally it is part of boththe right and left lobes of liver

cecum first part of the largeintestine which is located in

the right lower /uadrant

cecum is continuous with theileum small intestine! at the

ileocecal valve; it is continuouswith the ascending colon

distally; it is intraperitoneal but

lacks a mesentery; the

vermiform appendix isattached to its posteroinferior



surface

coronary ligament peritoneum connecting the

liver to the inferior surface

of the diaphragm

it has three parts which

together form a complete

circle: right triangularligament left triangular

ligament falciform ligament;

area between the anterior and posterior laminae of the

coronary ligament is called the

bare area of the liver

cystic duct duct of the gallbladder cystic duct $oins with thecommon hepatic duct to form

the common bile duct; cystic

duct both fills and drains thegallbladder

descending colon part of the large intestine thatis continuous with the

transverse colon at the leftcolic splenic! flexure and

the sigmoid colon at the

pelvic brim

descending colon isretroperitoneal

duodenojejunal junction part of the small intestinewhere the duodenum is

continuous with the $e$unum

duodeno$e$unal $unction islocated in the left upper

/uadrant; it is suspended by

the suspensory muscle

ligament! of the duodenum;the inferior mesenteric v#

passes to left side of the

duodeno$e$unal $unction

duodenum proximal segment of thesmall intestine

2+shaped; the duodenum has ' parts: )st or superior (nd or

descending 3rd or transverse

'th or ascending

epiploic foramen passageway between thegreater peritoneal sac and the

lesser peritoneal sac

located posterior to thehepatoduodenal ligament; also

known as: omental foramen


gastrointestinal tract betweenthe pharynx and the stomach


laryngopharynx at lower border of cricoid cartilage;

inferiorly it passes through

diaphragm at the &)* vertebrallevel to reach the stomach; the

upper )%3 is skeletal muscle



innervated by the recurrent

laryngeal the lower (%3rds is

smooth muscle innervated bythe vagus nn# via the

esophageal plexus

falciform ligament sickle+shaped fold of

peritoneum connecting theliver to the umbilicus

falciform ligament contains the

round ligament of the liverligament teres hepatis!; it is a

remnant of the ventral

mesogastrium of the embryo

gallbladder diverticulum of the biliarytract that hangs below the

liver between the right and

/uadrate lobes

located in the right upper/uadrant; gallbladder is

connected to the common bile

duct via the cystic duct; it bothstores and concentrates bile;

pain from the gallbladder may be referred to the right

shoulder

gallbladder, body of the main part of the

gallbladder

body of the gallbladder lies in

the bed of the gallbladder

between the right and /uadrate

lobes of the liver

gallbladder, fundus of expanded inferior part of the

gallbladder

fundus of the gallbladder is

located near the inner surface

of the anterior abdominal wall

at the $unction of the right thcostal cartilage and the right

semilunar line; it normally

hangs below the margin of theliver

gallbladder, neck of constricted superior part of

the gallbladder

neck of the gallbladder is the

portion that connects the body

of the gallbladder to the cysticduct; it contains a spiral fold

gastric folds folds of the mucosal lining

of the stomach

gastric folds are ridges that

generally run from the cardia

of the stomach toward the pyloris along the lesser

curvature; also known as:

rugae

gastrocolic ligament peritoneum connecting thegreater curvature of the

stomach with the transverse

part of the greater omentum;derived from the dorsal

mesogastrium in the embryo



colon

gastrolienal ligament peritoneum connecting the

greater curvature of stomach

with the hilum of the spleen

part of the greater omentum;

derived from the dorsal

mesogastrium in the embryo;also known as: gastrosplenic

ligament

gastrophrenic ligament peritoneum connecting the

fundus of the stomach to theleft side of the diaphragm

above the spleen


derived from the dorsalmesogastrium in the embryo

gastrosplenic ligament peritoneum connecting the

greater curvature of stomachwith the hilum of the spleen


derived from the dorsalmesogastrium in the embryo;

also known as: gastrolienal

ligament

greater duodenal papilla nipple+like pro$ection intothe (nd part of the

duodenum

greater duodenal papilla is thesite of drainage of the common

bile duct and main pancreatic

duct

greater omentum apron+like specialization of peritoneum attaching along

the greater curvature of the

stomach

subdivisions: gastrophrenicligament gastrosplenic

ligament gastrocolic ligament

omental apron

greater peritoneal sac the portion of the peritonealcavity that is not located

posterior to the stomach

the lesser peritoneal sac is theonly part of the peritoneal

cavity that is not part of the

greater peritoneal sac

haustra multiple pouches in the wallof the large intestine

haustra form where thelongitudinal muscle layer of

the wall of the large intestine is

deficient; also known as:sacculations

hepatic duct, common duct formed by the $oining of

the of right and left hepatic

ducts

common hepatic duct unites

with the cystic duct to form the

common bile duct

hepatic duct, left duct that drains the left lobeof the liver /uadrate lobe

and part of the caudate lobe

of the liver

left hepatic duct $oins withright hepatic duct to form the

common hepatic duct

hepatic duct, right duct that drains the right lobeof the liver and part of the

caudate lobe of the liver

right hepatic duct $oins withthe left hepatic duct to form the

common hepatic duct



hepatic flexure $unction of the ascending

colon and the transverse

colon

hepatic flexure lies anterior to

the lower part of the right

kidney and inferior to the rightlobe of the liver; also known

as: right colic flexure

hepatoduodenal ligament part of the lesser omentum

connecting the liver to the)st part of duodenum

hepatoduodenal ligament

contains the common bile duct proper hepatic a# and portal v#;

it forms the anterior wall of the

omental epiploic! foramen

hepatogastric ligament part of the lesser omentumconnecting the liver to the

lesser curvature of the

stomach

hepatogastric ligament formsthe anterior wall of the lesser

peritoneal sac

hepatopancreatic ampulla union of the common bile

duct and the main pancreaticduct

hepatopancreatic ampulla

opens onto the greaterduodenal papilla in the (nd

part of the duodenum

ileocecal junction point at which the ileum $oins the cecum

ileocecal valve moderates theflow of intestinal contents from

the ileum into the cecum

ileocecal valve a valve that marks the

ileocecal $unction

ileocecal valve is incompetent

not a sphincter; it has superiorand inferior lips

ileum most distal part of the small

intestine

ileum is continuous with the

$e$unum proximally and

terminates at ileocecal $unctiondistally; it is approximately )(

feet in length; it has a thinner

wall than the $e$unum lower plicae circulares than the

$e$unum more fat in its

mesentery than does the

$e$unum more complex arterialarcades than the $e$unum

shorter arteriae recta than the

$e$unum

intestine, large part of the intestinal tractdistal to the small intestine

large intestine is approximately5 feet long; parts of the large

intestine are: cecum ascending

colon transverse colondescending colon sigmoid

colon rectum; also known as:



colon or large bowel

intestine, small part of the small intestine

between the stomach

proximally and the largeintestine distally

small intestine is

approximately () feet long;

parts of the small intestine are:duodenum ) foot long mostly

retroperitoneal!; $e$unum ,

feet long!; ileum )( feet long!

jejunum part of the small intestinethat is continuous with the

duodenum proximally at the

duodeno$e$unal $unction! andthe ileum distally no

obvious landmark for its

termination!

$e$unum is approximately ,feet in length; wall of the

$e$unum is thicker than the

wall of the ileum; plicaecirculares circular folds! are

more pronounced in the

$e$unum than in the ileum;mesentery of the $e$unum has

less fat than that of the ileum;arterial arcades of the $e$unum

are more simple than those ofthe ileum; arteriae recta are

longer in the $e$unum than they

are in the ileum

kidney excretory organ of theurinary tract located on the

posterior abdominal wall

retroperitoneal; right kidney islower than the left + its superior

pole reaches the )(th rib;

superior pole of the left kidneyreaches as high as the ))th rib;

kidneys develop from theintermediate mesoderm in theembryo

lateral inguinal fossa shallow depression on the

inner aspect of the

abdominal wall lateral to thelateral umbilical fold

an indirect inguinal hernia

passes through the anterior

abdominal wall in this fossa

lateral umbilical fold peritoneal fold overlying the

inferior epigastric vessels

an indirect inguinal hernia

passes through the anterior

abdominal wall lateral to this

fold; a direct inguinal hernia passes through the anterior

abdominal wall medial to this

fold

left colic flexure $unction of the transverse

colon and descending colon

left colic flexure lies anterior

to the left kidney and inferior

to the spleen; also known as:



splenic flexure

lesser duodenal papilla nipple+like pro$ection into

the (nd part of the

duodenum superior to thegreater duodenal ampulla

lesser duodenal papilla is the

site of drainage of the

accessory pancreatic duct

lesser omentum peritoneum stretching

between the lesser curvature

of the stomach and thevisceral surface of the liver

subdivisions of the lesser

omentum are the heptogastric

and hepatoduodenal ligaments;lesser peritoneal sac omental

bursa! lies posterior to the

lesser omentum and stomach

lesser peritoneal sac part of the peritoneal cavitylocated posterior to the

stomach and lesser omentum

lesser peritoneal sac iscontinuous with the greater

peritoneal sac at the omental

epiploic! foramen; also known

as: omental bursa

lienorenal ligament peritoneum that attaches the

spleen to the posterior

abdominal wall over the leftkidney

lienorenal ligament develops

from the dorsal mesogastrium

of the embryo; also known as:splenorenal ligament

ligamentum teres hepatis cord+like ligament that lies

within the free margin of the

falciform ligament

ligamentum teres hepatis

courses from the liver to the

umbilicus; it is the remnant ofthe umbilical v#; also known

as: round ligament of liver

ligamentum venosum cord+like ligament that lies

within the attachment of thehepatogastric ligament to the

liver between the caudate

lobe and the left lobe

ligamentum venosum is a

remnant of the obliteratedductus venosus which shunted

oxygenated blood from the

placenta around the liver to theinferior vena cava during

development

liver largest digestive organ in the

body located mostly in theright upper /uadrant

the liver consists of '

anatomical lobes: left right/uadrate and caudate; it lies

inferior to the diaphragm andrises as high as the 5th rib on

the right side; liver functionsinclude: synthesis storage and

release of glycogen and

vitamins; synthesis of blood proteins; phagocytosis of old

red blood cells; removal of



toxic substances

medial inguinal fossa shallow depression on the

inner aspect of the

abdominal wall between themedial inguinal fold and the

lateral umbilical fold

a direct inguinal hernia passes

through the anterior abdominal

wall in this fossa; it passesthrough a subdivision called

the inguinal triangle

medial umbilical fold peritoneal fold overlying the

medial umbilical ligament

medial umbilical ligament is

the obliterated umbilical a#

median umbilical fold peritoneal fold overlying themedian umbilical ligament

remnant of urachus!

median umbilical ligament isthe remnant of the urachus

mesentery peritoneum connecting

$e$unum 6 ileum to posterior abdominal wall

also known as: mesentery of

small intestine

mesoappendix peritoneum connecting thevermiform appendix to the

mesentery of the smallintestine

the cecum is retroperitoneal but the appendix has its own

mesentery which contains its blood supply + a clinically

relevant detail during

appendectomy

omental appendage fat+filled pendants of peritoneum pro$ecting from

the visceral peritoneum on

the surface of the largeintestine

there are many omentalappendages on the large

intestine except the rectum!

and none on the smallintestine; also known as:

appendix epiploica

omental apron part of the greater omentum

that hangs inferiorly fromthe transverse colon

omental apron is derived from

the dorsal mesogastriumduring development

omental bursa part of the peritoneal cavity

located posterior to the

stomach and lesser omentum

omental bursa is continuous

with the greater peritoneal sac

at the omental epiploic!foramen; also known as: lesser

peritoneal sac

omental foramen passageway between thegreater peritoneal sac and thelesser peritoneal sac

located posterior to thehepatoduodenal ligament; alsoknown as: epiploic foramen

pancreas exocrine and endocrine

gland located posterior to the

stomach on the posteriorabdominal wall

retroperitoneal; pancreas

functions as a digestive and an

endocrine insulin production!gland; main pancreatic duct

drains the exocrine secretions



of the tail body and lower part

of the head to the greater

duodenal papilla within the(nd part of the duodenum;

accessory pancreatic duct

drains the exocrine secretionsof the upper body and part of

the head to the lesser duodenal

papilla

pancreas, body of part of the pancreas betweenthe head and tail

body of pancreas stretches tothe left from the neck of the

pancreas; splenic a# lies on the

superior border of the body;

splenic v# lies posterior to the body

pancreas, head of part of the pancreas locatedto the right within the

curvature of the duodenum

the pancreatic arterial arcadesare formed on the anterior and

posterior surfaces of the headof the pancreas

pancreas, neck of the $unction between the

head and the body of the

pancreas

the neck of the pancreas is a

constricted region to the left of

the head; superior mesenterica# arises from the abdominal

aorta posterior to the neck of

the pancreas

pancreas, tail of part of the pancreas thatforms the tapered left end of

the organ

tail of the pancreas extendsinto the splenorenal

lienorenal! ligament toward

the hilum of the spleen

pancreas, uncinate

process of

lowest part of the head of the pancreas

the uncinate process lies posterior to the superior

mesenteric vessels

pancreatic duct,

accessory

drains part of the head of the

pancreas

accessory pancreatic ducts

opens onto the lesser duodenal papilla

pancreatic duct, main drains the tail body and partof the head of the pancreas main pancreatic duct uniteswith the common bile duct at

the hepatopancreatic ampulla;it drains onto the greater

duodenal papilla

pararenal fat extraperitoneal fat

surrounding the kidney

pararenal fat is located external

to the renal fascia



perirenal fat extraperitoneal fat

surrounding the kidney

perirenal fat is located within

the renal fascia; it is also

located within the renal sinussurrounding the calyces and

blood vessels

peritoneum serous membrane lining the

peritoneal cavity

visceral peritoneum lies on the

surfaces of the abdominal and pelvic organs; parietal

peritoneum lines the inner

surfaces of the walls of theabdominopelvic cavity

peritoneum, parietal serous membrane lining the

inner surfaces of the walls of

the abdominopelvic cavity

peritoneum pleura and

pericardium are all serous

membranes that formed fromthe same layer of tissue

splanchnic mesoderm! in theembryo

peritoneum, visceral serous membrane lying onthe surfaces of the

abdominal and pelvic organs

visceral peritoneum is formedfrom the splanchnic mesoderm

in the embryo

porta hepatis region of the visceral surface

of the liver where hepaticducts hepatic aa# 6 portal v#

enter%leave

porta hepatis is e/uivalent to

the hilum of the spleen or lung

pylorus of the stomach constricted distal part of the

stomach to the right of theangular notch

pyloris contains the pyloric

antrum and the pyloricsphincter

quadrate lobe part of liver between the bed

of the gallbladder and the

round ligament of the liver

/uadrate lobe has the external

appearance of being part of the

right lobe but it is functionally part of the left lobe

renal columns columns of tissue that are

histologically identical to

tissue found in the renalcortex but which are located

in the medulla between therenal pyramids

interlobar arteries pass from

the renal sinus to the renal

cortex within the renalcolumns

renal cortex outer layer of kidney renal cortex contains thema$ority of the glomeruli

renal fascia a fascial pouch derived from

extraperitoneal connective

tissue that contains the

renal fascia of the right and left

sides is $oined across the

midline in close relationship to



kidneys the suprarenal

glands the renal vessels and

perirenal fat

the renal aa# and vv#; renal

fascia encapsulates the inferior

vena cava and aorta at the levelof origin of the renal vessels;

do not confuse renal fascia

with the renal capsule + therenal capsule is histologically

part of the kidney and there is

no fat between it and the

kidney

renal hilum opening on medial margin of

the kidney leading into the

renal sinus

the renal vessels enter%leave

the kidney at the hilum; the

renal pelvis leaves the kidney

at the hilum

renal medulla inner layer of the kidney renal medulla contains most of

the tubules of the kidneyorganized as renal pyramids;

renal columns consist ofcortex+like tissue arranged

between the pyramids in the

renal medulla

renal papilla tip of renal pyramid pro$ecting into a minor calyx

several minor calyces combineto form a ma$or calyx; all of

the ma$or calyces in the kidney

unite to form the renal pelvis

renal pelvis large collecting duct forurine that is formed by the

union of the ma$or calyces

renal pelvis is the dilatedorigin of the ureter; it is

located at the renal hilum and

is surrounded by the renalsinus

renal pyramid cone+shaped arrangement of

tubules in the renal medulla

tip of the renal pyramid

papilla! pro$ects into a minor

calyx

renal sinus hollowed out area on themedial margin of the kidney

renal sinus opens at the renalhilum; it contains the renal aa#

and vv# ma$or calyces and

renal pelvis perirenal fat

right colic flexure $unction of the ascendingcolon and the transverse

colon

right colic flexure lies anteriorto the lower part of the right

kidney and inferior to the right

lobe of the liver; also knownas: hepatic flexure

round ligament of the cord+like ligament that lies round ligament of the liver



liver within the free margin of the

falciform ligament

courses from the liver to the

umbilicus; it is the remnant of

the umbilical v#; also knownas: ligamentum teres hepatis

rugae of the stomach folds of the mucosal lining

of the stomach

rugae are ridges that generally

run from the cardia of the

stomach toward the pylorisalong the lesser curvature; also

known as: gastric folds

sigmoid colon part of the distal large

intestine located within thelower left /uadrant

sigmoid colon is continuous

proximally with thedescending colon at the left

pelvic brim; it is continuous

distally with the rectum at thelevel of the 3rd sacral vertebra;

it is suspended from posteriorabdominal wall by the sigmoid

mesocolon

sigmoid mesocolon peritoneum connecting the

sigmoid colon to posterior

abdominal wall

branches of the inferior

mesenteric a# approach the

sigmoid colon within the

sigmoid mesocolon; ascending preganglionic parasympathetic

axons course through the

sigmoid mesocolon on theirroute from the pelvis -(3'!

to the descending colon

spleen lymphatic organ suspended

within the greater omentumin the upper left /uadrant

spleen is connected to the

greater curvature of thestomach by the gastrosplenic

gastrolienal! ligament; it is

connected to the left kidney bythe splenorenal lienorenal!

ligament; spleen is covered by

visceral peritoneum on all of

its surfaces

splenorenal ligament peritoneum that attaches thespleen to the posterior

abdominal wall over the left

kidney

splenorenal ligament developsfrom the dorsal mesogastrium

of the embryo; also known as:

lienorenal ligament

stomach dilated portion of the

digestive system located

primarily in the upper left

stomach rotates during

embryonic development so that

the lesser curvature originally



/uadrant the anterior surface! faces

superiorly and to the right the

greater curvature originallythe posterior surface! faces

inferiorly and to the left

stomach, body of part of the stomach between

the fundus and the pylorus

mucosal surface of the body of

the stomach near the lessercurvature has gastric folds

stomach, fundus of expanded superior part of the

stomach above the entrance

of the esophagus

fundus may contain a gas

bubble in 7 rays of patients

filmed in a standing position

suprarenal gland endocrine gland locatedsuperomedial to the kidney;

right suprarenal gland is

somewhat triangular in

shape left suprarenal glandis semilunar in shape

suprarenal cortex manufacturescorticosteroids; suprarenal

medulla manufactures

epinephrine and

norepinephrine; suprarenalmedulla receives preganglionic

sympathetic innervation fromthe greater thoracic splanchnic

n#; also known as: adrenal

gland

teniae coli band of longitudinal smoothmuscle on the surface of the

large intestine

there are three teniae colinamed according to their

position on the transverse

colon: tenia omentalis located

at the line of attachment of theomental apron! tenia

mesocolica located at the line

of attachment of the transversemesocolon! tenia libera "free"

tenia + it has no mesenteric

attachment obscuring it!

tenia libera band of longitudinal smoothmuscle on the large intestine

tenia libera has no attachmentto any peritoneal structure; the

easiest of the tenia to see

tenia mesocolica band of longitudinal smooth

muscle on the large intestine

tenia mesocolica is located at

the line of attachment of thetransverse mesocolon on the

transverse colon

tenia omentalis band of longitudinal smooth

muscle on the large intestine

tenia omentalis is located at the

line of attachment of theomental apron on the

transverse colon



transverse colon part of the large intestine

located between the left and

right colic flexures

transverse colon is continuous

proximally with the ascending

colon at the right colichepatic! flexure; it is

continuous distally with the

descending colon at the leftcolic splenic! flexure; it is

suspended from the posterior

abdominal wall by the

transverse mesocolon

transverse mesocolon peritoneum connecting the

transverse colon to the

posterior abdominal wall

transverse mesocolon

represents the fusion of the

transverse mesocolon with one

layer of the greater omentumin the embryo; it forms the

floor of the lesser peritoneal

sac

triangular ligament extreme left or right end ofthe coronary ligament of the

liver

triangular ligaments areformed by the $oining of the

anterior and posterior laminae

of the coronary ligament; theydelineate the right and left

extremes of the bare area of the

liver

ureter muscular tube that serves asthe duct of the kidney to

carry urine to the bladder

ureter is continuous proximallywith the renal pelvis; it passes

over the pelvic brim medial tothe testicular%ovarian vessels; it passes obli/uely through the

posterior wall of the urinary

bladder and drains at the

posterolateral angle of thevesical trigone

Visceral

Structuresof the

Pel!is and

Perineu -



Arranged

Alphabetic

ally


ampulla of the ductus

deferens

dilated part of the ductus

deferens located posterior

to the bladder

ampulla of the ductus deferens

$oins with the duct of the seminal

vesical to form the e$aculatoryduct

ampulla of the uterine

tube

widest and longest part of

the uterine tube

ampulla of the uterine tube arches

over the ovary and ends laterally

in the infundibulum

anal canal terminal end of the

digestive tract

anal canal is continuous with the

rectum above and opens at theanus below; it is regulated by

external and internal analsphincters

anal columns longitudinal folds of

mucosa on the inner wall of

the anal canal

anal columns are connected

inferiorly by anal valves; rectal

vessels lie beneath the submucosaof the anal columns

anal valves folds of mucosa $oining

ad$acent anal columns at

their inferior ends

anal valves can be difficult to

locate in the older individual

appendix of the

epididymis

small appendage on thehead of the epididymis

appendix of the epididymis is aremnant of the most cranial part

of the mesonephric duct

appendix of the testis small appendage on the

upper testis

appendix of the testis is a remnant

of the paramesonephric duct

bladder, urinary hollow muscular organ

posterior to the pubic

symphysis and body of the

pubis that acts as a

reservoir for urine

urinary bladder is held in place by

the pubovesical%puboprostatic

ligaments; ureters enter the

posterolateral surface of the

bladder at the posterior two anglesof the vesical trigone

body of the uterus part of the uterus between

the fundus and the isthmus

the uterine cavity is thin

anteroposteriorly and wide in thetransverse plane

broad ligament peritoneal fold extending

from the pelvic walls to the

broad ligament has three named

parts: mesovarium mesosalpinx



uterus and uterine tubes mesometrium

bulb of the penis expanded part of the corpus

spongiosum that attaches to

the perineal membrane

bulb of the penis is covered on its

superficial surface by the

bulbospongiosus muscle; itcontains a portion of the

spongy%penile urethra; it is the

homologue of the bulb of thevestibule

bulb of the vestibule erectile tissue located on

either side of the vestibule

of the vagina attached tothe perineal membrane

bulb of the vestibule is continuous

with the glans clitoris; it is

covered on its superficial surface by the bulbospongiosus muscle; it

is the homologue of the bulb of

the penis

bulbourethral gland an exocrine gland located

posterolateral to themembranous urethra within

the sphincter urethraemuscle in the urogenital

diaphragm!

male only; its duct passes through

the perineal membrane and drainsinto the spongy%penile urethra in

the bulb of penis

cardinal ligament condensations of

endopelvicextraperitoneal! connective

tissue surrounding the

uterine vessels within the

base of the broad ligament

cardinal ligament helps in support

of the uterus by attaching theuterine isthmus to the lateral

pelvic wall

cervix narrowed inferior end of the

uterus

cervix is inferior to the isthmus of

the uterus and pro$ects into the

vagina; it is surrounded by the

vaginal fornices anterior posterior and lateral!

clitoris combination of 3 erectile

bodies: glans clitoris and (

corpora cavernosa clitoris

clitoris is covered by smooth skin

corpus cavernosum primary erectile bodies

paired! of the penis andclitoris

corpora cavernosa attach via the

crura to the ischiopubic rami andthe perineal membrane; each crus

is covered by an ischiocavernosusmuscle; supplied by the deep a# of

the penis%clitoris

corpus spongiosum midline erectile body

attached to the perinealmembrane at its proximal

corpus spongiosum expands

distally as the glans penis whichcaps the distal ends of the corpora



end bulb of the penis! cavernosa; it contains the

spongy%penile urethra

crus clitoris lateral part of the corpus

cavernosum which isattached to the ischiopubic

ramus and the perineal

membrane

crus clitoris is covered on its

superficial surface by theischiocavernosus muscle

crus of penis lateral part of the corpuscavernosum which is

attached to the ischiopubic

ramus and the perinealmembrane

crus penis is covered on itssuperficial surface by the

ischiocavernosus muscle

ductus deferens duct of the testis ductus deferens is continuous with

the tail of the epididymis; it

passes through the superficial

inguinal ring inguinal canal anddeep inguinal ring to reach the

posteroinferior surface of the bladder where it $oins with the

duct of the seminal vesicle to

form the e$aculatory duct

ejaculatory duct duct formed by the union of the duct of the seminal

vesicle and the ampulla of

the ductus deferens

e$aculatory duct passes throughthe prostate gland to empty onto

the seminal colliculus along the

urethral crest in the prostatic

urethra

epididymis beginning of the duct

system of the testis

the head of the epididymis is

located on the superior surface of

the testis and receives sperm from

the efferent ductules; the body ofthe epididymis lies posterolateral

to the testis and is separated from

the testis by the sinus of theepididymis; the tail of the

epididymis is located inferiorly

and is continuous with the ductus

deferens; the ductus deferensascends to pass through the

abdominal wall via the inguinal

canal

fascia, deep

penile/clitoral

an extension of the

muscular fascia of the

ischiocavernosus m# and

deep fascia of the penis%clitoris

forms a tubular sheath

surrounding the erectile bodies



bulbospongiosus m# onto

the shaft of penis%clitoris

dorsal n# of the penis%clitoris

dorsal a# of the penis%clitoris deep

dorsal v# of the penis%clitoris; thesuperficial dorsal v# of

penis%clitoris lies superficial to the

deep fascia of the penis%clitoris;deep fascia of the penis is also

known as: 4uck.s fascia

fascia, external

spermatic

outermost covering of the

spermatic cord that isderived from a layer of the

abdominal wall

derived from the aponeurosis of

the external abdominal obli/uemuscle

fascia, cremasteric intermediate covering layer

of the spermatic cord

derived from the internal

abdominal obli/ue muscle

fascia, internal

spermatic

innermost covering of the

spermatic cord

derived from the transversalis

fascia

fossa navicularis dilation of the

spongy%penile urethra in the

glans penis

the largest diameter of the penile

urethra occurs here

fimbria of the uterine

tube

finger+like pro$ectionssurrounding the opening

into the uterine tube

fimbria spread over the medialsurface of the ovary; the ovarian

fimbria is an extra long fimbria

that attaches to the ovary

fundiform ligament specialization of themembranous layer of

superficial -carpa.s! fascia

passing from the lowerabdominal wall onto the

base of the penis%clitoris

suspensory ligament of the penis%clitoris is a deep fascia

specialization that lies deep to the

fundiform ligament

fundus of the uterus the rounded anterosuperior

part of the uterus

fundus of the uterus is defined as

that portion of the uterus locatedsuperior to an imaginary line

$oining the points of entry of the

uterine tubes; the uterus isnormally anteverted and

anteflexed so the fundus normally points anterosuperiorly

glans penis/clitoridis expanded distal end of thecorpus spongiosum which

caps the ends of the corpora

cavernosa

the fossa navicularis is anexpanded portion of the penile

urethra that occurs in the glans

greater vestibular gland an exocrine gland located in greater vestibular gland is covered



the superficial perineal

space posterior to the bulb

of the vestibule

by the bulbospongiosus muscle; it

produces a mucous secretion that

drains into the vestibule of thevagina for lubrication of the vulva

hymen thin usually incomplete

septum at the inferior

vaginal orifice

the hymen is the remnant of the

urogenital septum of the embryo

and the hymeneal caruncles areremnants of the hymen

infundibulum of the

uterine tube

funnel+shaped distal end of

the uterine tube

fimbria are attached to the margin

of the infundibulum

interureteric ridge mucosal fold on the inner

posterior wall of the bladder connecting the

paired ureteric orifices

interureteric ridge is the superior

boundary of the vesical trigone

isthmus of the uterinetube constricted part of theuterine tube that is ad$acentto the uterus

isthmus of the uterine tube is thenarrowest part

isthmus of the uterus constricted part of the

uterus between the body

and the cervix

isthmus of the uterus is about )

cm in length and its cavity enters

into the internal cervical os

labia majora fat+filled elevations of hair+covered skin lying on either

side of the vestibule of the

vagina

labia ma$ora are $oined across themidline by the anterior and

posterior labial commissures; they

blend into each other anteriorly toform the mons pubis

labia minora paired folds of hairless skin

located medial to the labia

ma$ora and extending posteroinferiorly from the

clitoris

the anterior end of each labium

minus divides: the anterior

division of each labium forms the prepuce of the clitoris and the

posterior division of each labium

forms the frenulum of the clitoris

ligamentum teres uteri a connective tissue bandthat attaches to the inner

aspect of the labium ma$us

and the uterus

ligamentum teres uteri traversesthe superficial inguinal ring

inguinal canal and deep inguinal

ring to reach the lateral surface of

the uterus below the uterine tube;it is a remnant of the

gubernaculum; it is continuouswith the ovarian ligament; it holds

the fundus of the uterus forward;

also known as: round ligament of

the uterus



mesometrium part of the broad ligament

below the $unction of the

mesosalpinx and themesovarium

mesometrium attaches the body of

the uterus to the pelvic wall

mesosalpinx part of broad ligament that

supports the uterine tube

mesosalpinx extends inferiorly to

meet the root of the mesovarium;

it attaches the uterine tube to themesometrium

mesovarium part of broad ligament that

forms a shelf+like fold

supporting the ovary

mesovarium is located

perpendicular to the plane of the

mesosalpinx and mesometrium; itattaches the ovary to the

mesometrium and mesosalpinx

ovarian ligament a band of connective tissue

that connects the ovary to

the lateral surface of theuterus

a remnant of the gubernaculum; it

is continuous with the round

ligament of the uterus at thelateral surface of the uterus;

ovarian ligament lies within themesovarium; also known as:

proper ovarian ligament

ovary female gonad that lies in

the ovarian fossa within thetrue pelvis in contact with

the fimbria of the uterine

tube

ovary is both an endocrine and an

exocrine gland; it is held in place by the ovarian ligament

mesovarium and suspensory

ligament of the ovary

pectinate line an irregular line $oining theundersides of the anal

valves

pectinate line is where themucosal lining of the digestive

tract becomes continuous with the

skin of the anal aperture

perineal membrane membrane stretching acrossthe urogenital triangle

attaching to both

ischiopubic rami

perineal membrane is pierced bythe urethra vagina and branches

of the pudendal neurovascular

bundle

posterior fornix of the

vagina

space within the vaginalcanal posterior to the cervix

an incision made superiorlythrough posterior fornix will enter

the rectouterine pouch of the peritoneal cavity

prepuce fold of smooth skinextending over the glans

penis%clitoris

the anterior divisions of the labiaminora combine to form the

prepuce of the clitoris

prostate exocrine gland located

inferior to the urinary

multiple small ducts drain into the

prostatic urethra as it passes



bladder and superior to the

urogenital diaphragm

through the prostate; sub$ect to

benign and malignant

enlargement which maycompromise micturition due to

pro$ection of the uvula into the

bladder prostatic utricle a small blind diverticulum

in the posterior wall of the

prostatic urethra on the

summit of the seminalcolliculus

prostatic utricle is a remnant ofthe fused lower ends of the

paramesonephric ducts + the fused

paramesonephric ducts form theuterine canal in the female

rectouterine fold a peritoneal fold extending

across the floor of the

pelvic cavity from thesacrum beside the rectum!

to the uterus

rectouterine fold contains the

rectouterine ligament which is a

condensation of endopelvic fasciathat is important for support of the

uterusrectouterine ligament a condensation of

extraperitoneal connectivetissue 6 smooth muscle

rectouterine muscle!

connecting the isthmus of

the uterus to the sacrum

rectouterine ligament is important

for support of the uterus

rectum distal end of the colon rectum begins at about the -3

vertebral level; it is continuous

distally with the anal canal

round ligament of theuterus

a connective tissue bandthat attaches to the inner

aspect of the labium ma$us

and the uterus

round ligament of the uterustraverses the superficial inguinal

ring inguinal canal and deep

inguinal ring to reach the lateral

surface of the uterus below theuterine tube; it is a remnant of the

gubernaculum; it is continuous

with the ovarian ligament; it holdsthe fundus of the uterus forward;

also known as: ligamentum teres

uteri

scrotal ligament band of connective tissuethat attaches the inferior

end of the testis to the inner

aspect of the scrotal sac

scrotal ligament is the remnant ofthe gubernaculum testis

scrotum sac of hair+covered skincontaining the testis

in the scrotum the fatty andmembranous layers of the

superficial fascia as seen in the



lower abdominal wall! are fused

to form the tunica dartos scroti

seminal colliculus elevation on the posterior

wall of the prostatic urethra

the seminal colliculus is a mound

in the posterior wall of the prostatic urethra; on its summit is

found the opening of the prostatic

utricle

seminal vesicle blind sac located on the posterior surface of the

bladder lateral to the

ampulla of the ductusdeferens

seminal vesicle produces seminalfluid; its duct $oins with the

ampulla of the ductus deferens to

form the e$aculatory duct

sinus of the epididymis a thin space within the

tunica vaginalis testis

between the body of the

epididymis and the testis

sinus of the epididymis is lined by

a serous membrane visceral layer

of the tunica vaginalis testis!

spermatic cord bundle of vessels nerves

and lymphatics ensheathed

in tissue layers derivedfrom the abdominal wall; it

begins at the deep inguinal

ring passes through theinguinal canal and the

superficial ring to reach the

testis in the scrotum

spermatic cord contains the:

ductus deferens testicular a#

pampiniform plexus deferential a#6 v# and genital br# of the

genitofemoral n#; coverings of the

cord are the: internal spermaticfascia from the transversalis

fascia! cremasteric muscle and

fascia from the internal

abdominal obli/ue! externalspermatic fascia from the

external abdominal obli/ue

aponeurosis!

suspensory ligament of

the penis/clitoris

a specialization of deepfascia connecting the

proximal end of the

penis%clitoris to the pubisand pubic symphysis

the fundiform ligament is aspecialization of superficial fascia

that lies superficial to the

suspensory ligament

testis an endocrine and exocrine

gland contained within the

scrotum

testis is the male gonad; its

exocrine product is sperm which

drain to the head of theepididymis via efferent ductules;

its endocrine product is

testosterone; the testis migratesinto the scrotum shortly before

birth; it is tethered to the scrotum

inferiorly by the scrotal ligament



a remnant of the gubernaculum!

tunica albuginea,

corpus cavernosum

outer white fibrous

covering of the corpus

cavernosum of the penis%clitoris

tunica albuginea is a dense

connective tissue layer that is not

distensible causing erection whenthe corpus cavernosum becomes

engorged with blood

tunica albuginea, testis outer white fibrous

covering of the testis

tunica albuginea is a dense

connective tissue capsule that iscovered on its external surface by

the visceral layer of the tunica

vaginalis testis

tunica dartos scroti a subcutaneous layer ofsmooth muscle located in

the scrotum

fatty and membranous layers ofthe superficial fascia as seen in

the lower abdominal wall! are

fused in the scrotum to form the

tunica dartos scroti

tunica vaginalis testis a peritoneal sac located

anterolateral to the testis

tunica vaginalis testis has two

layers: visceral and parietal; the

visceral layer lies on theanterolateral surface of the testis

and epididymis; the parietal layer

lines the inner surface of thescrotal sac; the word "vaginalis" is

derived from the 1atin word for

sheath

urethra duct that drains the urinary bladder

urethra has three parts in the male: prostatic membranous 6

penile%spongy; female urethra is

much shorter than the male

urethra consisting of themembranous part only

urethra, membranous part of the urethra that

passes through the

urogenital diaphragmsphincter urethrae muscle

and perineal membrane!

female: membranous urethra

connects the urinary bladder to the

external urethral orifice at thevestibule of the vagina; male:

membranous urethra connects the

prostatic urethra with thespongy%penile urethra

urethra, penile part of the urethra

contained within the bulb

and the corpus spongiosumof the penis

longest part of male urethra;

penile urethra has a dilation in the

region of the glans called thenavicular fossa; also known as:

spongy urethra



urethra, prostatic part of the male urethra

passing through the prostate

gland

prostatic urethra begins at the

internal urethral orifice at the

anteroinferior angle of the vesicaltrigone; posterior wall of the

urethra has an elevated ridge

called the urethral crest with a prominence called the seminal

colliculus veru montanum!;

seminal colliculus has a blind

diverticulum called the prostaticutricle with orifices of e$aculatory

ducts located below it

urethra, spongy part of the urethra

contained within the bulband the corpus spongiosum

of the penis

longest part of male urethra;

spongy urethra has a dilation inthe region of the glans called the

navicular fossa; also known as:

penile urethra

ureter muscular tube that serves asthe duct of the kidney to

carry urine to the bladder

ureter is continuous proximallywith the renal pelvis; it passes

over the pelvic brim medial to the

testicular%ovarian vessels; it passes obli/uely through the

posterior wall of the urinary

bladder and drains at the posterolateral angle of the vesical

trigone

uterine tube the duct of the ovary; itextends from the ovary tothe uterus

uterine tube has four named parts:infundibulum is the funnel shapedopening + fimbria encircle this

opening; ampulla is a dilated

region that connects the

infundibulum with the isthmus;isthmus is the constricted part

nearest the uterus; intramural part

is within the uterine wall

uterus hollow muscular organwithin which the fertilized

ovum develops; normally

lies anteverted posterosuperior to the

bladder

uterus is anteflexed curvedanteroinferiorly! at the uterine

isthmus; the fundus is the part

superior to the entrance of theuterine tubes and it normally lies

anterosuperiorly; the body meets

the cervix at a constricted areacalled the isthmus; the cervix

pro$ects into the vagina



uvula of the bladder elevation of the inner

bladder wall

posterosuperior to theinternal urethral orifice

uvula is caused by the middle lobe

of the prostate gland; if the

prostate becomes enlarged either benin hypertrophy or malignancy!

the uvula can constrict the internal

urethral orifice and causedifficulty in voiding the bladder;

only found in males

vagina part of the female genital

canal located between thevestibule and the cervix

vaginal fornices surround the

cervix; the word "vagina" isderived from the 1atin word for

sheath

vestibule of the vagina region inferior to the

hymen%hymeneal carunclesand between the labia

minora

vestibule of the vagina contains

the external urethral orifice theopening of the vagina and the

openings of the greater vestibularglands

vesical trigone smooth triangular regionlocated on the inner surface

of the posterior wall of the

urinary bladder

vesical trigone is bounded by theopenings of the ureters (!

superolaterally the interureteric

ridge between the openings of the

ureters and the internal urethralorifice inferiorly

Visceral

Structures

of the "ead

and Nec# -

Arranged

Alphabetica

lly

Organ Location/Description Notes

anterior median fissure midline fissure on the anteriorsurface of the spinal cord and

medulla

anterior spinal artery courseson the superficial surface of

the spinal cord in this fissure

apex of cuneus portion of the cuneus seen in an

inferior view of the cerebral

contains part of the visual

cortex



hemisphere

arachnoid granulations pro$ections of arachnoid mater

which pass through the

meningeal layer of the dura intothe dural venous sinuses; they

are most prominent in the

superior sagittal sinus

2-8 returns to the venous

circulation by passing from

arachnoid granulations intothe blood contained within the

dural venous sinuses

arachnoid mater intermediate one of the threelayers of meninges

arachnoid mater is a thinmembrane which is pressed

against the inner surface of

the dura mater bycerebrospinal fluid pressure;

arachnids are spiders the

space deep to this layersubarachnoid space! has a

spider web+like appearancearyepiglottic fold a fold of mucous membrane

within the laryngopharynx thatextends from the arytenoid

cartilage to the epiglottis

aryepiglottic fold covers the

aryepiglottic muscle

arytenoid cartilage a pyramid+shaped cartilage

located on the superior marginof the cricoid lamina of the

larynx

arytenoid cartilage is

connected: above to theepiglottis via aryepiglottic m#

and anteriorly to the thyroid

cartilage via the vocal

ligament; the paired arytenoidcartilages are pulled together

adducted! by the arytenoid

mm# transverse and obli/ue!

body of fornix a group of nerve cell fibersarching beneath the corpus

callosum

main efferent fiber system ofthe hippocampal formation

brain stem comprised of: midbrain pons 6

medulla oblongata

contains the nuclei of cranial

nerves 999+799

choroid plexus vascular membranes that occur

within the ventricles

choroid plexus produces

cerebrospinal fluidcorniculate cartilage a small cartilage located on the

apex of the arytenoid cartilageof the larynx

corniculate cartilage is located

at the posterior end of thearyepiglottic fold

central canal of spinal

cord

small opening in the center of

the spinal cord

continuous with the central

canal of the medulla and

through it with the fourth



ventricle of the brain

cerebral hemispheres comprised of: cortex featuring

gyri sulci fissures 6 lobes;

commissures connecting parts; basal ganglia; contains lateral

ventricles; termination of the

olfactory tract cranial nerve 9!

also known as: telencephalon

cerebral aqueduct canal connecting the third andfourth ventricles passing

through the midbrain

also known as: a/ueduct of-ylvius

cerebral peduncle a large fiber bundle that

connects the forebrain with thehindbrain

contains axons that control

voluntary movementcorticospinal and

corticopontine tracts!; also

known as: crus cerebri

cerebellum posterior part of themetencephalon

largest part of hindbrain;important for coordination of

movement

cerebellar peduncle,

middle

largest and intermediate! of the

three cerebellar peduncles

connects the cerebellum to the

pons

CN II optic! the portion of the visual pathway between the retina and

the optic chiasm; it passes

through the optic canal to enterthe cranial cavity

vision

CN III oculomotor! emerges from the ventral

surface of the brainstem near

the midline at the caudal end of the midbrain; courses through

the lateral wall of the cavernous

sinus and exits the middlecranial fossa by passing

through the superior orbital

fissure

motor supply to skeletal mm#:

levator palpebrae superioris

superior rectus medial rectusinferior rectus inferior

obli/ue; preganglionic

parasympathetic to ciliaryganglion postganglionic

parasympathetic via short

ciliary nn#to: ciliary m# 6sphincter pupillae m#

CN I" trochlear! emerges from the dorsal surfaceof the midbrain near the

midline $ust caudal to theinferior colliculus; courses

through the lateral wall of the

cavernous sinus and exits the

middle cranial fossa by passingthrough the superior orbital

motor supply for the superiorobli/ue muscle of the eye;

only cranial nerve to cross themidline of the brainstem + this

crossover happens inside of

the brainstem



fissure

CN " trigeminal! large sensory nerve arising

from the ventral surface of the

pons also contains a motorcomponent; courses to the

middle cranial fossa where it

separates into three divisions atthe trigeminal ganglion:

ophthalmic division passes out

of cranial cavity by passingthrough superior orbital fissure

maxillary division passes

through foramen rotundum

mandibular division passesthrough foramen ovale;

ophthalmic and maxillary

divisions course through thelateral wall of the cavernous

sinus

motor to the muscles of

branchial arch origin:

temporalis masseter lateral6 medial pterygoid anterior

belly of digastric mylohyoid

tensor veli palatini tensortympani; three divisions

supply sensory innervation

the to skin of the face mucosaof the nasal 6 oral cavities

mucosa of the anterior (%3rds

of tongue general sense only!

CN "I abducens! small cranial nerve arising from

the caudal end of the pons;emerges from the $unction of

the pons and medulla; courses

anteriorly through thecavernous sinus lateral to the

internal carotid artery then

exits the middle cranial fossa by passing through the superior orbital fissure

motor innervation of the

lateral rectus muscle of theeye

CN "II facial! cranial nerve arising from the

caudal end of the pons;

emerges from the $unction ofthe pons and medulla $ust

lateral to the abducens nerve;

courses laterally to exit the posterior cranial fossa by

entering the internal acoustic

meatus

motor to muscles of facial

expression; special sensory

taste! to anterior (%3 of thetongue; secretomotor

parasympathetic! to:

lacrimal submandibularsublingual and mucous

glands of nasal 6 oral cavities

CN "III

vestibulocochlear!

cranial nerve arising from thecaudal end of the pons;

emerges from the $unction of

the pons and medulla $ustlateral to the facial nerve;

courses laterally to exit the

vestibular portion: balance%proprioception;

cochlear portion: hearing



posterior cranial fossa by

entering the internal acoustic

meatus; divides within thetemporal bone into vestibular

and cochlear parts

CN I#

glossopharyngeal!

cranial nerve emerging from

the rostral end of the ventralsurface of the medulla lateral to

the olive; it emerges rostral to

the vagus nerve and caudal tothe vestibulocochlear nerve; it

courses inferiorly to exit the


passing through the $ugularforamen in company with the

vagus and accessory nn#

motor to the stylopharyngeus

m#; secretomotor to the parotid gland preganglionic

parasympathetic via lesser

petrosal n# to otic ganglion postganglionic

parasympathetic via

auriculotemporal n#!; taste to

posterior )%3 of the tongue;sensory to middle ear and

auditory tube

CN # vagus! cranial nerve emerging from

the ventral surface of themedulla lateral to the olive and

$ust caudal to the

glossopharyngeal nerve; itcourses inferiorly to exit the


passing through the $ugularforamen in company with the

glossopharyngeal and

accessory nn#

the primary parasympathetic

nerve to the organs of theneck thorax and abdomen;

motor supply to intrinsic

muscles of the larynx pharynx except

stylopharyngeus! and palate

except tensor veli palatini!; brings back visceral

sensations from the thoracic

and abdominal organsCN #I accessory! cranial nerve emerging from

the ventral surface of the

medulla lateral and inferior to

the olive and $ust caudal to the

vagus nerve and from theventral surface of the cervical

spinal cord; its cranial root

$oins the vagus nerve; its spinalroot arises from upper levels of

the cervical spinal cord and

courses superiorly to enter the posterior cranial cavity by

passing through the foramen

magnum; the spinal portioncourses inferiorly to exit the


passing through the $ugular

foramen in company with the

motor innervation to thesternocleidomastoid and

trapezius mm#



glossopharyngeal and vagus nn#

CN #II hypoglossal! cranial nerve arising from the

ventral surface of the medulla

in the sulcus between the pyramid and the olive; it

courses anteriorly to exit the

posterior cranial fossa by passing through the

hypoglossal canal

motor innervation of the

intrinsic and extrinsic muscles

of the tongue

corpus callosum midline part of the great

cerebral commissure

connects the paired cerebral

hemispheres

commissure, anterior a bundle of association fiberslocated anterior to the third

ventricle

connects the left and righttemporal lobes

commissure, posterior a bundle of association fiberslocated posterior to the thirdventricle $ust inferior to the

pineal gland

connects various areas of theright and left sides of themidbrain

cranial dura mater outermost covering of the

brain described as ( layers: periosteal outer layer and

meningeal inner layer

dural venous sinuses lie

between layers of the cranialdura; meningeal layer forms

three infoldings that help to

support the brain: falx cerebrifalx cerebelli tentorium

cerebelli

cricoid cartilage inferior and posterior cartilage

of the larynx; arch is narrowanteriorly lamina is broad

posteriorly

cricoid cartilage is connected:

above to the thyroid cartilagevia the inferior horn of the

thyroid cartilage; above to the

conus elasticus; above to thearytenoid cartilages on

lamina!; below to the )st

tracheal ring via the

cricotracheal ligament

cuneus part of the cerebral cortex that

forms the upper wall of thecalcarine fissure

cortical pro$ection of the

lower half of the contralateralvisual field

cuneiform cartilage small fibrocartilage nodulelocated in the posterior end of

the aryepiglottic fold

cuneiform cartilage is anterior to the corniculate cartilage

conus elasticus elastic membrane attaching on

the upper margin of the arch of

thickened upper margin of the

conus elasticus is the vocal



the cricoid cart and ending in

the vocal ligament

ligament

diaphragma sellae dura mater forming the roof of

the hypophyseal fossa

surrounds the stalk of the

hypophysis pituitary gland!

diencephalon caudal portion of prosencephalon%forebrain

comprised of: thalamusmetathalamus subthalamus

epithalmus; contains the third

ventricle

denticulate ligament a lateral extension of pia materfrom the spinal cord

denticulate ligament attachesto the dura mater to anchor

the spinal cord; it forms a

scalloped free border; thereare ( one on each side!

dura mater outermost of the meningeal

layers covering the brain andspinal cord

"tough mother"; it is the most

durable of the meninges and provides support and protection for the brain and

spinal cord; two types are

described which differ instructure: cranial and spinal

dura mater, cranial outermost of the meningeal

layers covering the brain; it has

( layers: periosteal outer layer!and meningeal inner layer!

cranial dura mater participates

in the formation of the dural

venous sinuses; it formsinfoldings between portions

of the brain that help to

support the brain: falx cerebrifalx cerebelli tentorium

cerebelli diaphragma sellae

dura mater, meningeal inner layer of the cranial dura

mater

dural venous sinuses lie

between layers of the cranialdura mater; the meningeal

layer forms folds that help to

support the brain: falx cerebri

falx cerebelli tentoriumcerebelli

dura mater, periosteal outer layer of the cranial duramater the periosteal layer of cranialdura mater attaches loosely to

the inner surface of the cranialcavity; e/uivalent to

periosteum of the cranial

bones; participates in theformation of the dural venous

sinuses



epidural space the space external to the sac of

spinal dura mater within the

vertebral canal

the epidural space contains

epidural fat and the internal

vertebral plexus of veinswhich is valveless clinically

relevant!

epiglottis a single midline cartilage

forming the superior part of thelarynx

epiglottis contains the

epiglottic cartilage; it moves posteriorly during swallowing

to direct food and li/uids

around the opening into thelarynx


gastrointestinal tract between

the pharynx and the stomach


laryngopharynx at lower

border of cricoid cartilage;inferiorly it passes through

diaphragm at the &)*vertebral level to reach the

stomach; the upper )%3 isskeletal muscle innervated by

the recurrent laryngeal the

lower (%3rds is smoothmuscle innervated by the

vagus nn# via the esophageal

plexus

falx cerebri crescent+shaped fold of duramater located in the sagittal

plane

falx cerebri lies between thecerebral hemispheres

falx cerebelli small crescent+shaped fold of

dura mater located in thesagittal plane

falx cerebelli lies between the

cerebellar hemispheres butdoes not pass deeply between

them

filiform papillae small taste buds covering the

dorsum of the tongue

slender conical papillae

found on the anterior (%3 ofthe tongue

filum terminale

internum

thread+like extension of the pia

mater from the conus

medullaris of the spinal cord

filum terminale internum is

best seen between vertebral

levels 1( and -(; it becomesenclosed within the filum

terminale externum

filum terminale

externum

thread+like extension of the

dura mater below the end of thedural sac at -(

it attaches to the coccyx; also

known as the coccygealligament

foramen cecum of the depression located on the foramen cecum is a remnant



tongue! midline of tongue in the "" of

the sulcus terminalis

of the thyroid diverticulum

forebrain telencephalon cerebral

hemispheres! plusdiencephalon

site of termination of cranial

nerves 9 and 99; containslateral and third ventricles;

also known as:

prosencephalon

frenulum of the tongue fold of mucous membrane inthe midline under the tongue

sublingual carunclesdrainage of the

submandibular gland! can be

seen on either side of thefrenulum

fungiform papillae medium+sized papillae located

on the sides and tip of the

tongue

fungiform papillae are

mushroom+shaped and have a

rich blood supply that gives

them a red color

glottis the vocal folds plus the rima

glottidis

rima glottidis is the opening

between the vocal folds

gyrus, precentral most caudal gyrus of the frontal

lobe; it lies rostral to the centralsulcus

contains the primary motor

cortex

gyrus, postcentral most rostral gyrus of the

parietal lobe; it lies caudal to

the central sulcus

contains the primary sensory

cortex

gyrus, superior temporal gyrus between the lateral sulcusand the superior temporal

sulcus

contains the primary auditorycortex

gyrus, lingual the portion of the occipital lobe

that lies inferior to the calcarinesulcus

cortical pro$ection of the

upper half of the contralateralvisual field

gyrus, middle temporal gyrus between the superior and

inferior temporal sulci

gyrus, inferior temporal gyrus between the inferiortemporal sulcus and the inferior

margin of the temporal lobe

gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus on the inferior surface of

the temporal lobe that lieslateral to the midbrain

the uncus is a medial

pro$ection of the parahippocampal gyrus

gyrus, straight gyrus located on the medial

side of the olfactory tract

also known as: gyrus rectus



gyrus, cingulate the portion of the limbic lobe

that lies superior to the corpus

callosum

cingulate gyrus is bounded by

the callosal sulcus and the

cingulate sulcus

hindbrain comprised of: metencephalonpons and cerebellum! and

myelencephalon medulla

oblongata!

site of origin for cranialnerves +799 except spinal

part of the accessory nerve!;

contains the fourth ventricle;also known as:

rhombencephalon

hypophysis midline pro$ection of neural

and endocrine tissue attached tothe floor of the diencephalon

also known as: pituitary gland

hypothalamus a collection on nuclei forming

the anterior portion of the

lateral wall of the third

ventricle

controls visceral activity and

elicits phenomena associated

with the emotions

inferior colliculus elevation of the midbrain

tectum; paired

part of the corpora

/uadrigemina; important for

auditory reflexes

infundibulum midline stalk of the pituitarygland attached to the floor of

the diencephalon

involved in regulatinghormone release from the

anterior pituitary

infraglottic cavity the portion of the laryngeal

cavity that lies inferior to thevocal folds

bounded superiorly by the

glottis and opens inferiorlyinto the trachea

insula portion of the cerebrum located

deeply within the lateral sulcus

also known as: island of eil

interventricular

foramen

communication between the

lateral ventricle and the thirdventricle; paired one on each

side

also known as: foramen of

onro

isthmus constricted midline connection

between the lateral lobes of thethyroid gland

it lies anterior to tracheal

rings (+'

lacrimal gland tear gland; located insuperolateral orbit beneath the

orbital plate of the frontal bone

lacrimal gland is innervated by postganglionic

parasympathetic fibers fromthe pterygopalatine ganglion

via the communicating br#

from the zygomaticotemporal br# of the zygomatic n# to the

to lacrimal n#



lacrimal papilla a pro$ection located on the edge

of the upper or lower eyelid at

the medial angle of the eye

a lacrimal punctum is located

at the apex of each lacrimal

papilla

lacrimal punctum an opening located on the edgeof the medial end of the upper

or lower eyelid

a lacrimal punctum is locatedat the apex of each lacrimal

papilla; there are two puncta

one on each eyelid that draintears into the lacrimal

canaliculi

lacrimal sac a sac located within the medial

wall of orbit between the orbitand the nasal cavity

lacrimal sac receives the

lacrimal canaliculi; it drainstears into the nasolacrimal

duct

laryngeal ventricle lateral outpouching of the

laryngeal mucosa located

between the vestibular foldfalse vocal fold! and the vocal

fold true vocal fold!

laryngeal ventricle may have

a small diverticulum called

the saccule

laryngeal vestibule opening into the larynx; the part of the larynx located below

the epiglottis between the

aryepiglottic folds and abovethe vestibular false vocal!

folds

lateral wall of the laryngealventricle contains the

/uadrangular membrane

submucosa!

laryngopharynx the portion of the pharynx

located posterior to thelaryngeal inlet and the posterior

wall of the larynx


oropharynx at the superior border of epiglottis anteriorly

with the larynx through

laryngeal inlet inferiorly with

the esophagus at the lower border of the cricoid cartilage;

laryngopharynx contains the

piriform recesses which arelateral to the aryepiglottic

folds

larynx located anterior to the

laryngopharynx at level of 2'+0 vertebrae

composed of: thyroid cricoid

epiglottic arytenoidcuneiform 6 corniculate

cartilages; contains the vocal

ligaments; controls the airway

lateral aperture foramen draining the fourthventricle laterally into the

cerebellomedullary cistern

paired; also known as:foramen of 1uschka



lateral glossoepiglottic

fold

fold of mucous membrane

located between the base of the

tongue and the epiglottis

lateral glossoepiglottic fold is

located lateral to the

valleculae epiglottica

lobe, frontal rostral to central sulcus contains prefrontal emotions personality! and precentral

primary and secondary

motor! areas

lobe, parietal separated from the frontal lobe by the central sulcus separated

from occipital lobe by an

imaginary line through the parieto+occipital sulcus

contains the primary andsecondary somatosensory

areas

lobe, temporal separated from the frontal lobe

by the lateral sulcus

primarily concerned with

hearing and memory%learning

lobe, occipital posterior to an imaginary linethrough the parieto+occipitalsulcus

contains the primary andsecondary visual cortex

lobe, limbic a border limbus < 1atin for

border! of cortical tissue

surrounding the third ventricle

limbic lobe is comprised of:

cingulate gyrus

parahippocampal gyrus uncusand other small portions of

the ad$acent cortex; it is the

part of the brain responsiblefor behavior and emotions

longitudinal fissure cleft located in the sagittal

plane that separates the paired

cerebral hemispheres

also known as: longitudinal

sulcus; it contains the falx

cerebri

mamillary body part of the hypothalamus; asmall spherical pro$ection on

the inferior surface of the floor

of the third ventricle posteriorto the hypophysis

mamillary body is involvedwith memory and learning

median aperture midline irregular foramen

draining the fourth ventricle

posteroinferiorly into the

cerebellomedullary cistern

also known as: foramen of

agendie

median glossoepiglottic

fold

fold of mucosa located between

the base of the tongue and the

epiglottis

separates the paired valleculae

epiglottica

medulla oblongata most caudal portion of the brainstem

medulla oblongata iscontinuous with the spinal

cord at the foramen magnum;



the upper portion forms the

floor of the fourth ventricle; it

is the site of origin for cranialnerves 999 97 7 79

cranial root! 6 799; also

known as: myelencephalonmeninges three layers of connective

tissue covering the brain and

spinal cord; dura mater

arachnoid mater and pia mater

meninges provide protectionand nourishment of the brain

brainstem and spinal cord

mesencephalon the portion of the brain thatconnects the forebrain and the

hindbrain

it contains the corpora/uadrigemina and the cerebral

a/ueduct; also known as:

midbrain

metencephalon the rostral part of the

rhombencephalon

comprised of: pons 6

cerebellum

midbrain the portion of the brain that

connects the forebrain and the

hindbrain

midbrain is the site of origin

of cranial nerves 999 6 9; it

contains the cerebral a/ueduct

myelencephalon the caudal part of therhombencephalon

myelencephalon is comprisedof: medulla oblongata;

medulla becomes continuous

with the spinal cord at thelevel of the foramen magnum

nasolacrimal duct mucosa+lined duct connecting

the medial angle of the eye

with the nasal cavity

drains tears from the lacrimal

sac to the inferior meatus of

the nasal cavity

nasopharynx the portion of the pharynxlocated posterior to the

posterior nasal apertures and

superior to the soft palate

nasopharynx communicates;anteriorly with the nasal

cavity through the choanae

and inferiorly with theoropharynx; it contains the

torus tubarius pharyngeal

recess and pharyngeal tonsil

notch, preoccipital a shallow notch in the inferior

surface of the cerebral cortexsuperior to the cerebellum! as

seen in lateral view

a surface landmark for

defining the border betweenthe parietal and occipital

lobes

oropharynx the portion of the pharynxlocated posterior to the

palatoglossal arches of the oral

cavity and inferior to the soft

oropharynx communicates:anteriorly with oral cavity

through oropharyngeal

isthmus palatoglossal arch!



palate superiorly with the

nasopharynx through

pharyngeal isthmus posteriormargin of soft palate!

inferiorly with the

laryngopharynx at thesuperior margin of epiglottis;

it contains the palatine tonsil

which is located in the

tonsilar bed between the palatoglossal arch and the

palatopharyngeal arch!

olfactory bulb flattened oval enlargement at

the anterior tip of the olfactorytract

olfactory bulb contains the

olfactory cells which are theorigin of the axons that course

through the olfactory tract;

the olfactory nerve begins atthe bipolar olfactory cells in

the nasal mucosa and courses

through the cribriform plate tothe olfactory bulb

olfactory tract a ribbon+like nerve tract that

courses from the olfactory bulb

to the cerebral cortex

olfactory tract carries the

sense of smell; it courses in

the olfactory sulcus

olive a elevation located lateral to the pyramid of medulla

paired; the olives contain theinferior olivary nuclei

optic chiasm crossover point for the nasal

fibers of both retinas

lateral visual fields medial

retinal fibers! pro$ect to the

contralateral occipital lobe

optic tract the portion of the visual pathway between the optic

chiasm and the brain

visual system pro$ects to theoccipital lobe

palatoglossal fold fold of mucosa covering the

palatoglossus m#

palatoglossal fold marks the

anterior boundary of the bedof the palatine tonsil

palatopharyngeal fold fold of mucosa covering the palatopharyngeus m# palatoglossal fold marks the posterior boundary of the bed

of the palatine tonsil

parathyroid glands four small endocrine glands

located on the posterior surface

of the lateral lobes of the

thyroid gland

two pair of glands that

develop from the 3rd and 'th

pharyngeal pouches; they

produce parathormone whichis important in regulating



serum calcium levels

parotid gland salivary gland located lateral

and posterior to the mandibular

ramus beside para! the earoto!

largest salivary gland;

innervated by postganglionic

parasympathetic fibers fromthe otic ganglion via the

auriculotemporal n#

parotid duct thick duct that crosses the

superficial surface of themasseter m#

parotid duct drains the parotid

gland through cheek to theoral vestibule near upper (nd

molar tooth

pharyngeal recess space located posterior to the

torus tubarius in nasopharynx

the pharyngeal tonsil is

located in this region

pharynx the space posterior to the nasalcavity oral cavity and larynx

divided into 3 parts:nasopharynx oropharynx and

laryngopharynx; the airwayand the pathway of ingestedfoods and li/uids cross at this

location

pia mater delicate membrane that lies on

surface of the brain and spinalcord

"delicate mother" it is the

most delicate of themeninges; this layer faithfully

follows all surface contours of

the brain and spinal cord; piamater has ( specializations:

denticulate ligament and

filum terminale internum

pineal gland a knob+like pro$ection from theroof of the diencephalon

an endocrine gland; alsoknown as: pineal body

piriform recess shallow depression located

lateral to the aryepiglottic fold

in the laryngopharynx

the internal branch of the

superior laryngeal n# is

located immediately deep tothe mucosa in this region; also

known as: piriform fossa

plica sublingualis fold of mucosa under the

tongue which covers the

sublingual gland

also known as the sublingual

fold

pole, frontal the most anterior part of the

cerebral hemisphere

frontal pole is part of the

frontal lobe

pole, temporal the most anterior part of the

temporal lobe

pole, occipital the most posterior part of the occipital pole is part of the



cerebral hemisphere occipital lobe; composed of

primary visual cortex

pons the anterior portion of the

metencephalon

pons is the site of origin of

cranial nerves 9 99 6999; it forms part of the

anterior wall of the fourth

ventricle

posterior median sulcus midline furrow on the posteriorsurface of the spinal cord and

medulla oblongata

posterior median sulcus startsat the obex and continues

throughout the length of the

spinal cord

pyramid an elevations on the anteriorsurface of the medulla

oblongata

paired; the pyramids areseparated by the anterior

median fissure; they contain

the pyramidal tracts

pyramidal decussation point of crossover of ,*= thefibers of the corticospinal

tracts; located at lower levels of

the medulla

voluntary muscles of one sideof the body are under the

control of the contralateral

cerebral cortex

rima glottidis the opening between the vocalfolds

the glottis is the vocal fold plus the rima glottidis

salpingopharyngeal fold mucosal fold descending from

the posterior margin of the

torus tubarius

salpingopharyngeal fold

contains the

salpingopharyngeus m#

spinal dura mater outermost covering of thespinal cord it forms the dural

sac containing the spinal cord

within vertebral canal

dural sac ends at -(coccygeal ligament filum

terminale externum!

continues inferiorly to attachto coccyx

subarachnoid space the space between the

arachnoid mater and the pia

mater

subarachnoid space contains

cerebrospinal fluid and spider

web+like filaments

submandibular duct duct connecting thesubmandibular gland to the

floor of the oral cavity

submandibular duct drains thesubmandibular gland to the

sublingual carunclesubmandibular gland salivary gland located beneath

the mylohyoid m# in thesubmandibular triangle

submandibular gland is

innervated by postganglionic parasympathetic fibers from

the submandibular ganglion

sublingual caruncle a papilla on the lateral side of

the sublingual frenulum of the

sublingual caruncles the site

of the opening of the duct of



tongue the submandibular gland

sublingual gland salivary gland located beneath

the oral mucosa in the floor of

mouth

sublingual gland is located

deep to the plica sublingualis;

it drains onto the floor of theoral cavity via multiple small

ducts

sulcus, calcarine sulcus between the lingual

gyrus and the cuneus

primary visual cortex is both

superior and inferior to it

sulcus, central separates the frontal lobe fromthe parietal lobe; it separates

the sensory cortex from the

motor cortex

also known as: fissure ofolando

sulcus, longitudinal cleft located in the sagittal plane that separates the paired


it contains the falx cerebri;also known as: longitudinal

fissuresulcus, precentral the sulcus anterior to the

precentral gyrus

in con$unction with the

central sulcus it defines the precentral gyrus motor!

sulcus, postcentral the sulcus posterior to the

postcentral gyrus

in con$unction with the

central sulcus it defines the

postcentral gyrus sensory!

sulcus, lateral separates the frontal lobe and

the temporal lobe

the insula lies in the floor of

this sulcus

sulcus, olfactory sulcus that defines the lateral

margin of the straight gyrus

contains the olfactory bulb

and tract

sulcus, superior

temporal

sulcus between the superior andmiddle temporal gyri

used to define the superiorand middle temproal gyri

sulcus, inferior

temporal

sulcus between the middle and

inferior temporal gyri

used to define the middle and

inferior temporal gyri

sulcus, parieto$occipital sulcus between the parietal and

occipital lobes

landmark used to define the

borders of the parietal andoccipital lobes when viewing

the cerebral hemisphere from

a medial perspective

sulcus, cingulate the sulcus that lies superior tothe cingulate gyrus

defines the cingulate gyrus

superior colliculus paired elevations of the

midbrain tectum

part of the corpora

/uadrigemina; important for

reflex movements of the eyehead and neck



tectum the roof of the midbrain

formed by the superior and

inferior colliculi; located dorsalto the cerebral a/ueduct

also known as: /uadrigeminal

plate

tegmentum the collection of cells and nerve

fibers located ventral to the

ventricle system in themidbrain pons and medulla

gives rise to the middle

cerebellar peduncle

telencephalon rostral part of

prosencephalon%forebrain

comprised of: cerebral

hemispheres and basal

ganglia; contains the lateralventricles

tentorium cerebelli tent+like sheet of dura mater

covering the superior surface of

the cerebellum oriented

somewhat transversely

the midbrain passes through

the tentorial notch

thalamus an egg+shaped collection of

nuclei forming part of the

lateral wall of the thirdventricle

thalamus distributes

information to appropriate

areas of the cerebral cortex

thyroid cartilage anterior cartilage of the larynx;

formed by two flat plates that

fuse anteriorly in the midline toform the laryngeal prominence

thyroid cartilage is connected:

above to the hyoid bone via

the thyrohyoid membrane; below to the cricoid cartilage

via the inferior horn;

posteriorly to the pairedarytenoid cartilages via the

vocal ligaments and

thyroartenoid mm#;

posteriorly to the epiglotticcartilage via the

thyroepiglottic ligament;

under the action of thecricothyroid m# the thyroid

cartilage tilts forward to

increase tension on the vocal

ligament and raise the pitch of the voice

thyroid gland a large endocrine bland that lies

anterolateral to the lower partof the larynx and upper trachea

thyroid gland consists of two

lateral lobes $oined across themidline by the isthmus; it may

have a pyramidal lobe

extending superiorly near



midline which is a remnant of

development that marks its

route of migration from a primordium that originates at

the foramen cecum or the

tongue; thyroid gland issupplied by superior and

inferior thyroid aa#; it

produces thyroxin

thyroid isthmus constricted midline connection between the lateral lobes of the

thyroid gland

thyroid isthmus lies anteriorto tracheal rings (+'

torus tubarius mucosal fold covering the

anteromedial end of theauditory tube cartilage

torus tubarius pro$ects toward

the midline from the lateralwall of the nasopharynx

trachea main airway that lies anterior tothe esophagus

trachea extends from vertebrallevel 20 to the level of the

&'%5 intervertebral disc;superiorly it is connected to

the cricoid cartilage via the

cricotracheal ligament; it

bifurcates into two primary bronchi

uncus portion of the cerebral cortex

on the medial side of the

parahippocampal gyrus andoverlying the amygdala

uncus is located near the free

edge of the tentorium

cerebelli; it contains theolfactory cortex

vallate papilla the largest type of papilla

located on the dorsum of the

tongue; a total of ,+)( innumber arranged along the

anterior border of the sulcus

terminalis

vallate papillae possess taste

buds in a circular sulcus; also

known as: circumvallate papillae

valleculae epiglottica fossa located between the baseof the tongue and the epiglottis

paired; each of the valleculaeepiglottica is located between

the median glossoepiglottic

fold and the lateralglossoepiglottic fold

ventricle, lateral paired spaces within the


lateral ventricles drain

cerebrospinal fluid to the third

ventricle via theinterventricular foramina of

onroe!



ventricle, third a midline space within the

diencephalon between the

paired dorsal thalami and thehypothalamus

third ventricle communicates

rostrolaterally with paired

lateral ventricles viainterventricular foramina

communicates

posteroinferiorly with fourthventricle via cerebral

a/ueduct

ventricle, fourth midline space between the

cerebellum posteriorly and the pons and upper medulla

anteriorly

fourth ventricle

communicatesanterosuperiorly with the third

ventricle via the cerebral

a/ueduct; it drains 2-8 via

the median aperture and thelateral apertures

vestibular fold fold of mucosa located betweenthe laryngeal vestibule and the

laryngeal ventricle

also known as: false vocalfold

vocal folds fold of mucosa covering the

vocal ligament and the

thyroepiglottic muscle vocalis

part!

located inferior to the

laryngeal ventricle; also

known as: true vocal fold

vocal ligament an elastic band of connective

tissue located in the vocal fold

paired; each vocal ligament is

connected to the inner surface

of the thyroid cartilage

anteriorly and to the vocal process of the arytenoid

cartilage posteriorly; vocal

ligament is the thickenedsuperior margin of the conus

elasticus; vibration creates

sound; adducted by theactions of the arytenoid mm#

and lateral cricoarytenoid m#;

abducted by the action of the

posterior cricoarytenoid m#

Documents

Visceral Structures of the Thorax