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Volume 9 Number 6 June 2018

Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development

EXECUTIVE EDITOR

Prof Vidya Surwade

Prof Dept of Community Medicine SIMS, Hapur

INTERNATIONAL EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD

1. Dr. Abdul Rashid Khan B. Md Jagar Din, (Associate Professor)

Department of Public Health Medicine, Penang Medical College, Penang, Malaysia

2. Dr. V Kumar (Consulting Physician)

Mount View Hospital, Las Vegas, USA

3. Basheer A. Al-Sum,

Botany and Microbiology Deptt, College of Science, King Saud University,

Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

4. Dr. Ch Vijay Kumar (Associate Professor)

Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Buraimi, Oman

5. Dr. VMC Ramaswamy (Senior Lecturer)

Department of Pathology, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur

6. Kartavya J. Vyas (Clinical Researcher)

Department of Deployment Health Research,

Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA (USA)

7. Prof. PK Pokharel (Community Medicine)

BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Nepal

NATIONAL SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE

1. Dr. Anju Ade (Associate Professor)

Navodaya Medical College, Raichur,Karnataka

2. Dr. E. Venkata Rao (Associate Professor) Community Medicine,

Institute of Medical Sciences & SUM Hospital, Bhubaneswar, Orissa.

3. Dr. Amit K. Singh (Associate Professor) Community Medicine,

VCSG Govt. Medical College, Srinagar – Garhwal, Uttarakhand

4. Dr. R G Viveki (Professor & Head) Community Medicine,

Belgaum Institute of Medical Sciences, Belgaum, Karnataka

5. Dr. Santosh Kumar Mulage (Assistant Professor)

Anatomy, Raichur Institute of Medical Sciences Raichur(RIMS), Karnataka

6. Dr. Gouri Ku. Padhy (Associate Professor) Community and Family

Medicine, AII India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur

7. Dr. Ritu Goyal (Associate Professor)

Anaesthesia, Sarswathi Institute of Medical Sciences, Panchsheel Nagar

8. Dr. Anand Kalaskar (Associate Professor)

Microbiology, Prathima Institute of Medical Sciences, AP

9. Dr. Md. Amirul Hassan (Associate Professor)

Community Medicine, Government Medical College, Ambedkar Nagar, UP

10. Dr. N. Girish (Associate Professor) Microbiology, VIMS&RC, Bangalore

11. Dr. BR Hungund (Associate Professor) Pathology, JNMC, Belgaum.

12. Dr. Sartaj Ahmad (Assistant Professor),

Medical Sociology, Department of Community Medicine, Swami Vivekananda Subharti

University, Meerut,Uttar Pradesh, India

13. Dr Sumeeta Soni (Associate Professor)

Microbiology Department, B.J. Medical College, Ahmedabad, Gujarat,India

NATIONAL EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD

1. Prof. Sushanta Kumar Mishra (Community Medicine)

GSL Medical College – Rajahmundry, Karnataka

2. Prof. D.K. Srivastava (Medical Biochemistry)

Jamia Hamdard Medical College, New Delhi

3. Prof. M Sriharibabu (General Medicine) GSL Medical College, Rajahmundry,

Andhra Pradesh

4. Prof. Pankaj Datta (Principal & Prosthodentist)

Indraprastha Dental College, Ghaziabad

NATIONAL EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD

5. Prof. Samarendra Mahapatro (Pediatrician)

Hi-Tech Medical College, Bhubaneswar, Orissa

6. Dr. Abhiruchi Galhotra (Additional Professor) Community and Family

Medicine, AII India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur

7. Prof. Deepti Pruthvi (Pathologist) SS Institute of Medical Sciences &

Research Center, Davangere, Karnataka

8. Prof. G S Meena (Director Professor)

Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi

9. Prof. Pradeep Khanna (Community Medicine)

Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana

10. Dr. Sunil Mehra (Paediatrician & Executive Director)

MAMTA Health Institute of Mother & Child, New Delhi

11. Dr Shailendra Handu, Associate Professor, Phrma, DM (Pharma, PGI

Chandigarh)

12. Dr. A.C. Dhariwal: Directorate of National Vector Borne Disease

Control Programme, Dte. DGHS, Ministry of Health Services, Govt. of

India, Delhi

Print-ISSN: 0976-0245-Electronic-ISSN: 0976-5506, Frequency: Quarterly

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Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development is a double blind

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and covers all medical specialties concerned with research and development

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Indian Journal of Public Health

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CONTENTS

Volume 9, Number 6 June 2018

I

Monika Dalal, Ritu Goyal, Smiti Nanda, Pushpa Dahiya, Krishna Dahiya, Shikha Madan

2.

Sindhu L, B JayaKumar

3.

P N Bhise, Akhilesh Kumar Malhotra, Sandhya Nirmal Bhise

4.

Ankit Singh, Amit Kumar Nirmal, Prapti Gupta, Jay Kant Jha

5.

Fardiansyah, Rachmat, Prasetya, T.A.E, Ardyanto, D, Notobroto, H B

6.

Neha Bansal

7.

Ananda Lakshmi, B Krishna Prasanth, Sadgunottama Goud Kamparaj

Keerthi S Nair, Bony M Sunny, Sneha M Y

Manjunatha S N, Chandrakumar S G, Revathi Devi ML, Shekar MA, Krishna Murthy, Prashantha B

Sreedevi P A, Aswathy B L, Neethumol Roy

Devika Pandurang Jeeragyal, Sasidhar M, K R John, Archana A M

Samir Chattopadhyay, Arvind K Shukla, Salki Matta, Nandini Sethi, Neha Rani

II

Manu Acha Roy, Nisha Philip, Deepa Fulwadiya, Shruti Dhabade

Tyagi Rahul, Hande Vivek, Singhal Anuj

15.

, Munayaroch, Ismi Rajiani

Shweta R Naik, G V Khyathi, A C Lokesh

Shmiruthy Ranjan, Vijay Kumar K V

Prasanth Manohar, Thamaraiselvan Shanthini, Priyanka Goswami, Munia S, Haimanti M,

Ashok J Tamhanka, Nachimuthu Ramesh

Anil Pandit, Jyoti Joshi, Amrita Vaidya

Nur Laily, Nia Kania, Adenan, Bahrul Ilmi, Lenie Marlinae

Syafri K Arif, Abdul Wahab, Syafruddin Gaus, Muh R Ahmad, Christa E Damongilala

22.

Pratiti Haldar, Baby S Nayak, Yashodha Satish

Akhilesh Kumar Malhotra, P N Bhise, Sandhya Nirmal Bhise

Ankit Singh, Amit Kumar Nirmal, Jay Kant Jha

Ramkumar A

A P Pandit, Bhairavee Samant, Vidhi Jain

Ramkumar A

III

Chandra Prakash Sharma,Widhi Dubey, Suryakant Nagtilak

Sajid I Al-Hussainy, Aqeel K Hatem

Nurul Fatimah Apriliani, Edi Har toyo, Lenie Marlinae, Husaini, Bahrul Ilmi

32.

Sonali Sharma, Mithra N Hegde, Vandana Sadananda

33.

Manoj Kumar Sharma, Sonali Pandey, Suryakant Nagtilak

34.

Ch. Bala Nageswara Rao, B Neeraja

Hamad Karem Hadrawi

Zainab Nasser Nabat

Kanwal Preet Kaur Gill, Priyanka Devgun

Marlik, Demes Nurmayanti, Ferry Kriswandana, Heru Santoso Wahito Nugroho

39.

Mulyadi, Heru Santoso Wahito Nugroho

Bushra M Majeed, Ruqiya S Tawfeek, Nabila K Yaaqoub

41.

Suresh P, P Vamsimuni Krishna, V Praveen Kumar, Sreenivasulu Reddy

42.

Melani, Zairin Noor Helmi, Husaini, Roselina Panghiyangani, Eko Suhartono

V Venkatragavan, M Chandran

44.

Barnali Biswas, Piyal Basu Roy

IV

Samira Muhammed Ebrahim, Sajjad Salim Issa

46.

Farouk Ilmid Davik, Nurus Sa’idah, Muhammad Ardian C.L, Djazuly Chalidyanto

Abdulkareem Salman Khudhair

Moringa Oleifera

Kusmiyati, Soedjajadi Keman, Muhammad Amin,

Suwarno, Heru Santoso Wahito Nugroho

Nurhaedar Jafar, Rahayu Indriasari, Aminuddin Syam, Yessy Kurniati

Suswani A, Arsunan AA, Amiruddin R, Syafar M, Yurniati

51.

Rochelle Jane Dsa, Blessy Prabha Valsaraj, Renjulal Yesodharan



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I

G Jyothsna Devi, U Ramya, B T P Madhav

53.

M Monika, Sk Rajiya, B T P Madhav

Raghava Yathiraju, P Pardhasaradhi, B T P Madhav

SK Rajiya, M Monika, B T P Madhav

M Sujatha, B T P Madhav, V Prakhya, B Akhila, N Gowtham, S Mozammil, M Venkateswara Rao

K Phani Srinivas, Habibulla Khan, B T P Madhav

U Ramya, G Jyothsna Devi, B T P Madhav

SK Hasane Ahammad,V Rajesh

B Siva Prasad, P Mallikarjuna Rao, B T P Madhav

S Ram Kumar, M V S Prasad



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CONTENTS


I

62. Determinants of Malnutrition in Children Under Five Years in Developing Countries:

A Systematic Review ....................................................................................................................................... 333

Tasnim Tasnim

63. The Effect of Blood Lead Levels on Malondialdehyde as an Indicator of Oxidative Stress in Workers of

Gas Station in Sleman ...................................................................................................................................... 339

Noviati

64. Analysis Chemical Compound of Pokea (Batissa Violacea Celebensis Martens 1897) The Origin of Konawe

Regency Southeast Sulawesi .......................................................................................................................... 345

65. Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR

Factors in Muna Regency ................................................................................................................................ 351

66. The Effect of Technical and Functional of Health Service Quality Toward the Image of Faisal

Islamic Hospital ............................................................................................................................................... 357

67. Model Development of Clinical Learning with Outcome Present Test Method Peer Learning and Application

in Medical Surgical Nursing Stase for the Student of Nurse in Stikes Mandala Waluya ............................... 362

68. Spatial and Temporal Epidemiological Study of Smear Positive Tuberculosis in Kendari, Southeast Sulawesi,

Indonesia ......................................................................................................................................................... 367

69. Analysis of Quality of Life among Patients with Diabetes Mellitus in Elderly People in Wua Wua Health

Centre .............................................................................................................................................................. 373 ,

70. Legal Protection for Independent Midwife for Using Ultrasonography in Wonosobo Regency .................... 379

71. The Relation between Knowledge, Stress and Salt Consumption with Incidence of Hypertension in Elderly

Woman Out Patients in General Hospital of Bahteramas Southeast Sulwesi Province .................................. 385

, Noviati

II

72. Differences Knowledge Prevention and Treatment of Diarrhea with Role Play Methods in School Age

Children ........................................................................................................................................................... 390

73.

Kendari City Hospital ...................................................................................................................................... 394

74. Knowledge and Attitude of Primary School Teacher on the Practice of Selected Food Students Containing

Additional Hazardous Foodstuffs in Sdn 01 Poasia Kota Kendari ................................................................. 399

75. Hold Relax Technique and Oral Glucosamine are Effective on Decreasing Pain, Joint Stiffness, Functional

Limitation and Serum Level of Comp in People with Osteoarthritis .............................................................. 403

76. Analysis of 24-Hour Postpone Time of Newborn Umbilical Cord Clamp to Baby Weight Elevation Newborn

in Kendari, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia ...................................................................................................... 408

Rosmiati P an, Sartini y, Adriyani

77. Risk Factor of Rheumatoid Arthritis among Elderly in UPT Panti Werdha Mojopahit Mojokerto District

Indonesia ......................................................................................................................................................... 412

78. Protease Potency Assay of Indigenous Proteolytic Bacteria in the Collagen Isolation Process from Snakehead

Fish Scale (Channa striata) .............................................................................................................................. 417

79. Related Factors Increased Obesity Prevalence in Adult Women in Denpasar City, Bali ............................... 422

80. The Determinants of the Geographical Distribution and Transmission of 16S rRNA of M.leprae in Endemic

Areas, Indonesia .............................................................................................................................................. 429

81. Behavioral Mercury Exposure of People in Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining Site Area at Lebaksitu

Village, 2017 .................................................................................................................................................... 433

82. Effectiveness of Household Insecticides to Reduce Aedes Aegypti Mosquitoes Infestation : A Community

Survey in Yogyakarta, Indonesia .................................................................................................................... 439

83.

Sumatra Province ............................................................................................................................................. 446

84. Spatio-Temporal Factors Related to Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever in Makassar City, 2010 – 2014 ................ 452

III

85. The Use of Owner House ID Card to Increase Effectiveness of Monitoring Larva Visit by Jumantik .......... 457

86. Administration of Tempehethanol Extract on Prenatal Until Weaning Period Inhibit the Ovary Follicles

Developing of Little Wistar Rats .................................................................................................................... 462

Anwar Mallongi

87. Combination of Vimentin, E-Cadherin, CD44 and CD24 Expression as Predictor Model of Anthracycline

Base Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Response to Stage IIIB Luminal Breast Cancer ....................................... 468

88. Comparison of Tumor Growth in Mice Balb/C Induced Breast Cancer Cells Injected with Corticosteroids and

Black Seed Oil Extract .................................................................................................................................... 474

89. Hemorrhoidectomy using Hemorrhoidal Artery Ligation and Rectoanal Repair (HAL-RAR) Technique to

Reduce Level of Pain Perceived by Patients Postoperative ............................................................................ 480

90. Characteristics of Multi-drug Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR-TB) Patients in Medan City in 2015-2016 ...... 484



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CONTENTS


I

91. An Investigation in Learning English Language by Students of Sudanese University A Case Study of Tertiary

Level Khartoum Locality ................................................................................................................................. 490

Sangita Babu, Mahassin Osman Mohmmed Gibreel

92. Design of Mixed Radix-2, 3& 4 based SDF-MDC FFT for OFDM Application .......................................... 501

K Periyarselvam, G Saravanakumar, M Anand

93.

PMSM Drive .................................................................................................................................................... 507

Ashok Kumar R, Balaji K

94 An Investigation of English Spelling Achievement among Second Level Saudi Students at King Khalid

University ......................................................................................................................................................... 517

Mahassin Osman Mohmmed Gibreel, Sangita Babu

95 PFB+_ Tree For Big Data Memory Management System ................................................................................ 531

K Santhi, T Chellatamilan T, B Valarmathi

96. A Bipolar-Pulse Voltage Method For Junction Temperature Measurement of Sporadic Current LED .......... 539

K Thanigai Arul

97. Skin Cancer - Computer Aided Diagnosis by Feature Analysis and Machine Learning: A Survey ................ 544

S P Maniraj, P Sardar Maran

98. Utilization of Information Technology in Teaching English Literature Christalin Janet ............................... 550

Christalin Janet

99. Knowledge Management Utilized to Developing College English Teaching Group ..................................... 554

K Manigandan

100. Study of Eddy Current in Litz Wire Using Integral Equation ....................................................................... 557

Paulraj Jayasimman

101. Differential Quadrature Method Useing Obtained Poisson Equations .......................................................... 560

G Genitha

102. Far-Field Distribution of High Power Laser Beam ........................................................................................ 563

M Suresh Kumar

II

103. Dynamic Model For Gathering Target Estimation Using Graph Theory ....................................................... 566

C Periyasamy

104. Sequential Quadratic Programming Optimization Method Used Cutting-Stock Problem ............................. 570

M Sudha

105 Algorithm for the Solution of ODE and PDE using Genetic Programming And Automatic

Differentiation ................................................................................................................................................ 574

S Meher Taj

106 Analyze the Probability Function Using Random Distribution Control Method in Nonlinear System ......... 579

I Paul Raj Jayasimman

107. Fatigue Analysis of Stiffened Plates Based on Accumulative Plastic Strain Model ...................................... 582

M Sudha

108 Transmission Line Applications Using with 2-D Numerical Inverse Laplace Transforms ............................ 586

C Periyasamy

109. GPS Signal Anti-Jamming Assisted with Probability Statistics based on Frequency-Space Domain ........... 590

P Palanichamy

110. Micromachined Flow Impactor for Spectrometer .......................................................................................... 595

KThanigai Arul

111. Photovoltaic Module’s Physics: An Eight-Parameter Adaptive Model for the Single Diode

Equivalent Circuit ........................................................................................................................................... 600

Suresh Kumar

112. Piezoelectric Microgenerator based Fabrication of Polymer Substrate with PPE, IDE and ME ................. 605

K Rajesh

Related Factors Increased Obesity Prevalence in Adult Women in Denpasar City, Bali

Ni Komang Wiardani,1 I Putu Gede Adiatmika2, Dyah Pradnya Paramita D2, Ketut Tirtayasa2

1Department of Nutrition, Polytechnic of Health Denpasar, Bali-Indonesia, 2Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Bali-Indonesia

ABSTRACT

Background: Obesity is a health problem whose prevalence increases every year. Obesity impacts on the incidence of dyslipidemia, hypertension and insulin resistance. Obesity is a multifactorial problem as a result of an interaction of biological factors, behavior, and environment.

Objective: The objective of the study was to investigate factors related to the increased prevalence of obesity in adult women in Denpasar city.

Materials and Method: This research is an observational research with a cross-sectional design. The study was conducted in Denpasar city with the subject is adult women. The samples were carried out by multistage random sampling, with a sample size was 274 people. The data collected included, obesity status, food intake, eating behavior and physical activities

Results: The results showed an average age of 39.3 years. 40,9% of samples were obese with BMI> 25 kg / m2. The sample proportion that consumed nutrient over the sufficiency of energy 52.9%, fat 51.5% and carbohydrate of 46.7%. 53.6% of samples have dinner habits> 19.00 pm, 50.2% consumeddense energy snack with frequent frequency and 79.9% stated access fast food easy to reach. A total 66.4% of samples have mild physical activity. Multivariate analysis showed that energy intake, dinner habits and physical activity were the major risk factors for increased prevalence of obesity (p <0.05).

Conclusion: energy intake, carbohydrates, dinner and physical activity is a major risk factor for obesity that occurs in adult women in the city of Denpasar.

Keywords: risk factors, obesity, prevalence, adult women.

INTRODUCTION

Obesity is a growing health problem prevalence in the world in various age groups including adulthood. The results of Flemming’s survey (2014) in a number of countries,the proportion of adults with a body mass index (BMI) of 25 or greater increased from 28.8% in 1980 to 36.9% in 2013 for men and from 29.8% to 38.0% for women(1)overweight and obesity were estimated to cause 3.4 million deaths, 3.9% of years of life lost, and 3.8% of DALYs globally. The rise in obesity has led to widespread calls for regular monitoring of changes in overweight and obesity prevalence in all populations. Comparative, up-to-date information on levels and trends is essential both to quantify population health

effects and to prompt decision-makers to prioritize action. Methods We systematically identified surveys, reports, and published studies (n = 1,769.WHO data (2015), showing about 39% of population> 18 years are overweight and 13% are obese,(2)the prevalence of obesity in the Asian region of 2013 is about 19.0% -48.6%(3). Basic Health Research Data (2013), showing an increasing prevalence of obesity and adult obesity in Indonesia from 21.75% in 2010 to 26.3% in 2013. The prevalence of obesity in Bali is about 28.8% in 2013and especially for Denpasar area the prevalence of obesity is around 30,1% (4).

Obesity can lead to increased dyslipidemia, hypertension, and hyperglycemia, a set of symptoms

DOI Number: 10.5958/0976-5506.2018.00591.0

Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, June 2018, Vol. 9, No. 6 423

known as a metabolic syndrome as a major risk factor for noncommunicable diseases such as diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease.(8) Obesity occurs due to energy imbalances as a result of interactions of biological factors, behaviors,and social environments characterized by lifestyles with an unhealthy diet and inadequate physical activity.(9) 670 participants from the Whitehall II cohort study (73% male; mean age 56 years(10) Currently, the pattern of eating behavior has led to western patterns with high energy fat characteristics and poor micronutrients(11) socio-demographic, lifestyle and anthropometric variables were collected. Dietary intake was assessed using a sixty-one-item FFQ. Dietary patterns were derived by factor analysis. The following two dietary patterns were identified: Western and traditional Lebanese. The Western pattern was characterised by high consumption of red meat, eggs and fast-food sandwiches. The traditional Lebanese pattern reflected high intakes of fruits and vegetables, legumes and fish. Female sex and a higher maternal education level were associated with a greater adherence to the traditional Lebanese pattern. As for the Western pattern, the scores were negatively associated with crowding index, physical activity and frequency of breakfast consumption. After adjustment, subjects belonging to the 3rd tertile of the Western pattern scores had significantly higher odds of overweight compared with those belonging to the 1st tertile (OR 2\u00b73; 95 % CI 1\u00b712, 4\u00b773. The proliferation of fast food restaurants with interesting dishes but high energy density is very easily accessible to the community(12-15)

Progress in the field of information technology also spoils the community with various facilities so lazy to move. WHO data (2015) states 23% of adult population is inactive.(16) The prevalence of obesity was higher in people with low physical activity and increased the risk of obesity 3-4 times greater than in high activity.(17) Sedentary activity causes less energy expenditure to be stored in the form of fat in adipose tissue.(18) no physical activity Other factors that are also considered to play a role against obesity are sociocultural factors such as socio-economic, and knowledge (19) In developing countries, economic progress increases the purchasing power and supply of foods that lead to excess intake and unhealthy eating behavior.(20) and outlines various justifications for government intervention in this area. The paper then focuses on the potential contribution of health economics in supporting resource allocation

decision making for obesity prevention/treatment. Although economic evaluations of single interventions provide useful information, evaluations undertaken as part of a priority setting exercise provide the greatest scope for influencing decision making. A review of several priority setting examples in obesity prevention/treatment indicates that policy (as compared with program-based(21)

MATERIALS AND METHOD

The study was an observational analytic study with the cross-sectional design was conducted in Denpasar for 5 months (April-July 2017). Subjects of the study were adult women with inclusion criteria aged 25-50 years, permanent residents in Denpasar city and willing as the sample by signing inform consent. The sample size of 274 people determined by Multi-Stage Random Sampling. Denpasar City consists of 4 districts and each district is taken one village randomly. The data collected include sample identity, food consumption and access to fast food, anthropometric data (weight, height and waist circumference), physical activity and other factors that support obesity. Identity data, food access and risk factor suspected to be associated with obesity were collected by interview, data of food intake was obtained by interview with recall method 1 x 24 hours, physical activity by interview using the International Physical Activities Questionaire (IPAQ),(22) Data analysis included bivariate analysis using Q-square and multivariate analysis with multiple logistic regression (α = 0,05).

RESULTS

Obesity Prevalence

According to on measurement of waist circumference sample with cut off> 80 cm for the woman and> 90 cm for man, obtained as many as 51.8% samples have central obesity, as shown in the figure 1.

Figure 1. Proportion of Obesity by BMI and Waist Circumference

Level of Nutrient Intake

The result of the assessment of nutrient consumption

40,9 %) 59,1%)

Obes ( BMI > 25) Normal ( BMI ≤ 25)

48,2%)51,8%

Normal Central Obesity

424 Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, June 2018, Vol. 9, No. 6

with recall 1 x 24 hours showed the average of nutrient intake of the sample that is energy 2060 Kcal (± 249,5 Kcal), fat 59,9 g (± 7.06 g) and carbohydrate 305,87 g (± 32.59 g), figure 2

Figure 2. Percentage of Sample by Level of Nutritent Intake

Behavior and Eating Habits

Ease of access is not necessarily followed by frequency of visit, most of the sample states rarely visit fast food restaurant <1 times /week) as many as 65,7 % people, as seen in the figure 3.

Figure 3.Percentage of samples according Eating Behavior

42

44

46

48

50

52

54

Energy Fats Carbohydrate

47.148.5

53.352.951.5

46.7

≤ Recomanded intake

> Recomanded intake

010203040506070

Dinner Snack food visit to fast foodrestaurants

53.6 50.4

34.346.4 49.6

65.7

often

rare

0

20

40

60

80

rare often

65.7

34.3

Physical exercise

0

20

40

60

80

light moderate

66.4

33.6

Physical activity

Physical activity and physical exercise

Physical activity of the sample ranged from mild to moderate. Seen from exercise habits, exercise are often done samples are aerobic exercise and healthy walking. There were 63.9% samples stated rarely exercise frequency <1 times a week and 66,4% samples have light physical activity, as shown in the following figure 4.

Figure 4. Percentage of Samples by Level of physical activity and physical exercise

The Risk Factors Of Obesity.

To find out the correlation between various risk factors with obesity was used bivariate analysis with Q square. The result of the analysis showed that there were correlation between various risk factors such as age, education, nutrient intake, eating behavioral and physical activity with increasing obesity prevalence (p <0,05), as shown in table 2.

Table 2 . Bivariate analysis of risk factors with prevalence of obesity

Risk Factors Obesity status according to BMI Q square P value

Obes Normal Total n % n % n %

Age 7,448 0,023< 30 years 20 7,3 6 2,2 26 9,530-40 years 79 28,8 46 16,8 125 45,6> 40 years 63 23,0 60 21,9 123 44,9OccupationNot Work/Housewife 25 9,1 28 10,2 53 19,3Trader 14 5,1 14 5,1 28 10,2 6,03 0,196Entrepreneur 43 15,7 27 9, 9 70 25,5Goverment employees 32 11,7 17 6,2 49 17,9Private employees 48 17,5 26 9,5 74 27,9Education Level 13,09 0,004Primary scool 19 6,9 17 6,2 36 13,1Junior high school 13 4,7 21 7,7 34 12,4Senior High School 91 33,2 62 22,6 153 22,8College 39 14,2 12 4,4 51 186,

Energy Intake level 31,315 0,000

> recomanded 82 29,9 63 23,0 145 52,9


≤ recomanded 30 10,9 99 36,1 129 47,1

Fat Intake level 27,59 0,000

> recomanded 79 28,8 62 22,6 141 51,5

≤ recomanded 33 12,0 100 36,5 133 48,5

Carbohydrate Intake level 36,94 0,000

> recomanded 77 28,1 51 18,6 128 46,7

≤ recomanded 35 12,8 111 40,5 146 53,3

Dinner habits 19,48 0,000often 78 28,5 69 25,2 147 53,6rarely 34 12,4 93 33,9 127 46,4Snack food 16,63 0,000often 73 26,6 65 23,7 138 50,6Rarely 39 14,3 97 35,4 136 49,4Access of fast food 6,771 0,009Mudah 98 35,8 121 44,2 219 20,1Sulit 14 5,1 41 15,0 55 79,9Physical activity 10,76 0,001Light 87 31,8 95 34,7 182 66,4Moderate 25 9,1 67 24,4 92 33,6Exdercise 8,60 0,002<rarely 83 30,3 92 33, 6 175 63,9>often 29 10,6 70 25,5 99 36,1

The Mayor Risk Factors of Obesity

The results of multiple logistic regression analysis showed that the factors of energy and carbohydrate consumption, dinner habit, and physical activity were the main risk factors for the occurrence of obesity in the sample (p< 0,05), table 3.

Table 3. The Mayor Risk Factors of Obesity

Risk Factor B SE Wald Df Sig Exp ( B)

Age .321 .238 1.814 1 .178 1.378

Education Level -.291 .165 3.108 1 .078 .747

Energy Consumption Level .798 .337 5.611 1 .018 2.222

Fat Consumption Level .072 .383 .035 1 .851 1.075

Carbohydrate Consumption Level .845 .380 4.957 1 .026 2.329

Snack food .294 .308 .915 1 .339 1.342

Dinner habits .665 .304 4.782 1 .029 1.945

Access fast food .948 .389 5.943 1 .015 2.580

Physical exercise -.457 .342 1.788 1 .181 .633

Physical activity -.863 .343 6.335 1 .012 .422

Cont... Table 2 . Bivariate analysis of risk factors with prevalence of obesity


DISCUSSION

The Prevalence of obesity was 40.9% with BMI > 25 kg/m2. The prevalence of obesity increased when compared to Basic Health Survey data in 2013 with a range of 28.8% for Bali and 30.1% for Denpasar,(4) This figure is also higher than in some other studies such as Fleming’s research in some countries, showed the prevalence of obesity in women around 38.6%(1)

overweight and obesity were estimated to cause 3.4 million deaths, 3.9% of years of life lost, and 3.8% of DALYs globally. The rise in obesity has led to widespread calls for regular monitoring of changes in overweight and obesity prevalence in all populations. Comparative, up-to-date information on levels and trends is essential both to quantify population health effects and to prompt decision-makers to prioritize action. Methods We systematically identified surveys, reports, and published studies (n = 1,769, in the United Kingdom reached 37.08%(24) but lower than prevalence of obese women in the USA about 42.1% (25) obesity prevalence doubled in adults aged 20 years or older and overweight preva-lence tripled in children and adoles-cents aged 6 to 19 years. 3-5 This article provides the most recent prevalence es-timates of overweight and obesity based on national measurements of weight and height in 2003-2004 and compares these estimates with estimates from 1999-2000 and 2001-2002 to determine if the trend is continuing. METHODS Prevalence estimates of overweight and obesity were calculated using data from the National Health and Nutrition Ex-amination Survey (NHANES and in India about 41,4%.(5)

Obesity in women occurs from the age of 25 years to 55 years(24). Adult women who have entered the age of 40 years, decreased production of estrogen, progesterone, and growth hormone. Weight is easier to ride, although the portion of the meal remains. This condition will be exacerbated by decreased physical activity.(26) While from the education level, the smallest proportion is experienced by the sample having higher education. In general, people with higher education are accompanied by sufficient knowledge about the function of food, will tend to be selective in eating food for themselves so avoid obesity.(12) Increased prevalence of obesity caused by multifactorial risk factors. In addition to demographic factors, that are more dominant influence our lifestyle and environment with unhealthy dietary characteristics and sedentary physical activity(26),(27).

Several similar research results support these results like Cizza ( 2012) and Anderson (2014) research in the United States and Lamb (2014) in Australia shows that the frequency and consumption of fast food as a Western diet continually increases BMI and has a strong relationship with obesity(13) we hypothesized that food allergy patients are more often born in fall or winter. Objective Investigate whether season of birth is associated with food allergy. Methods We performed a multicenter chart review of all patients presenting to three Boston emergency departments (EDs(28)especially from fast-food restaurants, has increased in the United States since the 1970s. The main objective of this study was to examine the frequency and characteristics of fast-food consumption among adults in Michigan and obesity prevalence. METHODS We analyzed data from 12 questions about fast-food consumption that were included on the 2005 Michigan Behavioral Risk Factor Survey, a population-based telephone survey of Michigan adults, using univariate and bivariate analyses and multivariate logistic regression, and compared these data with data on Michigan obesity prevalence. RESULTS Approximately 80% of Michigan adults went to fast-food restaurants at least once per month and 28% went regularly (\u22652 times/wk(14)Australia. Participants Sample of 882 women aged 18\u201346 years at baseline (wave I: 2007/2008. The snacks food and fast food contain high energy and high fat, low in fiber and micronutrients that increase body fat deposits. Dinner> 19-20.00 pm, also causes all energy is stored as a reserve because there is no physical activity. Research in China also shows that western consumption patterns have the higher risk for obesity compared to traditional diet (29) and Bowen (2015), showed that excessive energy intake positively associated with increased body fat where each addition of 100 calories increased energy intake 45 g of body fat.(17) Energy intake and fat suggestion lead to a positive energy balance stored in adipose tissue that leads to obesity.(30)

The demographic transition causes society including adult women to become less movement and communications tools to conduct their daily activities Availability of various needs that the nature of delivery and online services also make people become lazier to move. If physical activity is very low, will be a positive energy balance.(9)670 participants from the Whitehall II cohort study (73% male; mean age 56 years Other studies have shown that there is an increase in BMI and


the prevalence of obesity in women who perform the mild activity(17)). Physical activity has been identified as the fourth major risk factor for global mortality, which is about 3.2 million deaths worldwide.(31)

Multivariate analysis showed that the level of energy intake, carbohydrate intake, dinner habits and physical activity were the major risk factors for obesity (p <0.05). Excessive energy consumption due to low physical activity will be buried in the body to form a positive energy balance, so that fat deposits more difficult to avoid that is reflected by obesity and obesity experienced by adult.(5)(31)

CONCLUSION

The prevalence of obesity in adult women in the city of Denpasar by BMI is 40.9% and on waist circumference is 51.8% Food intake is mostly above recommended of energy 52.9%, fat 51.5% and carbohydrates 46, 7%, whereas most eating behaviors commonly consume energy-intensive desserts, regular dinners and very easy access to ready-to-eat foods. Energy intake, carbohydrates, dinner habits and physical activity are the main determinants of the increase of obesity adult women in the city of Denpasar.

Conflict of Interest: Authors declare that there is no conflict of interest within this research, publication paper and funding support

Ethical Clearence : Research has obtained approval from Udayana University Ethics Commission with Number.1558 / UN.14.2 / KEP / 2017.

Financial Source: This research and publication were supported by Health Polytechnic Ministry of Health, Denpasar Bali. Indonesia

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Volume 9 Number 6 June 2018 - Universitas Udayana · III 7KH 6WXG\ RQ 7K\URLG 6WDWXV DPRQJ 1HZERUQV LQ *DXWDP %XGKD 1DJDU 'LVWULFW LQ ,QGLD Chandra Prakash Sharma,Widhi Dubey, Suryakant