Nyasaland Protectorate

GEOLOGICAI; SURVEY DBP ARTMI1JN'l'

COLONIAL DEVELOPMBNT

vVater SUPllly Investigation

PROGRESS HEPORT (No. 1)

for the Year 19~1

1931 PRINTED BY THE GOVERNMEN'l' PRINTER

ZOMBA, NYAS,U~AND

(}{)lA}S"I .-", L D F\'ELOP7IIEXT

S'1'.-\FP.

Director, . ·~F. DIXgy, O.B.E., L!.:"('. .U.;).

Cieol-o{jisl-. --C, B. Brsssn, :\1.:\ .. B.~'l', 1).J ,c.

IVc!f 1301'0'. --·\V. n .. nJJ)J.;j-~.

Well Foremen" -- R C. STID:::!]'Ol\-}3noA DBENT. l"~' P. PALLIS'.rEn,

C. BAI?\ES.

Hecol'(13 Otnce'l' . .--}G. F. H.ODGSU\,

The Director ''l.lJd .;\11'. RidCl' tU'" paid from Protectorato funds, \vhereas the remaining

mell1bGl's of the stnff fl,l'G pa.id fl'om '0be Colonial D('v(~lopll1ent Fund. A. sma,ll pn·l't of .\))'. Bi,sset.'s

salary, due t·o :~nnnal incl'ement:3, is also paid from Protectorate funds.

j::a.;'jy in the yeu"l' l\{l'. DieseL was sGcowled. fl'0111 ol'dinn,ry Geological Survey dnties to the

scbenw or \Vnt(>]' Supply lIwestigation no\\" dcsel'ibcd. hnt; withollt loss of seniorit)' 01' pension

rights. Th,,-~ whole of Jihe former Geologica,j SUl'vey staff, including tho Director, is <woorc1ingly con·

e6ntrat,ing for the prescnli on wt'Lt-el' SUP1Jh' :{.('.ki,it,ics due to gl'a,nts from the Colonial Dovelopment

Fund. frlw Dil'l-'~e(()l', in Rddition LO controlling the Wfl"ter Sllpply illvestigations a-s fL whole, lHi.s been

di1'(~ctl.l" )'osponsible fa)' thE water-boring' fl,nd well-sinking operations of Chil'adzulu and jHla,nje

Dist,ricts, while M'l'. Bisset. has dil"ected t,11O \\'(dJ'sinking \vol'k of T,OW01' Shire and Ohikwawe.

Districts. j\Jt". B.illel· and Ca,pt,. Stidston·BroH.(lbcJJi. lH'",'e been engaged ])}"inoi11ally in Chil'a,dzulu and

Mla-nj{' DJiit-l'ick:, and :\-h. P[dlis('·G1' ,;.)}j M,}', J:3a,ines in I..lower Shire a,nd Chikwawa Districts.

]\J.I'. Hide!.' proceeded on leay(' on Dec:~nd)Cr Htb, 19B1.

For parI; of Junc, JulV, a,no Al,gnsl the Dii'cc'tor w,'vs absent ri'om tlw Pl.'otect;orat.e in order to

atUlllll [t. C':onfercllce of Afl'ie~H1 Geologic-a,] Sun'eys ~Lt Kigoma, Tllng::tl1yika- rrerritory, a,nil during

thlS period ?lh. Bissc1. ~ook charge of dl(' \\'(~.L('l' Sll]1p!> invc,,;\,ign,tj(llu;.

On bis return from leave in April, 1930, the Direct-a)' calied attention to the nrgcney of water

Sl1Pp!~' probiems in \~al:'ious parts of the Pl'oteGtoJ'a.t(~; he wa·s thereupon instructed to submit a

scheme of i,Va-ter Supply InY0stigtttion for t.he consic1era,tion of {;he Advisory Committee of the

CoJonin.l Development Fund, (1Jnd on Angus1; 18th of that yea)' intirllf)"tion w<os received that a gra,nt of

,£20,lHO (Scheme 1) had beeD u,pt)l.'oved fa)' CfLt'l'ying the proposed nye-years schemr into effect. An

outlilll" of the 1'."llal-iY{3 :\iemorandum WB:-S published by t,he Government itS Sessional PapeJ' No. 5

of U)30.

~dH~l;:(.' ) provides i'Oi' H. Geologi:-;t to 1.[(.k(, gcncrt\.l (~.b".rf;" of the work, for (j, Eu)'opean Recotc1s

Ofiict'l' \.0 give Ijbe necessa..ry ,tf,;sistance at hCflclq\q·l,"ters, :'j,nd for two li~uropea,1l welj'l3inking foremen.

it p)'()\'itk~' a.bo for h poriJabJe stC1U1Hll'ivC''rI "'>'fl.,t-C';,·boring pbn(;, Lo he operated b)' the Geologiea!

8m'\'e~' drilling foremrl"J). rf:he estimal:cd ~Ulr!i,HL::Y reC,lliTcn\'· eXlwnditure is .±.-'a,4.'JO, which with n...

c-apirn.i expelldit.ur<:' nf J;.~,OBO )na,l;~"s r\. l:Uta.\ of ,J~~~j,J 80 for t,be period or five yeRl'C;.

l'he ne-\\' equipmont required for t.h,u scheme '\\"{LS onh:red [Li; once, cH1{t by the cnd of ]930 one

weij lUl.-it been Gomple\jcu at Nda·mero. viib?,0, I.lo\'.'er 811i1'O District, while ?" second w[os under

const.l'UCl:iOD ;;\ Cbitseko villn,ge. ::'Iorcovcr. l-J\0 D:l'cctol.' devoted the ][\,8t P(1)'t of the dl')" season

of 1-1Ia.t ye,u' l·e; an 8»amina,tion of V,l)'!'", of ChinLdzulu n,nd l\1Ja!J,lc DistJ'icts with a view to

commellcing' \\'ater,boting and \ycll sinking op(')'nLions in. L·hose :1.1'2:;8, in the following yea·r.

'rho gl'eltter part of this report is devoted t.o a description of the constructive \YOL'k cnxried

ont. under Scheme 1 in CbiradzuJu, Mlabjc, and Lower Shire Dist.ricts during 1981.

In ,Jllly, ]98J, intiml.ltion wa·s received t.hat a, second gra,])!' of £19,050 (Scheme II) ha,cl been

made fCl' \Vater Supply InvcsLigaLion, iLnd this sum, a,tO ;1) the ('aSt~ 01' the first gl'fl.,nt, \\'fLS to be

spl'cad o\'(~r ft, period of five years, AppJicI11Jion for this second gmnt JW.c1 been mad"-' on the g-l'OUl1t1S

that i~ddi!,iona,l invcstigntion by t.he Administ,rH,tioll had shown .that the need fot' the impi'(wement

of \'inage water snpplies WilS much g'ceater tba,l1 originn·lly supposed, ljhl1,t large a,j'eas of Ul100c:upied

ln,nd ('ouid be brought into use- by the j)l'oyision of \yn,('m' supplies, a,nd tint the GcoJogicfl..J Sun'o:\'

could llnde],take tllc cont)'ol of the r;ccond scheme ~illltllhll](;ously with that of the first, th01'eby ('fj'eeting n:(,))omy by eanying ont Cbe whole ill\'eBLig'ati()ll a,J}{l eontnlction in 5 yea.rs jnste~Ld of 10,

~rhe new gril;ut provides for the ct't-r)ita,1 outJn.y n_,nd ii\"(o- ,\'('%l'B l'eCUl'l'enl~ cxpendilul'(> on n, water­

boring drill simihtl' to th<tt purchased under S('hem(' 1, a~ weJl a,s tlw salRl'Y and tra,vclling of an )1.dditional driller and an additional \yC'JJ·sinJ.:('l', lL ii,- proposed Chat, the new pla,nt <:1.nc1 sLR.f'f silo,tld be employed esselltially in Northern Province, kU\'ing the ea,die!' plant and staff free 1'0]' duty iu

Southern Provinee, i"tnd it has been decided t.lHn the new pJant; on a,)'l'i\'a,l should I)l'oc-ced to lihe

La){{~ Nyafja, coast-RI plain behind Domil'a, Ba,y,

IncluJed within Scheme n there is provision also for 1'he construction of wells in t.he Lowel.' Shil'e area, in contination of the experimental and constl'uctiH~ work dcscribe(l ill the Annua,J

Report. of tbe Geologioa,j Survcy Depa,rtment for the yeni' 1930, Tn this a,CCOllllt it was shown that, t,hc [-lye dug \yells a,nd ~>" borc-hole cODskuctt,(l b,v t.he Survey had served to open up for

natiH' occ.npation a. large al'ea, of unoccupied fert.ile Le,nd, ~md with the n.id of t.be nEW grant it is no\" })l'oposed to extend this n~ela.J1)atjon no;:Unm,l'cls along t,he Shire pla,ins as far as the

Xkombedzi Ol' l',he )'fwanza, ~Cbis work was put in band immedin"tely upon receipt) of the grant,

~H1d by tlH; beginning of the l'aim; one well bad horn cOlnpJetCfl, while in foUl' others watcl' hlld been

)'e-rwlwd c:nd the well Jining pIl,rtly constructccJ,

rrlw detn,i!s of the annua.lly recurrent ,{nd c:n,pj(n\ C-X1l011ditlll'{' nndel' tlle two ,,('hemes ltn~

gi\'C'n in the Prot.ectorate AI1lHJa.l EstimaU's, At the end of each year of oper'l.tion of {;he CoJonia,j Dendopmcnt Schemes conLroJled by t.he Geoiogic,lJ 8tu'ye)' Department it is proposed to

issue n, full siatom:nt of the \York 1111fl('l'kdwn, a('{;onl];:1t1icd by ma,ps, diagmms, and phOt:OPl'i~phs.

THE 'lEA1!'S \\'()HH,

Since t.his is the first year ill which the [1c:ti\'it.i(':, of ["he Department ha;\,(' ))een devoted

essent,i.?.Jly to qU0sLions of water snpply, much ,:.,t1ention has nccessa,l'ily beon gin.:ll i:o the

Hppointmcnt. ,lnd tn1,.lning of staff, to t.he Ol'dCl'ing ~uld i)O . .su(' of pJilm nnd cquipnwnt. (",)lel to general

orgH.nil':ft.Lion. The [lav~~nt<l"ge of t.his work willl)e fel(: more pllrticu)ai'ly dlll'ing ihe next season's

{]cldwol'k, bllt mtleb useful consLrnctiYe flS \\'0) I as e:qwl'irnonta,j wOl'k hat; noncthC'lL':o;s lw(!)) canied

od dm:ing 1ihe pl'cspnt yea,r,

Owing to t.he late <Ll'l'iva.l of the pla,ut, the latc rains, ~Lnd the ea.rly departure on tC[t.v(' of

Mr. Hide)', tbe wate>boring season ba.s been [(, short one, but it sufficed to constrnct and (quip

with hand pumps fom bore-holes in a,reas where supplies were urgcntly )·OqUil·cd. Most. of the year's work ba.s been de\'otcd to the improvement of t.he water supplies of native village:';, whieh \vere

dependent upon polluted and inadequate supplies tbat; gm,dually dwindled rLS the dry season

'1.d\'a.ncea; wben these supplies fa,iled the yillagcrs were ,~ec.ustollled to 'salk dist<uwe.s of severa.l miles, a,nd sometimes as ma,uj' as six miles, to the nC",.rc~st wa.te-r holos. The new supplies a,re

frequently strong enollgb to provide foJ' severRJ \~illag()s, [('1)(1 in gcneral they are sufficient to meet

the dema.nds ma,de upon them, Cortain a.iWitiona,] WQlls have been put down too with a view to

opening up nCYi' land for native settlement, and in some ca,ses the provision of good stlpplies of wa,ter at oxist,ing small villages has led to increase of settlement in the surrounding arca,. These

ameliorations of vilJage c-onditions a·ro likely to remain the principal objects in view dming the progress of the water supply investigations,

The village P001,10 took great interest in the work of construction; where villagos wero a,jl'eady

in existence the natives made full use of the water as soon as it became ayailable ('V0.n during

constrllction; where villages were distant new r,ardens or yilh1gCS were established in the vicinity of

the wolls, Tho wells supply a very real need, .?.,nd the total beneficial effect of the work must be

very great; moreover, tbere is no doubt that the results of the work are fully appreciated. It is

reasonable to conclude that the expenditure upon this service has beell fully justiflcil, and that the expenditm'e of the next few years will be simila.rly worth while, Not loss than 46 villages

have been directly affected by these wells, besides neighbouring villages and ~al'ious new

settlements springing up in certain places, According to information as to the population of these

dlla,ges supplied by the District Commissioners a,nd the Census Report for 1926, not less than

"

jive wor];: CftlTiHd

1.

eme IT) bad been

, gra.nt, "'a·B to be

it' Oll the gl'oul1(ls

;he illlPl'O\'Clltt.mt eas of 1l1lOC(;upied

icologicaJ SUl'i'ey

L;he first, tlwl'ony

nI's fnstead 01 10.

itlJn~ on <,. Wat-el" u'H,YC:i!ing of an

t a·nd 81;a,[1: ~hotJJd

'-y free fOl' duty ill

dd I)J'008ed to the

ils in the LO\Y8l'

)(1 ill the Annual

It it was 8110\\"11

J to Ollell l1lJ fm'

le ne\y grant it is IS ftS fiLl' (1;'; the eipt oj' the gn"Lnt,

:s water had been

t.wo s('.hem(~s <1n,~

opel'ation of the it is proposl2d 1.0

(id Vllotol;r",phs.

Ye )jeen d0yoted ~el1 gi ven 1-0 the

1(-, nnd : 0 general he nexl: s(,(\son's ~\{';;S lwen carried

ture on leave of

stnIct ilnd 8"J.uip \{ost of the yea,r's tges, ,\'hieh \vere

the dry S('a,son tnncCB of SCVel'a,j

new slIpp!ie., a,re

umcient to moot o wit,b a· view to sl1pplicf;" of water

,ng atea.. fl1hese

vie\\" during the

'Lges were a.}rcady [able even dUring

in the viCinity of le work must be .}preciated. It is lstiflerJ, and that than 46 villages

nd ·;;'al'iOllS new

'pulatioll of these

36, not less than

18,500 natives a1'c directly beneflting by the work, besides a ve!'y considerable number fro1)) neighbonring villages; these numbers will increase yea·r by year as settlement increases u,l'ound some of the wells.

The principal results obtained in the course of construction during the period April to

December, 1981, may be snmrnari:..;ed as follows:-

BORE-HOLES.

Number of bor8·holes Total footage Total mininllun daily yield, in gaJlons Minimum native population affected

DUG WELLS,

Number of wells completed Number of wells under construction Total footage Tota.! footage aba.ndoned owing to hardness

of rock, unstable ground, 01' inadequate yield

~[lotal minimum daily yield, in gallons l\Iinill1ull1 native population affected

4

H91 11,750

2,700

25

203 51,000 10,800

The following taNe gives the limits of depth l'ead1cd by the variolls wells and shafts put/down during the year ;-

Limits of depth, in feet N umber of wells or shafts

12-25

18

25-50

G

SUB-SURFACE DAM.

50-75

6 75-100

5

100-125

1

A puddled·clay experimental dam was constructed in the Migoi River, Mlanje District, as described on p. 17.

Further details are given in frable I a,ppended to this l'eport.

PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATIONS; GEOLOGICAL WORK; MAPS.

An essential part of the water supply work of each season is the examina,tion and descl.'iption of new areas in which constructional WOl'k is proposed for sncceeding seasons, and i~ is impol'tant t,o realize that this preliminary ilwestigation is necessarily oa,sed npon a geological examination of the a·reas in view.

The na,tUl'e of the rocks likely to be penetrated by the boroh01e8 and wells, the volume and the quality of the water likely to be yielded by the wens, the general underground water supply conditions of the a,1'ea, the mett-sure of success likely to attend the construction of wells and dams, and the supply of brick·earths, clay, sand, gravel and stone required for constnlCtional purposes, ·-~all these are questions that fall within the scope of a, geologica'! sOI'vey of a,n area, ~Lnd the necessity for !\,c1equu-te investigation of them before constructional work begins requires no flll'thet' emphasis.

The usual procec1l1l'e is for the District Commissioner to submit a, 1'IoP01't a,s to the necessity fOl' water supply operations in his Distl.'iet, accompanied by a skekh-mfl"p showing the villages and arca.s aJ!cctec1; the l'epOl-L dp.scl'ibes the yillages or areas in which an impl'oYell1ent of existing snpplies is consic1ered neCOSSu,l-y, u,nd those in which wells a.)"(~ l'oquil'ed in order to provide room, for further l'5ettlclllcnt, usun,lly with the object of relieving congestion elsewhere. ~rhe area is then visited by the Geologist in c·ha.l'ge, who reports upon it in tlw manner outlined in the previous p~11'agl"l"pb, eXH,mines the existing snllrces of wa.tcr after discussion with the local headmen, pre­pares a geological, hydl'ogl'aphicai, and topogl'H,phical ma'l1 to ser\'e as the basis for operations in the-; ensuing yea-r, Hnd submits recolllmendations as to the most effective means of secUl'ing the desired resn Its. This investiga,tion is U6UIllly made towards the end of the dry Se[1,,80n, when the water supply conditions are a,t their WOl'st and the country can be 1110re ej'fectiw~ly slll.'veyec1 owing i;o the ilryness of the ground and the (hied-up or bmnt condition of the vegetation, The Geol­ogist's report is then discLlssed with the Pl'Ovincial Commissioner and finally submitted to Govel'l1ment,

The areas Gxamined in this wa.y in the course of the year under l'evic\\" inc.lude pa'l't.:-;. of Lower Shire, Chikwu,\'{a, Mlanje, Zomba and Dowa, Districts.

3

The preliminary inyestigations referred to demand the production of suitable maps in order to f~1cilitl1tc the pl'epa·l'a.tion of detailed proposals fOl' work in a.n a.rca.. It is essential (~lso that accurate record should be rwailable of the position of every we!l, boro-hole 01' other structure in order to ensure supervision [t.nd maintenance after conSlnlCtion is complete. The existing maps are sometimes nl1suilrr.ble as to scnJe, ina.dequate and often inaccurate in t.opogl'[l;phical detail, and

frequently ont of date as l'ega.rds roa-ds 01' the situation of villages Rnd ot,her centres,

The requisite state of accuracy fOl' the purpose in vieI\' has been obtained by re\'ising 0]'

lamplifying the existing 111ap by me!tns of compa·ss traverses Stll)plemented where necessary by 1110re exact obscn'fttions, a.nd by plotting the results on the scale of two miles to one inch.

Thongh pl·ima.rily designed to illnstra.tc ,yatel'-supply conditions and opCl'o..tions, sncb maps,

when they a.re available for larger H-l'cas, arc of n.ssif;tancc a,lso in indicating commullica.,tions, topogl'aphical detail, dl.'Q.ina.gc MCa..S, a,nd the majol' 80il i;ypes, as \yoll RS the distribution of popula.tion and of the more important native centres. Accon1ingly, besides sening their l)l'im,tl'Y purpose, the maps prepared in the course of the ,,"Rt·cr supply opel.'l.ttions a,re of distinct; ya.Iuc to the AdJl1ini~tn1.­

tion and to ot-hor Dopa.rtment~.

SUPERVISION AND I"ABOUR. It is desirable to refer to the oonditions of .Eul'opel1..n sllpel'yision and native la,bour under

which the work is being c:aniec1 out. No provision has yet been made for the appointmeut of <tll

engineCl' to ta.ke genera,l cha.l'ge of thc te.chnical side of the wol'l~, a,jthongh snch pl'oyision has l)1>;c11 made in the oase of a·t least three other British Afl'iea.n Geolog-iolt! SllL"VCYS enga.ged upon \Ya.tel' snppl:i.' investigations on a, compamble sca.le. The deficiency is mct llS far as 1)Ossibl0 by ool1aboJ'­ation with t.he Pnblic \Vor).;:s De.pa.t-tment with respect to pa1.'ticula.r problems as they a.rise, and b;l'

the waLer supply expel'ience of the Sun'ey geologists in 1)reyio\18 yca·rs. So far this course is

working satisfactorily, a.nd· it offers the H-cl"nmtage of effecting considera.ble economy.

Also, for reasons mainly of economy, of the fOlll' European well·sinkers employed all fll'O

engaged locally, and t.hree of them fOl' the dry season only. This procedure leads to discontinuity, ~~s ,"veIl as to the employment of I~ul.'opea,ns not necessa-l'ily experienced in the work. In South Africa and R.hodesia many pl'ofessiona.l well-sinkcrs are available, but. genera.lly at salaries much in excess of those paid for this work 10c<Llly; trained \\-ell·sinkers from England He eJl11)loyec1 by several of the British Africa.n Geological Surveys. It will be clear therefore tha.t; the NYltsrt-land \yatel' snpply geologists mllst necessn .. rily maintnin Yel'y close genoml supervision of the con­stn1Ctional work in a.ddition to pursuing their ordinary duties, and, provided the present standard of work is mainta.inec1, eonsidemble ac1ditiomd economy is effected tlwreby.

The constl'llction is cfHTicd out nndel' the a.dditiona.j disadvantage that the nativo labotH'8rs sign on fOI' peJ'iods of ,t month only, H,ud tha.t in general they IOf1ve the \York a.lmost as soon as their experience is beginning to beal' fruit.

Although eYOl')' effort is made to provide reasonable living conditions, great difficult,y is some" times expel'ienced in inducing the native Ja.bOlll' to work at isolated sit-es in the bush, owing partly to the absence of the Itmenities of villa.ge life and, locftlly, in the 1Jo\\'el' Shire area, t,o the ~,ttention elephants and cal'l1ivol'es.

r:t'hel'e are obyious (bngers in 8xca,vatilJg" and lining shafts IIp to 100 feet in dept.h 'i'. ith the aid of inexperienced natiw~s; but so far the work has been carried ant wit,hout accident, amI this is due to the close European supen~ision mainta.ined, a,nd to the daily' examination of a.1l hoisting gear and of the WOI'};.illg conditions iu the sha.fts. In general the natives do not fes,r to work in the deeper cxcavations, and this may be ascribed in pm·t to the careful supervision exorcised a.nd to the frequent desoent of' the gmopean in charge to the working face,

An essentirLi fa.ctor in maintaining the safety 8Jnc1 well-being of the native Jabomers is the proyisioll of adequate travelling facilities) whereby the EUl'Opeans in charge ma·y visit ea.ch site at Jeast once daily; upon the Sftme factor rest also t,he efficieDcy and economy of the constrtlctional work.

NATIVE ATTl']'UDE ,['OWARDS WELI,·SlNlIING. 1'he nn..tiycs tend to make immediate use of thn water provided for them in prefel'enc.e to the

former sources of supply. MOl'eoYel', reports from yarions quarters indicate that thc new supplies are welcomed and [1ptweohtted, and in the morc populous arcas the wells are in almost constant nse from dawn till sullset. It is not surprising therefore that requests fOl' wells a·re being received in increasing numbers from villa.ge headmen, the requests being made either directly to the officers in charge of operations or indirectly t.hrough the District Commissioner. It not infrequently happens, how6ver, that a request arises more from jealousy 01' a spirit of emulation mthel' than from necessity.

t

J

\

c

a

i t

€ s

L t

I t s

le maps in order to essential also tha,t 'other structme in The existing maps

1'aphica1 detail, a.nd 11re8,

ncd by l'cvising 01'

here necessa-ry by ) one inch,

ntions, s!lch maps, ; communications, lltioll of Population im,t.l',Y purpose, the to the Ac1ll1ini::ltl'a-

tive hbolH' under 'tppointment. of <l,ll

)i'o\-i,.,ion ha,s lw.cn

~a.ged upon \YR.lel' ;8ib1e by collabol'_ they arise, a,nd by

:0,1' this COurse if;; my,

em. played all are to discontinuity,

work. rn Sou th sala,ries much in

are employed by at tho Nyn,f;a.hnd

sion of the con­

esent standard of

native labourers t as soon as their

ifficulty is some­Ish, owing pa,l'tly , to th8 att(mtion

~pth ", it11 the aid dent, a.nd this is all hOisting gea.r , to work ill the t'cised and to the

labom'ers is the "isit each site at e constrnctiona,}

rcference to the he new snpplies dmost constant e being received ly to the officers at infrequently iion rather than

The ordinary village native requires instruction in the use of eyen the sim.plest apparatus, sucb as a windla.ss 01' a roller, and headgear is occasionally wrecked beCfHlse buckets are hurled to the bottom or allowed to fa.ll freely instead of being 10\-verec1 in the propel' manner.

Nevertheless, the hand pumps fitted to bOl'e-holes carlier in the season \vere found to be in good oraer at the end, with onc exception in which the villa-ge headma.n, in spite of apparently adeql1ate preeft,utions, removed the ha.ndle of the bore-hole pump each eY0ning so that his ncighboul.'s should not draw water dlU'ing the night. This practice soon destroyed the meta.l thread, and it became necessary to lock 1.h8 11ump for seyeral weeks until l'E'lXI,ll'S could be effected; in the meantime supplies conld be dl'll>wn only fi'om the old village \Vater-holes seycl'u,l miles distant, and it is lH'obable thut the incol1Y(.'nience cfr.llsed by the PUlllP being thro\Yl1 out of a.ction produced Et saluta,ry effect.

In most cases the ol'dinal'Y Yill~ge natiYC-! will llmke no attempt to i'cpair 01' to report any minor breakage 01' defect, but will continue to \York the appliance umil it is i'ncapabJe of further use 01' even of repair. Frequent inspection of the apparatus and instruction of the villagers will accordingly ha.ye to be mainta,ined until the natives improve in thi:s l'espect.

'rho interest which the. natives tn.ke in the \York is sometimes tinged with distrust, and apparently they find it difficult to beJio\'e that the wells arc being ma-de for their own benefit, As fa.l' as can be ascertained, when the matter is under disoussion in the villa,gos the work is often l,'egfH'ded as a prelude to further Emopean settlement, increased hut tax, 01' some other undesirable object, ,\Vhen completed wells arc revisited for pnrposes of inspection the natin:s engaged in drawing wutel' from them frequently scatter precipitately into the bush. In one case where a. well was being sunk the yillagel's refused to give the workmen a, drink of water on the ground that it had to be clH'l'ied oyer too great a. cl istance,

The freqnent l'cfuf-5ul of the villagers to a.ssist in the \york possibly al'ises in pa,rt ft'onl the same attitude, 'rhoy al'(' glad to make nse of the water provided for them, and often folIo\\' the operations with gl'eat interest, but idle onlookers a,ro in nutny cases wholly disinclined to assist in

such simple t<l.sks as clearing a l'o;1.,c1 to a. site 01' in building np the earth around a well top, Laboul' for the regula.!' work of construction is alwu,ys paid for [Lt the usual mtes, and accordingly the Yilla,gel's benefiting fl'om the supply might reasonably be expected to pl'oyide a little C~l"stH11 laboul'. ':Phis unlwJpful attitude on the part of the yillagcrs efLuses serious dimonlty fLllc1 delay, and thereby ru,ises the cost of the operations as a \\'hole; t.he work of improving the water supply conditions of villages oonld be widely extended at small cost if the natives could be depended upon to belp thernselYes to the extent of providing a little regular la,boul'. ~ehe District Administration has of COUl'se given nH possible assis~a.noe in explaining the objeots of the work to the natives and in seeldng t.heil· co,opel.'atioD, a,nd it ma,y reasona,bly be expected therefol'e that t.he attitude of the villagers tOW<l.l'd8 the efforts made fot' theil' advancement will steadily improvo,

TRAygLLING AND TRANSPORT.

Si11ce at a,DY ODe time a well-foreman is in cba,l'ge of from 5 to 10 wells, severa.! miles rtPR1't, and since he must yisit each well at lea·st on('.e da,il)" it is clear that his monthly milea.ge by motor vehicle is considCl'able, Furthermore, for the. l'ea,sons already given, the monthly mile~tge of the geologist in cbal'ge ))1Q.,Y a,lso be great,

Adequate tra.velling fa.c.ilities arc thcrefol'e necessIJ:ry in ordel' that the war];: may be calTied out on efficient and economical lin(~s, and also to ensure the safet.y of the native well-sinkers,

r1'he construction of a. group of wells inyolves the hansport of large Cjua,ntities of equipment a,nd material, particnJru'ly bricks, cement, sand, ()"nd stone, besides w<'ttel' for constl'tlCtional and domestic purposes. In some cases it ha,s been possible to obtn.,in tempoJ'ary motor tra.nspol't for this work, but most oL the l11ftteria.1 requil'ed has been transported by nat.;iye can'iel's, vi'hicb has given rise to much difficulty and delay, as well as oxtl'a. cost. It is l~ossibJe tlHl"ii future \Ye1l­sinking work will be n,ided by the JOfLn of lonics pl'ovided essentially fol.' t;he transp0l't of the water­boring plant and equipment; should this a,rl'a,ngcmcnt prove pJ'a,cticable it will greatly facilitate

the well-sinking operations,

ECONOMY IN CONSTRUCTION AND MAJ.N'rENANCK

!rhe operations described in this l'epol't are cal'l'ied out ma.inly with the a,id of Colonial Development Funds, but the maintenance of the \Yorks so oonstructecl will ultimately fall upon the Protectorato, It is necessa,ry therefore to consider not only how the funds fLYaila,ble can be spent to the best ad\'anta-ge, but a,lso Ivh(l"t extent of ma.intenIJ:nce will afterwards be required.

rl'he bore-hole installations constructed dlll'ing the period of six years in view will in thenlseives be sufficient to occupy the full-tirne sel'\'iees of onc EUrOpea.ll; a,t present hand pumps are being

~il~ '/:;',~;;

fitted, but in some cases these nw:y need to be replaced by windmills. In generfd, bore-holes al'C employed where dug wells n.,l'8 impracticable.

Dug wells requirc considemtion n.,cCOl'ding to their construction1 a.nd a·s to whether or not they a.re fitted with pumps.

The i(~2.a,1 well for domestic pmposes is one provided with [t, st.rong impervious lining a,bOl'0 \Vatel' leve1 1 a concrete covel· and drain, and a pump for raising thc water. If alllw~Lilable funds were spent on wells of this type, however, the proportion of the popul:l.tion to receivQ <1SSistn.,llce would be much reduced, n.,ud heavy expenditure 'would be required for repair <1nd ma,intemtnce. It is necess<1l'Y to remcmbcl' that the natural supplies replaced by these wells a·re for the most pa.rt so fonl a.nd so inadequa,te thn.,t the wells constl'ueted invariably effect, an immense il1lproverncnt, although admittedly ideal conditions a,re not a,1Ita,inec1, In these \yells the UppOl' pad of the lining is ma,de impeJ'Yious, while. the coping is cMl'ied seyeral fecti Rbove the original ground lcw~l, and in most ca,scs is fitted with n., cover and tr<:'tp-dool'; the water is raised by means of a chain and bucket attached to [l. \\'indlass 01' l'olle1'. Accordingly, both by this mode of constJ'ucLion and by subsequent maintenance, all reasonable precautions a.re tn.,ken to protect the wells fl'om pollution,

rn1is simple type of head-geal' is eapl.tble of repair by trained natiycs, but every pump fitted will demn.,nd a mcaSlll'e of European tillle for maintenance, Seyend different kinds of hu-ud pumps and elovators will be set up in order to dotermine to wha-t extent they a-re suitn.,ble fOI' nse under villa-go conditions, ,md the well tops are usnally so eonstl'lwtec1 that pumps ca,n be fHtod if desired Bnt until the Ym'ions pumps under tl'ia-l have been absencd fol' <1 yeal' or more, it is not proposed, to consider [(.113' ext.ensive scheme of pl'oyiding purnps for natiw! villa-ge use, a·part from those fittod to the bore"holes. It will be a simple ma,tt-er to fit, t.hem if a·nd when expeeience itnd resourcos jl1stify this course,

Various kinds of hca-d-geal' fLnd \yell tops are being tried ont with respect to dumbility a,nd C-l"LSe of repnil', ~rhe ide<11 a,l'mngement ft'om the point of yiow of dnl'llbiiity would probably be it conc1'Ote well head snpporting (Ul cloya-ted iron bfLl' a,nd roll C)' fH'l'ft,ngcd in sneh n, \\'("ty tha,t wa.t(~r can be rfl,ised

by" mea))s of it bucket and cha,in opcrated by ha-nd pull O\-er the rolicr. At present wooden well covers [H'e employed, and a simple type of wooden windla,ss Ol' l'ollci' that ca·)) easily be rcplrwcd \\"hen necessa.l'Y by the natives themselycs. Dming the ncxt dry season c-xperiments will be made with VfLrlOUS forms of concreto well tops,

In considering a gl'onp of dug wells it is necessa.ry to exn.,ll1ine t.he l'ehtiye economy of brick, concretc, ,"tnd il'on not onl~r fl"Om the points of view of first cost and of mu,intena-nce, but ,dso a,~ regards trfU1SpOl't and the eost of Em'opcRt1 supervision and tmyelling.

Concrete is ele,wly the most dnra.ble materia,), and it is being uscd with success; but it is expensive ill EIU'Opeall tirnc, and sometimes the cement 01' a·ggl'egatc, or evcn the \VIl.tec fQ]' constrllction, has to be carried oYer grea.t distances.

Bricks lH'e used very successfully where they Cn.,ll be ma,de nen,l'by, bnt if the,v h,tvc to be tmllspol'tcd the costs Qnicldy mount up,

COl'l'ugated iron cn!\'crling for "-ells up to· 20 feot in depth has t.he gl'(,a,t adyft.nta.ge tha.t it is cn.sil1' tl'ansport.e,d "and CfU} be let down into a well with the minimum expcnditl'll'c of J!'imoperm time. Its mn.,in disadi'a,ntnge is its rclatii'ely shol,t life, but it ca.n ea·sily be replaced when worn out. ,\Vhen used in 10eaJ roa,cl constl'nction cOlTugated iron eulw:rting lasts about 10 ~'ea.t's, and it is a-nticipa.tcd thu-t the cnlverting will 8er\"e for a-t least t.his period whell llsed in shallow wells, particularly if eOy(~l'ed on both sides \\"i1;h a "uita,ble prcserY<'Lt.i\"(o' p;1.in1-. Jt is especially useful f01" t,he construction of Rn isolated shallow well fm' \\'hi('h the minimum of E,mopcan ~ime a.nd tl'[(.\'elling is n ntila.b le,

nInny factOl's have thcrefore to be t.nJ,:on into (tcoonnt in pla,nning the construction of Ho group of wells. In ordel" to keep the fina.l cost per foot of .shaft within reasona.ble limits it is essential first tha.t the \Veils controlled by one EUl'opeftl1 at a.ny one time should form n, faid), comj)fLct gronp of 5 to 10, according to distance. a.part and mode of constl'l1Cti01l 1 and a.lso that operations in tU1;)' one m'ea, shouhl extend ovel' one 01' more complete sen.·sons, so as to reduce tl'a.nspC)l"t, cost.s. It follo\\"s thcI'efOl'c that to RffoJ.'d the grea.test benefit fOl' tlw money spent the wells should be \\-orked in groups as desCTibed, a·nd that, inc1i,,'iclllal isolated ca.se~ of ha.l'dship due to Ja.eh: of Wrl,tCl' should in general be disl'ega.rdod"

DEFOHESTATTON i SOIL EROSION; WATIDR SUPPLY,

In the n.e-count of the work cal'l'ied ont in Mlanje and T"o\vcl' Shire Districts special reference is made to the relations existing in these a-reas betweon defol'(!station, soil e)"osion, ["md wat,el' snpply,

()

____ r.l~I'bi __________________________________________ "'_"'_

'8,,1, bore-holes ftrc

lethel' 01' not they

?iOllS lining aboyc ,11 a.v<'!,ibble funds

'ccci vc assistance mailltennnce, It ,the most part so

lse improvement,

jJiH't of t.he lining Hlnd 10yol, and in

,ns of R cha,in and

)struction alld by

Is fl'Olll pollution,

;vel'y pump fitted

:18 of 11l1nd pumps

bl0 fOI' use uDder ;:! fitted if desil'ed

t is not proposed.

tpart from those

n expet'iencc a,nd

lll'ability a.nd case

:"Lbly be It concrete

a,tel' can be raised

,sent 'wooden well

?asily be l'ephwec1

?nts will be made

conom:v of brick, a.nce, but also rLR

311ccess; but it is

:n the Wft-tct' for

Lhey ha,Ye to be

\"ftnia.ge that it is

tl1J'(' of Jiilll'OPCftll llft-ced when worn

:. 10 YCHl'S, <-md it

:n sh<1l1o\\' \\-ells,

,eeilt lly llSefu I for

ropea·n ~imc and

notion of ft, gronp

nits it is essential

n. f<lidy compact

:,hftt opel'ations in :3 tl'ft,nspoi'tj costs,

le \yells should be

? to lad: of Wrttel'

spccia,j reference a·nd water snpply.

It cannot be too strongly em phasized that the provision of wells for native village use is bu t a part of the wider problem of making the country more habitable both for present ~~nd for future

generations. The objects of the work will be to a Ja.rge extent defeated if the weUs no\"\'

constructed l1"l'C allowed to serve as ba.ses fOl.' the destruction of the arboreal vegetation of neighbouring hill slopes, leading thereby io the erosion of the soil, the production of gullies, thc

accumulation of (~oal'se dctritus on the surrounding aro,ble land, rapid run-off, and steady

diminution of water supplies. This destruction of forest is known to have takon place within

recent years in many parts of NyasaJand, as elsewhere in Africa, with the result that the soil

covering of tbe hillsides has been washed ,1"way i1ud furt-hel' regcnel'tl,tion at planting of the forest

made impossible. Iu snch places not 01)1:.1' has much arable hnd been destroyed, but RI so extreme difficulty is llOW experienced in obta,illing the V700d fuel and the poles nce(!ssal'Y fol' village use.

In the al'ea,s now ..:!onsidered serious effort.s MC being made to wc-vent the natives from cnlt,ivating

the hill slopes, to induoe them to ma,inta·in fil'c·belts tUOl1Ud the foot of the hills, a,nd to instruct them in t,hc process of cllUing wood fOl' village purposes on fL regular plan affording OPPol'tl1nit y

for re-growth.

A cJoscly-reJ<1,ted phasc of the problem is the PI'ovi8ion of wat,er snpplies in native ea,ttle area-s, which will need to bo fa,ced in Nyas::tla.nd as the water conservation l11caSl1l'CI) fH'(', oxtonaec1 through

Northern Pl'ovince, In such arc,1"S, as ha·s been abundantly proved in Tanganyika, rrel'l'itol'Y in

recent years, the tendency is to allow the C<Lttle to accuml1ia,te unduly in the vicinity of a fow

watel'ing centres; this gives rise to cxcessiwo ovorgrazing and trampliug of the soil, which lea,ds to

tbe destnwtion of vegcta.tion a,nd the mOl'e extJ'eme forms of gllllying a,nd soil c]'osion; these

rcsnlts lead in tum to ra,pid run-off, interference with commnnications, am1 progressive diminution

of \\'f~tel' supplies, It is therefore neccs,s,l"l'Y that in cattle areas the watering points should be a,deqnate in number and suitabl~'/ r;paced, a,nd that the number of cattle scrved by aHy one 1)oint

should not be so grea.t as to C:1use OY'cl'gl'Rzing and to initiate soil erosion.

In [l,ddition to the wOl'k carried out nnder the Colon~al Development Water Supply schemef;:

under its control, 1,he Geological SUl'voy has .-tded in an ac1visOlT ca.pacity with l'egar<1 to a llumbol' of water snpply problems thu.t haNe al'iSClll in the Protedo]'ntc dUl:ing the yetU'. lJ:lw chief of these

relate to thc~ IHedical Scheme of Village \Vtttc~J' Supplies, wbich is l'efen:ed to in fJ., sepa.ra:Lc section

below.

Ac1c1itionrd Colonin,l Development gra,nts hay(! been ginm in respeet of the watel' supplies of

I..limbe and JJilongv,e townships, ftnd the watcl' sl1Vplics of Hospit.R.ls nnd Dispensal'ies built from

Colonia.l Development funds have als~) l'C'fluil'cd considerrttion; in nIl these ea.s!?s Lhe DeparLrl10.nt.

ha.s beel! ca,lled npon to ad\'ise. frhe I,iimbe sc:h0.111(, mR.];:cs j)l'Ovision fo), fL numbcr of bOl.'c-hoks in difl'erent pa.rls of the township, while Lho Uioagwe schcm8 inyoJves the a,bstnwtion of y;a-tlH' from

the Jjilongwc R-i\'el'ihrough a, filtel' elmmhcl', p_l1d pnmping to fm elcYR.ted rescn'oi;'. /l,(hice has

been giYen a'\60 on \Y<ttel'su])ply Questions in Uw Port, ]]el'nld ftnd Ohiroll1o to\Yllsllips. Reports and recommendations hn..ye been submitted ,yit-It rega,l'cl to t,he waier snpply conditions of Cholo,

Li\\'{)lH1e, J'ie-hcll, Down., and oCher District Stations, Rnd <1 nl1lnbeJ' nf non-oHici<tl liul'opca,n estal8S

and stations have rdso beon examined <1nd reported upon.

Adyicc has been gi"en on the quC'stion of water snpplies, wit.h speeiall'efcl'once to proposed deep bOl'inft, for t.he milwrLy extension no\'.' under construction fJ'om Bhnty}'(~ to Domira Ba,y.

During the yeal'the 1)i1'ectol.' has published ll: PnlCtica.1 Handbook of Wltter SUJ1ph' (De111Y

8 vo. 5'i111P, -+- vii. J3J Ji'igl1l'es a.nu G i\Iaps. fj"'. Mmby & Co" IJom1on), It was written with a view

to a.ssis~ing ill tl)(' develoPJJlent of mino)' \\'ato1' ,supplies such as those described iu this report, and i~ hrief accollnt, is given of the wfd:cr Hlpply eonditions of souihem, ccnti'fl.l and (Jastei'l1 :IJl:icfl ..

Copies of the book hase iJec'l1 issl"!ea by the Colon)".) GOH:rnnHmts to the Distriot Administration and to

other Departments intCj'0sted in \yater prohlems.

1 n 1,he COlll"se of it· yir;it to Rigoma to ~"tt.eni1 a. COnfCl'E'llC'C' of Afl'ican Geological SUl'\"f'Ys, the

Director ~ook full advantage of the fa,cijitics kindly offel'ed by D1', E. o. rrcale, Dil"cctOi: of the Geologic;),) SUJ'ycy of fl'fwglt)Jyik.:t lJ.\'l"l'itory, to see somet.hing of the invcst,jgatiolls and

COnSll'llcticmal wod.: being cfuTiea Ollt by the \',cater Supply Sectiol) of that Sun'cy. J\J ueb of this work wn·s dired,l), :1pplicable t.o the condition::; preva·iling in Nyasala.rid.

lJ:YPES OF \VEfJl:JS CONSTHlJC1:Iij1).

In general bored wells are constrllcted in pJaees whom dug \\"ells are impractiea.blc, as, for eXfl,ll1ple, ",he)'e the depth to water level is \"()J'Y gren,t, or where the rocks are vcry baJ'ct rJ:he

are::ts in which the dug \yells are constructed vary considerably as to accessibility and the avail­ability of materials, and the mode of construction to be adopted in anyone group of wells reqllircs pecial consideration, the deciding factors being economy !tnd speed of operation.

Irhe method employed has been to sink the shaft as fal' as pmcticable below water level, and t,hen to insert a lining of brick, concrete, or cOlTllgated iron from the bottom upwal'ds. 'Vhere bailing proved inadequate undercutting was employed in order to carry the lining snfficielltl~/ f",r below wa,t{H'level to ensure a sufficient and permanent supply. In some cases 11 bl'ick well was deepened by underpinning and the supply thereby improved, In general the walls stood firmly without support during excavation, but where th01'8 was [t·ny tendency fo), loose material t.o fall in COl.Tugltted il'on bent to the required diameter WitS inserLc(l as 11 tempOl'fu'Y lining. N{wcrtheless, in cases of sorious instability of the wa,lls, it was llSllc1·11y found prcfcra.ble, especially in the sha,llower excavations, to abandon the shaft and select anot-her site nearby l'ather than to attempt to deal with the infalling sides.

BOlm-l101~ES.

r11he bore-holes are put down by' means of steam-dl'iyen drilling outfits (Fig. 1) ; they are lined to

a greater 01' lesser depth ,vith G-inch pipe, into wbeh is inserted a, dcep-welllmmp operated by hand­pOW01' a,t t,he surface. Several forms of band-pump a,re in use, depending upon the depth to Wll"ter leyel, the yield of the bore-hole, and the requirements of the natiyc community. Certain of them al'e simila,l' to pumps provided by the IJimbe r:eown Council several years ago for general native use; these pumps wero set up in the market and near a main stroet, and although they hrINe been operated solely by natives they ban) giYen very satisfactory sCl'vice, requiring no marc iLttention Lha.n the eustomal'Y ovel'ha,uling every 15 to 18 montbs. AJditionRJ bOl'e-h01es rmd pUlnps Rl.'e no,\" being constructed by the Council for a similar purpose.

'Vhell la.st obsel'ved a.t the end of the dry BoaSOll the bore-hole pumps insi-a,lled in the village under the present scheme were being freely used f1nd were in good order. If\\-o types of village bore-bole pumps arc illustrated in Figs. 2 to ,1.

BnICK \'"lEIJLS.

:\1081, of the ,veils cOllf.itmcted during the yea,l' have been built of brick, sinee it proved possible to make bricks n"t 01' nea,)' the well sites; sometimes a JOlTY ws-s required to transport the bl'icks. In some ca·ses simultaneolls excavation a,nd bailing suff.iccd to ca),ry the sha.ft (a,r enough below wa,ter

level; in other ca,ses it was necessary to build up the brickwork on i1 concreto 01' wooden ring and to let do'wn the whoie structUl'e below water Je\'el by mea·ns of simulta,llCQllS unde-l'cutting, excaya­tion, and btl"iling. Several wells WOl'O given the requisite additional few feet of depth by meallS of underpinning. By these methods the wells WCl'O CRlTiod from 5 to 14 feet below wHoter level, and a,n ,tc1eClllate supply abta-ined in all cases.

The brick wells weJ'e constructed to an intel'lla..l diameter of 5 feet, fJ..nd those completed range in depth from l5 to upwards of 100 feet. Each is fitted with fi., windlass, chain and bucket, but the the headwol'k hu,s been so constructed that [t. pump can he fitted a,t u,ny time if desired. The coping, laid in cement mortal', has been raised to a height of several feet, abo\'e the original ground level, and a stl'ong wooden cover and hinged tra.p-door fitted ove), it (Figs_ 0 to 12L PuddlAd clay has been packed bctw-ecn the briclnvork a,ud the enclosing ea,rth, and impervious gronnd protected with rubble slopes awa·y from the well top on all sides. Irhe wells are ttCcordingly as t·horollgbly protected from surface contamiml"Lion as wells of this type can be.

CONCJ1ETE W EIJLS,

Concrete wells h8..ve been conshucted by tbe following methods dming the yea,r

(a) Concrete pipes, 3 ft. G ins. in diameter, as in the \ve11 at John's village (p. 17). The first section 00HSIStied of concrete set in place between an inner monld and the SIde of the well; in the remaining sections both the inner and outer moulds were used and were 8uccessi-,;'-e.Jy raIsed as e~LCh section \yas completed. Percolation holes were moulded into the sections standmg below water level, and the spRee between these sections and the well sides was packed with sma,ll stones; above this level the space was filled in with earth.

(b) Concrete lining, 4o.ft. in diameter, built in place between shuttcring and the well sides, as in the wells under construction in Chikwa"wa District (p. 15). Part of the work was done from the bottom upwards, after exca,vation was complete, and part from the top downwards following the excavation.

Additional for111s, moulds, and headfmmes have been ordered with a view to facilitating the construc:tion of concrete wells.

ity and the avail·

of wells l'eqnires

\' water level, and upwards, 'Vhere ng sufficiently far

a brick well was. v-alls stood firmly

_1atel'ial to fall in

Nen31'theless, in

i' in the sh::J..llowe1'

o ltttempt to deal

; they aJ'e lined to

operated by hand· he depth to water ~l'taiu of them a,re

,noral nalive nse;

;11 they have been

o marc attention ad pumps a·re now

led in the village ) types of vilhge

pl'oYed 1,ossibJe to 'f, tbe bl'icks, In

ough below water

wooden ring and

E"-l'cutting, excaYa­

epth by mea,ns of

wfLter level, and

~ completed mnge Id buCket, but the

tred, The coping,

llal ground level, !lfld clay has been

Id protected with ll'oughly protected

ea.l':-

tage (P. 17). The I the HIde of the

~ used a-nd were

moulded into the

the well sides was

l.nd the well sides,

.e \york was done

e top dO\vnwards

o facilitating the

CORRUGATED IRON WELLS.

. In most cases the lining was inserted as a complete cylinder after the well bad been ca·l'ried six feet or more belo\v w(tter level by simultaneous excavn..ti(ll1 and bailing (Fig. 7), 'Vhere necessal'y,

the sides W8re pel'fora~ed so as more readily to admit the water. In one (l.:'lSe, at Mwatnnga vilJa,ge

(p, 17)., \vhere the well was constructed to a depth of 15 feet in :1~sandy river bed, the abundance of the

subsurface water, combined with running sand, made it impracticable to sink by bailing aud excavntion; accordingly, after digging a funnel-shaped hole down to water level, the culverting

was carried down folU' feet below w~1tel' level by weighting and nndel:cntting, aftor which the cylinder was built np above the river bed and the sides filled in, rrbe well, fitted \yith a, cha.in and bucket,

·is now extensively used by the natives of several villages, who had pl'evionsly expel'ienced grca.t difficulty in drawing adequate supplies of water from theit' unlined water-holes in the deep running

sand, frhc well has the Rdditionrd ftdvR,ntrtge of being close to the GO\'el'llment Dispensat'Y that that se1'\'(>s this group of villages.

rrhe well-sinking a,pparatns used in any pal'ticulal' case \'[\').'ies with the conditions; the

shallower wells, up to 20 feet in depth, CfLn nsuallx .b? excava,ted, ba,ilod and lined without special hoisting gea.l', a.nd when complet;e they can be fitted \,-ith a simple IUl-nd·pllll water-1'11ising device, \VOl'l< ('nu he extended to gTef1teJ' depth by the llse of a- pnlley and rope slung beneath no' locally­

made tJ'ipod 01' horizontn.-l beanl; in one case under obsenation exc<l.Y<'ltion was continued to a

depth of 68 feet by these simple means.

V\Tells of 20 to 60 feet in depth nsually require a. windlass of. somB kind, a.nc1 a locaily-made \vindlass will se ne to depths of 100 feet; but for these gl'ea,ter depths it is advisable to employ

tubular iron shea,degs 01' head-frames, each fitted with a geared windlass, One set of shetLl'-Jegs

has been in llse during the Y8a).', and ac1ditiona,1 sets will be available fOl' next season, In lining the deeper wells the hoisting appa,raius has not only to raise and lower men and materials bnt also

to support a platform on which the men can work,

In ma,uy CRses specin,j sinking \\"indlusses have been used during const'l'uction, and then

l'epla,ccc1 on cOl11Dletion of the ",ellE,; by lightet' for111s for raising the water, In ot.her cases rollers

and handles supplied ft'om headquarters have been erected on suitable locally-made standards 01'

frames (Figs, 11 and 12),01' on posts set in the gl'ollnd, and thef;e haye beon retained fol' l'aising the

watcl'. An additional type is made np entirely from local bush timber, a,purt from the iron handles,

bolts and nails.

~['he result u.imed at is to cyol\'o hoisting" apparatus which can be llHtde at OJ' near the well

from material at hll,nd, used dut'ing construction, and left on the completed \Yell as the wat(>l"' ra.ising gear, Appal'H..tns of this kind ensures economy in time, in the cost of materia-Is, and in

workshop ,l,nd tra,nspol't services; 11101'00\'e1', it simplifies the question of maintena.nce and l'epa,il.',

\Vith these objects in \'jew eaoh well-sinking unit is to be proyided with the nec;cssa·)'y tools so as to be a,s self-contained a.s possible, and largely' independent of IyorkshoJ.! sel'yicos at headquarters,

WATml-JiAISING APPARATUS.

The question of fitting pumps to bore-holes <1..nd wells has been discussed nnde)' the heading

of "Economy in Construction and l\1f1,int.enance, So far, fol' raiSing watCl' fro))) the excftyuted wells windlasses such as those described above (H'e in genera.l use, In cCl'tain of the shallower cOl'l'uga-ted il'on wells the sill1])leJ' device of a, bucket and chfl,-in ri\'(~tted to the sid(~ of the well is serving

S~l,tisi'n.ctOl'ily, a,ud in other ea,ses the wa,to)' is l'a,isod by hu,ntl·pnll over a l'oller, For eel'htin of the

wells in cl'owded area.s, both of sba-llo\\'cl' a.nd of gl.'ca.tcl' depth, it is p1'oposed to snbsitnLe a, series

of rolle),s fOl.' the eomll1on windlass, since this \yonlc1 enable two Ot' more people! t,o raise watcr at

the same time, and with greatel' speed, rflw \\"indhss s(;1'Ying the well at N(ltUllel'a" for example,

h<ls been observed to\\"a.rds t.he end or. the dl'Y season t.o be in almost constant llse from 8,0 a"m,

till 8.0 p,m" and 1'01' much of the (h~' it is SlH'l'ounded by a· sma.1I crowd of women ttwaitil1g

their tl1l'l1 to draw water,

1:luch useful infOt'rnation \yill be obtained by Obs0t'\'ation of the Vflriou;o. tn)es of water-raising

appa,l'atns t.hat have been fitted during the year, and this information \\"ill be applied to the fitting

of sirnple sta-ndarc1 fOl'il1S fOt' use under I'ariolls conditions,

CARE AND MAINTEKAKCE OF Wm~LS.

It is to be expected that case,'?> of neglect (tnd of ill-usage of well equipment snpplied to Yillages will be obset-yed, but it is probable that, a,s the villagers bCGome more accllstomed t,o the use of the

apparatus, and a,ftel' they h[1\'e eXj)C'l'iellced the inconvenience due to interference with their new

9

source of supply, they \vill gradually exeroise greater care. The results observed to date are not discouraging, and the bore-holes and pumps provided by the Limbe Town Council for the use of natives have given very satisfactory results for several years.

All bore-holes and wells as completed are handed over to the District Administration, together with a full statement as to position, construction, and yield; they are then handed over by the District Commissioner to the village headmen, \vho are informed that the wells have been constructed at great cost and require to be carefully used, and at the same time the headmen are warned as to the consequences of neglect or ill· usage.

The bore·holes and pumps will be ma"intained by the Geological Survey, whereas the wells will be kept in repair mainly by the Administration, assisted by a small native staff it is proposed to train for the purpose. In several cases the villarget·s themselves have repaired windlasses or well tops, and full encouragement will be given them to continue doing so. Nevertheless, every effort is being made to reduce repair and ma.intenance to a minimum by suitable methods of onstruction.

C, DISTRICT REPORTS,

LOWER SHIRE DISTRIOT,

GENERAL CONDITIONS.

THE WELLS,

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES.

Quality of Water. 8easona.l Variation of Water Level. Sub·Al'tesia,n Conditions. Well Construction and Forest Conservation. Note on the Water· Supply of Port Herald and Chiromo.

Baobab Trees as Water Cont.ainers. Miscellaneous Activities.

EXAMINATIONS AND SURVEYS. Area South of Port Hemld. Area between Port HCl'aJd and Chiromo. Area North of Chit·oruo and East of the 8hi1'e Rivet,.

OgNgRAL CONDITIONS.

Sixteen dug wells were completed in this District in addition to foul' which were under -construction at the end of year. Infonna.tion a·s to constl'tlCtion, yield and other deta.ils is given in Table I appended to this report, and the positions of the wells are shown on lvIap No. 1. Geneml information is gi\'cn in the following p£tragl'aphs.

The country can be 1·ega.rc1ed as comprising three strips which run more 01' less parallel with the Shire .H.i\"er. A region of marsh, dambo 01 flood-plain lies along the dYe)' and extends inland for ntria·ble dista.nces, [ts, for example, about one mile OJ' le8s between Chit'olno fl,1lc1 Port Horald, a..nd generally up\yal'ds of fivc miles between the bttcl.' point- a.nd the Anglo-Portuguese border to the south, where it is known [LS the Ndindi 1-fm·sh. rrho soil of this rivel'8ide region is of yaJ'iable ag"l'icultnral importa.nce since much of it is poorly drained; some parts, however, a,l'e of excertiol1Rl fertility.

To the west of the da.mbo thel'(~ lies a belt of good land, in general ahout t\\"o miles broa.d, which rises gently <tway from the river towa.l'cls the west, Rnd this in turn is succeeded by the foothills which fO)'))1 the \\'estel'l1 border of the vfl:lley.

The bulk of the pOl>uJa.tion is nt present crowded a.long the banks of the Shire HiveI' or of the Ndindi Ma-rsh on acconnt of the a.bsence of pCl'cnnia.1 \\,fLt(~1' supplies for domestic Hse in the conntry to the w('st. Conditions a.t'e snch tludi in nH~ny pJa.ces ne\\' buts ftl'C being .built on hLnd subject, to a.,11l1llaJ flooding since n.ll uthcl' suiLo.blc sililla-tiollS [H'e already occnpiocl. The available land in the neighbourhood of the l'iw'r is ]ll'obn.bly cnltinl.ted to its fullest capacity, and De\1,' ga.l'dens a,l'O to be fonnd only air inGl'oasing distn.nees inland from the riv0r; a. limit to this process is necessru·ily fixed by the distancc which the natives must \ya..lk between the fields and their homes, and in mallY cases this limit seems to haxe been reached.

r:f.1he remainder of the popnln,tion is sc.n,ttel'cd a.long the foothills iLt sitlla..tions where supplies ·can be obt<Lined from wa.iol'c.olH"ses descending from the hills.

10

1

J date arc not 1 for the use of

,ration, together ld over by the ,een constructed re warned as to

lcreas the wells ff it is proposed 1 windlasses 01'

ertheless, every

able methods of

hich wel:e lmder

details is given p No, 1. General

less parallel with

3d extends inland

and Port Herald, tugllcse border to gioH is of yal'iable ft.n~ of c;';CCrliollal

two miles bl'oa,d,

sl1cceeded b~y the

iJ'e H.ivcr 01' of the mestic use in the

eing ,built on la,nd ed, ~rh(; available capacity, and new nit to this process

18 fields and their

'11he Shire llivot, l'nns fl:t n,n altitll("iL' or n,\)Ont 100 to 200 ft. n,hoYG SPit level, ftnd tbe foo\:hil1s nSlln,lly l'ise to a,boo!, BOO 01' JOO rt. fLbo\"(~ the l'i \'et',

TIll' f()l'matlon ]wlletrated in sinking' the \\'(~l!s \\":1:-.; in \)lost CftS('S thr alhl\'inm of the Shirt' Valley, which consists ll'minly of etass nnd c:,n,n(h (']n\8, with occasional honlder beds, sftnds and

gl'f!.,Yels, ~(~iU' the roothill~ t.be wells w(>;'(' o1'ten sunk though 8np(~rfi( inl d(~positR into d('compo",rtl

rock ,-;\1ch ik folspa:;bic ql1fl)'b::ii;e- 0)', in one e:1,SC, fi~sHl'e(l do]t']'it',("

Cliit.<y:!t'o,----i'\. qnl'Oit.ioll of l'evised bUllndtu'ie,<; mnd,,) it neccss.H',Y thai, a,n indcp8ud(mi snppl\ of

\YnJc~l' "hou1d be i'ollnd 1'01' Chitseko Vil},,,-;c', \yili ... h is t=.itnn-u'll nbOlll 10 miles north of C11il'0)\10 Den I'

t.he ,jlll1ctioll of the Chil'OIllO"Chikw[lwi\, tl;l)rl Chil'omo·Ci101o 1'oads, A shnJt dug a,bout GOO Y::tnl" 0-;\,:0;1

oj' thr' ]'c)'l,d \\"\'" :tlJan(lonc{l on aCC'Ol1nL ot' insta,bilii.\' or tho w!t-lls, .l.nd o])0rations \\'Cl'e tl'an81'ct'l'e{1

to a ncw sil'(~ ~"\'h(jul 1000 .\'It},(?,,> west or tlw i'o:d, \Valel' \,-:I,S nnco,lDl(~I'('d ,"\,r. a depth of 7;:\ f1.. but

1H1 ~-\deql1;\te o.:11PJlh' \\'as not obtr..ine;l unlil (l, depth of 8G ft, was r(~a-el1Cd, nelf\,~-r:; were C,H1S('rl by

constTIH.'(iol1;d (li'iicllltiC's, :tgflin dll(' to in>:,u!hility fLnc1 to \',tt'i",!'ions in composition of 1'ho walls,

oM in (l\i(> ('Olll'se t.he w811 \\'~\;s SllCC(>Ssi'un:; (:oml~le('.(:d (See Fig, 10),

)yrrJi1al!a,----'l'hi,; well is esscnl-i:tll,\' 0\1(> 0(' l:\l(' series put down in 1HgO, The wH,tel' in the w(-dl,

n·ltJlOngh suilu·b\o fm' yillage nse, wa,s slightly bl'ltckish, and ml a,ttcmpt was n~ft{h to find w:-1:Lct' of

beUc)' (j1.l:dity by digging on ,t f'l'csh site nei1r hy, 'rhe wall" of this new oxe:l\,fttion, boweycl',

bec,lnw unsudJln before' WfLUll' w/tS' n:tlche(l; dw :-;ilaft WitS 1;.11(>\'ofor0 ,llmndoned ftnd the ol'igina.!

\\'(,]1 ('nll\pl"~l('d,

J(acZ(lIIW1'U nnd NyajJemue-/'(;,---'1:hcse wells are ",itnn .. ted nel1,,)' the Ohil'OmO-Pol'jj Hel'fdd roa-cl <l-t

n.bout;) ilnd 10 miles respect.h-cly from Ohil'OI11(', ftnd nbon{; t\yO mi10s \yest of the Shire, 'J~hey

shoul,l ,,<:rY(' existing villages a,s w('!! as open 1111 ne\\' kwd ftnd l'elieve congestion a,iong the l'i\'e1'

ban];:, 'Vile \\",U01' in lLHln'l11er~ well is slighloly bn"tekish but h(ts nonethe\esR met with the aPPl'oval

of IO(';ti \'illngel's,

"VtllilliJa_--'rlw well is situated north of t,llC dry \wd of the Nk.-mdc Rive\' ;~t the point ",hol'e

it 1(>;(\"(':-'. the foothills ft,boot two miles \\"(~st of the Chil'omo-Pol't Hel'I1,ld l'ottd, Us pl11')10(';8 is to

sen'r two vi\lngcs nea,l'by, a·nd hl"n(l snitfLblo rOl' new settlement is fLYf'li13ble in the vicinity,

Excavation \Yfl.-S oQl'ric(l out t11l'o\lgh Chl~'S) sands and bonh1el' beds to n depth of' abont 80 ft" (tnd

t,lwnce in d('col11pos(,d rock. rChis forma,tion, thongh somewhat ha,I'd and tiuwc.fol'c more r1ifficnltj

to penctl:n..tc, fonned good ,,,nUs and (linicnlty on aceount of caving in was l'educcd, \Vatcl' was

[on11r1 :t,," 0)3 ft., fl-lld sinking was continucd to ,q, tota,] depth of ovel' 100 ft" in order to enSU1'(> 1Ll)

ac10()u,tlP sl1J.lpl~', 'rh is is the dc(mel:;(, well thft,1.; has so 1'[1,1' been constructed by the D(~p(t)'tment" and

it i~ uiea)' lhat- :ulditiollfll snpcl'visioll llS w(>ll flS specin.,lized hefLc1gE'fLl' is neceSS!"H':'{ for wOl'k f~t, such

depths,

.1]uieiilia,-- -fThe viling'r is sit'llatcd n,t the foot of I\Inhwe _Hill a,bont three miles west. of Port

Herald, Considcl'able diJ.)icnlty is (lxl)Pl'ienc(>(l by natiYes 01' this a.nd other adja,cent villages in

obbtining \\';l\"(')' rJlll'ing the (l1'Y sca"Oll, since the nearest sources ,we then eithcl' the Shire Bjvel' ()I' sh:dlow holt:;.; dug ill Che bed of the N)'amlld"'cri giv8l' several miles llV"stl.'O<LI11, f{'he well s.ite

is abonl 11:111' n rnii(' (',v:;.t of the \'iiin-gc nem' the dj',), Ghannel of 01(' NY<"1ma,d:.lcl'i, whel'e. the l'ivet'

begin;; ro displ'l'Sl! into U1(' Ndindi i\-1a.t'sh, (Che well ~h,-d't ends in a beel of vebbles and sma,]) bouldel.'s

which presented :I,n obst:acle to underon1.:t.ing, bnt in dne. COll1'se an adeCjll,lte sup})ly of wate\' wa,s

obtained,

NeJwcha,---J['he cil'Cnmstn,llees (L1Hl sit;\lft-tion are similar in rnost l'8spects to tJhose at ~i[dernii1,

except tjhat the sil(~ cho;;en is neR'I'CI' to the foothills (-1nc1 at n, gl'eatet' distance fJ'om the Nyama,dzeri

and 8hi]'(~ H,i\'(~j's, rphe well hf'bS Jwnet\'a.tcd clime-nit f01'l11at,iOlHJ, snch as sand <1,nd bonlder beds,

fl-lHl prOgl'ess ba,s been impeded b~r in,stabilitv of the sides, \\70l'l, has been suspended for the m_in~r,

season ar ~l depth of Gr-:: ft., fl.,nd watel' Ins not ,'lot lwel1 l'ea,ched,

Die/,',· -A l.,l'inl hole Jll1t (~own in the dry hed of the NYlHnfL\ira, Steeam at Diok's ~i\ln,ge abont:

n, miie nOl'l,h 01' :\chru:h:\ l'crlchpC! \\'nr,('l' ,Lt a,iJollt 1;") (t, rrhis snpply would pl.'ob,tbly serve ,"\'ls() (0)'

Neb'wha ,"il!a,g(:'l's p,hnold it not be> fonnel possiblo Co eompiHLi,~ the wel! ftt that point:.

Ei.r;hf IVells a[ony the Port He,'(/}rZ-Ndunli:i'(I roud., (SilC Pir;s, }] and 12),· __ rrhcse wells

l'ephee ft l1umbcl)' 01' sh,tllow water-hole", which, :1-lthough cOIl1,aining' "-lttOJ' thonghont the .veal', tend ir:. bC(,Oll1C in:ldc(lllflt,e in the dry ::iCrtSOll on acoount of the YilhLgOl's' in[lbility to deepen th<:111 ,

In (:0)'1..a1]) ('!tS()~ tiw 'Yfl.,l,pr lcyd i\'\1 ll)(H'(, l.i1<Ll1 foul' feet bet\\"een .\fll'il a,l1(l November, 19a1. 11be

c.lliei' objec(.ion to \ he exit3tiug watel'ho\es if; 110\\"8V81' their Coni eondition,

11

Mpawpa and J.i'm,_rrhese villages are sitlln,ted in thc foothills some three Ol" fonr miles west

of the Port Hentlcl-Ncht,mern, road and a.bout 12 miles sonth of Port Hendc1. They stand a.bout

H5G fel'l.. ahoyc the l'ORd, ~[,he normal sonrccs of snpply are shn,]]ow holes dug in the sa,ndy beds of

the NyachircndfL and Nzisu HiyCt·s, btlt those become insufficient ~tS the clry season advances, !rho

country in the JJcighhbourhooc1 is of (t somewhat hilly or rolling llature with i)lentifnl 0111Ci'Opf; of

banl rock, and is of generally unpromising n.ppelJ.rlmce, A number of pits \yere sunk in ordm' to

illYCstigaLf' Ow sub,sul'fa-cc conditions, a.nd finally sit.es \"'Ct·c chosen on the ba,nks of the l'in>l.'s lWIU'

t.he existing \\'atcrhnl(>s: \YalCl' was fonnel n-t model'Rte depths in decomposed rock and 1 he w('lls

'\\'e1'(' completed snccessfully,

Nd(III1e'/'a.,--- ~rhc well nt this yillage WitS con"l:l'nctr>d in HWO unc1el' the immediate Hlj)C')'\'ision

of the District Commisionel' I'1'01n funds allotted h~' t.he:' GeologiC'al SlH'v('y, a.nd it came into llse

enl'ly in 18Hl, rt Wit,S LheJ'cfol'B undel' obsen'flLion tl1l'OtlghOllt the grea,tcl' pa.rt of the ;-'el\l' Rnd

gFL\'(' a good indication of the mannel' in \\"hie11 natives come to use wells in prefercnce to theil'

form Cl' soll1'c('~; of supply. fJ:he l1opuln,tion situated wit-hin rea,ch of t1w well probnbly exceeds 2000,

/\.t no time when the \\'ell \\,il-S visit-ell was it found to be idle. For the greatel' pan of 1:11")

yeai' (Ln inspection at, a,ny haul' of the (hy sho\\'Nl abont fl. dozen women dntwing \\'H,ter 01' wa,iting

vo do so (see Fig, 8), and in the dry season the well w(ts l1sc(l t,o t111 e\'cn gl'en .. tcl' extcll:, \Vhen

the G('ologist in eh'1.,rgc C:(l,mped in the \'ilhtge 118,U' the end of November, the withdrawa.l of water

1'1'om the \\'ell begn,l1 before 8 n"m, and Wf1S continned without intermission until after 8 p.m, For

most of the da,y n.n n.vemge of n,bout (;0 \yomen with t.heir pots were gl'onped around the \\'dl, :'Lnd

SODJe jostling, disputation and tJ'ickel'Y, good-htlfno\ll'cd 1'01' the most l)al'i, wero c1ispla,yed in their

endea,Yout's to obtain [I; supply of W8.;ter.

~L\he standing depth of watel' did not drop mucb below one foot despite the heavy witbdra.wa,ls,

hut it. is cyident that. the present windlass is worked to its fullost ca.pn,city,

:\Ica.sures to l'cnder more wa,tcl' a\'ailnblc in tl1f' ncighbourhood arc neocssal'y, and it is

:1Cc-ordingJy proposed to constrnct an additiona,l well to sen'e a.djacent villages and to fit improved

wRtel'-I'fl.,isiJlg a.pparatns to the existing '\\"ell.

ililSCBLLANBOUS NOTBS.

QUALI'Fl' 01<' \V A'l'EH,

~l'he (jlw,lityof the watel' obt.a.ined in the ",db:; desct'ibcc1 was in n-ll cases excellent ('xcept- at

Eada-mern, where the wa.tel' was slightly brackish but still suitable for village nse,

SEASONAL VAlUATION OF \VA'l'gn IJEVEL,

The seasol1a,j 1'is8 and fall of the gronnd wnlel' le\'c] v,Hies from nbont two to 1110)'(' l-ba-n four

feet" a,nd in pa-l'ticnla.l' \Yells situR,ted ne,1.,l' rivct' beds show ft, mOl'e mnl'ked nl.,l'in-tion than others in

the intcrfillyial a,l'eas and l'enct, mot'e readily to l'1linfa,!J.

SUB,AH'rgSIAN CONDI'l'IO::-:1S,

Sub-a,rtesia,n conditions were encountered at Mleno, sOllth of Port Herald, \\-'atel' was

fonnel at a depth of 81 ft, and remained at tihn,t level for severa,l da,ysJ dming ,yhioh a ('onorete

ring and seycra.l feet of brickwork wel'e inserted Pl'CpfH'atOl'Y to undercutting, but an i nilow of

water during one night ca,nsed snch dR,ma-go to the ma,sonry and walls i;Jmt t.he well

became mOl'e 01' less filled with debris to a dept.h of about 20 ft, a.nd considerable c[tyities were

devoloped in the wa,I]s n.,bont that level. The flnaJ sh1nding level of the wa.ter was 17 ft, a,nd it

became necessa,ry to abandon the well in fn,Yolll' of ft. 11(;"- site ne8.Jrby on account of the risk of

further collR-pse of the wa-lls.

The formation into whioh the well had been sun],: \\"as v<tl'iable sfl;mly cla.y of the type common

to the Shire Valley, which as a, rule can be relied upon to sta,nd finnly dl1l'ing the excn.vfltion a.nd

lining of wells,

HisE's of several inches, or in one ca,se of two or three feet, wen; reported in c{;'l'tain of the

wells within a short time of the \\'nt61' being l'eaehed, but on j-.hr ,,-hole sHch vHriatinns were

unimpOl{nnt, fLnd they a.J'(~ unlikely to a,ffcet. the genera,j conrsc of t,he work

\Vgr~L COXS'l'HUCTION AN'J) Pmms'l' CO:::Z8EH":\'IION,

In the l~ower Shim District most. of the wells penf'cl'<1.-tc a, watcl' ta,ble which l~ feel and

maintained by lihe undergronnd seepage of wRtel' outwat'ds and downwa,t'us from tbe hills,

rather than fl'om the Shil'e Hive)'.

ffhe destruction of wooula.nd on the hills would irl\'ol\'(' ;1 lowel'ing of the general '.\':1_tel',UtbJe

of t,hr. country a.nd with it tlie 1en,1 of rhe watel' in t.he weils, with the resnlt tha,t these would be

,deprived in great pal'D of their u"efulness, :\101'80\'01', who1'c ,,'clls arc situa.ted near riY8r beds the

12

Of four miles west They stand a ball t

in tlw sandy beds of

,f;On ~Hlvances, The

)lel1iiful outcrops of

re sunk in (J)'(ler to

lis of the l'iYers noal'

rock and the \Yells

mediate snprJ'YisioI1

Id it came into use

ut of the ~\·eal' fl.l1d

prefel'('nc.:(~ to tbeir lbably exceeds 2000.

grea.tel' pa.d· of l-h,·)

:g wa,tel' 01· waiting

Lter exten~:. \Vhen ithc1rawal of \Hltel'

1 a,fter 8 )).1)1, For

'olmd the \\"(~11, a.nd

~ displayed ill their

heavy \Yithcli'awals,

W0SSal'y, and it is

and to fit improved

excellent except at se.

to mOI'r t·han fonr

tion than others in

~rald, \Vater wa.s

which 11. concrete

, but, an i nnow of Is that t;l)8 well

·a,blc c}t\"ities were

l' was 17 ft. ~tnd it

)tmt of the risk of

f the type com man he excnvn.tiori and

Cl in c('ltain of the h variations were

which \s red and

s from thr hills,

enerRl \y:,['tlt·-Utble

il:t; these would be leaI' l'iY(~1" beds the

, I I ! I I ! ! I I I R ! €. , !

I IT

I

, I I

destruction of riverside vogoLttion would tenil to lower the watel' level in the wells, and if the banks :),l'O stl'ipped of theil' 11f\..turaJ protective c.ovel'ing the \yells \yonld be exposed to the risk of

serions stt'l1ct-urfd (bJl)agc~ during f:loods.

It is clcitr, tlw.I'eforc, that th0 genel"fd enforcement of mea·smes for forest presorvation in the

hills as wC'1l as in the forest l'CSel'Y8 is f~n importa.nt. ::I.spect of the maintenance of the wells, and it shonld be consistently ca.rried ant if t,he money a.nd effort a.lreac1y expended in constl't1(~tion are

not t.o lose much of their va.ll1e 01' Ol'(mtua.ily be \ntstod.

No'rE o~ 'l'HE \VA'J'J.:H S"GPPT,Y OF POR']' HEHALD AXn CnIHo:uo.

The Shil'e Hivcr is at pl'escnt the chief source of water supply for the inha.bitant;s of Port

Hemld··--LDn rope:w, Asia.Lic ftnd Afl'ican·--a.nd it has the obvious disadvanktges and da.ngel's, especially

when the wate\' is Ycry low in the d!.':)' season Ot' opa.que a,nd silt· laden in the ra.ins, Severrti \vells

ha·ye been dug chiefly to set'Ye .l1}nropea·n J.'csidcncus in the township, but thel'~ are at present Dbjections to th0il' 111;e in tha,t the \n\tCl' is said to be bl.'aekish, insufficient, or 01;ho1:w1s8 unsuitll:ble fOI' domestic use. rrowa)'(ls the end of the YC[H' most of the Europeans found it nece~sal ~- to send

to tbe Nya,madzGl'e Rh-cl' sorne tlll'ce or folll' miles distant for drinking ,vatCl"

;\-[nch of the cliffionlty could, ho,,"el'et', be met if the wells were to be deepened, at· fitted with

mOl·C satisfa.ctol'.l' coYcl'ings 01' wa.tCl.'-ra·ising gear ("Hi J'eqnired, and b,tiled or clea.ned out at more frequent intel"Yals; moreover, thc completed well a,t }I,demia and that under consi;rnction near the

hospital Gonld pl'oba,bly a.lso be usod if desired. Additional wells oould be sunk n..s l'eqllired, since

wa.tcr should bc i'olmd n.nywbcl'c in the township at depths between 20 a,nd 4·0 ft, the depth inoreasing with dista,nce from the river.

iJ.'he risk of finding sa,lt 01' brfLckish WfLtCl' would proba.bly be lessened if t·he. wells were sunk close to the river 01" near the wcstcm bOl'der of the township.

Chil'OlllO depends fot' its water snpply upon the Shire and Ruo Rivers; f~ well constructed by ;:tu India,n trader on the wcst~rn side of the township is said to conjjaill bmckish watet', a.nd is not

tllol'efOl'e used. Good wa.ter c;:tn, howevet', be found n.t a depth of ahont 25 ft, at a point east of the J)1a,in road near the E.C,G,C, ootton ginnel'Y, as indica-tcd by t;rials with an eal,th angel',

BAORi.B TREES AS \VNl'BR-CON'r.HNERS.

On'!l' hl'ge rH'ea,s in the Suda,l1 hollow bf1.-Oba.b tTees form the chief mea·ns of storing water

thronghout d1'Y sea·sons, and mallY Yillages 'l.nd tnl;de routes are entirely dependent upon this source -of ~Ilpply. ,\ Slll'VP'Y of JJ<"LObab trees in the neighbourhood of Port Hera.Id was therefore carried

out in order to [tscol'i,ain the possibilities of \.l~ing {.hem for a similar purpose in this country.

It was found tlHtt although many trces WCt'C to somc extent hollow, p[l;l,ticnllwly whero the

large bra,nehes left the main tnmk, most of the CflNit·ics did not cx.ceed a foot or two in depth and WCl'C therefore inadeqlHtte for the pllrpose. In onc case where the tree-trunk was hollo\y enongh

"Lo store a llsefnl (jlHl.ntity of water, the sides were perforated to such. a.ll extent tha·t much

pa.tching would be required in order to tmnSfOl'lll the trce into a W1ttcl'-tight t1tnk. An a.ttempt

was 111ade to hollow out. ODe hec tnll1lt downwards from a hole cut in the principal fork with

-ol'dinu.ry native tools, a.nd the process although slow was found to be pmctieable.

This means of \vater stOl'a.go combined with a catchment of mats in the branches and Ft suitable maims of dmwing ofT t.he watcl' could no doubt be used 10ca,lJy under suitablc cil'cnmsta.nces.

AfISCgr)LANEOUS ACTIVITIES.

Assista.nce wa·s giYen either by means of advice or the loa-n of a.ppal'atns in ooonoxion \vith

other \\'(~Jl-sjnking opeJ'a.tions in the District, as at Chiromo township, Nyapemberi Estate, Port

Herald Hospital, :lnd Port Hemld Agricultural Station.

gX.UHNATIONS AND S(JRVgyS.

Investigations of water supply conditions \Yerc ca.rried out oye1.' most of tha.t pal't of the

DiRtriet \\-hich lies in the Shire VrdJey, in respons(~ to requcsts by the District Commissioner and

ot.hcl' officcrs as \\"ell as the natiw's themselves, As rt result of this ;,York it is possible to say that;

the p~'(!sont needs of the District could lwobnbJy b0 mi;L in rrbollt Olle marc sea·son or wel1-sinkin~~

opcl'alions; this further work \I'ill he rcql1il'C'd ma.inly for the a.meliol'ation of conditions at existing villages a.nd fa)' the l'edist.ribl,ltion of cl·owi{ed poplllatiolls, but in certain cases l'1'o..::h la.ud will also

be thrown opfm for cnitivHtioll, Genel'HI cOl1(litions in cCl'tRin Pfu'ts of the m'ea are described in

more detail in the following parftgmphs.

A rea ,s'onth ot' .Port He·rald, Although 1.1 \vclls have been construot-ed in this area additional

\vork is necessa.ry beio1'e the desil'ed improvement is atta.ined. The country is the most densely populated in the Pl'oteetorate; in t.ravelling along the road south of Port Hemld the im.pression

13

&

,~tli~ ______ 1

l'eceiYc(1 if> that or ptLssing throngh one eontinnons \'ilhge for some Hi miles to tbe Anglo'

POl'tng'uesG Border, It. is considel'(!d dcsil')j,hle that n, well should he a,\,rtila.ble at int8l'\'fl.Js of

one or 1.\\'0 mile» a,long this l'on-d, Rnd some' t,hl'c(' 01' fOlll' a,d!litionnl wells a,l'e thcrcfOl'6 neceSSll,I'?,

:'1. line of wells a,long the foothills some two to four rnilcs \\'est of the road has been l·ec.~omnwnd('d

by the District. Commissioner in order to l'elieY8 (:onges1"ion a,long the a,ln'ndy OY(»'("l'owded

neighbourhood of the l'oad a.nd 01' lobe Shire Hivel'; slich \Yells woul(1 also cna,blr' rr!'sh lanel to

be cult.i\'(Lt"i'd, ehiefly rOI' the ])l'odno1;ion of food crops,

The I'oothills country I'isas to a,bonti 400 ft;. above ilw l'Oad befO],8 it.. mergns into tlH' more

dofinit,e 'sca'l'p-sioW~ bounding the vcl.lley, and it is in Il1,Ul~' t'espeeis morc' f>niLa.bJc rot' seU 1(~IiH;!Jlt,

thnn the bal'e, low-lying, oVNerowded flnts ne~1;), tile Ydindi )'1:H')':-;h, On the foothills ~li,tde ('J'ees

and fJRLChes of iHttnra\ forest l'cma,in, there is generall.\- wme movc~m(mt of the a.ir, o.,nl1 t.here

shoulr11w gI'CRU'I' fl'(~cdom [l'om \\·atel'·bOl')lC ini'('ctions tlwl1 ill the unhl'fI .. lth.\' )'iven;jdc J1:l-bit,ltions,

'11J1(' limiiin,Q' f'a,ctOl' to seLtJloment is it SC'al'ciiy of lwl'enllin,l S\ll'f[W8 wntrl' fOl' donwsiic

use. IrJ)e j))'esent. popuint,ion I'P)ies I\))on th(~ )'iv(>J'~ ani! oib01' \\'fli:er COlll'S('o, \\'11i('11 J'un down

from the hills LOWfll'ds the Ndilldi l\Ja.l'sb, bllt, only a few of t-·hese ma,inta,in l)(,ll'ennin,l flo\y, ;llHl

iti is t.hol'efOl'c g'onCl'ally neCOSS:lI',1' to dig in t,1w salld\ river beds ,wd to folto\\' the fl,Ya.ilablc

wal,e:' npstl'en.m as the r1ry sea'BOO advances. WnJ,ol'i11 g' points \\'hich can be dop(mded npon

to la,st throughout'. ehe driest, yc;'u's are few in number and lH(' found onj~, ,1[. !nfn'Cjnenj

intf'l'\'a.ls in t,he )a,l'gcl' river beds.

lncl'easec1 settlement will lw_t.umlly lead 1.0 fnrth(~l' dr/'ol'cstatiol) and illC:l'(~:1SNl soil (:l'OSiOll

on t.he sloping foothills: 1l10reOVC1', ftt ecru:,in plnees Lhcl'0 w011ld ,\1so be a, t:(>lli!(,llC,i' to cnlLi\'a.te

tlw Bt,(Wpel' hillsides 01' even to (-'nero<Lch upon the Forest HeSf'I'Ye. \Vit.h due rcgard to thf-':-iC

considt-'l',ltions as well a,s to tlie prospee1:s of' successful well constl'llCjjioll a nnmb01' of sitc-'s

huxe been seIl'{'t.C'd or (>.ven Il1Rl'ked ont.

Area hetIlH'1'11 ChiTOIno amZ P01't I-Jej'(l.ld. (Phe Gondition~ an, css8ntiall~' simihn to those

described a,bon}, hut diffel'enees in detail [triBe all :l,CCollnt of tll(, l'el,Ltivc ~K~,t.reit\ of perennial

sonrce::; of \vfttel' supply along the foothills, whel'e onl~ 1.wo O('.Cl1l', (tnel a-Iso on f[C'('OllnL of

the shol'tr~J' dist.anee botween the l'iV81' and t,he foothills,

I.t is e\'idenL fl'om the worlc t;lmt lU1;s a.lready been done that. any n,t,t:empti t.o obta.in WfttCI'

by tlw ('onstruct:ion of wells a,long the edge of the foothills wOl1irl be a.t;tcmdcd by considcl',1blc

constrllctionrl.J difficultios, chiefly beC;HlSC it, is probable tha.t wate]' \\'ollld not lJ(' found a.i

depths of lcss tha,n 100 ft.. Snttlelllent; on tlHLl- line would id so inyolve encl'Oachment on 1;he

Forest Hesol'Yc.

It is consic1f'I'ec1 t.ha,j, ijhe needs of the sitllation Cfln (-,qna)j~· well Jw met h~' wetls consLl'ucted

on a line intermediate between the riYel' and the foothills, n.s a,long the mfl,in ,'oH,d, \Vater won Id

pl'oha.hly be fonn(1 ,Lt depths of 9"bOllt, 50 fc" supo)'vision <lend L,'n,ns}Jol't would he gl'eHtl~'

fa,cilit,(l,t;ecl, and problems of f'ol'eRt. consel'vation would not bC' inhndnc{'d,

Ana North or Oh.-i,I'oJlW (f-IuZ ICast of the Shi'l'c H.-i'Ve"/', ~rll(> lam1 in this I'egion is ilga,in

diyisiblo into th1'e8 strips 0)' belu, which m'o crossed in (-,\1I'n :',s 1:,110 l'i\'Cl' if> Jc;ft bebind. D,tmbo

and i-loo(l pla.in bOl'del' the l'in~r anil may extend to a dist,anee of nhont' eight. miles inlnnrl, J\Juch

of this phun is lia,ble bo annu,d iioodinl.( (I,nd i~: nnsnita,hlr' 1'01' enlti\'ation nn{1Cl' pl'esc'nt

c,onditlons; it is fo)' the mos1; pnl't. nninlliLhit-('iJ except, in the lwi.r.dlbolll'hood of t.he rjver where

a. Iow disc-on LiJl!lOtlS bank 01' rise c~n8.bles ,,-illages to st,u.nd above (l,1l but, tiho highest Ooods, a.nrl

whoro bettcl'-dJ'ained land is a:vailable fat' cultivation.

'.ehe flood-plain is succoeded to the erl:stwftt'Cls by n. natTOWC1' strip of good lrmd n.bout two

miles bl'Ofld: this is in turn bounded by foothills which ,11'(, of little agl'ieultnra.l importn,I10C

and ,[.1'(\ not inh~tbit8d where they ~tdJoiJ) the vfdley floo),.

T.Jand ca,pnbh1 of occUpa.t,iOll at present is thC'l'efore limitp(i t,o tll(' "ti'ip nmning a.long

the base of the foot.hills ftud to the neig-hboUl'hood of' the Shire.

Nnn18l'ons ri\'(>l'S a,nd ot,be]" \Y:l,ter com's('s (lescf'nd from the foothills ancl c1ispC'l'se into

the dambo, and man,v of tlwse call )J(' rolied upon to pl'ovic10 suffjcient wa,tC'l" thl'oughol1t

no!'mn,l yeiH's f)'om sllfi.llow holes in thoil' sa'lld~t beds, in eases \\"])01'(' jWI'onnird flow is noj- maintR,ined.

1]'11(, present population depends upon t.hesl' SOlll'(~U:;, a./tliongh in C'xeepriona.Jly (ll'~' ~'eu-l'S it j"

neec:,;,mI'Y to follow upstream fOl' SOJ.))(' dislnl)CC' or Li) dig f>hftllo\\' holes in tllC:' edg'(' of the

c1ltmho, Villages tend to bc~ si1;uHtQd a,long i-lH' banks of the j'j\,(\),s or llC'itl' tiw dambo, and

cel't,lill of 11l(· ii11-udluyi;J.l Hreas H·n' unillha_hited H.ltbough cow·red h~' soil·bearing' fOl'('st of a

good 1;ype.

1-i

liles to the Anglo'

ble [t·t intel'YR,ls of

1181.'8fo1'0 necessn.l'y.

been l'ceomm(,l1ded

I'f'ft.dy OI'C)'cl'owded

a,l)](, f1'0Sh b.nd to

l'w:s into the' rnOl'e

l,ble for sett lonwnt

'oothills sll,ldc, i.xees

f the air, H,nd t-lwre

vel'"ide hn.l)iLttiollS.

water few don18sLic

's which l't1l1 do\y]) porennial [-10 \\" , and

'ollow 0](' a,\·[\.ilnble

be dOl1pnded npon onj~, at inf)'(>(juent

c)'0:1>>('(1 soil (:1'08;011

(,Jl(lC'lley to Cl1HiYa.le

c1no l'egard to t-hese

<"l: ))n1111.)(']' of site's

.-lb' similar to those

"caroity of pSl'cnninJ

,t-iso on IlCcOnnt; of

mpt, to abta.in \,-ntHr

dell b\' con8iclel'~1;blc

d not hI" foun(l at

ncroachment on the

by wells ('onsLl'ucted

i'oa,d. \Vat81.' would

'j \\'oul(l bo ,~l'ca,tly

,his region is ;tgain

left behiJ1(l, Dn,mbo

mil(,s inl:1nd. Much

ltion nndo]' pl'(~senj

)d or I·he l'i\'(')" wlH'l'n , highesL Hooc1r:;, a,nd

good la.nd a.bout two

'!cllltl1nd importance

"trip running along

ill.,,; and dispC'l"se iMO

It \Vat-ct" throughout ow is no1; rnainta,ined.

na.ll:,' di'.'" :,'eHl'.S it is

s in tlw Nlgc of the

war the lIa·mbo, and j·bcaring fOl"est of a-

Much of the land is, however, in private hands; another portion is forest I'eserve, and

the extent of Crown land available is probably not large enough Lo justify operations at present. Work in the area would probably best take the, form of a line of wells dug at suitable points

between the Chiromo,Ohikwawa l'oa,d a,nd the dambo, and proposals could be framed in detail

should any considerable area of land revert to Goyernment 01' otherwise became available for native !:iettlement.

An examination of the country immediately to the north of Chiromo and between that point and Mlolo wa-s undertaken in company with the District Agricultural Ofiicer, The land

was found to be of yariable quality, a,nd it was considered that not more than one 01' two

wells would be justified by the extent (lf readily cultivable soil available. The construction of

-such a- small group of wells would not be justified from the point of vie\v of economical -working nor a,s regards the effect- it would have on geneml conditions.

OHIKWAWA DISTRIOT.

GENERAL CONDI'rIONS.

Descriptions of the dry area lying west of the Shire River and of the sinking of experimental and perma-llcnt wells previously carried out by the Depa-l'tment are given in

the Annual Reports of the Geological Survey for the years 1927, 1929 and 1930.

Opcrlttions recommenced in August, 1931, on reoeipt of intimation that further assistance

had been given from the Colonial Development Fund for well-sinking in this part of the District;

it will be l'ecallecl that the pm'pose of the work is to open up for native settlement a considerable

a·rea of land, whioh is of great agricultnra.l promise but for the most part uninhabited on account

of the absence of surface water.

THE 'VVELLS .

Five sites were chosen in the neighbourhood of Ngabu (Map No, 1) both in accordance with the

results of previous work and -with regard to the \vishes of the loca,l natives. In the time a-vailable

before the onset of the mins it was found possible to excavate five wells with an average depth

to water of about 50 ft. (see T,1ble L) ; to line one of them with brickwork and to complete it by fitting a

wooden coyet' ftnd trall·door, windlass, cha-in and bueket, to line three others in part with concrete, ft..nd to assemble the l11u.tcl'ial and apparatus necessal'y for the completion of the work.

One of the wells was sunk at T.Jinga., Villa,ge, since this would a-lleviate considerable hardship

in addition to frtcilitating fresh settlement in the neighbombood; na-ti\'es had all'ea-dy begun to build buts and to clea.l' gardens at t;l::e Balala site before the work was sllspended, and the

completed well has been brought into nse by the natives of the nearest villages,

EXA?IINA'fIONS .11.-:\)) SUm'gY8.

As in the ea·se of Lower Shire District, im'estigation of wa.tel' supply eonditions was nnderta,ken over the greatcr part of ChiJ{\",fl,wa, District, and from this it a.ppears proba.ble that the

work of two seasons more will suffice for the necessary \\"ell·sinking w-ol'k. The pl'ogramme includes the a.mcliol'ation of conditions at existing villa·ges ftB well as the l'eclftll1ation of uninhabited

h~nd.

Area West of the Shire Bive1' al1d South of the Nkombedz·i wa F'odia Ri.vc?'. Traverses W0ro

mnde in order to aml,jiCy previolls meaSlll'Clllents of t.J1C n-rea suitable fa)" new settlement

and it numbel' of ncw well sltcs \\-erc marJ,ed out. Sc\'(~ml spots were pointed out by local

lln-ti\'cs as the sites of fOl'mer villages, which, nJthough occupied within the memory of old men

of the present gClwration, ha,ve becn a,bandoned on aCc.OlHlt of Lhe ffl·ilnre of the water supply. It is hopcd that it \\'ill be possible t.o re,cBLtblish scyera.l of these \"illages by means of wells,

1n the (;ftse of certain other existing \-iJlagcs, in pal'tic-,ular t,}lOSC near the Libnje a,nd

l\Jbin- 111\"0I's, imprO\'('llWnL is urgently needed, fJ:he pt'csent SOlll'ceS of water are nnl'elin,ble

throughout t.he dl'Y ~ca::;:.on) :tnd thoro is much eyidellCe to indie-ate tha.t ml1l'ked dcssication is

occurring in this region.

In fixing sitCf:\ for wells in t.his Hh;l[L dlle l"ega,rd is paid to the Lengwe Game Reserve and

its neighbourhood in order to R.\'oid the int:l'odnction of such difficnJt.ies a,s eueroachment on

tile- l'c-serve by the na.U\'e settlers, a.nd the destl'l1Ction of' their food crops by preserved

animals,

A1'ea East of the Shire River. The country is generally similnr to that a,]l'eady described a,s

the area in Lower Shire District lying north of Chiromo a.nd c:ast of the Shir8 River; it is indeed a continuation of the same )'egion and simihu' conditions pl'e\'a,il.

15

The habitable country on the populated rise in the neighbollrhood of the Shir8 is, howev8r~ somewhat bettet' defined than in Lower Shire District. South of lLtlC\vlra it lies about a mile 01' more to the east of the 1'iV81', and the inhabitants as a rule abta-in their water from holes in depressions 01' in the dambo. Towards the end of Ule dry season the watel' often falls to a depth beyond the roach of the natives, a,nd supplies lllust then be calTied from the Shire: wells have a,ccordingly been sought by Ioea.! natives both on this account and, because the flood watel's which are liable to flow over much of the countl.'Y <1.1'e htdcn with silt and other iml.:ltu'ities that render them unsnitftble for nse. It is, how8v8r, impractica,ble to eonstl'uct wells of the more Dermanent a.nd therefore more expensive types in s1.1ch an area where they would be liable to damage 01' even to total loss on accollnt of fiooaing. MoreoYel" the vilhtges coneerned are for the most part small, and although there may be some unoccupied land a\,Rilable for l)ew settlement it is pOOl' a,s compared with the hnd now being reclaimed by wells to the west of the river, chiefly because it is for the most part palm forest and therefore difficult to dCH)" and also beca,llse of the annua.l floods, It is, how8ver, Pl'opos~d to a,t~cmpt the impl'ovement of some of the \yuJ.el'-hoJes by lining them with timber from the stems of cGl't:a.in of the local typcs of palm tree, \\'hich al'e l'epOl'ied to be suf:fiei~ntly dmable for the pm'Dose,

CH I RADZU LU DISTRICT.

~J:wo bOl'e-holes and two dug wells W81'e eonst,l'tlCted in this Dj,,1rict,; constnlCtional and other details l'ega,l'ding these wells m'o givcm in rra.1Jle I atklehec1 to this l'el)Ol't, while their position;.; are shown on Map No. 2. They lie at an elevation of about 2,500 feet.

~rhe wells are situated in a f<3l'tile and densely populated Q,l.'ca along the westei'll eClge of the Tuchila,-rrlombezi plain, near the eastcl'Dlimit of the somewhat hilly .conntry fanning the ea,stem part of this section of Cbil'adzulu Dj"tl'ict. The stl'eams of the arca flow only dming or shortly nJter the rains, and thereafter the shallow water-holcs in theit, beds yield inadequate and gradually diminishing supplies, Fol' m~Lny years the na,tive inlHtbitants have suffered great privation from hLCk of water for a large pa,l.'t of the dry season, and have been obliged to wa.lk many miles da,ily to obtain mefLgre qun.ntities of polluted water.

~rhe fom' \vells constructed during the :\'mH' yield abundant SU1)plies of good water, and in this respect they have greatly ameliorated the conditions of the people.

Ratchet and lever, single-handed pumps wit.h conorete platforms WCl'e fitted to the bore-holes, whi18 the dug wells \vere provided with a woodon top and hinged lid, windla.ss, cha,in fI,nd bucket, and concrete platform,

The District Commissioner statcs that there is ample scope for further work of this kind in his District.

MLANJE DISTRICT.

rl\vo bOl'o-holes, five wells, and {), pudc1led-clay sllb-slll'face (liun w"cre constructed in this

District., a,s described in the appended rrable I, and indicated on Bhp No, 2. They lie at elevations of 2,200 to 2,400 feet.

rrhe extremely nnsatisfactory \\'fttCl' supply conditions of this part of Mlanje Distl'iet;, and the

conseql1cnt hardships endured br the people, arc l.'efened to en pages 7 and 8 of the Annual Hepod of the Geological Survey for the )'08.-1' 1\)30, The cOl1ntl'y eonsists of a. lo\\" pla.in of 2,100-2"100

feet in nJtitnde-, intCl'l.'upted by a· few hills a,nd groups of hills that rise to a. height of II few hundred to sevcral thousand i'eet above the l)Ja.in, ~l'hc 10\\' eOl1l1try consists lal'gely of flambo, either treeless 01' occupied by thin thom-bush, bllt eneloBing each of the hills is a wooded belt of good a,gl'ieuitnml land l'a,nging from one to two mi le::; in \yj(lth, rrhis land slopes ycry gradually

dO\\"l)\v(tol'{'IR from the foot of the hilh:l on a.!l sides and finally mCl'g'cs wilh I;ho ('!ambo. Unde)'

present conditions the dambo land is useless 1'0), native cultivation, and it is wholly uninhabited. ~rhe gently -sloping wooded la.nd on the othCl' hand is undel'htin by good, \Yell-dl'ai110d, and, in ma,ny ca,ses, virgin soil; whcreY8l' sueh land lies within l'each of watel' it h1ts been oecllpied; in ma.ny p11t0e8 the shallow water-holes give out long before the end of ihe dry seRson, and it1habit, n·ut,s then have to ca.l'1'y their WIJ..tCl' daily from othel' over-crowded W1tter·holes at distances of seveml miles. These water-boles are shallow, ani are often B-S foul as oonlcl be imagined. In sevel'rd cases one hole, or a gl'onp of several similar holes, supplies ten or twelve villages \'i'ithin (t l'ft.clil1s of about foul' miles, fLlld in one ca,se, Chinani, recorded b~' the District Commissioner, 25 ,.illa,gos obtain their W~Ltel' from the one source; c.onditions here arc so bad tbat during the last. two months of the dl'Y season people camp overnight ft.t the water-holes in order to obt&iu their mea·gre snpply in the 11101'ning,

IG

1'0 is, howev0r~ ~s about a mile­l' from boles in )ften falls to 8:

)lll the Shire: )ause the flood

ther impurities ills of the more uld be liable to

ned are for the :le\Y settlement le 1'1Ve1', c.hiefly I because of the ;;ho water-holes tree, \\'hic11 a1'0

tional a-nd other ~ their positions

teru edge of the ,the eastern pm·t

or shortly after e and gradually

priv!1t.ion from :1Y miles da,ily to

od water, a,nd in

.0 the bOJ'e-holes, hain and buoket,

1'k of this kind in

lstrnctec1 in this }' lie ,-1t clevations

i Distriet, and the ,he Annuu..lllepol't la,in of 2,100-2,,100

:t, height of a· [eyi' largely of dam ba,

s a wooded belt- of 0::; y(>l''y gm,dnally

o dambo. under wIly uninhabited. ll-drained, a.nd, in

)cel1 oconpied; in Rson, and inhabit­~s flit distances of '. be imagined, In lYe villaS'es within

Commissioner, 25 at during the last 101' to obtain their

Ngalwve bore-hole, The bore-hole at Nga,luwe pl'oYides a good supply of \yater well beyond the cf1pacity of the two-handed, rotary motion, T.Jee Howl hand pump fitted to it (Sce Figs, 3 and .:1). It replaces an iURc1equa,te and polluted supply from shallow water-holes in an adjacent dambo, and when this supply gives out, as it usually does many weeks before the onset of the rains, the nearest naturfl..] source of water is at Njai,-", fall!.' milos distant, where similar strange!' water-holes exist.

An atlempt \\"as made to improve the Ngalmve watel'-holes uy sinking a well in their vicinity, but it Wo.s found that the perched ~atel' body was of negligible capacity, and that tbe main Wf1ter level Jay fa.1· below' it, Exc3.va.tion by hand Wfl.S continued through gneiss and dotel'ite to ~" depth of 83 fcct, when further progress by this method pl'o\-ed impracticable, Sinking WrtS continued by moans of the boring plant; wa·ter was met [Lt f1 depth of 104. feeD, but some deby was c,),uscd by the

unsta.bJe sides of the bo)'e·hole in the dolerite; finally solid rock was rca,ched, and boring was continned to a depth of HG feet, after fl,n adequate supply of water had been pro\~ed,

The pump has been placed on a, tempol'fl..ry wooden platfOlll until the surrounding ground has settled sufficiently to permit of the construction of a concrete platform,

l!1n:cllye bore-hole. Although this bore-hole, equipped wit,h a ratchet-and-level' hand pump (Fig. 2) haf.! pl'ovided the village with a useful supply during the latter part of the dry sea-BOD, yet a better supply at thiR point is desirable, a.nd lwcol'diug"ly it is proposed en,rly next season to effect an impro\'emenL eit-hel' by deepening the present boro-hole or by sinking a. second one.

Njd.((. bole-hole, ',Che plant is already in place at this point) n,nd it is proposed to begin boring towards the end of the rains.

COJwl'ete 'well. at John's villa.!Je. Details regarding this well am given in Table 1. It replaces a· non-perennial water·holo in a stream oh9.nnol, and when this dries up there is no other natural sonrce of wa-ter within thl'ee miles, {rhe well is a very satisfactory one from the point of view of thc quality and the volume of water; it is lined throughout with concrete piping, 3 ft. 6 ins, in internal diameter, the lower 12 feet being perfora,ted so as more l'eiLdily to n,dmit the wal"el', h is therefore of pel'lUa,nent construction, and tIlis, together with the depth of standing water, namely 12 feet at the end of the dry season, should combine to ma.ke the well of le.sting benefit to the sUlTonndmg villa,gcs. It is fitted \",it11 a wooden COYel' a,ud hinged lid, windlass, chain ("t,nd bucket, and a concrete pi<1tfo)'m. Shortly afte)' the watcr was rea,ched in the comse of constrllction it was heaviJsr dl'tLWn upon not only by John\; \-illa.ge, but also by severa,[ other villages within a radius of three mil08. ::\ioreOYel', it was employed ,LS t-he source of water fol' the boring opera.tions at Nga,luwe,

foul' miles distant,

CO)'/'I/[j(dcd iron luell.s af: Mw'nlw.II!J({, ].,~i{/.ia.) 11i'llXltml{J{L At l\1Ul'ukunya the well (Fig, 7) repJaces a pollntcd non-perennial open water· hole ; 8,t Njaia., a perennial \"'later-hole of the same type; and ;l·t )1\v::\,tuni~a" :~ water-hole in the srtndy bed of the Migoi Sh'p.am, from which but little water could be drHwn [Lt a time owing to the considerable depth of the slli'roundillg running srt.nd, They aTe e8,oh provided with n. ohain a,nd bucket, n.nd the well coping stands two feet abovc an outwarrt­sloping pia.tforlll of stone or rubble, All these wells were cagel'ly drawn upon by the neighbol1l'ing

yillages as soon a,s they were completed.

Eady in 1932 it is proposed to construct a, group of 11l1lf <'I., dozen wells, probably of COl'l'ug,1ted iron, to supply the Chinani, Nambazu, Ntambula and Mphinda villages, south of T.Jake Chilw<1, where the water supply conditions are known to be exceptionally bad,

Snb-s1t1face dam a"/Ul well, Nampinya., Miuoi Rive)', The dam is an experimental stl'uctlll'e intended to store up in the sand of the river bed a qmtntity of water that would otherwise run to waste. It is situated in a dry section of the river, and owing to the privations normally experienced by the Nampinga yillages towards the end of the dry season, the District Commissioner was specirdly desirous that <'1 watering point of some kind should be constructed there, An ordinary barrier dam was not practicable owing to the rush of water in the rains and the large amount of sediment carried by the river, By trial a point was found at which the banks and the bed of the stream below the sand wero fanned of more Or less impervions clay; a trench was then cut across the strer-Ull bed a·nd a short distance into the clny bank on either side; a, two-feet wide puddled clay wall was built up within the trench between wooden forms, and the side spaces filled in with sand_ (fhe wall was ca.rried up to thc level of the upper surface of the sand, which was 7 ft. 6 ins, deep, Irhe width of the streal11 channel, RS measured across the surface of the sand, is 2G feet, but the total length of the upper part of j;he dam, where it is carried into the bank on either side, is 45 feet,

Balf a dozen yards a,bol"e the dam a well is p1'ovided with the object of facilitating the withdl'l1'1Ya.l of \\';;"ltcr held up within the sand; it is 16 feet deep, ,Lll(l the lower half is excav;;tted in the clay so as to pl'o\-ide storage when the water level in the sand is low. It is lined with

17

COl'l'ugated iron Gulvertiug 3~ feet in diameiJel', which rises l~ feet [t,bove the level of the sa.nd; it is packed behind with saud a,nd grayel, iHlc1 the lower 10 feet of the cnl\'crting is pCl'fOl'(1"ted

so as to a·dlnit, the water. Ifhe well is fitted with a chain (~nd bucket l'iH!tted to the iron.

rnw whole sttl10tul'e, comprising the snb·sul'face dam Ilnd the well, will bo kept under

ObS81'v[(,tion during the n1"ins and the succeeding dr:v S08.·50n. If the work pl'OV8S successful it will

indicate fI, useful fmd inexpensive method of \\,,),,1,el.' conset'v;J.,tion that w~}(lIc1 be applica,blc in many parts of t,he Protectom.te.

Village Forest Areas, \Vhen first proposing the well-sinking operations now descl'il)cd, the

Director expl'essC!Cl the opinion that, unless inllnediate steps wct'e taken to protect the nxbol'enJ vegetation of the hills in the 'i'icinity oUhe wells, 010 natives \yonld \'01'Y500n cnltiy:\,tG the hillside::;

and Lhel'eb,Y dcsb'oy the woodlfUu1 to the detriment of wMC'l' consC:'l''i'ation meaSllres ftnd of the natives' own \\-clfa,)'c, ~rhjs question \"a,s actiw)\y taken np bot.h by the AdministJ'ation and by the li'Ol'cstl'Y

Depa.rtment, ,yith the result that, after consnHtl,tion with the viUage bea,C\mcn, cultivation of the hill slopes ,nts forbidden, eCl'Vtill al'ca,s were mtwkc(l ont from which the natives would be permitted

to cut poles ~J.llc1 firowood for "jllage use, and a s!wics of fire-belts '\-015 cstfl,hlishec1 ~H'ounc1 the foot'

of the bills, It is of tl.10 gt'efltcst impod'<HlCC that these mcasUl'eS should be carefully obsel'ved fro;)1 yeur to yea·\" jf full benefit is to be dcl'iyed ftom the labour and cxpcnditu1'(:! devoted to "'[tlel' consel'Yni.ion,

Snrue!) o/tJw 111l,c!n:Za-Clwmbe A1'M. At the rcqlwst of the Pl'ovineird Commissionel', following upon the submission or il, rc-port by the Distt'iet Commisf:iiOlWr, j\Ib-nje Di:',tl'ict, the Director examine!!

that section of the 1~l1c;hiJa, plain lying between the ll'nchila, a,nd the l'oaB running ft'om Fundi's,

emss 11u,st the foot of ChfLll1bc Pertk, IHln.,njc :\lonntains, [l'his area provides ~'\;nothcl' cxa,mplc

of the tlnsatisfa,cLol'Y conditions on this great plain, where the ri\'(.'l' ba,nks are much ovel'crowded while thc In.nd se\'eml miles b:wk from the river it; l::u'gely I1npopt11,1/cd owing to lack of ,yat,er, Some yilJagcs depend fOl' Lhe gl'cn,tel' prr.J't of the yefH' upon local chmbo watel'-holes th,)"t- dry n11 before the cnd of the dry season, when it becomes necessaJ:y for t-he n(1tivo women to wnlk ma,ny

miles daily to some other samoa of water, :rhe ~ruchib Hiver itself during the dry selt-son

becomes nothing mol'C thn'l1 a clmin of fonl dwindling pools) ,yhieh form uhe only SOlU'C-C of supply

to t:hons,tnds of na·Lives. frhe District: Commissioner ha-s cft,lh:d specird rLtiention 1.:0 the nccesBity

for \\"(L(Cl' snpply nwfl.SUl'CS both in the vicinity of tho l'ivet a-nd ant on the open plain; the \Yftl:Cr is

reql1il'ed not only to l'clie\'c the plight of the na.tivcs nen.,l' t-he j'ivol' ch<Lnnel, but a,lso to estfLblisb new sct,t\ements in nl1oecnpiec1 lLl'eaS so (c3 to t'eljc\~{~ tho ovel'cl'o",dil1g' elsewhcre, rn geneml, wH,V-,,'-bol'ing olre)''; 1h0 only soll1tiun or thcSie difflcnlties, but owing to Lhc llatmo of the gronnd,

wit,11 hard and but sjightly-llsSlli.'ed gnci,;slu l'ocks present almost ()\'Ql'ywhct'e within n- i'cw feet

of the smbee, n pl'Opol'i ion of bore-holes yielding small or nCi~iigible tiuPlllies ml1st. be n,n~icj'p;";te:l

]n spite 0[' the m'gene)' ot' the pl'Oblc)J1 in thi.s .tl'l"1, fl,S indeed i~lso in the a.djn,ccllt Ifu:gel' a,ri':l

houndod by t,he Tllchila'l P"lombc and .;\Jomho%i HiYcrs, it is nnlikel,v th,tt No. 1 Dl'ill \yill be frce f01' the wOI'k befol'c HlB3,

ZOMBA DISTRICT.

At the re<JUL'til- or the PJ.'oyin<:inl CommissiollCl: the Dil'cciol' examined the 'n1.tQl' supply conrliUons of 1:he sout.h-eastern COl'llel' of Zombn Dish'iet, 1.1on11<10d by the- Ntonclwc and IlrtloHlbe ]i,in')'s [Lnd cl'o,;:-(!d by the Zombn,"P:lIomh(~ l'O<1.,d betwecn miles 14 and 27 OHap Ko, 2), The

comlitiom; in this [(1'('11" are in some l'eSl.~ccts similru' to thosc; of thc adjacent. ]XH't of )\lhtnjP Distt'ici

in whicb \','atcl' bOl.'ing n,nd wcll-sini;ing h:1.\,c been calTied out- durJng t,hc pl'esent Y<'lH', The tu'en form;,; P,l'j't or an C'xtensiyc eYel1 plain genUy inclincil towltnls Lake Chih\,,}: i(, is fenile and

<'1,lmo:;;~, E'W'l',)' It-U'C is under culti\,rttion. fJ'ho l'ai)']Y densc population ma·inta,ins itself in spite of the

fRct- tbat the watc'l' snpply conditions arc as bad ('1S on most othC'J' j):'(.rts of the plain; Yery few of t,he shitllow and nSl1ally pollnted \\'at-el.'-hole:,; seaHcl'cd o\'el' the ,U'C'i.1 !)'re pC1'cnnird, ana r,s the

halos snccessively dn' up the women llilYC to w['elk gl'ea,tcl' <list-,l,nees, l1snn,lly 1:\\-0 0)' t,hl'cO hnt

somet.imers [t,,, many l!S six milef-;, to t-he 1101l1'('8[; SO\lJ'N; of supply, The constl'llctiyo work catTim1 out chll'ing the :'I'e<1l.' a,cross the I\I1a.njo bm'de)' in(li(;[ttes that in some cases 1:-1H;\ existing ,,-at(>)'-ho\os

could be imjH'o,,-ed hy the sinking of wclls 15 to . .10 fect in depth, wlH'l'eas in other cltses lldequatc

snpplies C~Ul be ohtained only by borillg to deptbs of 100 to 1[)0 feet, Ol' Oye11 200 fee!:. J\101'COYC1',

as is llsun .. l in !11'(.!{\}) l.llldodnin b;1,' ul'ystn,llinc rocks, :1, proportion of bore-holes yielding small 01'

negligible Sl1P1Jli('s must. be (1,,110W8([ for, although in geneml ilw bore'}lOles mCl:,' l'l'flsonf1.bly lw

expected to yield supplies morc thfLl1 sl1ffJeient fol' ihe j)Ui.'vose in yiew_

Folio\\'ing Ulion ,1l1 (;x<lminl1,tioJ) or tile Wgk'i' ,<Hl1)])l,), C'-onditions d, se\'(~l'n.l gl'OUpS of villnges,

com)wising a,bOllt 2:3 \-illagcs in RJl, to whi(~h the District COllll:li~;sio}]01' had ca.lled specml fl;ucnLion,

it is j)l'Oposed, in 1;:hl2, to put down H, line of a,bouL, rOUl' boro-holes ,dong the Zomba,·PQ..lombc l'oa,(l

le

nor sup

he pa,r

BPE of 1

ord

D'\'

tra

ad

blH

Ex be!

<In Ba sui lie:

trtl

~x1

i'l'C

th,

it, fo,

80:

P"

tb

D

D, sh pa to b:;

at

ce

to se

b, cc al

re

:18 sa11c1; it perfol'<'1Jted

on.

kept unc1e1' 3sflll it \vill Jlc in many

5Cl.'iboc1, the the n,l'borenJ

the hillsides r the nnJiyes' the FOl'Cstl'Y

nttion of the be pcnnittcd

und the foot Jlly obsel'Y(~d

ILeo to wate!'

nel', following

2tOl' eXRl11im'P from Fundi's, )thcl' example 1 overcrowded .Rck of Yfa,toJ.',

88 thn,t dry llP

,0 walk many

1e dry season mea of snpply ) the ncccsBity 1 ~ the water is so to establish ~, J n genera'\' oi' the gronnd, )in a few feet

3 '"l1~:ici));~ted.

e wf\,ter snpply .(: and Pn.lom 1)('

tp No. 2). 'J:lw . M,]nn.it.' Distl'ici" yc·cl,r. The area it is fertile n..nd elf in spit,: of the

:)1 ~ \"el'~' few or

nial, Rnc1 ns the

:\\'0 Oi' Once but t1\,o \york carl'ieL1 Lsting wl1tel'·hoJef.

el' eases fldequaw

) re et. )'loreoY('l',

; yielding snw...ll 01.'

n.)' l'casonltbly be

groups or yillngcs, . spccinJ ;·t,i.L,eni:l011,

11ba.Pnlombc rOcta

between miles 15 and 22, and a.bout six dug ·wells [t,t the lTIOt'e important points in the a,rea lying north. east of the road, towards Lake Chilwa, the detnils of the \york to be determined by the snpplies obta,ined and the funds and time a,v'fLibblc, The District Commissioner hfLS stated that he is wholly in agreement with these proposals, and the '1'01'1;: should p1'ove of great va,lue to this pal't of the District,

DOWA DISTRICT.

DuO ·wcll ('ast of Nansat-n Gi.nllcy, Dom·il'a Bay_ On the l'ecOllUllen(httioll of the Cotton Speci::dist, slll~ported by the District Administration, a well Wf\:S consb-ncted on the northern side of the Down·Domil'a Bar road, about one mile cust of Nansatn Ginnery, rrhe \yell was required in order to open up for n,lt;ive occnplttion nn al'eu of good agl'iellltul'l'llland \\'hich wu·s almost lwinhubited owing to lack of water: moreover, it would serve as a much·needed wfLtel'ing point for natives tl'aYersing the road running inland to Dowlt from Domira Blty, LnJw Ny<'tSR, "\Vater \vas rea,ehed at a depth of -10 feet, a,ne'! in due cotll'se the well \\'ltS completed and fitted with a \vindlass, chltin, and bucket; the work was u1.-l'l'iec1 ont under the snpol'vision of the of:ficel' in charge of the Cotton Experiment Station, Chitala, Domil'fl Bay, Native settlement ~Ll'OUlld the well had commenced before the end of the dry season, and it is a,nticipfLted tha,t fUl'thel' settlement will tltke pJa,ce in the ensuing year,

Propose.d "lCatc)'-bo)'iJl.(j and wGll·si.nk'i.'II.(j sont.l~ of thc J)o/V(l.·Domi1'a Bay Roacl, Eal'ly in the dry season of 1932 it is proposed to begin wa,tcl'-bol'ing \yith the new drill (No, 2) in the Dornlm, Ba,y al.'ea along and sOlltih of the Down, road, and at the Bame time dug \yells will be constructed in sllitltble localities nndel.' conditions simiJa.l' to those a,t the 'well nem' Nn,nSfl"tll Ginnery, The a,l'e~t'

lies within the ltngle fOl'med by the Chita,I:l,-Domil'fL Ba,y a,nd the Chitala·SaJima roads, :"nd it is tl'asersed on the eastcm side by the northernmost section of the BJa.ntYJ:e-Domira Bay l'aihYfty \'Ox tension now undet" construction; it mea-Slu'es about 10 miles from east to west a,nd about 10 miles

from north·west to south-east.

Following npon the receipt of a report from the Distl'ict Administration as to the necessity fol.'

the pl'lwision of \Yatel' snpplies, the Dil'ector visited the area in NOYClllber and briefly reported upon it, It occnpies ,1" sma·ll section of the gently-sloping ontwftsh r(.ond nlluvird pla.in lying between the foot-hills Rnd the lake shore; the gl'Ca,tCl.' pt"tl't of it consists of open wooclhnd nnderlain by good soils, but the eastern fringe is nndel.'Ju·in by sltndy a.na olayey soils SUP1101'ting ma,inly grass and prtims, Villa,ges are snudl a·ud rew in number, a.nd the area M n, whole is yet'y sparsely popnhted,

It is proposed by mCftns of bore-holes a.nd wells to open IIp the area for l1l'ltive occupation, and thereby to l'elie\'c the oyel'el'owdcd areas fllong the adjacent 1'1\'C1' lmnks lJ.>nd Ia-ke shore,

10, VILLAGE WATER SUPPLIES, (Minoi"' Scheme-Medical and Health).

endel.' the head of :\Iedieal n,nd Hen..lth fl., gl'fmt of .1!2,000 has been made from the Colonia.l Dendopment Fnnd whel'cbr Distl.'ict Commissioners and othC),' officers ma,}, enolase springs, sink shallow wells, 01' oJYcct simila;l' minOl' impl'o\'(~ments in connexion with the wa.ter supplies of pnrt.icllhl' villa,ges Ol' lHttiY0 cent-l'es_ .. :\pplications to construct the necessary wOl'hs are submitted to the Chief SeCl'etal';': as occasion may adse, and ucl\"ice with l'egnrc1 to them is given as required

by the Geological SU\'\·cy 01' Public \Vol'ks Depal'tmcnb;.

ffhe fund is sCl'ying fl., very tH-oCflll purpose in enabling offi.ceJ:s interested to deal \yith urgent a.ncl isolated CfU;CS of mina)' \\-atel' sllpplies not frdling within the scope of the !tu'gel' schemes

contl'olled br the Geological 801'\,CY,

During the ~'e<"H' nndel' rcview the Geologierd Slll'yey has in the n,ggl.'cgate devoted mnc.h time to \'jsiting (LIlt! fl.(1\"l:.::n.8" ul."l0n t,hese minor schemes, of \\"hieh a considel.'n,ble llnmbel- hu\-e been sl1CCeSSfllll~' completod by the District, COll1missionel's.

111 the Soutbern Pl'oYince, fot' example, 10 wells., one cQ,l'then et-un, ll-l1l1 one masonry dam have

been construct.eii in lhis mannc1', a.nd in the Northcl.'ll Pl'oYince, 17 welb and two carthen dams; constructional and other deta.ils as to thl'se \\'ol'l~s, as submitted by the District Commissioners, are giYcl1 in the (\,ppenc1ed Ira.bles II It,nd IH. :'\Iol'oo\'(~l', in the Bhntyl'c 'l:ownship, a,s a.n rtltelTucti\'e to sinking· \yclls 01' bOl.'c·hoies, the existing Ye}'Y nl1satisfil.ctory \\'B.,tel' supply of the Police 1.1ines wa·s l.'epla.cod b.r Inenns of a, pipe-line connecting with the to\Hl mains at It cost of ,{:·11/5/,

It is ('stima.ted that n total of ,-£:i85 has been spent f1'om this Vote dl1l'ing the year tllldel.'

review, a,nd it is proposed to constnwt rtdditional \yells a.nd dams on similar lines in 1932,

In lJ][l.ny ca~es part, al' all of the 1a.1)onr l'cql1il'ec1 in construction ha.s been supplied h'ee by the villagers concerned, a,ncl the snms rdJoeatp.d have accordingly been employed to a greater or less extent for the pa,Yl11ent of natiyc u,l'tisa·ns Rnd for the pmchase of the neeessa.ry m~tterials a,nd

J9

equipment. This Minor Scheme, as also the larger schemes controlled by the Geological Survey, has aroused much interest in watel' supply questions amongst the natives in val'ious pa.l'ts of the country; Etnd while it is true that some minor proposa,js could not be completed o\ying to the failure of the people to maintain theil' first enthusiasm, many of them hn,ye nevertheless heen cnl'l'l'icd into effect, nml a. few have afforded encouraging a,nd snccessfn! examples of commnnal dfol't.

J~M1lHny 19th, 1932. F. DIXEY, Director of Geological Sun'cy.

:20

L

C • }

Di~Ll"jct.

Low"r 8hir('

'"

Chikw,twf],

Chiradzulu

:l\f1anjc

Sik.

ChiLscko village

N{',U' Nallt,an<l village

I(athmera

Nya,pcmbcrc Itivcl'

Ntumba. village

lIfalemia

Nkusiaduka

1Ibcnje

Sahao

Ghimombo

Nkumb:.t

l(;unpat:l

Razingi:.;i

Chi.le<lna

l\Ipampa.

Jim

Nc;~r Chipaanbana village

NamOllde village

i Ntumbila Stream

Chisit..u Stream

Ngona.wambo Stream

]'Iwcnyc village

Ngaluwc village

v , l-'-J 0 0-Q ~ Q ;::: 0 M o >-:: 0 ((j cp. ~t:=:l ,.." M-... .....

i:7-'1~O ,'~ ~ g 2.. 5" ~ :e.. [~ s if. CP. £" [j)

if> S~88,e.

" 8?;M--C:+~ < 0 §.§gg,-: ~

TABLE I. BORE-HOLES AND Wm,LS CON8TRuC'l'ED BY Tlm GEOT,OGlCAT, SURVEY IN 1931.

EAi)l1H.t\:,l )lO))nlflti()\) dircdly

Sl'l"vcd hy wcll.

115

NI~w area

mo ;;100

120

MO

315

H5

·1GO

1075

215

210

410

:nG 200

50

280

400

1400

200

500

350

600

Type of well.

Well

"

I' ! ,.

I I

I Bore·hole

Bore-hole

Dug-well

Dug-w(lU

Bore-hole

Boto-hole

l.itling. Length of linin;.!

show)) in brackot".

Brick {S0} f[ .. )

Brick {76 fLl

Brick (;li f1,.)

Brick (H H.)

Brick (103~ ft.)

Brick (58 ft.)

Brick (17 it.)

Brick (17~ ft.)

[Corrugated iron (19

Brick (ID;! ft.)

Brick (19 ft.)

Brick (19 H.)

Brick (15 ft.)

Briek ('28 ft.)

Bdcli: (22 n.)

Brick (20! ft.)

Brick (51 ft.)

6-inch pipe (30 ft.)

6-illCh pipe (30 [~.)

Brick (SIb: ft.)

Brick (23 f~.)

6-illCh pipe (30 ft.)

G-inch pipe (115

Inkrnnl dia.meter.

5 feet

3}

5 feet

7 "

5

5

5

3

" 5

5

5

\\'n.ter-nti~'ing tl.p)ltl.l"aillH.

\Vindh~~ and bllckct

6 ins. Ratehct.-aml·kycr hand pump

6 ins. Ratchet-aud-Iever hand pump

5 feet \Vimllnss and bucket

5 feet Windlass and bucket

Gins. RatehcL-and-levcr ha11(l pnmp

6 ins. Rotary moj,ion two­handed pump

Totrll depth in feet froll!

well cO]ling.

S~.q

76

37

71

103i

58

17

171

19

191

19

19

15

28

22

20~

51

51

85

311 23

134

116}

Depth of ~landing

wn.tel' in ket Ilt elltl of dry

senson.

11

cl}

12

3

3~

4?,

,1

~q

5

5

-1

7}

5f 4}

45

73

9, 8

89

131

Yicj(l ()f WIl.i('l: in g!lll(ln~; FOrlJ'Cl' J'ort>1ll1ifll MHll"CC of wato)", per 2-1 houn.

ga!lol\~ Di~l<tllt o;Lream on pl'i\"aJe land

Cll)l]Ca!<Ul"crl

2,000 gallon"

2,800 "

E::xcccding 5,000

4,000

Nil.

Pool in da.mbo

Nil.

Inadequate water-hole

Distant watr,r-holes

Polluted water-holes

Exceeding '2,000 gallons: Inadeqllate water-holes

Unmcnsnred. aclC'quaLc

2,300 gallons

gxeecding4,000

Po1Ju~ed w;tLcr·holc 1)(,;[)" well sile

In<ldc'luat.c ",..ater-hole severa.lmiles disL;mt

Exeecding2,000gallons I Pollni,ed wa1cr-hole near \yell site

Exceeding 1,500

450 gallons

E;xceeding 5,000 gallons

Inadequat.c water-hole several illiks dist,lllL

'Vater-hole se\'cra] miks distant,

Water-holes 4 milcs dil;t·ant

'0 w

1)i~trict.

!lllanjc

Down

TABLE I (contd.)

BORE·HOI,ES AND WEf,LS GONS'l'RUCTED BY THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY IN 1931.

Si~e.

Estimat.ed ]101m1 o.tion

directly TYl'cof well. sCl"I"cd IJr woll.

, ,

Linilll:. Length of lining SllOWll in I)rackct~.

. '-~-----i--~"~---~'--

Muruktlllp."IIIahcrc villages

NjrJ..ia village

John Yillagc

t.Tigoi stream, oppof<ile Kalindc p,Iwatllnga)

Dispensary

IVfigoi Strc:tm no:[·r Nampinga, 1 mile below Di,;p(',n~ary

l'Iligoi sl.rcam. immccli;l.· idy below j<)\H.'r dug well

1. M. K of Nansatu (;inlwl·Y. nomim Bay

~50

;:;00

300

100

3.50

N(,w nn,:t·

Dug wcll Corrng:ttcd iron (15 [t.)

Dug \\'dl Cornlgatcd iron (15 [t.)

Dug well COllcl'cte piping (39 ft.)

Dug well i Corrugated iron {15 ft.}

: Dng well : Corrng<tted i 1'011

Sllh-,;urface dam, built of clay, 'rhe objccl. of I.hie; st,ructnrc is to hold up WrLter fo wilhdraw;tl , from thedllg well Ileal'

Nampinga ..

(17~ fj-..)

Dug wcH Brick (47 ft.)

dc'i,~{)a\n ?t';!~t~\n~ i Yield of wo-tor in gallons feet from water in feet iller 24 hOllrs.

well n.L cua of dry i

Inter)lIlJ dialJlctc~·. \Yatcr-raising apl)aratll~. Former pCl"cnl1ial son)"ce Of water.

coping. se(LSon. 1

-----1-- -~--"---·-1 I" , i

5 feet Chain and bucket 15

31 ft, Chain and bucket 15

3~ ft. Windlass and bucket 39,

31 ft. Chain and hucket 15

8~ ft. Ch;till ;'l,lld bucket 17!

4~ ft. i Windlass and bucket 47

I i i Exceeding 400 gallons i Water-holes 1 mile distant 1 '

7

3k I Excecding2,OOOgallonsl Polluted wat.er-holes neat well site

12 112,000 gallons !' Inadequate water-holes 2~ miles distant I '

i I Excoeding3.000gallon,1 Pollntod w.",··ho]o noa, wcll ,ito 3

I Nil; depth I

will dependl on amount of water '

~;l~~P i subsurface I dam. ,

3

1 mile distant

Excecding 300 Lake shorc, 3 miles distant

,,, ~

Do,ya, I. M. E. of Nal1~::l.t.u (\il111ery, Domira Ihy Nr.w,"rea

W'''HUr"W'')

from Lhc (lug: well near Nampinga.

Dug well Brick U7 ft.) 4~ It. Windlass alld bucket 47 3 ExeecdinR 300

TABLGO ~-"-(c()nld")

\Vl~}ljLS 'UNDEH CONsrn1UUl'lOt\ BY GEOIJOG1CAL SLTHVLGY AT 11~ND OF YlDAR

Lake shore, 3 miles dista.Jl L

------ -.. -'-----' .. ----.------------------------.-,-.-~ .. -

Di"trict >;; ~.(~

Lower Shire l:\Gha0i);l, Vil];tgG

Dick

Chikwa,wa

Ngabu

Mkno

].,inga Vill,tge

Noal' ~-1ika-la.ngo giver

Balala. Village Si~e

Njala

Estimated Ilopulat-ion

(lin;ctly Rervcd hy well

GO

80

1070

2aO

200

! New site

Type of well

Dng Well

I,ining

1..'l)!incd

Pa·n,ially lined

Unlined

Partially lined

DC\ltl) ~o i InterllnJ ,tiul,,,,t(,r \\""(.,,,' nti~i!lg ",j)J"tl"!!.(.ll>O 1'''-''' '"'''' " w~t~~{tl~Dr~d i Yield of wo.ter

ut en<l of ri,\" I . "," ~~,,'--' ~ol,,'on

fl. i \VilH]J:tSS ;mr1 buei,cl, 68

j 15 15

12 12

HI 17~

561 55~

o GB 65

S8~ 3G

45

form0r pe,..'l111;,tl SOUrCe of wl~\<)r

Di,;la.nt wa.ter-ho]c"

Pollukd

Dh;ta,nt water-hole\'

Nil

Former source£; I!OW dry

---.-.---------~.--". --"------"---"------

\

\

~ c

G

~ . . c

"'0: ;.

':;.

c

;to .S 2

:2·1

'I,":::

c

:i;

o o

c

- -

:.;"-

~'

I

I I I , I

I \ I i

I I

________________ 1

1-:: . .:;.

Ch\~li\'.'i \)11,,)(,.' i~t, SO hu:· fool."f :\bl,(lllg\\"il I·jdg!;

Briek U:l ft.} ;) :~'2 s

(,IP'" :[>1"

\\'illdl:1~', ;Ill" I':

('Oll1pkl·· rrnl~'

o Cl \va.t.cr-holh;. :1]"(, \llHkr COl1-

~(,rudiol1 ,li. "'~r;all:t!llR Village aud ,,1, !'~d.l; V~.~~~':;"" ~~P):.::.l.~l._~.l]

.y ...... ,.~._~_W~._._~ __ · __ .~_·~ ___ A~ ____ ~_ .. _. _____ .. _________ , .. -~~-. ~-~,

TABLE II-·-(contd.)

\Vells eonsLrueted under Village Water Supplies~Medical and Health-in 1$)31.

l'rovinee. Di"t.ric:t.. L()("l.lity. Y;(;I(1 of water 01'

uUJnJJer or llut>; or dllflg('~ ~npllli("l.

80ulhcrn i South NY<1.sa· Fort Joilnston Sel: Rem:nb Provincc I .' Township

~ Chiwauh villa.gc. , Zomba road

:'.Uelela viUarse. Section 5

J alnsi village. Section 4

100 huts

: 800 hut.!;

. 1,000 huts

~orLhern ! Nch('-ll Senzani village. "il'Tatopc rond

lOi hut~ Province

Nchcn hill, 1 mile Not· C'"t,im~j.('d from St~.tiol1

Tallllnda village. 16fl htH~ Hw,~njc Valley

l'Ipamadzi stream. i 40 hu~~ NchN1 Stfltion

Ncheu Station

i Ndoka Stream, I Ncheu Station

l :::'-<:cheu Station

I In. 'Manningl Kayesn village ,

I ! ),flollyeni village

1Ia.lindima, village

; Sec Remar];~

, Used in watering , . , nurserJes

i See Hem:1.rb

52 huts

! 122 huts

i i 2 villages

Lilling. I,cngth of

lining shown in brackd~.

Erie];: (~'lO fl .. )

Bdck (20 ft.)

Corrug;'!,t.ed iron {IS ft.}

Corrugated iron' (17 ft.)

Bric1; n fl .. )

StOll(>

lTll1incd

Brick (6 ft.)

Brick (6 ft.)

Unlincd

Bricl;

Corrugated (10 ft.)

, Corrugatr.d I (10 ft.) ,

\ Bric]; and concrete

Internal difl.metcr in fcet.

3

3~

31

? ;)

;j

" 6

G

G

5

r,

3~

3, , 4

Total dCJlth ill fed from

I<l'ound lcvcl.

:'la

20

15

17

"

20

20

20

16

30

<)

9

') G

i Jk)ltll of I stfl.uding

wfl.tCl" in feC't;~t ell(l:

of dry sca~Oll.

\\'ak\"-l·fl.i~ing fI.)lllfl.l'H.tm'.

:)~ Endlecs band elevator

3

Windlass and bucket

Chain and hucket

Chain and bncl;et

5-\ Water collected directly from OVl)rfio\". pipe

3 \Va.ter collect,ed directly from ovcrflow pipe

8 Windlass and buckei,

4 '\Yiudlass and bucket

'2 j \Vindlass and bucket

6 Rope otnd hnekct

6 llGndless band elevat,or

5 ! Windlass ,tnd bucket

7 Windlass and bucket

.--.-... -.----... -~ .. -.--E~timnted

S~flge of con~tl"lletioll tot[tl co~t of HelllRl"k". at l'nd of Yl'!U" lllRterjfl.i!; flnrl

Complde

Incomplete

Complete

Incomplete

Almost eomplete

Complet.e

Windlass to be fitted

Windlass to be fitted

\Vindlass to be fitted

Complete

Elevator to be fitted

Lining and windlass to be fitted

Lining and windlass to be fitted

labo\1l".

27 0 {) . To serve Native Hospital. Clinic. and the Station

12 ° 0 To be deepened to 30 ft.

<) 0 0 Replaces unlincd water-hole

15 ° 0 i To be doepenod to 30 ft .

2 8 () \Vell serv(>s to enc1o~e and coYcr :t flowing ~prjng

:i 0 0 \Ve11 ~er\"('s Lo cnclos(~ and cover a flowing ~pring

(; 0 0 ImproV{'lllent. of existing supply

El 0 0 '1.'0 serve naLi,,"£! staff at Neheu Station

H ° 0 i To serve new na·tive Hospital

o 0 'fhe nurserie~ a.rc maintained for

18 0 0

700

7 o 0 I

the issuc of tree seedilngs to natives

This well wa·s deepened 10 feet n,nd pro\'isio)) made for fitting water eleya.tor. It supplies the N:lt.iYc Hospital a.nd European l'3taff

RepJaces unlined water-hole

I Replaces unlined water-hole

? 5 Water collected Complete 7 () 0 11 Improycment of "pring directly from overflow i

~!,!"~,-.:;.;.;.-,.. -·i;"~''':;:':'r-;, ;"-..::;.:;:'~~ ,or ... -r-'··r~~r

I;) c

TABLE Ii-(contd.)

V\'clis eonstyueted "mkl' Vilbge \\'[I,Ler Sllp111ies··--l\,Iedic~d (l;l1d llea.1th----in 1931. -~'~--~-'7¥------'~' "~~Y •• >~·_~,, __ ,-.~~.c._,_w'_":"_~_'_~'~'~_"""~_'_~" ___ '_~.~_,,~ ____ ._. __ ....-~~ ~. ___ ~ __ ."

l'rOV;\100. l)'~tr;,-",. l"J"n,li(,y.

Nor(.hC:fn ?lTomhrr;: Chl!.nnn\w. \·ilh:~(" l'rovince ScctlC>l13

1'. J-L .. \mOll's viilagc

P. H. E",:J.u's \'illllge

~(\d.ll :\: 'i".' :'llY,\l;~IS\lllgili·. village

F'l,(.olob 1.

li::d.'lkh I\,

l\.'U())1g,l. Stlll.jOlt

'1;(-1<1 of watel" (w nUlllhc·r of 111\1.:'< (,r \"illngc3 sllj)])li{:d.

5 village>;

;) villages

'7 vilbgc;;

Est·il11'1i,(, not ]"(~(;ci\"(,d

E"tim:,.Le llOt.

received

K"Li1l1<"Lle no~ reeci\'ed

l·~"tinl:ltc \lot received

1,;nil1:,. L{)ll:<[·h of

li)lin,"!"hown in hl"llckct~.

COl'l'ugflJed irOll (lO~ ft.)

COl"l"ngatcd iroll; (13~ ft.)

Corrugated 1r011:: (I.:)",', H..)

COlTllgal,·r\ ;1"011 (12 n.)

Corrugated iron (12 ik) .

. COl"rng.1kd (12 ft.,)

Briek (1<1 !"[..)

Tntr,nmi dilLllJNef

in feet

3;

81

3t

a~

:1!:

;)}

'/,

?~

Total l1cl'th in fc(:t from

ground level.

IN

13~

1:3}

12

12

l~

u

Deplh of "[.[l.ll(lln" water in

fDc['Rt{md of dry season.

, G

\Y~'l"\"-l"ai"illi! It))PlU"l1t\\S.

\Vindb,s>; and hucket

\Vindb~!;;.; a.nd hucket

Windkt.%,mci bucket

Windla·s>< ,wd bnckd

\\'indla"" and bucket.

Windhs . ., rmQ bucket

E~timatcd Sta::c or C<ln~tr\lcLion: totn.l G0!<t of

Ill. end of ycftr. llmtcrials and )al)onr.

Complde 5 0 0

Complete G 0 0

Complotr: G 0 0

Incomplete. Cop' 10 () 0 ing to \)e ra·iHcd aboycground ]c\·t;1

and willdlass to be fitted

gcnlark,.

. Replaces Ulllined watEr-hole

Replaces unlined watct-holc

Replaces unliccd wllLcr-holc

n.eplac(~s unlined water-hole

. Ineomplek. ClOp- 10 0 0 . It(1)l:~(;(',,. lllllillCcl waLcr-holt> ing to be raised . o,bovc ground !twcl and windlass to be fitt-ed .

Incomplete. Cop- 10 0 0 R{~phc(;,; unlined w~ttcr-hole ing to be rai>;cl1 a.boye gronnd le\'c] and windlas5 ~o be fitted

Endlos~ band wa.tel"; COlllplete elevator

25 0 0 To Berw, K3,totlg« Stu.tion

,z ",0

8~ w

'"dg 8& --<. co

~

~

l'noillCC

Southern Province

Northern Province

Northern l'rO\·ince

TABLE ill.

DAMS.

Constructed under Villa,ge \\.'l1tCl' Supplies-Medical a,nd Healtb··-··in 1931.

District

Chiradzulu

:'Illnnje

1\asungu

lIlombera

LOCRlitr ! ApproxilllaLe i Appraximalc : Typ(' of Dlml .DiUlcn~ions of' Dill)cnsions

Dam ' of Hcscl"Voir

i Puddlec1 Chimd~ulu , Station, ill stream bed below D.C. house

: earth enclo" . sed in mas­onry walls pointed with

85 H. IOllg; IAverage g~ ft. wide :length,50H at base an<1,'Ave)"age 7~ ft. actop ;jwidth, 40 ft.; miLximmn :maximum height.. :tbove!depth, 11 ft.: ground lcvel,fapproximate 16 ft.; found.icapacity, ~(;ions .5 ft.leo,ooo galls.

cement·. Besol"voir

,paved with , stone and

I poin ted with . cement

mlllaXlll1Um: dC!pth

I Govt. Misasi: Earth , Esto.te, P.B.; Chikumba

Challkanga. Eft.rth. Con-dambo, ~ i lIolidation mile from P.' efiected by H. Mwase's : t.!w trampl­village, and i ing of cattlc tU miles aL end of fl:Om Easu- each day's ngu St.ation labour'

i 85 yds. long! Approxima­

I tcly 75 by

ApproxilllflLe tot.al lengih, j when oomp· i IcLe, .185 yds.;' maXllnum width at base, 39 ft.; maximum beight above ground level at cnd of 1931.. 8i! ft.; foundations 4~' ft. in mnximllm depth

i 250 yds.

Estilll- ) utcd !

'l'otr\l I Cos,

---------£ s. i 45 0 I To pl"Ovide'

: a dry ~eason " supply for i the Station, , a.nd certa.iu

YilIagfls at the foot of Chimdzulu !\Itn.

e 16 To provide dry season t"e5Cl"ve for 7 villages with an ave­rage of 35 huts

o '.ro nssist ill waterillg cattle 011

Kasullgu piaill, alld to increase H1llply La wells down .:,tream

~ro be completed h) 1932. '1'he work is being cflrricd out by P. H. ::':Twase under direction of Disvrict Commis­sioncr, and a large proportion of thc JaboU!" required is supplied ireB by the villagC!l's concerned

Kapo)"o Vil­lage, Sectioll 3

IDarth, wit·h core of pudd" ),;d clay Z IL. wide

150 yd~. long'; 30 ft. wide at b::u;c. and G it. wide at top. IHaximum

'\pproximn" 45 \:Cl}" 70 ych.

o '1'0 assist in , watering caUlc, ~.lld to increase supply to wellr; down stream

?f.lIeh of Lilt' labour refJuired was 5upplwd hec by the yillagers

, height 10 it.

in width ,tJ011g (hm, find 100 yds.! ill length. ?<Iaximum depth, e to 7 ft.

Fig. I. :-)Wl" WnH'l'-iJol"ino' )In("hlllP, em),]o\"('lt in Chil"a(hll]~ and }Ilanje Lii.~iri(·ts. The (0)) of the dC'ITlCk >:,Iand;.; 3d ft. abo\"(; the gl"Oll II (1.

J:\!..!:. :L Hand-pump Oil .\"g'lluwe I.,ore-hole (}llall.ie Dj"t.ricl",\ being; wOI·kell by t-W() natiyc \\"onWll. The \y<lt,~l' i.~ being l'ni.~ed from a rlpplil of ] 10 feet. TlwJ"c le; llO O:}lC')' perc'lInin! SOUl"C'C of mW::l" within fOlll' miles.

Fig. Z. Batehet·and-Ieycl' hand-pump all M";'cJ1'\"e bore-hole DIlnnje Di,,;trict). A small but typical gronp (jl' mlti\"('! \-".omen is scen t.oget.her with t-hril' water jJl)t.~. -:\earest pen>lll1i,d water is rhe Palombe ni\·er. 2~ Inill'" distn·ll[..

Fig. -l. C'IOSt'I' "iew of .\"g,t1uwe bore-bole. showing ll'mponu·.r platform OlJ which the pump is l1lotlllted. nnd aJ,;o the nalllrc of rlw "lllTOUlHlillg COllllll'Y.

1-'i,o:, ;~) Typicill \.j(>\I" ot: lIll(l('cnpietl ("onntl'), ill [he Lower ;')hil'e \·nlley. The f00thill::: ill Lhe bac).:grUlllHl are nbollL eigln. milL'.s ,li.~tallt. ;]ll(\ dH'I'e is llO '1lP.1'1lW.1WllL :-;nn'ilcc W'atC)' ill the intel'l'ellillg COtllltry,

Fip:. I . .\]l1!,tlkllllya \\"(,lJ (~IlaJ\.ie DisU'ict), !:'h()\\"i!;,~' the C01')'UWilCtl il'Oll linin!.!,', wit,ll cll'lin ana ullck(,l. .\. :-;]Opill,!Z pl;-;1 form i.~ heing (';!11.~1 )"lICtcd ttrolllHl t1lt' \\"('11, l1ll(t an addilion:d .';('et-iun of lilc' lining if; t.o be a(((kd, The \1"(,'11 1. __ ]:) fr, d,>('p, with 7 fl'N of \\'atel', and it J'epbl,'c·":t dried'lIp damiJo water,hole.

Fig, 13, ~i. llaLil'e water-hole; walel' ie: pa;;sed njl\\'al'(L; ill gOlHd,., from h:1llc\ w hand to HII pots ,1(. t-lw .';l1rf<1(,0.

~'ig. t'. T}w \H,]l iH ;'\dnl1lera, .';omh of POI't HCl'a]'l. A lnl'go natin; jlo]Jllhlti(lJ) no\\' relie::: upon [his .';Olll'ce,

;' " ,

Fig. rl. \\'ell So. 2, lypical oj" dlC grollp of well", {·()Jl.~tnw:rd ill 1930 il\;out. 11) miles nOl,th-weslot·Chil·omo.

Fig. 11. Chimombo, POl't Herald.

Fig. 10. Well at Chit:seko's Village, lWill' Ohil"olllo. 'I'll!} Wlllel' ~ti\J!(l.s at a dl?pth of 72 feet. The brickwork npl"oll round the \\"(>11 is in tOUl'se of constl'uC'l-ion,

Fig. l:? l\kllmba, l'Oj"t Hemlrl.

Tlle"e tWO wells are good examples of the gl'OI'!> COll"U lH tul ,,1011<1 the 10<1(1 south oi Pol t ]It:l'dld The" ntel'-l ,USlllg np~)fIrat\ls eon.'<i"t-s of windLlss, chain, and bllc!;:et nHl\llltell Oll '<\I])j101 bOmade fl om loci11 hush nmlwl, and the" ('lIs ,He fitted \\'lth wOOdt'll C()\'eI'S <lllrlll'ap-doors. In Fig. J [ t.he brlc.kwork aproll is .'seen in course of t'OllsITlldioll, and Fig. 12 show,> watel' beillg drawn fl'om n depth of about ~ll ft..

lr,' 15'

W W '

EL t<~'O"~bc~~~.f~~r.~.

SKETCH MAl' OF THE

LO\tVER SHIRE VALLEY (PARTS OF LOWER SHIRE & CHIKWAWA DISTRICTS)

SHOWING

WELLS CONSTRUCTED BY THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

~; i ____ ~ ___ ~ r __________ .,

IN 193'

Plateau or elevated country overiOOKU\'6 the ShlYe valley.

11 ~il F" oothlli 5, cf vaYlable a~Ylcultural importance. L~~':.J

r-..... ~. - Woodland & Grassland. , i

the mam cultLvcl.hle d1'eaS

of the valley floor. L--'---_---' ___ "_~

Flood Plam, marsh or dambo; et vanable

Nyasaland Radways. === Moior Road, .

o$i'Ylcultural importance.

••• , •• ", Temporary lvioior Roads. rootpath~.

• wells constructed or under COTlstruct\on dUTlng 19~i:

o Welis constructed dunn§' )930.

o NatIve villa~E:.

DIstnct Boundary

No.!

i , 1630'/

SKETCH MAP or PARTS Of

MLAN0E, CHIRADZULU & ZOMBA DISTRICTS

SHOWING

113GR]E> HOVE; 5 & V'VElLlLS CONSTRU·CTED BY THE GEOLOGICAL

Cl

i-

IN

BORE-HOLE!;> QB.H. WELLS ~W

DISTr~ICT eOtmDARY _._--

o < o Sm

I I

I

, I I

I,