Volume 3, Number 1 The State of the Internet - Akamai · The State of the Internet. The “spinning globe” featured in the Akamai NOCC represents where Akamai servers are located

1st Quarter, 2010 Report

Volume 3, Number 1

The State of the Internet

The “spinning globe” featured in the Akamai NOCC represents where Akamai servers are located and how much traffic they are seeing.

Executive SummaryEach quarter, Akamai publishes a “State of the Internet” report. This report includes data gathered from across Akamai’s global server network about attack traffic, broadband adoption, and mobile connectivity, as well as trends seen in this data over time. Periodically, it also aggregates publicly available news and information about notable events seen throughout the quarter, including Denial of Service attacks, Web site hacks, and network events, including outages and new connections.

During the first quarter of 2010, Akamai observed attack traffic originating from 198 unique countries around

the world. Russia remained the top attack traffic source, accounting for 12% of observed attack traffic in total.

The United States and China once again held the second and third place spots respectively, accounting for nearly

20% of observed attack traffic. Attack traffic concentration returned to levels seen in the third quarter of 2009,

with the top 10 ports once again seeing nearly 95% of the observed attack traffic. We noted that when aggregat-

ed at a continental level, Europe was responsible for the highest percentage of attacks seen in the first quarter,

both overall, and for attacks observed to have originated in known mobile networks. Port 445 continued to be

the most highly targeted port for observed attacks, again both overall and for attack traffic originating in known

mobile networks.

Akamai observed a 7.2% increase (from the fourth quarter of 2009) globally in the number of unique IP addresses

connecting to Akamai’s network. From a global connection speed perspective, South Korea continued to have

the highest level of “high broadband” (>5 Mbps) connectivity. South Korea also maintained the highest average

connection speed, at 12 Mbps, and recorded the highest average maximum connection speed, at 33 Mbps, where

the per-IP address maximum connection speed was averaged across IP addresses from each country. Cities in South

Korea also held many of the top spots in the rankings of highest average and average maximum1 connection

speeds by city. In the United States, Delaware remained in the top position, with 71% of connections to Akamai

occurring at 5 Mbps or greater. Delaware also maintained the highest average connection speed in the United

States, increasing to 7.6 Mbps, and recorded the highest average maximum1 connection speed across the

United States, at 25 Mbps.

In the first quarter of 2010, average measured connection speeds on mobile network providers around the

world ranged from 7.2 Mbps, down to 105 Kbps – both were observed on mobile providers in Slovakia. Of the

109 mobile network providers listed in the report, 35 achieved average connection speeds above 1 Mbps. Average

maximum1 connection speeds on mobile providers around the world ranged from over 20 Mbps down to just over

400 Kbps. Of the 109 listed providers, 83 achieved average maximum1 speeds greater than the 2 Mbps broadband

threshold, 33 achieved average maximum1 speeds greater than the 5 Mbps high broadband threshold, and six

achieved average maximum1 speeds greater than 10 Mbps.

4 © 2010 Akamai Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved

IntroductIon 5

SectIon2:SecurIty 6

2.1 Attack Traffic, Top Originating Countries 6

2.2 Attack Traffic, Top Ports 7

SectIon3:InternetPenetratIon 8

SectIon4:GeoGraPhy– Global 9

4.1 Global Average Connection Speeds 10

4.2 Global Average Connection Speeds, City View 11

4.3 Global Average Maximum Connection Speeds 13

4.4 Global Average Maximum Connection Speeds, City View 14

4.5 Global High Broadband Connectivity 16

4.6 Global High Broadband Connectivity: Speed Distribution 17

4.7 Global Broadband Connectivity 18

4.8 Global Narrowband Connectivity 19

SectIon5:GeoGraPhy–unItedStateS 20

5.1 United States Average Connection Speeds 20

5.2 United States Average Connection Speeds, City View 21

5.3 United States Average Maximum Connection Speeds 21

5.4 United States Average Maximum Connection Speeds, City View 22

5.5 United States High Broadband Connectivity 22

5.6 United States High Broadband Connectivity: Speed Distribution 23

5.7 United States Broadband Connectivity 24

5.8 United States Narrowband Connectivity 24

SectIon6:MobIle 25

SectIon7:aPPendIx 28

SectIon8:endnoteS 29

Table of Contents

5© 2010 Akamai Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved

IntroductionAkamai’s globally distributed network of servers allows us to gather massive amounts of information on many metrics, including connection speeds, attack traffic, and network connectivity/availability/latency problems, as well as traffic patterns on leading Web sites.

In the first quarter of 2010, observed attack traffic continued to target a relatively consistent set of ports,

and attacks targeting port 445 continued to be responsible for an overwhelming percentage of the observed

attacks, both overall, and for attacks observed to be originating in known mobile networks. Russia remained

the top source of observed attack traffic, followed closely by the United States – in aggregate, the two countries

were responsible for 22% of observed attack traffic, with the balance originating in a long tail of 196 more

countries/regions. Aggregated at a continental level, Europe is responsible for the highest percentages

of observed attacks, both overall, and for attacks observed to be originating in known mobile networks.

Akamai noted accelerated quarterly growth in the global observed unique IP count in the first quarter of

2010, which was up over 7% from the prior quarter, to over 487 million unique IP addresses making requests

to Akamai. Quarterly trending in global average connection speeds was mixed during the first quarter, though

quarterly trending in average maximum1 connection speeds was generally positive. Given that data from known

mobile networks was removed from the data set used to calculate connection speed metrics, more countries

than expected showed declining quarterly levels of high broadband and broadband adoption during the first

quarter, though we believe that this may be related to the increased consumption of rate-limited streams

delivered over HTTP.2 From a year-over-year perspective, trending was more generally positive for both metrics.

Rates of narrowband adoption also continued to show surprising levels of growth on a global basis.

In the United States, Delaware continued to maintain its position as the state with the strongest connection

speed metrics, placing first for average connection speed (7.6 Mbps) and average maximum1 connection speed

(25 Mbps), as well as high broadband (71%) and broadband (97%) adoption.

In response to the growing amount of Internet content being accessed through mobile devices such as

smartphones and laptops equipped with mobile broadband connection technologies, and also in response

to multiple inquiries for such data, Akamai has begun publishing insights into metrics collected from connections

to Akamai that have been identified as coming from networks associated with mobile providers. During the first

quarter of 2010, average measured connection speeds on mobile network providers around the world ranged

from 7.2 Mbps, down to 105 Kbps – both were observed on mobile providers in Slovakia. Average maximum1

connection speeds on mobile providers around the world ranged from over 20 Mbps down to just over 400

Kbps. Consumption of content from Akamai by users on known mobile networks ranged from 9.5 GB per

unique IP address per month down to just 11 MB per unique IP address per month.


2.1 Attack Traffic, Top Originating CountriesDuring the first quarter of 2010, Akamai observed attack

traffic originating from 198 countries, the same as in the

fourth quarter of 2009. For the third consecutive quarter,

Russia held the top spot, originating 12% of observed

attack traffic, as shown in Figure 1. The United States

remained in second place though the portion of global

observed attack traffic the country generated declined

from 12% to 10% quarter over quarter. India and

Argentina dropped out of the top 10 in the first quarter

(to 13th and 11th places, respectively), while Japan and

Poland moved into the top 10 (after ranking 11th and

12th respectively in the fourth quarter of 2009). Attack

concentration among the top 10 countries declined

slightly from the prior quarter, accounting for 61%

of observed attacks.

Aggregating the observed attack traffic at a continental

level, we find that Europe is far and away responsible for

the largest percentage of attacks seen in the first quarter,

as shown in Figure 2. In addition, in aggregating observed

attack traffic that originated from known mobile networks,

as shown in Figure 3, we find that the largest percentage

of it (approximately half) appears to have come from

European mobile networks, followed by nearly a third

of it from mobile networks across South America. Given

the ports targeted by attacks identified as coming from

mobile networks, and the similarity to the overall target

port list, we believe that this attack traffic is likely being

generated by infected PC-type clients connecting to wire-

less networks through mobile broadband connection

technologies, and not by infected smartphones or

similar mobile devices.

SECTION 2:

Security

Akamai maintains a distributed set of agents deployed across the Internet that serve to monitor attack traffic. Based on the data collected by these agents, Akamai is able to identify the top countries from which attack traffic originates, as well as the top ports targeted by these attacks. (Ports are network layer protocol identifiers.) This section, provides insight into Internet attack traffic, as observed and measured by Akamai, during the first quarter of 2010. While some quarter-over-quarter trending may be discussed, it is expected that both the top countries and top ports will experience some change on a quarterly basis.

Figure 1: Attack Traffic, Top Originating Countries/Regions

1 Russia 12% 13%

2 United States 10% 12%

3 China 9.1% 7.5%

4 Taiwan 6.1% 5.5%

5 Brazil 6.0% 6.4%

6 Italy 4.4% 4.5%

7 Germany 3.9% 4.4%

8 Romania 3.2% 3.0%

9 Japan 2.9% 2.9%

10 Poland 2.4% 2.2%

– Other 39% 37%

Q4 ‘09 %% TrafficCountry/Region

42

107 8

1

5

3

6

9


2.2 Attack Traffic, Top PortsAttack concentration among the top 10 targeted ports

increased quarter over quarter, with the top 10 ports

responsible for just under 95% of observed attacks

(up from just under 92% in the fourth quarter of 2009).

As usual, port 445 was the most targeted port, once

again targeted by 74% of observed attacks. In looking

at the target port distribution across the top 10 countries,

the concentration of attacks targeted at this port varies

widely, ranging from 95% in Romania to just over 50%

in the United States. Elsewhere among the top 10, SMTP

(port 25) was replaced in the list by SOCKS Proxy (port

1080), which moved up from 14th place in the fourth

quarter of 2009.

In reviewing observed attack traffic originating in known

mobile networks, Port 445 was, for most network providers,

far and away the most targeted port, likely indicating user

populations with insufficiently patched systems running

Microsoft Windows OS variants that are connecting to

mobile networks, as opposed to malware running on smart-

phones and similar mobile devices. Other popular targets

for the first quarter included Port 135 (Microsoft-RPC),

Port 139 (NetBIOS), and Port 22 (SSH).

Figure 2: Q1 2010 Observed Attack Traffic, Aggregated by Region

Africa 1%

South America

11%

North America 13%

Asia Pacific 31%

Europe 44%

Figure 3: Q1 2010 Observed Attack Traffic from Mobile Networks, Aggregated by Region

Africa 0.1%

South America 32%

North America 2.2%

Asia Pacific 16%

Europe 50%Figure 4: Attack Traffic, Top Ports

445 Microsoft-DS 74% 74%

22 SSH 6.3% 5.2%

139 NetBIOS 3.2% 2.8%

23 Telnet 2.5% 2.5%

135 Microsoft-RPC 2.5% 2.8%

80 WWW 1.7% 1.5%

4899 Remote Administrator 1.5% 1.1%

1433 Microsoft SQL Server 1.1% 0.9%

5900 VNC Server 0.9% 0.8%

1080 SOCKS Proxy 0.5% 0.3%

Various Other 5.6% –

Q4 ‘09 %% TrafficPort UsePort

SOCKS Proxy 0.5%

NetBIOS 3.2%

Telnet 2.5%

Microsoft-RPC 2.5%

WWW 1.7%

Remote Administrator 1.5%

Microsoft SQL Server 0.9% VNC Server 0.9%

Microsoft-DS 74%

SSH 6.3%

Other 5.6%


As shown in Figure 5, the top 10 countries remained

the same quarter-over-quarter, though Brazil and Spain

again exchanged places at the bottom of the list. Con-

tinuing the ongoing trend, the United States and China

accounted for nearly 40% of the observed IP addresses.

In addition to the accelerated quarterly growth seen

in the global IP address count, in comparing fourth

quarter 2009 and first quarter 2010 quarterly change

levels, eight of the top 10 countries also saw similarly

accelerated quarterly growth in Internet penetration

levels. (Germany and the United Kingdom were the

two exceptions, seeing smaller quarterly changes

than in the prior quarter.)

Globally, 54 countries saw a quarterly decline in IP address

counts in the first quarter, though nearly two-thirds of those

were places where Akamai observed just tens or hundreds

of IP addresses. Concentration among the top 10 remained

consistent as well, accounting for approximately 71% of

the observed IP addresses for the third consecutive quarter.

In looking at the “long tail,” there were 184 countries/

regions with fewer than one million unique IP addresses

connecting to Akamai in the first quarter of 2010, 140

with fewer than 100,000 unique IP addresses, and 32

with fewer than 1,000 unique IP addresses. The count

for 1,000 unique IP addresses remained consistent quarter-

over-quarter, while the other two were down slightly.

SECTION 3:

Internet Penetration

Through a globally-deployed server network, and by virtue of the billions of requests for Web content that it services on a daily basis, Akamai has unique visibility into the levels of Internet penetration around the world. In the first quarter of 2010, over 487 million unique IP addresses, from 233 countries/regions, connected to the Akamai network – 7.2% more IP addresses than in the fourth quarter of 2009, and 16% more than in the same quarter a year ago. While the yearly change was roughly consistent with the level seen in the fourth quarter of 2009, the quarterly change was nearly 75% higher than that seen in the fourth quarter, possibly indicating accelerated growth in Internet penetration levels. Although we see approximately 487 million unique IP addresses, Akamai believes that it sees approximately one billion Web users. This is because in some cases, multiple individuals may be represented by a single IP address (or small number of IP addresses), as they access the World Wide Web through a firewall or proxy server. Conversely, individual users can have multiple IP addresses (handheld, personal/home system, business laptop, etc.).

Figure 5: Unique IP Addresses Seen By Akamai

– Global 487,618,413 7.2% 16%

1 United States 129,354,234 8.1% 11%

2 China 57,723,188 14% 30%

3 Japan 33,220,465 3.8% 13%

4 Germany 31,012,378 1.6% 8.6%

5 France 22,473,570 5.1% 15%

6 United Kingdom 20,114,050 1.5% 6.9%

7 South Korea 16,715,485 7.2% 16%

8 Canada 11,729,224 3.9% 4.1%

9 Brazil 11,381,433 6.7% 23%

10 Spain 11,224,801 4.8% 13%

YoY Change

QoQ Change

Q1 ‘10 Unique IP Addresses

Country/Region

1

8

4

9

23

710

5

6


The data presented within this section was collected

during the first quarter of 2010 through Akamai’s globally-

deployed server network and includes all countries/regions

that had more than 1,000 average monthly unique IP

addresses make requests to Akamai’s network during the

first quarter. For purposes of classification in this report,

the “broadband” data included below is for connections

greater than 2 Mbps, and “high broadband” is for con-

nections of 5 Mbps or greater. In contrast, the “narrow-

band” data included below is for connections slower than

256 Kbps. Note that the percentage changes reflected

below are not additive – they are relative to the prior

quarter(s). (That is, a Q4 value of 50% and a Q1 value

of 51% would be reflected here as a 2% change.) A

quarter-over-quarter change is shown within the tables

in several sections below in an effort to highlight general

trends. A year-over-year change is also shown in some

tables to illustrate longer-term trends.

As the quantity of HD-quality media increases over time,

and the consumption of that media increases, end users

are likely to require ever-increasing amounts of bandwidth.

A connection speed of 2 Mbps is arguably sufficient for

standard definition TV-quality video content, and 5 Mbps

for standard-definition DVD quality video content, while

Blu-Ray (1080p) video content has a maximum video bit

rate of 40 Mbps, according to the Blu-Ray FAQ.4 As we have

done in prior quarters, in order to provide additional insight

into where users have connection speeds that would allow

them to be able to effectively consume this higher quality

media, we will continue to examine how the “high broad-

band” connections are distributed across speed groupings

ranging from 5 to >25 Mbps. In addition, starting with this

edition of the State of the Internet report, we will begin

reporting average maximum1 connection speeds around

the world, from a country/region, state, and city perspec-

tive. This metric can provide insight into the peak speeds

that users can likely expect from their Internet connections.

We will also continue to look at which cities around the

world have the highest average and average maximum1

connection speeds.

Finally, starting with this quarter’s State of the Internet

report, traffic from known mobile network providers will

be analyzed and reviewed in a separate section of the

report, and this has been removed from the data set used

to calculate the metrics reported in the present section.

SECTION 4:

Geography– Global

Akamai has a unique level of visibility into the connection speeds of end-user systems, and as such, of broadband adoption around the globe, by virtue of the billions of requests for Web content that it services on a daily basis through its globally-deployed server network. Because Akamai has implemented a distributed network model, deploying servers within edge networks, it can deliver content more reliably and more consistently at those speeds, in contrast to centralized competitors that rely on fewer deployments in large data centers. For more information on why this is possible, please see Akamai’s How Will The Internet Scale? White Paper3 or the video explanation at www.akamai.com/whytheedge.


4.1 Global Average Connection Speeds After a generally positive showing in Q4 2009, changes

to average connection speeds are once again mixed

around the world. (Readers may note that the Mbps

figures below are higher than those listed in prior editions

of this report, but are still reflecting quarter-over-quarter

declines. As noted in the introduction to this section,

traffic from known mobile providers has been removed

from the data sets used to calculate this metric for Q1

2010, and the accompanying quarter-over-quarter and

year-over-year changes have been calculated from this

adjusted data set as well.) As shown in Figure 6, average

speed increases among the top 10 countries were largely

unremarkable, with Hong Kong and Denmark remaining

essentially flat, and Japan, the Netherlands, and Switzer-

land improving by 3.5% or less. Over the long term,

year-over-year trends are more positive, however, with

seven of the top 10 countries having higher average

connection speeds than during the same period a year

ago. The United States ranked 16th globally, managing

slight half-percent increases quarter-over-quarter and

year-over year. Given this, the adjusted average connec-

tion speed for the fourth quarter would be just under

4.7 Mbps – nearly a full Mbps higher than the speed

reported in last quarter’s report, which included traffic

from mobile networks.

With traffic from known mobile networks now removed

from the data set, it is not immediately clear what is causing

the observed decline in average connection speeds on a

global basis and in other countries. The base data set may

still include usage from mobile networks not yet identified,

or from network providers that are mixing mobile and fixed

network traffic on a single autonomous system. Alternatively,

it may point to higher usage of network-reliant applications

and devices that are consuming some amount of network

bandwidth in communicating with non-Akamai systems.

Finally, some of this decline may be related to the delivery

of video content for the 2010 Winter Olympics over the

Akamai HD Network,2 as discussed in Section 4.5 below.

During the first quarter, 96 countries had average

connection speeds below 1 Mbps, a level consistent with

the prior quarter. Akamai measured average connection

speeds below 100 Kbps in five countries in the first quarter

– up from three in the fourth quarter of 2009. (Note that

the slowest countries often have the smallest number

of unique IP addresses connecting to Akamai, so it may

be the case that a few less countries fell below the 1000

unique IP address threshold in the first quarter than in

the fourth quarter.) The lowest average connection speed

was once again in Mayotte, at 40 Kbps, even with the

prior quarter.

SECTION 4:

Geography– Global (continued)

Figure 6: Average Measured Connection Speed by Country/Region

– Global 1.7 -4.7% -1.0%

1 South Korea 12 -2.3% 9.6%

2 Hong Kong 9.0 – 19%

3 Japan 7.9 2.5% -1.6%

4 Romania 6.3 -14% 6.5%

5 Latvia 6.3 -0.1% 35%

6 Sweden 6.2 -0.7% -8.6%

7 Netherlands 6.0 3.6% 9.6%

8 Czech Republic 5.5 -6.4% 0.7%

9 Denmark 5.3 0.1% 6.2%

10 Switzerland 5.3 3.7% -6.1%

…

16 United States 4.7 0.5% 0.5%

YoY ChangeQoQ ChangeQ1 ‘10 Avg. MbpsCountry/Region

16

6

5

4

3

2

110

8

7

9


4.2 Global Average Connection Speeds, City View For the third consecutive quarter, we are once again

examining average measured connection speeds at a city

level. In addition to the 50,000 unique IP addresses “filter”

that was implemented last quarter for inclusion in the list,

we’ve applied an additional filter for this quarter’s report.

It was previously noted that cities that were home to one

or more major academic institutions (colleges/universities)

featured prominently within the list. To that end, for this

quarter’s list, connections from known academic networks

(autonomous systems) were removed from the source data

set in order to mitigate the impact high-speed campus

connections may have had on the overall rankings. As

seen in Figure 8, this new “academic” filter has had

a significant impact on the rankings of cities within the list.

The former top three cities – Berkeley (California), Chapel

Hill (North Carolina), and Stanford (California) – have all

disappeared from the top 100 list, with former 4th place

city Masan (South Korea) moving into the top slot. The

city with the highest average connection speed in the

United States is now Monterey Park, CA with an average

connection speed of 7.2 Mbps.

Figure 7 illustrates that Asia dominates the list, with more

than half (61) of the top cities located in Japan, 12 more in

South Korea, including eight of the top 10, and Hong Kong.

In North America, 14 cities made it to the top 100 (12 in the

United States, 2 in Canada) and in Europe, 12 cities across

6 countries reached the top 100.

Cities in Asia dominate the Global Average Connection Speeds top 100 list, with 61 located in Japan, 12 more in South Korea, and Hong Kong. Fourteen cities from North America made it into the top 100, along with 12 cities in Europe.

Figure 7: Number of Cities in top 100, Average Measured Connection Speed

Mbp

s

Japan

Swed

en

Roman

ia

German

y

South

Korea

United

State

s

Netherl

ands

Czech R

epub

lic

Norway

Canad

a

Hong K

ong

60

12

9

6

3

0


Figure 8: Average Measured Connection Speed, Top Global Cities

1 South Korea Masan 15839

2 South Korea Poryong 14134

3 South Korea Kimchon 13845

4 South Korea Taegu 13796

5 South Korea Milyang 13463

6 South Korea Seocho 12829

7 South Korea Ilsan 12500

8 Japan Usen 12499

9 Japan Tokai 12377

10 South Korea Seoul 11861

11 Japan Kanagawa 11541

12 Japan Shimotsuma 11206

13 Japan Urawa 11017

14 South Korea Suwon 10736

15 Japan Asahi 10670

16 Japan Tochigi 10248

17 Japan Marunouchi 9804

18 Sweden Umea 9799

19 Japan Ibaraki 9684

20 Japan Shizuoka 9402

21 Japan Nagoya 9262

22 Japan Kyoto 9249

23 Japan Hyogo 9038

24 Japan Yokohama 9001

25 Japan Kobe 8991

26 Japan Gifu 8975

27 South Korea Yongsan 8950

28 Japan Sendai 8897

29 Japan Nagano 8887

30 Norway Lyse 8887

31 Japan Chiba 8801

32 Japan Nara 8637

33 Japan Hodogaya 8584

34 Hong Kong Hong Kong 8571

35 Japan Wakayama 8559

36 Japan Fukuoka 8476

37 Japan Yokkaichi 8412

38 Japan Kagawa 8370

39 Japan Niho 8333

40 Japan Soka 8301

41 Japan Niigata 8248

42 Japan Otsu 8240

43 Japan Hiroshima 8209

44 Netherlands Wageningen 8130

45 South Korea Inchon 8102

46 Japan Hamamatsu 8059

47 Japan Matsuyama 8053

48 Japan Mito 8044

49 Japan Kokuryo 8042

50 Japan Kanazawa 7999

51 Japan Utsunomiya 7885

52 Japan Fukui 7801

53 Canada Oakville 7790

54 Japan Tokushima 7780

55 Japan Yosida 7769

56 Japan Hakodate 7761

57 Canada Victoria 7759

58 Germany Baden-Baden 7733

59 Japan Tokyo 7675

60 Japan Yamagata 7659

61 Romania Constanta 7623

62 Japan Yamaguchi 7521

63 Netherlands Groningen 7468

64 Japan Kochi 7388

65 Japan Iwaki 7316

66 United States Monterey Park, CA 7272

67 Japan Kofu 7266

68 Japan Okayama 7233

69 Japan Osaka 7135

70 Japan Toyama 7077

71 Japan Kagoshima 7044

72 South Korea Suyudong 7031

73 Japan Saga 6962

74 Japan Kumamoto 6943

75 Japan Tottori 6858

76 United States Riverside, CA 6845

77 Japan Okidate 6784

78 Japan Morioka 6776

79 United States Fairfield, CA 6719

80 Czech Republic Ceska 6685

81 United States Capitol Heights, MD 6614

82 Japan Miyazaki 6610

83 Japan Nagasaki 6602

84 Romania Timisoara 6599

85 Romania Iasi 6589

86 Japan Akita 6550

87 United States Hayward, CA 6545

88 Sweden Goteborg 6537

89 United States Walnut Creek, CA 6534

90 United States Staten Island, NY 6518

91 United States Oakland, CA 6476

92 United States San Mateo, CA 6452

93 Netherlands Joure 6437

94 United States Olympia, WA 6426

95 Japan Oita 6406

96 Japan Otemachi 6380

97 United States Boston Metro, MA 6378

98 Netherlands Tilburg 6352

99 Japan Sapporo 6317

100 United States Union, NJ 6317

Q1 ‘10 Avg. Kbps Q1 ‘10 Avg. KbpsCity CityCountry/Region Country/Region

SECTION 4:



4.3 Global Average Maximum Connection SpeedsAs mentioned in the introduction to this section, new

to the State of the Internet report series this quarter is

a review of average maximum connection speeds. This

metric represents an average of the maximum measured

connection speeds across all of the unique IP addresses

seen by Akamai from a particular geography. The average

is used in order to mitigate the impact of unrepresenta-

tive maximum measured connection speeds. In contrast

to the average measured connection speed, the average

maximum connection speed metric is more representative

of what many end-user Internet connections are capable

of. (This includes the application of so-called speed boost-

ing technologies that may be implemented within the

network by providers, in order to deliver faster download

speeds for some larger files.) Note that data from known

mobile networks has also been removed from the source

data set for this metric.

As shown in Figure 9, in the first quarter of 2010,

Akamai calculated an average maximum connection

speed of 33 Mbps in South Korea – almost 3x the average

connection speed within the country – with strong growth

on a quarterly and yearly basis as well. Asia continues

to lead this metric as well, with South Korea, Hong Kong,

and Japan taking the first three slots in the top 10 list.

European countries took six of the remaining slots,

all with average maximum connection speeds over 15

Mbps, while the United States placed 8th with an average

maximum connection speed of 16 Mbps. Quarterly changes

among the top 10 countries were all positive, as were most

of the yearly changes, with only Sweden and the United

States showing slight declines. While the 4.7% quarterly

decline for the global figure is reasonable, representing

a slowdown of approximately 300 Kbps, the 24% yearly

decline, equivalent to a 2 Mbps slowdown, is surprising.

A review of the source data shows significant yearly average

maximum connection speed declines in China, India, and

a number of South American countries, among others.

While the declines in these countries clearly influenced the

overall global figure, it is not clear what drove the declines.

In looking at the average maximum speed distribution

around the world, only South Korea exceeded 30 Mbps,

due in no small part to the broad availability of extremely

high speed Internet connectivity across the country. Three

more countries/regions registered average maximum

speeds in excess of 20 Mbps, while 39 others had average

maximum speeds in excess of 10 Mbps. In looking at the

“high broadband” threshold of 5 Mbps, 58 additional

countries exceeded that. Only 12 countries saw average

maximum connection speeds below 1 Mbps, including

Mayotte, where the 411 Kbps average maximum speed

was 10x its average speed for the first quarter.

Figure 9: Average Maximum Connection Speed by Country/Region

– Global 6.4 -4.7% -24%

1 South Korea 33 15% 28%

2 Hong Kong 30 15% 8.3%

3 Japan 26 9.4% 6.8%

4 Romania 25 1.8% 13%

5 Sweden 19 3.8% -1.5%

6 Latvia 19 11% 43%

7 Belgium 17 8.9% 8.7%

8 United States 16 6.7% -1.2%

9 Portugal 16 7.8% 13%

10 Bulgaria 15 32% 63%

YoY ChangeQoQ ChangeQ1 ‘10 Max. MbpsCountry/Region

8

46

3

19

10

7

2

5


4.4 Global Average Maximum Connection Speeds, City ViewFollowing the lead of Sections 4.2 and 4.3 above, starting

this quarter, the State of the Internet report will also begin

to review average maximum1 connection speeds at a city

level. As noted in Section 4.2, connections from known

academic networks (autonomous systems) were removed

from the source data set in order to mitigate impact that

high-speed campus connections may have had on the

overall rankings. We’ve also applied a filter of 50,000

unique IP addresses for inclusion in this list.

It comes as no surprise that Japan and South Korea

rule the top 10 for this metric as well, with six and

four cities respectively among the top 10, as shown

in Figure 11. Additionally, Figure 10 shows that Japan

and South Korea also dominate the top 100 cities, with

Japan holding over half (53) of the spots on the list, and

South Korea taking another 11. In Europe, 8 cities across

five countries are included in the top 100, with four of

those cities in Romania. In North America, the United

States accounts for over a quarter (27) of the entries.

When viewed at a more granular city level, the average

maximum1 connection speeds tell an even better story

of the availability of extremely high-speed connectivity

around the world. As Figure 11 illustrates, three cities

had average maximum1 connection speeds in excess

of 40 Mbps, while 22 more exceeded 30 Mbps. Nearly

100 additional cities around the world had average

maximum1 connection speeds above 20 Mbps, and over

360 more achieved average maximum1 connection speeds

between 10 and 20 Mbps. Over 190 more surpassed the

“high broadband” threshold of 5 Mbps, while over 130

fell between that level and the “broadband” threshold

of 2 Mbps. Only one city (with more than 50,000 unique

IP addresses connecting to Akamai in the first quarter)

saw an average maximum1 connection speed below

1 Mbps – Tripoli, Libya.

SECTION 4:


Figure 10: Number of Cities in top 100, Average Maximum Connection Speed

Mbp

s

Japan

Norway

German

y

Swed

en

United

State

s

South

Korea

Roman

ia

Portu

gal

Hong K

ong

56

52

28

24

20

16

12

8

4

0


Figure 11: Average Maximum Connection Speed, Top Global Cities

1 South Korea Masan 40558

2 Japan Tokai 40179

3 Japan Marunouchi 40084

4 Japan Kanagawa 38239

5 South Korea Kimchon 37976

6 South Korea Taegu 37420

7 South Korea Poryong 37030

8 Japan Usen 36299

9 Japan Urawa 36079

10 Japan Shimotsuma 35815

11 South Korea Milyang 34943

12 Japan Hodogaya 34213

13 Romania Constanta 34133

14 South Korea Seocho 33752

15 Japan Tochigi 33500

16 Japan Asahi 33372

17 Japan Soka 33246

18 Japan Nagano 33045

19 South Korea Ilsan 32226

20 South Korea Seoul 32091

21 South Korea Suwon 31700

22 Japan Chiba 31461

23 Japan Fukuoka 30424

24 Japan Yokohama 30137

25 Japan Ibaraki 30106

26 Japan Kokuryo 29747

27 Japan Nagoya 29630

28 Japan Kobe 29581

29 South Korea Yongsan 29499

30 Japan Sendai 29243

31 Japan Kyoto 29149

32 Japan Mito 29129

33 Romania Timisoara 28678

34 Romania Iasi 28432

35 Japan Utsunomiya 28332

36 Japan Niigata 28324

37 Hong Kong Hong Kong 28124

38 Japan Kagawa 27999

39 Japan Gifu 27941

40 Japan Yosida 27898

41 Norway Lyse 27688

42 Japan Yokkaichi 27653

43 Japan Shizuoka 27522

44 Japan Niho 27158

45 Japan Wakayama 26849

46 Japan Nara 26692

47 South Korea Suyudong 26611

48 Germany Baden-Baden 26594

49 Japan Kanazawa 26519

50 Japan Otsu 26404

51 Japan Hamamatsu 26265

52 Japan Fukui 26149

53 Japan Hakodate 25954

54 Japan Iwaki 25844

55 Japan Kofu 25563

56 Japan Hiroshima 25280

57 United States Monterey Park, CA 25256

58 Japan Yamagata 25218

59 Japan Tokushima 25156

60 Japan Tokyo 24752

61 Japan Matsuyama 24629

62 United States Federal Way, WA 24628

63 United States Everett, WA 24588

64 United States Olympia, WA 24564

65 United States Bellevue, WA 24461

66 Sweden Umea 24422

67 Japan Yamaguchi 24397

68 United States Vancouver, WA 24115

69 United States Salem, OR 24013

70 Japan Osaka 23942

71 Japan Hyogo 23913

72 United States Hickory, NC 23879

73 Romania Bucharest 23830

74 United States Boston Metro, MA 23742

75 Portugal Coimbra 23642

76 Japan Morioka 23572

77 Japan Okidate 23533

78 United States Fairfield, CA 23477

79 United States Beaverton, OR 23316

80 Japan Toyama 23265

81 Japan Sapporo 23261

82 United States Hayward, CA 23107

83 Japan Kochi 22911

84 Japan Okayama 22845

85 United States Riverside, CA 22803

86 United States Capitol Heights, MD 22717

87 United States Tacoma, WA 22717

88 United States Oakland, CA 22649

89 United States Oxford, MA 22586

90 United States Walnut Creek, CA 22509

91 United States Stone Mountain, GA 22492

92 United States Aurora, CO 22229

93 United States Union, NJ 22210

94 United States San Mateo, CA 22070

95 United States Romeoville, IL 22056

96 Japan Akita 21956

97 United States Staten Island, NY 21898

98 United States Mishawaka, IN 21796

99 United States Arvada, CO 21742

100 United States Mount Prospect, IL 21683

Q1 ‘10 Max. Kbps Q1 ‘10 Max. KbpsCity CityCountry/Region Country/Region


SECTION 4:


4.5 Global High Broadband ConnectivityIn the first quarter of 2010, one-fifth of the connections

to Akamai were at speeds greater than 5 Mbps – down

slightly from the prior quarter, but a bit more than the

same quarter a year ago. As shown in Figure 12, quarterly

changes across the top 10 countries were mixed, though

none of the changes were significant. However, for most

of the top 10 countries, yearly growth in high broadband

penetration was fairly strong, with seven of them see-

ing yearly increases greater than 10%. (Note that traffic

from known mobile networks was removed here as well,

which may cause some of the metrics to differ significantly

from values published in prior editions of the report.)

The positive year-over-year changes are an encouraging

trend across the top 10 and on a global basis. In looking

at countries beyond the top 10, those showing year-over-

year gains outnumbered declines by a 5:4 ratio, though

there were a number of countries that saw significant

yearly improvements, likely due to relatively low base

levels of high broadband penetration. Similarly, many

of the countries outside the top 10 that saw significant

yearly declines also had relatively low base levels of high

broadband penetration.

Overall, we believe that the declines seen in some regions

in the first quarter may be related to the streaming of the

2010 Winter Olympics on the Akamai HD Network,5 which

leverages HTTP to provide adaptive bitrate streaming, re-

sulting in unmatched scale, quality and a highly interactive

viewer experience. Streams for the Olympics were encoded

by the broadcasters at six unique bitrates between 350

Kbps and 3.45 Mbps – all below the “high broadband”

threshold of 5 Mbps, with four of the six bitrates below

the “broadband” threshold of 2 Mbps. As such, because

delivery of the streams would have been rate-limited to

those bitrates (due to the encoding rates), this may have

impacted the percentage of connections to Akamai in

excess of 5 Mbps. The Akamai HD Network was first an-

nounced in September 2009,6 and its growth in the first

year of availability is a very positive sign, both for customer

adoption of the service, as well as the continued growth

of video consumption online. Similar to the impact of data

from mobile networks in prior quarters, and the subse-

quent filtering of such data, Akamai plans to implement

similar filtering of such rate-limited content, as appropriate,

from future State of the Internet data sets.

Figure 12: High Broadband Connectivity, Fastest Countries/Regions

– Global 20% -5.2% 1.5%

1 South Korea 65% -7.6% 25%

2 Japan 60% 0.2% 4.8%

3 Romania 48% -4.5% 18%

4 Hong Kong 45% -9.0% 16%

5 Sweden 42% -3.7% -13%

6 Latvia 41% 2.9% 75%

7 Denmark 41% 0.7% 16%

8 Netherlands 40% 2.6% 10%

9 Canada 34% 0.9% 47%

10 Belgium 33% -2.9% -1.1%

…

14 United States 25% -4.3% -2.6%

YoY ChangeQoQ Change% above 5 MbpsCountry/Region

14

5

6

3

2

4

1

8

10

7

9


4.6 Global High Broadband Connectivity: Speed DistributionIn an effort to better understand the distribution of

connections at speeds above 5 Mbps around the world,

Akamai has done a more detailed analysis on these

connections in order to publish more detailed data on

the distribution of connection speeds, aggregated into

5 Mbps ‘buckets,’ as seen in Figure 13.

In looking back at the analysis published in the 1st

Quarter, 2009 State of the Internet report, we noted

that it would be interesting to see if the percentage

of connections over 25 Mbps in South Korea continued

to grow. A year later, we observe that while this percent-

age has declined slightly (12% to 11%), the percentages

in the other buckets have increased. For the United States,

these speed distributions have remained essentially flat,

as compared to those published in the 1st Quarter, 2009

State of the Internet report.

We expect that, on a global basis, as the adoption

and rollout of DOCSIS 3.0 technology by cable Internet

providers,7 as well as other FTTH initiatives by telecom

providers,8 become more widespread the percentage of

connections in higher speed ‘buckets’ will grow over time.

The average maximum1 connection speed data presented

above demonstrate that these very high speed connections

are certainly available in some areas, but they need to be

made more widely available, and priced at levels that more

subscribers will find affordable.

Figure 13: High Broadband Connectivity, Distribution of Speeds

1 South Korea 65% 28% 14% 7.7% 4.7% 11%

2 Japan 60% 34% 16% 5.4% 2.1% 2.2%

3 Romania 48% 33% 8.9% 2.6% 1.1% 1.6%

4 Hong Kong 45% 23% 7.0% 4.2% 3.0% 7.4%

5 Sweden 42% 29% 6.9% 2.8% 1.4% 2.5%

6 Latvia 41% 28% 6.6% 2.5% 1.2% 2.3%

7 Denmark 41% 35% 3.9% 0.9% 0.4% 0.7%

8 Netherlands 40% 31% 5.7% 1.4% 0.6% 1.5%

9 Canada 34% 28% 3.7% 0.8% 0.4% 0.8%

10 Belgium 33% 31% 1.3% 0.2% 0.1% 0.3%

…

14 United States 25% 20% 2.7% 0.9% 0.4% 0.8%

10–15 Mbps >25 Mbps5–10 Mbps 20–25 Mbps% above 5 Mbps 15–20 MbpsCountry/Region

We expect that, on a global basis, as the adoption and rollout of DOCSIS 3.0 technology by cable Internet providers, as well as other FTTH initiatives by telecom providers, become more widespread the percentage of connections in higher speed ‘buckets’ will grow over time.


4.7 Global Broadband ConnectivitySimilar to what was noted in Section 4.5 above, we

believe that the rate-limited delivery of streaming content

for the 2010 Olympics over the Akamai HD Network2 may

have impacted the quarterly and yearly changes for global

broadband connectivity globally and in selected countries

around the world, as shown in Figure 14. In addition, as

was noted previously, data from known mobile networks

was removed from the source data set for this metric.

Having said that, quarterly changes among the top

10 countries were mixed, though the yearly changes,

on the whole, were certainly more positive. Of interest

is Monaco taking the top slot for global broadband,

pushing Switzerland into second place. While Monaco

certainly has an impressive rate of broadband adoption,

it is derived from a much smaller sample set than the

balance of countries among the top 10 – it had fewer

than 20,000 unique IP addresses that connected to

Akamai at speeds above 2 Mbps, while other countries

in the top 10 had hundreds of thousands or millions

of unique IP addresses connecting to Akamai at those

speeds, so its ranking must be considered in that light.

Overall, broadband adoption around the world continues

to be strong and increasing. In the first quarter of 2010,

50 countries/regions had broadband adoption levels in

excess of 50% – this is up from 45 countries/regions in the

first quarter of 2009, and just 27 in the first quarter of 2008.

Figure 14: Broadband Connectivity, Fast Countries/Regions

– Global 53% -3.6% -4.3%

1 Monaco 92% 1.5% 7.5%

2 Switzerland 91% -0.3% –

3 Hong Kong 90% -1.4% 2.9%

4 South Korea 89% -3.2% 7.9%

5 Bulgaria 89% 5.1% 19%

6 Latvia 88% 2.1% 40%

7 Denmark 87% -0.9% 2.9%

8 Japan 87% -1.6% -2.7%

9 Belgium 87% -2.6% -3.5%

10 Slovakia 86% -1.4% 4.2%

…

41 United States 56% -3.3% -9.6%

YoY ChangeQoQ Change% above 2 MbpsCountry/Region

41

6

5

8

3

42

1

9

107

SECTION 4:


Analysts at research firm Point Topic have estimated that emerging countries, including the BRICs, as well as others in Eastern Europe, Southeast Asia, and South America, will be the main driver of broadband growth over the next five years, with a 14% annual growth rate in the number of connections. By 2014 they will account for over 320 million connections, 43% of the projected world total of 740 million by that time. [http://point-topic.com/content/dslanalysis/BBAfore100301.htm]


4.8 Global Narrowband ConnectivityIn looking at narrowband connectivity, in contrast to the

high broadband and broadband rankings, quarterly and

yearly declines are considered to be a positive trend, as it

likely indicates that higher speed connectivity is becoming

more widely available and more widely adopted. However,

while broadband adoption continues to increase in many

countries around the world, many other countries are

still stuck with low-speed Internet connections, with large

percentages of their connections to Akamai occurring at

speeds below 256 Kbps. While data from known mobile

network providers was removed from the data set used

to calculate the metrics reported in this section, it appears

that this did not have a significant impact among the

world’s slowest countries, as the data in Figure 15 illustrates,

with many of the countries in the top 10 seeing quarterly

increases in levels of narrowband connectivity, and a yearly

increase across all. However, none of the top 10 countries

reported more than 6,000 unique IP addresses connecting

to Akamai at narrowband rates (and none with more than

7,800 unique IP addresses overall), which ultimately means

that small shifts in IP address counts can equate to large

quarterly or yearly changes. Among countries registering

hundreds of thousands or millions of unique IP addresses

connecting to Akamai at narrowband speeds, both quar-

terly and yearly changes were mixed, with large percentage

increases seen in China and several countries in South

America and Europe.

Figure 15: Narrowband Connectivity, Slowest Countries/Regions

– Global 5.2% 18% 17%

1 Mayotte 99% -0.4% 21%

2 Wallis And Futuna 98% 1.2% 39%

3 Equatorial Guinea 98% 7.6% 49%

4 Cook Islands 96% 7.7% 88%

5 Cuba 95% 0.4% 31%

6 Vanuatu 94% 7.3% 25%

7 Guyana 93% -2.6% 48%

8 Ethiopia 93% 1.3% 29%

9 Congo 92% 9.4% 74%

10 Rwanda 92% 14% 24%

…

118 United States 4.3% -4.8% 5.7%

YoY Change

QoQ Change

% below 256 Kbps

Country/Region

118 3

5

4 1

8

2

6

7 9

10


5.1 United States Average Connection SpeedsThe overall average connection speed for the United

States as a whole in the first quarter of 2009 was 4.7

Mbps. This was exceeded by 22 states, including those

in the top 10, as shown in Figure 16. Across the country

and within the top 10, most quarterly fluctuations were

comparatively minor, though Montana, Wyoming, and

Alaska did show impressive quarterly increases,

SECTION 5:

Geography– United States

In prior editions of the State of the Internet report, metrics for the United States were incorporated into the overall global metrics section. Starting with this edition of the report, the metrics for specific geographic regions will now be presented within their own section. The metrics for the United States presented here are based on a subset of the data used for Section 4, and are subject to the same thresholds and filters discussed within the prior section. (The subset used for this section includes connections identified as coming from networks located in the United States, based on classification by Akamai’s EdgeScape9 geolocation tool.)

Figure 16: Average Measured Connection Speed by State

1 Delaware 7.6 -2.0% 4.2%

2 District Of Columbia 5.9 -2.3% 3.6%

3 Massachusetts 5.9 2.2% 2.5%

4 New Hampshire 5.8 3.9% -10%

5 Rhode Island 5.6 3.4% 1.9%

6 Maryland 5.6 -1.1% 1.6%

7 Utah 5.6 0.6% -14%

8 Vermont 5.4 -8.2% -3.5%

9 New York 5.4 -1.8% -6.3%

10 Connecticut 5.4 0.2% 3.6%

YoY Change

QoQ Change

Q1 ‘10 Avg. Mbps

State

2

1

510

39

8 4

6

7

gaining 37%, 15%, and 11% respectively. Looking at

year-over-year changes, five states showed average speed

increases of 10% or more, while seven states showed aver-

age speed declines of 10% or greater. Alaska continued

to be the state with the lowest average connection speed,

at 2.7 Mbps, though this is up 30% year-over-year, which

is certainly a positive sign.

California does have strong broadband connectivity in some locations, although it ranks 11th among all of the U.S states. Among the more than 250 cities ranked across the United States, over 25 of them were in California.


over 25 of them were in California. While New York only

had a single city within the top 10, 16 cities appeared in the

overall ranking. Five more states (Texas, New Jersey, Florida,

Michigan, and Virginia) had 10 or more cities in the over-

all list, and over half of the cities listed were concentrated

across just 10 states.

5.3 United States Average Maximum Connection SpeedsThe overall average maximum1 connection speed calculated

by Akamai for the United States as a whole was 16 Mbps

for the first quarter of 2010. This was exceeded by half

of the states within the country, including all of those in the

top 10, as shown in Figure 18. For this metric, Idaho ranked

lowest, with an average maximum1 connection speed of

9.3 Mbps, up 6.6% quarter-over-quarter. All but three

states (Wyoming, Arkansas, and Idaho) recorded average

maximum1 connection speeds above 10 Mbps for the first

quarter. Quarterly trending of average maximum1 connec-

tion speeds within the United States was very strong, with

only Mississippi and South Dakota heading lower during

the first quarter, and only just barely, at that. Seven states

saw quarterly increases of 10% of more as well. However,

the picture for year-over-year trends was not as bright,

with only 17 states and the District of Columbia recording

yearly increases, ranging from Colorado at 0.4% to South

Dakota at 28%, and 32 states declining year-over year,

from Nebraska’s 0.1% loss to Idaho’s 17% loss. (Ohio

was flat year-over-year.)

Figure 17: Average Measured Connection Speed, Top United States Cities by Speed

1 Monterey Park, CA 7272

2 Riverside, CA 6845

3 Fairfield, CA 6719

4 Capitol Heights, MD 6614

5 Hayward, CA 6545

6 Walnut Creek, CA 6534

7 Staten Island, NY 6518

8 Oakland, CA 6476

9 San Mateo, CA 6452

10 Olympia, WA 6426

Q1 ‘10 Avg. KbpsCity

Figure 18: Average Maximum Connection Speed by State

1 Delaware 25 3.4% -5.8%

2 Rhode Island 21 7.9% 8.7%

3 New Hampshire 21 9.4% -3.4%

4 Hawaii 20 3.2% 27%

5 Massachusetts 20 7.6% 4.1%

6 District Of Columbia 20 3.0% 3.7%

7 Vermont 19 0.3% -2.8%

8 California 19 15% 4.4%

9 Maryland 18 8.5% -0.8%

10 New York 18 5.6% -7.0%

YoY Change

QoQ Change

Q1 ‘10 Max. Mbps

State

6

1

25

10 7 3

98

4

5.2 United States Average Connection Speeds, City ViewAs with the Global Average Connection Speeds, City

View presented in Section 4.2, connections from known

academic networks were removed from the data set to

mitigate the impact that high-speed campus connections

may have had on the overall rankings. In addition, the

50,000 unique IP address filter was used for this view

as well. In reviewing the top 10 cities in the United States

with the highest average connection speeds, as shown

in Figure 17, it appears that California does have strong

broadband connectivity in some locations, although

it ranks 11th among all of the U.S states. Among the

more than 250 cities ranked across the United States,


SECTION 5:

Geography– United States (continued)

5.4 United States Average Maximum Connection Speeds, City ViewWhile California had a strong showing among the top

10 cities for average connection speeds within the United

States, the state, on average, was largely displaced by

its neighbors to the north when looking at average

maximum1 connection speeds. Among the top 10 cities

in the United States with the highest average maximum1

connection speeds, five of the cities are in Washington,

and one is in Oregon, as shown in Figure 19. Concentra-

tion of the ranked cities across all of the states was

identical to that seen for average connection speeds,

as discussed in Section 5.2. Interestingly, for the lists

of both average and average maximum connection

speeds, only Delaware, North Dakota, and Vermont

did not have any cities on either list. (Given their relative

rankings on a state level, this likely indicates that cities

within those states fell below the 50,000 unique IP

address threshold, thereby eliminating them from

consideration for this metric.)

5.5 United States High Broadband ConnectivityIn the first quarter of 2010, Delaware broke its multi-quarter

streak of posting significant double-digit quarterly gains in

the percentage of connections to Akamai at speeds above

5 Mbps, delivering a 2.1% quarterly decline, ending the

quarter with 71% high broadband adoption. Four other

states among the top 10 also saw decreasing levels of high

broadband adoption quarter-over-quarter, while four states

and the District of Columbia saw high broadband adoption

levels grow in the first quarter, as highlighted in Figure 20.

Across the whole country, 22 states and the District

of Columbia saw quarter-over-quarter increases, from

Montana’s doubling to 24% to Virginia’s comparatively

small 1.2% growth. Quarterly declines in the remaining

28 states ranged from Alabama’s 1.8% loss to Nevada’s

29% drop. Yearly changes were more balanced, with

25 states increasing, and 25 states and the District of

Columbia declining. Alaska and South Dakota posted

the highest levels of yearly growth, increasing 186%

and 116% respectively. As noted previously, we believe

that the declines observed during the first quarter may

be due, at least in part, to delivery of streaming video for

the 2010 Winter Olympics over the Akamai HD Network.2

Figure 19: Average Maximum Connection Speed, Top United States Cities by Speed

1 Monterey Park, CA 25256

2 Federal Way, WA 24628

3 Everett, WA 24588

4 Olympia, WA 24564

5 Bellevue, WA 24461

6 Vancouver, WA 24115

7 Salem, OR 24013

8 Hickory, NC 23879

9 Boston Metro, MA 23742

10 Fairfield, CA 23477

Q1 ‘10 Max. KbpsCity

Leichtman Research Group, Inc. found that the nineteen largest cable and telephone providers in the US – representing about 93% of the market – acquired over 1.4 million net addition-al high-speed Internet subscribers in the first quarter of 2010, growing to over 73 million subscribers in total. [http://www.leichtmanresearch.com/press/051210release.html]


5.6 United States High Broadband Connectivity: Speed DistributionAlthough 9 of the top 10 states with the highest levels

of high broadband adoption are on the East Coast

(Indiana the lone exception), when we look at the states

with highest percentages of connections to Akamai at

speeds over 25 Mbps, we find that only three East Coast

states are among the top 10 for that sub-metric. With

at 3.2% of connections to Akamai over 5 Mbps, Utah

is well ahead of other states, including those listed in Fig-

ure 21. In addition, Delaware is well ahead overall, with

high broadband adoption a full 17% higher than second

place New Hampshire, and double ninth place Indiana.

In comparing the speed distributions to the same period

a year earlier, we find very similar patterns, with the

majority of high broadband connections measuring

between 5-10 Mbps, with the next largest grouping

between 10-15 Mbps. Similar to the first quarter of 2009,

the remaining faster ‘buckets’ struggled to achieve even

3% of connections in the first quarter of 2010.

The adoption and rollout of DOCSIS 3.0 technology

by cable Internet providers continued apace in the first

quarter,10 and Google announced11 an initiative to “build

and test ultra high-speed broadband networks in a small

number of trial locations across the United States” with

1 Gbps FTTH connections, ultimately placing them in

competition with incumbent telecom providers. As these

initiatives become more widespread, we expect that the

percentage of connections in higher speed ‘buckets’ will

grow over time. The average maximum1 connection speed

data presented above demonstrates that these very high

speed connections are certainly available in some areas,

but they need to be made more widely available, and

priced at levels that more subscribers will find affordable.

Figure 20: High Broadband Connectivity, Fastest U.S. States

1 Delaware 71% -2.1% 15%

2 New Hampshire 54% 4.7% -7.7%

3 Massachusetts 47% 3.0% 7.2%

4 Connecticut 42% 2.7% 4.2%

5 District Of Columbia 40% 2.1% -0.4%

6 New York 40% -10% -17%

7 Vermont 39% -14% -17%

8 Rhode Island 38% 13% -7.9%

9 Indiana 35% -5.4% 21%

10 Pennsylvania 35% -9.2% -0.7%

YoY Change

QoQ Change

% above 5 Mbps

State

5

1

84

36

107 2

9

Figure 21: High Broadband Connectivity, Distribution of Speeds

– United States 25% 20% 2.7% 0.9% 0.4% 0.8%

1 Delaware 71% 57% 8.6% 2.9% 1.2% 1.5%

2 New Hampshire 54% 47% 4.6% 1.3% 0.4% 0.5%

3 Massachusetts 47% 36% 5.7% 2.0% 0.9% 1.7%

4 Connecticut 42% 34% 4.2% 1.6% 0.8% 1.0%

5 District Of Columbia 40% 29% 5.9% 2.2% 1.1% 2.0%

6 New York 40% 33% 4.5% 1.3% 0.6% 1.1%

7 Vermont 39% 30% 4.8% 1.8% 0.7% 1.3%

8 Rhode Island 38% 30% 4.1% 1.5% 0.7% 1.5%

9 Indiana 35% 27% 3.5% 1.4% 0.8% 1.8%

10 Pennsylvania 35% 29% 3.7% 1.1% 0.5% 0.7%

10–15 Mbps >25 Mbps5–10 Mbps 20–25 Mbps% above 5 Mbps 15–20 MbpsState


SECTION 5:

Geography– United States (continued)

5.7 United States Broadband ConnectivitySimilar to the trend seen in Section 5.5 for high

broadband connectivity, quarterly changes across the

top 10 states for broadband connectivity were mixed in

the first quarter as well, although they were, by and large,

more muted. Year-over-year changes among the top 10

states, as shown in Figure 22, were downward in eight

of the top 10 states, with only Delaware and Rhode

Island showing gains, and extremely small gains at that.

In looking at the United States as a whole, however,

quarterly gains and losses were evenly split, although

only seven states demonstrated yearly growth in

broadband adoption.

As noted previously, we believe that the declines

observed during the first quarter may be due, at least

in part, to delivery of streaming video for the 2010

Winter Olympics over the Akamai HD Network.2

Figure 22: Broadband Connectivity, Fast U.S. States

1 Delaware 97% -0.2% 0.3%

2 New Hampshire 90% 1.4% -0.3%

3 Rhode Island 85% 0.3% 0.2%

4 Connecticut 83% 0.5% -1.5%

5 Hawaii 82% 1.4% -0.7%

6 Maine 79% -3.0% -7.8%

7 Vermont 77% -7.0% -7.6%

8 Michigan 76% 2.5% -0.3%

9 New York 75% -4.4% -7.6%

10 Massachusetts 75% 0.1% -1.1%

YoY Change

QoQ Change

% above 2 Mbps

State

1

34

10

69 7 28

5

Figure 23: Narrowband Connectivity, Slowest U.S. States

1 Alaska 8.0% -9.2% 6.6%

2 New Jersey 7.9% -4.2% 0.9%

3 District Of Columbia 7.4% -14% -15%

4 Georgia 6.7% -19% -1.5%

5 Washington 6.6% -9.1% 116%

6 Missouri 6.2% -9.5% 0.5%

7 Illinois 6.1% -0.5% 36%

8 Iowa 5.8% -16% 1.6%

9 Texas 5.3% -12% 23%

10 Ohio 4.4% -15% -15%

YoY Change

QoQ Change

% below 256 Kbps

State

3

2

1

5

9 4

6

8 7 10

5.8 United States Narrowband ConnectivityIn contrast to the mixed quarterly trending for high

broadband and broadband adoption levels, all of the top

10 states with the highest levels of narrowband (<256 Kbps)

connections saw declines in the first quarter of 2010, as

shown in Figure 23. Across the whole United States, 38

states and the District of Columbia saw lower narrowband

adoption levels in the first quarter, as compared to levels

at the end of 2009. Removal of traffic from known mobile

networks from the source data set appears to have had the

largest impact on this metric, as its impact was most evident

here in prior editions of the State of the Internet report.

Unfortunately, things are not quite as positive when

looking at the changes on a year-over-year basis. Of the

top 10 states, seven experienced yearly increases, while

across the country, 27 states saw narrowband adoption

increase. Most surprising were the 466% and 116% gains

seen in Nevada and Washington, respectively, especially

given Washington’s strong showing in the city views for

both average and average maximum1 connection speeds,

as covered previously in this report.


SECTION 6:

Mobile

Building on the data presented in the State of the Internet reports for the 3rd and 4th quarters of 2009, Akamai continues to identify additional mobile networks for inclusion in the report, and we continue to expand the amount of information provided for each network. New to the State of the Internet report in the first quarter of 2010, we are including information on the average maximum1 connection speed by provider, as well as insight into the average megabytes (MB) downloaded from Akamai per month per unique IP address associated with the network. As was noted last quarter, the source data set for this section is subject to the following constraints:

• A minimum of 1,000 unique IP addresses connecting

to Akamai from the network in the first quarter of

2010 was required for inclusion in the list.

• In countries where Akamai had data for multiple

network providers, only the top three are listed,

based on unique IP address count.

• The names of specific mobile network providers have

been anonymized, and providers will be identified

by a unique ID.

• Data is included only for networks where Akamai

believes that the entire Autonomous System (AS)

is mobile – that is, if a network provider mixes traffic

from fixed/wireline (DSL, cable, etc.) connections with

traffic from mobile connections on a single network

identifier, that AS was not included in the source

data set.

• Akamai’s EdgeScape database was used for the

continental assignments.

In examining the data shown in Figure 24, we see that there

is an extremely wide range in average connection speeds –

oddly enough, the highest (7175 Kbps) and the lowest (105

Kbps) were both seen on providers in Slovakia. Of the 109

mobile providers listed, 14 had average connection speeds

in the broadband (2 Mbps or above) range, while 35 had

average measured connection speeds of 1 Mbps or more.

As more providers launch HSPA+12 and HSDPA13 networks,

as well as networks based on LTE and WiMAX technology,

we expect that these average speeds will increase in the

future. However, given the current congestion on some

mobile networks, and the rapid increase in the consumption

of rich media content on mobile devices, these expected

increases may occur over a longer period of time.

The GSM Association reports that global Mobile Broadband connections roughly doubled during 2009 to 200 million. By the end of 2010, they estimate this will reach 342 million global connections, with 120 million in Europe, 116 million in the Asia Pacific region, and 58 million in North America. [http://www.gsmworld.com/newsroom/press-releases/2010/4621.htm]


SECTION 6:

Mobile (continued)

In examining the data on average maximum1 connection

speeds, we see that the gap is even wider than that seen

for average speeds, ranging from a staggering 34584

Kbps on a provider in the United Kingdom to 408 Kbps

on a provider in Belgium. The Slovakian mobile provider

with the highest average connection speed fared very well

on the average maximum connection speed measurement

as well, clocking in at 20394 Kbps. However, it must be

noted that a number of mobile network providers make

heavy use of mobile gateways and proxies that will result

in higher average and average maximum1 speeds being

calculated by Akamai, as these speeds reflect gateway/

proxy-to-Akamai communications rather than mobile

device-to-Akamai communications. (These top providers

may be making use of such an architecture.) Akamai

is investigating methods of mitigating the impact of

these gateways/proxies on the source data sets that

will be used for future editions of the State of the

Internet report. Having said that, average maximum1

connection speeds on mobile networks around the

world were fairly strong, with 83 of the 109 listed

providers achieving average maximum1 connection

speeds greater than the 2 Mbps broadband threshold,

33 achieving average maximum1 connection speeds

greater than the 5 Mbps high broadband threshold,

and six achieving average maximum1 connection

speeds greater than 10 Mbps.

Figure 24: Average and Average Maximum Connection Speed, Average Megabytes Downloaded per Month by Mobile Provider

AFRICA

Egypt EG-1 394 1706 132

Morocco MA-1 412 2929 447

Nigeria NG-1 242 2962 199

South Africa ZA-1 465 835 142

ASIA

China CN-1 1930 4774 147

Hong Kong HK-1 2016 8581 397

Hong Kong HK-2 2004 7955 260

Indonesia ID-1 218 4924 9501

Israel IL-1 988 5137 108

Japan JP-1 946 4180 114

South Korea KR-1 1495 3029 32

Kuwait KW-1 909 3065 660

Malaysia MY-1 267 1754 176

Malaysia MY-2 872 4407 301

Malaysia MY-3 531 2651 293

Pakistan PK-1 635 4226 494

Saudi Arabia SA-1 636 1778 90

Singapore SG-2 648 5515 119

Singapore SG-3 1282 5923 292

Sri Lanka LK-1 765 4950 252

Taiwan TW-1 1032 4332 131

Taiwan TW-2 622 2539 139

Thailand TH-1 661 5677 125

EURoPE

Austria AT-1 2553 10769 122

Austria AT-2 1886 6292 1298

Belgium BE-1 2311 7608 282

Belgium BE-2 901 2660 33

Belgium BE-3 200 408 11

Croatia HR-1 931 3567 58

Czech Republic CZ-1 626 2588 69



Estonia EE-1 611 2775 174

France FR-1 275 913 48

France FR-2 1397 4483 630

France FR-3 481 2775 161

Germany DE-1 248 1036 53

Germany DE-2 2507 7931 1049

Greece GR-1 909 5068 237

Greece GR-2 455 2581 110

Hungary HU-1 1145 5315 127

Hungary HU-2 1280 5037 72

Ireland IE-1 1894 6983 228

Ireland IE-2 1076 7331 566

Ireland IE-3 978 6830 426

Italy IT-1 875 4841 275

Italy IT-2 1710 6056 252

Italy IT-3 2783 9889 332

Lithuania LT-1 1203 5516 255

Lithuania LT-2 760 3205 185

Moldova MD-1 730 2858 52

Moldova MD-2 1269 4907 107

Netherlands NL-1 803 1758 19

Netherlands NL-2 1704 3536 20

Norway NO-1 867 3121 67

Q1 ‘10 Avg. Kbps

Q1 ‘10 Avg. Kbps

ID IDQ1 ‘10 Max. Kbps

Q1 ‘10 Max. Kbps

Q1 ‘10 Avg. MB/month


Country/Region Country/Region

ASIA

EURoPE

AFRICA


Finally, starting this quarter, we review the average

amount (MB) of data downloaded from Akamai per

month per unique IP address seen from the mobile

network. As Akamai serves content for a number

of smartphone makers, we posited that customers

of mobile carriers that supported these smartphones

would see higher MB/month levels than other carriers.

In an effort to validate this supposition, we surveyed

the Web sites of the 20 mobile carriers with the highest

recorded usage levels. (We excluded provider UK-3,

which had ranked highest on the list, due to their

suspected usage of a mobile gateway architecture,

which inflated their calculated per IP address usage.)

Of these 20 providers, 14 (70%) of them explicitly

advertised support for Apple’s iPhone family of smart-

phones, while the remaining six (30%) offer services

based on next-generation mobile broadband connection

technologies such as WiMAX, HSPA+, or HSDPA. Of

the providers where we recorded over 1000 MB/month

average usage per unique IP address, we found that

five of the seven providers supported the Apple iPhone.

On the other end of the spectrum, we found that for

26 mobile providers (of the 109 listed), there was less than

100 MB of data downloaded from Akamai per unique

IP address per month during the first quarter of 2010.

Norway NO-2 1186 3875 70

Poland PL-1 3444 10298 119

Poland PL-2 750 2947 38

Poland PL-3 508 2637 135

Portugal PT-1 323 1331 34

Romania RO-1 375 1899 68

Russia RU-1 4248 13686 138

Russia RU-2 586 1933 46

Russia RU-3 498 1570 56

Slovakia SK-1 105 418 31

Slovakia SK-2 2225 6112 1472

Slovakia SK-3 7175 20394 567

Slovenia SI-1 1074 5514 109

Spain ES-1 1102 6495 276

Spain ES-2 379 2691 398

Spain ES-3 701 4222 166

Ukraine UA-1 175 569 35

United Kingdom UK-1 1043 6647 456



North America

Canada CA-1 2445 10972 4339

Canada CA-2 728 1902 553

El Salvador SV-1 469 2755 187



Guatemala GT-1 371 1924 108

Guatemala GT-2 453 3859 434

Mexico MX-2 584 3878 274

Mexico MX-3 443 4149 353

Netherlands Antilles AN-1 319 1699 180

Nicaragua NI-1 414 2864 216

Puerto Rico PR-1 2133 8618 2454

United States US-1 845 1912 34



Oceania

Australia AU-1 658 5470 718

Australia AU-3 928 3785 103

Guam GU-1 378 1729 154

New Caledonia NC-1 426 1730 254

New Zealand NZ-2 1073 5208 289

South America

Argentina AR-1 233 1838 97

Argentina AR-2 354 2150 138

Bolivia BO-1 128 1390 149

Brazil BR-1 420 2258 123

Brazil BR-2 322 1853 108

Chile CL-1 536 3486 371

Chile CL-3 379 3442 272

Colombia CO-1 403 3278 146

Paraguay PY-1 144 998 87

Paraguay PY-2 280 1847 241

Uruguay UY-1 485 3127 195

Uruguay UY-2 173 1606 78

Venezuela VE-1 385 2374 1248

Q1 ‘10 Avg. Kbps

Q1 ‘10 Avg. Kbps

ID IDQ1 ‘10 Max. Kbps

Q1 ‘10 Max. Kbps



Country/Region Country/Region

NoRTh AMERICA

SoUTh AMERICA

oCEANIA


EURoPE

Austria 0.3% 2,230,464 3818 11108 19% 63% 1.5%

Belgium 0.1% 3,159,936 4768 16509 33% 87% 1.2%

Czech Republic 0.2% 1,658,849 5482 14131 31% 77% 1.2%

Denmark 0.2% 2,127,420 5330 14059 41% 87% 0.7%

Finland 0.1% 2,342,939 3936 10808 23% 51% 0.8%

France 1.5% 22,473,570 3212 11118 9.5% 69% 0.8%

Germany 3.9% 31,012,378 3877 12948 17% 80% 1.4%

Greece 0.2% 2,037,975 3070 12123 5.5% 68% 1.9%

Iceland 0.0% 123,362 4407 14459 20% 81% –

Ireland 0.2% 1,411,789 4968 12962 11% 54% 2.4%

Italy 4.4% 10,669,453 2919 10448 3.7% 66% 2.2%

Luxembourg 0.0% 161,387 3134 10732 9.1% 69% 1.5%

Netherlands 0.5% 52,302 5992 14459 40% 79% 1.7%

Norway 0.1% 2,381,176 4951 13738 25% 69% 1.5%

Portugal 0.5% 2,155,350 3983 16014 24% 78% 0.7%

Spain 1.3% 11,224,801 2539 9340 4.2% 54% 1.3%

Sweden 0.3% 4,146,254 6181 19209 42% 75% 1.9%

Switzerland 0.2% 2,644,304 5294 14891 27% 91% 0.7%

United Kingdom 1.2% 20,114,050 3812 12346 15% 78% 1.2%

ASIA/PACIFIC

Australia 0.3% 8,400,812 2613 9720 10% 45% 5.4%

China 9.1% 57,723,188 695 2732 0.2% 3.5% 17%

Hong Kong 0.3% 2,189,347 9010 29570 45% 90% 0.5%

India 2.2% 3,966,687 796 4672 0.6% 4.2% 27%

Japan 2.9% 33,220,465 7863 25790 60% 87% 1.5%

Malaysia 0.9% 1,436,465 1067 6081 0.5% 2.8% 11%

New Zealand 0.3% 1,310,127 2912 10671 7.7% 64% 6.3%

Singapore 0.4% 1,721,822 2722 11173 11% 49% 3.2%

South Korea 1.7% 16,715,485 12021 32708 65% 89% 0.3%

Taiwan 6.1% 6,041,143 4334 14053 20% 64% 1.4%

MIDDlE EAST

Egypt 0.3% 1,067,623 750 4472 0.3% 4.8% 16%

Israel 0.7% 1,836,778 2988 10922 4.2% 62% 0.2%

Kuwait 0.1% 234,633 1392 6229 1.7% 17% 8.7%

Saudi Arabia 0.6% 1,339,271 2189 7213 1.8% 49% 1.2%

Sudan 0.0% 24,360 383 2185 – – 44%

Syria 0.0% 88,098 3034 5911 17% 56% 21%

United Arab Emirates (UAE) 0.2% 739,970 1225 5248 2.8% 13% 7.4%

lATIN & SoUTh AMERICA

Argentina 2.4% 3,620,142 1426 6196 0.5% 16% 8.1%

Brazil 6.0% 11,381,433 1271 5043 2.0% 14% 18%

Chile 0.4% 1,989,659 2202 8896 2.0% 42% 3.1%

Colombia 1.2% 2,319,106 1530 6248 0.3% 22% 6.6%

Mexico 0.4% 7,767,481 1278 5540 0.4% 9.2% 2.1%

Peru 0.6% 616,377 1012 5852 0.5% 5.7% 3.6%

Venezuela 0.3% 1,901,287 705 3217 – 0.7% 13%

NoRTh AMERICA

Canada 1.5% 11,729,224 4796 14590 34% 80% 2.1%

United States 10% 129,354,234 4684 16207 25% 56% 4.3%

Unique IP Addresses

Avg. Connection Speed (Kbps)

Max. Connection Speed (Kbps)

% Attack Traffic

% Above 5 Mbps

% Above 2 Mbps

% Below 256 Kbps

Country/Region

SECTION 7:

Appendix


1 The “average maximum connection speed” metric represents an average of the maximum measured connection

speeds across all of the unique IP addresses seen by Akamai from a particular geography. The average is used in

order to mitigate the impact of unrepresentative maximum measured connection speeds. In contrast to the average

measured connection speed, the average maximum connection speed metric is more representative of what many

end-user Internet connections are capable of. (This includes the application of so-called speed boosting technologies that

may be implemented within the network by providers, in order to deliver faster download speeds for some larger files.)

2 The Akamai HD Network leverages HTTP to provide adaptive bitrate streaming. Streams for the 2010 Winter

Olympics were encoded by the broadcasters at six unique bitrates between 350 Kbps and 3.45 Mbps – all below

the “high broadband” threshold of 5 Mbps, with four of the six bitrates below the “broadband” threshold of 2 Mbps.

As such, because the streams would have been rate-limited to those bitrates (due to the encoding rates), this may have

impacted the percentage of connections to Akamai in excess of 5 Mbps. Similar to the impact of data from mobile

networks in prior quarter, and the subsequent filtering of such data, Akamai plans to implement similar filtering

of such rate-limited content, as appropriate, from future State of the Internet data sets.

3 http://www.akamai.com/dl/whitepapers/How_will_the_internet_scale.pdf

4 http://www.blu-ray.com/faq/

5 http://www.akamai.com/html/misc/hdnetwork.html

6 http://www.akamai.com/html/about/press/releases/2009/press_092909.html

7 http://www.telegeography.com/cu/search.php?search_term=DOCSIS&Submit=Submit

8 http://www.telegeography.com/cu/search.php?search_term=FTTH&Submit=Submit

9 http://www.akamai.com/html/technology/products/edgescape.html

10 http://bit.ly/9mOWFI

11 http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2010/02/think-big-with-gig-our-experimental.html

12 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSPA%2B

13 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-Speed_Downlink_Packet_Access

SECTION 8:

Endnotes

The Internet Revolution Continues…At the Fontainebleau Resort, Miami Beach

Your time will be well spent during this revolutionary event. We look forward to seeing you in Miami!

Join Akamai and more than 500 other Internet revolutionaries for the 3rd Annual Akamai Global Customer Conference.

During our three-day program, we will explore some of the recent challenges and opportunities

that have taken hold and are defining how business is done online. Trends including the growth

of cloud computing models for enterprise-class applications, the adoption of high definition (HD)

video online, the optimization of mobile content for Internet-connected devices, the realization

of secure e-commerce, and the shift of advertising dollars online to follow the migration of

audiences to new media.

With so many technological advancements for leveraging the Internet, as well as public and

private “cloud” infrastructure, it is imperative for today’s online business leaders to have a forum

to discuss these developments with peers from other leading organizations from around the globe.

Visit www.akamai.com/revolution for complete conference details, and early registration discounts!

The Akamai Difference Akamai® provides market-leading, cloud-based services for optimizing Web and mobile

content and applications, online HD video, and secure e-commerce. Combining highly-

distributed, energy-efficient computing with intelligent software, Akamai’s global platform

is transforming the cloud into a more viable place to inform, entertain, advertise, transact

and collaborate. To learn how the world’s leading enterprises are optimizing their business

in the cloud, please visit www.akamai.com and follow @Akamai on Twitter.

AcknowledgementsEDITOR: David Belson

CONTRIBUTOR: Jon Thompson

CONTRIBUTOR: Patrick Gilmore

CONTRIBUTOR:Alloysius Gideon

EXECUTIVE EDITOR: Brad Rinklin

EXECUTIVE EDITOR:Tom Leighton

Please send comments, questions, and corrections to [email protected]

Follow @akamai and @akamai_soti on

Akamai | Powering A Better Internet™

For more information, visit www.akamai.com

©2010 Akamai Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Reproduction

in whole or in part in any form or medium without express written

permission is prohibited. Akamai and the Akamai wave logo

are registered trademarks of Akamai Technologies, Inc. Other

trademarks used herein may be owned by other companies and

are used for descriptive purposes only. Akamai believes that the

information in this publication is accurate as of its publication date;

such information is subject to change without notice.

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Documents

Volume 3, Number 1 The State of the Internet - Akamai · The State of the Internet. The “spinning globe” featured in the Akamai NOCC represents where Akamai servers are located