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1 VISUALIZING GEOCHEMICAL PROCESSES Steven Earle, Geology Department Kilauea Volcano – May 2007 Earth Science students should understand some important geochemical processes. Most people (including me) find that even simple chemical processes are difficult to understand. Geochemical processes can be even more difficult. Paper models allow students to observe elemental proportions and to manipulate reaction processes. Why do we need to visualize geochemical processes?

VISUALIZING GEOCHEMICAL PROCESSES - SFU.ca · VISUALIZING GEOCHEMICAL PROCESSES Steven Earle, Geology Department Kilauea Volcano – May 2007 • Earth Science students should understand

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Page 1: VISUALIZING GEOCHEMICAL PROCESSES - SFU.ca · VISUALIZING GEOCHEMICAL PROCESSES Steven Earle, Geology Department Kilauea Volcano – May 2007 • Earth Science students should understand

VISUALIZING GEOCHEMICAL PROCESSES 

Steven Earle, Geology Department 

Kilauea Volcano – May 2007 

• Earth Science students should understand some important geochemical processes. 

• Most people (including me) find that even simple chemical processes are difficult to understand. 

• Geochemical processes can be even more difficult. 

• Paper models allow students to observe elemental proportions and to manipulate reaction processes. 

Why do we need to visualize geochemical processes?

Page 2: VISUALIZING GEOCHEMICAL PROCESSES - SFU.ca · VISUALIZING GEOCHEMICAL PROCESSES Steven Earle, Geology Department Kilauea Volcano – May 2007 • Earth Science students should understand

VISUALIZING GEOCHEMICAL PROCESSES 

Steven Earle, Geology Department 

Mid­Ocean Ridge Basalt 

Ocean Island Tholeiite 

Magma and depleted 

mantle rock after 10% melting

Page 3: VISUALIZING GEOCHEMICAL PROCESSES - SFU.ca · VISUALIZING GEOCHEMICAL PROCESSES Steven Earle, Geology Department Kilauea Volcano – May 2007 • Earth Science students should understand

VISUALIZING GEOCHEMICAL PROCESSES 

Steven Earle, Geology Department 

Modelling base­exchange softening in a sandstone aquifer 

100% 100% 2% 2% H 2 O 1% 2% K 2 O 6% 4% Na 2 O 9% 3% MgO 10% 5% CaO 9% 3% FeO 18% 10% Al 2 O 3 

45% 71% SiO 2 

Mafic Felsic 

Simplified mole per cent oxide proportions in felsic and mafic magmas

Page 4: VISUALIZING GEOCHEMICAL PROCESSES - SFU.ca · VISUALIZING GEOCHEMICAL PROCESSES Steven Earle, Geology Department Kilauea Volcano – May 2007 • Earth Science students should understand

Idealized oxide proportions in the common minerals in igneous rocks 

2 2 6 Albite 2 4 4 Anorthite 

9 Quartz 2 2 6 K­feldspar 

1 1 1 1 2 4 Biotite 1 1* 1* 1* 1* 2* 2 4 Amphibole 

ß any comb. adding to 4 (        4        ) 4 Pyroxene ß any combination adding to 4 (    4    ) 2 Olivine 

H 2 O K 2 O Na 2 O CaO MgO FeO Al 2 O 3 SiO 2 

*Amphibole can have any combination of these adding to 6, but not more than 2 of any one 

The concept of using paper models to visualize geochemical processes can be 

applied in many areas: 

• Igneous petrology (e.g. partial melting, fractional crystallization, sequential crystallization) 

• Metamorphic petrology • Chemical sedimentation 

• Weathering • Water­rock interactions • Ore­forming processes