II 1

ae-bmf kmln-Xy-]-T\w IIc­mw ska-ÌÀ

_n.-tImw/_n.-_n.F. tIma¬ tImgvkv þae-bmfw

(2014 AUvan-j³)

(CUCBCSS)

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUTSCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION Calicut University P.O. , Malappuram, PIN - 673635

510

II 2

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUTSCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION

STUDY MATERIAL

B.Com/B.B.A

II Semester - Common Course

ae-bmf kmln-Xy-]-T\w II

Prepared by:

1) Module I & II - Smt. Divya O.D.,MA, M.Phil, JRF,Research Scholar,Dept. of Malayalam,University of Calicut

2) Module III & IVDr. Saidalavi C.,Asst. Professor of Linguistics,Thunchath Ezhuthachan Malayalam University.

Layout: Computer Section, SDE

©Reserved

II 3

samU-yqÄ 1 þ 5

samU-yqÄ 2 þ 11

samU-yqÄ 3 þ 18

samU-yqÄ 4 þ 26

II 4

II 5

samUyqÄ-þ1Ihn-X-IÄ

1. If-¦-aä ssI þ _mem-a-Wn-b½

amXr-Xz- nsâ Ihbn{Xn F¶mWv _mem-a-Wn-b-½sb s]mXpsh hnti-jn- n-¡m-dp-f-f-Xv. ""ssiih \njvI-f-¦XbpsS ssI]n-Sn¨v {]]-©-c-l-ky-§-fpsS \m«p-h-gn-I-fn AhÀk©-cn- p. ]IzX Ah-cpsS sdmamânIv `mh-\bv¡v \nb-{´Ww \ÂIn. sNSn-bn hnS-cp¶ ]qhnsâ kpKÔw A -co-£- n hym]n-¡p-¶-Xp-t]mse Ah-cpsS ho£-W-§ÄXnI¨pw kz`m-hn-I-am-bn-«mWv Nn´m-]-c-am-b-Xv. amäp Ihn-I-fn \n¶v Ahsc tXP-tÊmsSamän-\nÀ¯p¶ Hcw-i-ambn, kv{XoXz- nsâ Imcp-Wy-ap-ff ho£Ww A\p- -h-s¸-Sp¶p''

(I¸ä \mcm-b-W³)

A½, IpSpw-_n-\n, [À½-amÀK- nÂ, kv{Xolr-Zbw, {]`m-¦p-cw, `mh-\-bnÂ, Duªm-en³taÂ, Ifn-s¡m-«, shfn-¨-¯nÂ, AhÀ ]mSp-¶p, {]Wm-aw, ap¯-Èn, agp-hnsâ IY,A¼-e- nÂ, shbn-em-dp-t¼mÄ, kÔy, tkm]m-\w, \nthZyw F¶n-h-bmWv Ah-cpsS Imhy-k-am-lm-c-§Ä.

Ip«n-I-fpsS \njvI-f-¦-amb ktlm-Z-c-kvt\-ls¯ \nco-£n-¡p-t¼mÄ A½-bv¡p-­m-hp¶ \nÀhr-Xn-bmWv "If-¦-aä ssI' F¶ Ihn-X-bn _mem-a-Wn-b-½ A\p-hm-N-IÀ¡v]IÀ¶v \ÂIp-¶-Xv. sIm¨-\p-P- nsb emfn-¡m³ a®n aXn-bm-thmfw Ifn¨v Agp-¡p-]p-cp­ ssIIÄ sXm«n-en-te¡v \n«p¶ aIs\ "Ip«n-bp-WÀt¶¡pw amdn \n¡pI' F¶p]dªv A½ hne--¡p-¶p. "Im«p-sI-¶psS sIm¨-\p-P- nsb' F¶v A[n-Im-c- m-h-t¯m-sS-bmWv Ah³ Bh-iy-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. A´n-hn-®nsâ Im´n-bp-ff apJw.... Xa-Ênsâ apf-s]m-«nbt]mep-ff apSn.... Ahsâ kmao]yw B amXr-lr-Z-b- n DÄ¡p-fn-cp-­m-¡p-¶p. A½-bm-«p¶ sXm«n-en kc-knse Hmf- n B¼-se-¶-t]mse aIÄ kzØ-am-bp-d-§p-I-bm-Wv. P\ hgn \£-{X-§Ä F¯n-t\m-¡p-¶p-­v. kÔym-hn-f-¡nsâ {]` sXm«n-en sN¼-I- q-¡Ä hnX-dp-¶p. {]]-©w-t]mepw IuXp-I-t¯m-sSbpw Bcm-[-\-tbm-sSbpw \njvI-f-¦-amb _meys¯ t\m¡p-¶-Xmbn Ihn kqNn- n-¡p-¶p. ]mªp-h¶v sXm«n-en-te-¡p-äp-t\m-¡nb _mesâ I®p-I-fn AÛp-Xm-lvfmZ hmÕ-e-y- m-h-§Ä kv^pcn- p, kzÑ kpµ-c-amb\oem-Im-i¯v kÔ-y-bn DÖze hÀ®-t -Z§Ä ImWm-s -Sp-¶-Xp-t]m-se.

A½-bpsS hne¡v hI-sh-bv¡msX A\p-P- n-bpsS s\än-ta Ah³ sXcp-sXsc Npw_n-¨p. Ip«n DWÀ¶v \njvI-f-¦-ambn Nncn- p. Xs¶ t\m¡n Nncn-¡p-I-bm-sW¶v Ah³ kt´m-j-t¯msS Al-¦-cn- p. ]\n-\o-cn BËm-Z-t¯msS kv]Àin-¡p¶ ie`wt]mse D®n-bpsSssI A\p-P- n-bpsS AwK-§-fn hnf-bm-Sn. Ahsâ kv]Ài-\¯n Ipªnsâ ]qta\nAe-¦-cn-¡-s¸-«-Xp-t]m-se-bm-bn.

ssII-fn s]m³h-f, apSn-bn ssIX- q-hv, s\©n ]X-¡w, s\än-bn tKmtcm-N-\-¡p-dn, Imen shf-fn- n-e-¦........ CXp-I­v Df-fn kt´m-jhpw I®n B\-µm-{ip-¡fpw\nd-sª-¦nepw ""\n³ Nfn-¡-¿p-sIm-­-½p-hn³ s]m¶p-ta\n sXmSmbvI \o'' sb¶v A½Ahs\ imkn- p. hmkvX-h-at\m- mh¯n\papIfn Icn-¼p-X- n-Sp¶ AIhpw ]pdhpw hyXy-

II 6

kvX-amb apXnÀ¶hcpsS Im]Syw Ihn ChnsS kqNn- n-¡p-¶p. Im]-Sy-an-Ãm¯ aIs\ A½-bpsS hm¡p-IÄ thZ-\n- n- p. Ahsâ apJmw_pPw hmSn. IhnįSw XpSp- p. a\Êv ]X-dn. Np­p-IÄ hnd-sIm-­p. A`n-am\`wK- m I®p-IÄ \nd-sªm-gp-Im³ XpS-§n. CXp-I­ A½-bpsS lrZbw Aen-ªp. aIs\ Biz-kn- n- p.

""A¯-\n- -¦-sabv sXmSm³ atä-Xpþ­n{X-am{Xw If-¦-a-ässI?''

F¶v GtXm arZp-kz-cw B A½-bpsS Df-fn a{´n- p.

Bibw hni-Z-am-¡pI:-þ1. hm¡p-I-fm Icnw-]p-X-t¸- p¶p

hmkvX-h-a-t\m- mhw ]e-t¸m-gpw.

2. Im«p-sI-¶psS sIm¨-\p-P- nsb

3. kzÑ-\o-eamw hm\¯p kÔyX¶pÖze ZzÀ®-t`-Z-§Ä t]meth

4. s]m³]-\n-\oÀ±-f-§-fn kmËmZw\njv]-Xn¡pw ie`w IW-¡ns\

5. A¯-\n- -¦-sabv sXmSm³ atä-Xpþ­n{X-am{Xw If-¦-a-äp-ff ssI?

D]-\ym-k-sa-gp-XpI

1. "amXr- m-h- nsâ ]qÀ¯o-I-c-W-amWv _mem-a-Wn-b-½bpsS Ihn-X-bpsS ImXÂ' þ "If-¦-aä ssI' F¶ Ihn-Xsb Bkv]-Z-am¡n hne-bn-cp- p-I.

2. Bcm-a- nse Nn -IÄ þ N§-¼pg IrjvW- n-ff

"XoÀ¯pw Imev]-\n-I-\mb Ihn' þ N§-¼pgsb¡p-dn¨v Hä-hm-Iy- n C§s\ ]d-bmw. Imev]-\n-IX apän-\n-ev¡p¶ At±-l- nsâ Ihn-X-IÄ Cu hnti-j-W- n\p km£yw\n¡p-¶p-ap-­v. atäsXmcp {]Øm-\-hpw-t]mse Hcp {]tXyI Ime-L-«-¯n ae-bm-f-¯n {]_-e-am-hp-Ibpw ]n¶oSv kzm`m-hn-I-ambn £bn¨pt]mhp-Ibpw sNbvsXmcp {]Øm-\-am-Wn-Xv. 18mw \qäm-­n bqtdm-]y³ cmPy-§-fn-ep-­mb auen-I-amb amä- nsâ Dt]mÂ]-¶-amb sdmamânIv {]-Øm-\- nsâ kzm[o-\-am-Wv ae-bm-f¯n-ep-­mb Imev]-\n-I {]Øm-\w. Bß-\n-jvT-X-bm-bn-cp¶p CXnsâ khn-ti-j-X. GIm- -X-bn ss\kÀ¤n-I-ambnhmÀ¶p-ho-gp¶ H¶m-bn-«m-bn-cp¶p sdmamânIv Ihn-IÄ Ihn-Xsb IW-¡m-¡n-bn-cp-¶-Xv.sshIm-cn-IX, Bß-\n-jvT-]-c-X, AaqÀ¯ _nw_-§Ä, {]Wbw þ hnclw XpS-§nb kzIm-cym-\p- -h-§Ä XpS-§n-b-hbv¡v {]m[m\yw sImSp¯ {]Xn-]m-Zy-§Ä Cu {]Øm-\- nseIhn-X-I-fpsS {]tXy-I-X-I-fm-bn-cp-¶p. sjÃn, Ioävkv, thUvkvhÀ¯v, tdmt_À«v t{^mÌvXpS-§n-b-hÀ ]mÝmXy sdmamânIv Ihn-I-fn {]ap-J-cm-Wv.

II 7

]mÝmXy kmln-Xy-hp-ambp-ff \nc- c k¼À¡- nsâ e-am-bmWv sdmamânkw ae-bm-f- n Imev]-\nI {]Øm\w F¶ t]cn {]Nmcw t\Sp-¶-Xv. F.-BÀ cmP-cm-P-hÀ½bpsSae-bm-f-hn-em-k-sa¶ Ihn-X-bn \ncq-]-IÀ CXnsâ BZy-th-cp-IÄ Is­- p-¶p-s­-¦nepwImev]-\nI kz`m-h-ap-ff Ihn-X-I-fp-­m-Ip-¶Xv B[p-\nI Ihn-{X-b- nsâ Ime-L-«-t¯m-sS-bmWv; {]tXy-In v Ipam-c-\m-imsâ IrXn-I-fn Cu Imev]-\n-I- m-h- n\v hfÀ¨bp-­m-hp-¶XpImWmw. F¶m Imev]-\n-I-Xbv¡v hn`n-¶-amb Hcp apJw e`n-¡p-¶Xv N§-¼p-g-bpsS Ime-L-«-t¯m-sS-bm-sW¶p ]d-bmw. Cw¥o-jn Ioävkn-tâbpw sjÃn-bp-tSbpw aäpw t{]a-Ko-X-§fpsS kzm[o\w N§-¼p-g¡hn-X-I-fn \ncq-]-IÀ Is­- p-¶p-­v. taev]-dª Imev]-\n-I- Ihn-X-bpsS {]tXy-I-X-I-sfÃmw N§-¼p-g¡hn-X-I-fn H¯n-W§n \nev¡p-¶Xp ImWmw.{]W-b-s¯bpw kuµ-cy-s¯bpw Bthm-f-am-kz-Zn-¡m³ sh¼p-t¼mgpw {]W-b- w-K-t¯bpwtemI- nsâ Ccp­ hi-§-tfbpw N§-¼p-g Xsâ Ihn-X-I-fn Bhn-jvI-cn-¡m³ {ian- p.hn¹-hm- n-ap-Jy-ap-ff Ihn-X-Ifpw N§-¼p-g cNn- n-«p-­v. hmg-¡p-e, sImSp-¦m-äv, cà-]p-jv]-§Ä XpS-§n-bh DZm-l-c-Ww. F¶m Ch-sbm-s¡bpw Imev]-\nI hn¹-h- nsâ \ne-bnÂ\n¶p hf-cp-¶n-Ã. Ihn-bpsS Imev]-\n-Iamb k¦-ev]-tem-Ihpw bmYmÀYy-tem-Ihpw tNÀ¶pkrjvSn-¡p¶ sshcp-²ym-ß-IX N§-¼p-g¡hn-X-I-fn-ep-S-\ofw ZÀin-¡m-\m-hpw. EPp-hmbBhn-jv¡-c-Whpw emfn-Xyhpw kwKo-Xm-ß-I-Xbpw N§-¼pg Ihn-X-Isf P\-{]n-b-am-¡n- oÀ¯n-«p-­v. "efn-X-tIm-a-f-Im´ ]Zm-hen' F¶ {]tbmKwt]mepw N§-¼p-g¡hn-Xbv¡p th­nam{Xw D­m-¡n-b-Xm-sW¶v tUm. Un. s_©-an³ "Imev]-\n-IX ae-bmf Ihn-X-bnÂ' F¶IrXn-bn A`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-¶p-­v. N§-¼p-g¡hn-Xbnse B -cn-I-kw-KoXw A\p-hm-N-IÀA\p- -hn-¡p-¶p. apc-fo-Km-b-I³, XIÀ¶ apcfn, ae-bm-f- nsâ HmÀ^yqkv XpS-§nb hnti-j-W-§Ä N§-¼p-gsb¡pdn v ]d-bp-t¼mÄ \ncq-]-IÀ D]-tbm-Kn-¡m-dp-­v.

Ihn-IÄ s]mXpsh D]-tbm-Kn-¡m³ aSn- n-cp¶ \mS³ Km\-io-ep-I-fmWv N§-¼p-g XsâIhn-X-IÄ¡mbn sXc-sª-Sp- -Xv. Hma-\-¡p-«³ XpS-§nb \mS³hr- -§sf aebmf I-hn-X-bn-te¡v sIm­p-h-¶Xv N§-¼p-gbmWv.(a-sämcp Im¸-\nI Ihnbpw N§-¼pgbpsS kplr- pam-bn-cp¶ CS- -ffn cmL-h³]n-f-f-bpsS ac-Ws¯ {]ta-b-am-¡n-s¡m­v cNn¨ ca-W³ F¶ ""CSb hnem-]-Imhyw'' (PastoralElegy) BWv N§-¼pgsb km[m-c-W-P-\-§Ä¡n-S-bn {]i-kvX-\m¡n XoÀ¯-Xv. At±-l-¯nsâ BßIYm]c-amb ZoÀL-Im-hy-amWv ]mSp¶ ]nim-Nv, IqSmsX _mjv]m-RvPen (B-Zy-Ir-Xn) kv]µn-¡p¶ AØn-am-Sw, AØn-bpsS ]q¡Ä, kzc-cm-K-kp-[, HmW- q-¡Ä XpS-§nb IrXn-Ifpw N§-¼pg cNn- n-«p-­v. IqSmsX "XpSn-¡p¶ Xmfp-IÄ' (B-ß-I-Y) Ifn-t¯mgn (t\m-hÂ) F¶n-hbpw [mcmfw hnhÀ¯-\-§fpw N§-¼pgbptS-Xm-bn-«p-­v).

N§-¼p-g¡hn-X-I-fpsS {]tXy-I-X-I-fpÄs¡m-f-fp¶ Ihn-X-bmWv "Bcm-a¯nse Nn -IÄ'. {]Ir-Xn-bpsS kuµ-cym-ß-I-Xsb ]pÂIm³ sImXn-¡p¶ Imev]-\n-I-a-\Êpw Xs¶\nc- cw Akw-Xr-]vXn-bnem-gv¯p¶ temIhpw tNÀ¶p krjvSn-¡p¶ \nc- -c-kw-L-«-\-amWvIhn-X-bpsS {]ta-bw. Ihn-XbpsS BZy- m-K¯v kuµ-cy- nsâ \iz-c-Xsb Ipdn¨v Ihn-lr-Zbw thh-em-Xn-s¸-Sp-¶p. hmSn-hm-gp¶ ]qhn-s\-¡p-dn- pff Cu hymIp-eX Ipam-c-\m-imsâhoW-]q-hn-s\- HmÀan- n-¡p-¶p-­v. F¶m s]s«¶v a\-kp-am-dp¶ Ihn \iz-c-XsbIpdn- p-ff bmYmÀ°ys¯ ad-¡m³ {ian-¡p-Ibpw thZ-\-tXm-¶p¶ thZm´ Nn´ Hgn-hm-¡p-IbpwsN¿p-¶p. F¶m Cu thZm´ Nn -sb-bm-WtÃm hoW-]qhv ]n³]-äp-¶Xv. c­v Im¸-\n-I-X-Ifpw X½n-ep-ff hyXymkw ChnsS {]I-S-am-Wv.

II 8

ASp¯ `mK¯v Ihn-bpsS aäv Ihn-X-I-fn-se-¶-t]mse AXn-a-[p-c-amb ]Z-§-fmepwkuµ-cy-]qÀWhpw hnIm-cmÀ{Z-hp-amb _nw_-I¸-\-I-fmepw Bcm-as¯ hÀWn-¡p-¶p.Bcm-a¯n hnSÀ¶p Npäpw Hfn-hn-X-dp¶ ]q¡sf Bcm-a- nsâ GIm- -lr-Z-b- nsâKqV-amb aqIm- n-em-j-ambn ImWp¶ Ihn, XoÀ¯pw kzIm-cyhpw A{X ]cn-Nn-X-a-Ãm- -Xp-amb _nw_-IÂ]-\m-co-Xn-bmWv kzoI-cn- n-cp-¡p-¶-Xv. Bcm-ahpw AXn\v Npäp-ap-ff {]Ir-Xnbpw tNÀ¶v krjvSn-¡p¶ im´n Ihn-bpsS a\-Êns\ ]pjv]n- n-¡p¶p. AYhm IhnX]pjv¸n-¡p¶ kuµ-cys¯ ]pÂIm³ sh¼p¶ Ihn-bpsS Im¸-\nI a\-kp-X-s¶-bmWvCu Bcm-aw.

ASp¯ `mK¯v Ihn XoÀ¯pw hncp-²-amb Hcp temI-s¯-bmWv Ah-X-cn- n-¡p-¶-Xv. AXv Ihn-bpsS bmYmÀ°y-tem-I-am-Wv. ]cp-]-cp¯ Ic-§-fm Fs¶ \nc- cw {]l-cn-¡p¶ IqÀ¯ IÃp-I-fm \nc- cw Xsâ a\-Êns\ apdn-s¸-Sp- p¶ Hcp temIs¯ Ipdn¨vIhn Xsâ Ihn-X-I-fn \nc- cw BhÀ¯n¨v ]mSn-bn-«p-­v. ""I]-S-tem-I- n BßmÀ°-am-sbmcp lrZ-b-ap-­m-b-Xm-sW³ ]cm-Pbw'' F¶ hcn-I-fpsS hni-Zo-I-cWw Xs¶-bmWvBcma¯nse Nn -I-fnse Cu `mKw. F¶m ChnsS \ncm-i-bà adn¨v Bcmaw X¶n-ep-f-hm-¡nb kzÀKo-bm-\p- q-Xn-bn \n¶p {]tNm-Z-\-apÄs¡m­ Ihn {]Xym-isb ]pÂIm³{ian-¡p-¶p. Npcp-¡- n BßmÀ°-X-bp-f-f-h\pw \nkzmÀ°-\p-amb Ihnsb Nhn-«n- m-gv m\pw A]-hm-Z-§Äs¡m­v X vX-IÀ¡m\pw {ian-¡p¶ temIs¯ kÀKm-ß-IX sIm­vIogvs¸-Sp- m-sa-¶mhpw Ihn Dt±-in-¡p-¶-Xv. XpSÀ¶v tNÀ¯n-cn-¡p-¶Xv Ihn \mev hÀj-¯n-\ptiw Fgp-Xnb \mep hcn-I-fm-Wv. tcmK-{K-kvX-\m-bn-cp¶ N§-¼pg Xt¶mSv temIwsNbvX \µn-tI-Sn-s\-¡p-dn-s -gp-Xnb hcn-I-fm-Wn-Xv. XnI¨pw \ncm-im-P-\-I-amb k¦Â¸-amWvIhn apt¶m«v shbv¡p-¶-Xv. ta ]dª Bi-b- n \n¶v XnI¨pw hncp-²-am-bXv.N©e-amb Hcp Imev]-\nI a\-Êns\ kw_-Ôn- m-sW-¦n CXv kzm`m-hnIw am{X-am-Wv.ASp¯`mK-am-Is« ss\an-jn-I-amb el-cn-sb, C{µn-bm-\p- q-Xn--Isf {]IoÀ¯n-¡p-¶p. shffwtNÀ¡m-sX-Sp¯ Aar-Xn\v ka-amb Iffpw aÕy-amw-km-Zn-Ifpw AXv tNÀ¶p-­m-Ip¶ Ifn-Nn-cn-X-am-i-Ifpw Ihn-bpsS C{µn-bm-\p- q-Xn-IÄ Xs¶. Ah-tbmSv aÕ-cn-¡m³ kzÀtemI- n-\p-am-hnà F¶v Ihn Icp-Xp-¶p. X\n¡v sh¨p \o«p¶ tam£-s -bmWv Ihn X«n amäp-¶-Xv. Hcp]t£ CsXmcp {]Xn-tj-[-hp-am-hmw.

Xsâ Ihn-X-Ifn Ihn \nc- cw BhÀ¯n-¡p¶ C¯cw k¦Â¸--§Ä \ncq-]-I-cpsS hnaÀi-\- n\v hnt[-b-am-bn-«p-­v. Ihn kzÑ-µ-amb Hcp am\-kn-I-tem-I- n- hym]-cn- p-sIm­v _mly-tem-Is¯ Xsâ kzÑ-µ-amb C{µn-bm-\p- q-Xn-I-fpsS ]qÀ¯o-I-c-W- n\vXS-k-ambn \n¡p¶p F¶ Imc-W- m Xf-fn- -d-bp-IbmsW¶v tUmIvSÀ Un. s_©-ans\ t]mse-bp-ff \ncq-]-IÀ A`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-¶p. F¶n-cn-¡nepw N§-¼pg krjvSn¨ B`mhp-IXzw ae-bm-f-I-hn-X-bn C¶v ambmsX \n¡p-¶p-­v.

II 9

3. HmKÌv Bdn\v þ hnP-b-e£van

ae-bmf Ihn-X-bn thdn-t«m-cp-kzcw tIĸn¨ Ihn-b-{Xn-bmWv hnP-b-e£van. Ah-cpsS Ihn-X-I-fpsS {]tXy-I-X-Ifpw hnj-b- nse sshhn-[yhpw kzX-kn-²-amb ssienbpwImcWw aäp s]¬I-hn-X-Ifn \n¶v hnP-b-e£vanbpsS IhnI thdn«p \n¡p-¶-XmbnImWmw. kv{XoXz- nsâ hnhn[ `mh-§Ä kzmX-{´y- n-\p-ff hmRvO A[n-Im-c- n\pt\sc-bp-ff FXnÀ¸v ]pcm-W-I-Ym-]m-{X-§-fp-sSbpw an¯p-I-fp-sSbpw A]-\nÀ½mWw F¶n-§s\ sshhn-[y-amÀ¶ hnj-b-§-fn-te¡v hnP-b-e£vanbpsS IhnX \ofp-¶Xv ImWmws]cp- - sâ an¯ns\ A]-\nÀan-¡p¶ "X¨sâ aIÄ' hnP-b-e£vanbpsS ià-amb HcpcN-\-bm-Wv. Pn. i¦-c-¡p-dp- nsâ "s]cp- - ³', sshtem- n-f-fn-bpsS "X¨sâ aI³' F¶oIhn-X-I-fnse Bi-b-tem-Ihpw {]ta-b-hp-ambn A`n-apJw \nev¡p¶p F¶ kmln-Xy-N-cn-{X-]-c-amb {]tXy-I-Xbpw hnP-b-e£vanbpsS Ihn-X-bv¡p-­v. Xsâ tPjvTs\ (kvt\-l-s¯)hoXpfn hogv¯n-s¡m¶ AÑsâ A[n-Im-c- nsâ hoXpfn hnZy ]Tn- p-t]mbn F¶ Imc-W-¯m Xsâ t\scbpw \ofm-Xn-cn-¡m³ hoSv Dt]-£n-¡p¶ X¨sâ aIÄ ae-bmf Ihn-X-bnse ià-amb kv{Xo km¶n-²y-am-Ip-¶p.

kzmX-{´y-t¯m-Sp-ff AZ-ay-amb B{Klw Df-fn-sem-Xp¡n ASn-a-bmbn \nÂt¡-­n-h-cp¶ AhØ Ah-X-cn- n-¡p¶ "arK-in-£-I³' Ihn-b-{Xn-bpsS {it²-b-amb asämcp cN-\-bm-Wv. kv{XoXz- nsâ hnhn[ `mh-§Ä hnP-b-e£vanbpsS Ihn-X-I-fn ]e-t¸mgpwIS¶p hcp-¶p-­v. {]k-h- nsâ ssPho-Ihpw am\-kn-I-hp-amb AhØ Ah-X-cn- n-¡p¶"hchv' F¶ IhnX CXn\v D¯-tam-Zm-l-c-W-am-Wv. ae-bm-f- n Hcp Ihn-b-{Xnbpw C¯-c-¯n lrZy-ambn Cu A\p- -hs¯ Ah-X-cn- n- n-«n-Ãm-sb¶v _mem-a-Wn-b½ Ihn-X-s¡-gp-Xnb Ah-Xm-cn-I-bn hyà-am-¡p-¶p-­v.

""Hcp tImSn Ip -ap-\-I-fm ssPhþ`SÀ Xpd-¡p¶p \n\¡p Xmgn«Pme-I-hm-S-§Ä, Rc-¼p-IÄhen-ª-gn-bp¶p an¶Â]nfÀt]mse¯s¶ ]nf-cpI''

F¶ "hc-hn'se Cu hcn-IÄ ae-bm-f- nse s]¬I-hn-X-I-fnse s]¬ A\p- -h-§-fpsS Bhn-jv¡m-cs¯ Ipdn¨v ]d-bp-t¼mÄ \ncq-]-IÀ FSp¯v ]d-bm-dp-­v. ]e hnNn{XIÂ]-\-Ifpw Ah-cpsS Ihn-X-I-fn Is­- m-\m-hpw.

""hnd-]q-s­m-sc³ {]W-b-knwlwNpg-äp¶ kS-am-{X-ambo {]]©w''

F¶ IÂ]\ ae-bm-f- n\v A{X ]cn-Nn-X-am-bn-«p-f-f-X-Ã. ""ag-X³ atätXm apJw'',""lna-k-am[n'' XpS-§n-bh hnP-b-e£vanbpsS aäv Ihn-Xm-k-am-lm-c-§-fm-Wv.

1945Â HmKÌv 6\v lntcm-jn-a-bn-ep-­mb AWp-t_mw_v hÀjs¯ A[n-I-cn- mWv"HmKÌv 6\v' F¶ IhnX cNn- n-«p-f-f-Xv. temIs¯ \Sp-¡nb Cu Zpc´w \S¶v A¼-Xm-­p-IÄ¡v tijhpw Ahn-Sps¯ sISp-Xn-IÄ Ah-km-\n- n-«n-Ã. B bp²-s¡m-Xnbpw Ah-km-\n-¡p-¶n-Ã. XnI¨pw ka-Im-enI {]k-à-amb hkvXp-\n-jvT-amb Hcp hnj-b-amWv Ih-b{Xn

II 10

ssIImcyw sN¿p-¶-Xv. lntcm-jn-asb Ipdn¨pw "enän t_mbv' F¶ AWp-t_mw-_ns\ Ipdn¨pwhkvXp-Xm-]-c-amb hnh-c-§Ä Ihn-X-bn DÄs¡m-f-fn- n-«p-­v. bp²-s¡m-Xn-b-cmb cmjv{S-X-{ -Ú-cpsS ssI¿n Ifn- m-h-I-fm-Ip¶ imkv{X-ÚÀ t_mw_p hoW lntcm-jn-asb Ipdn-¨p-ff hnh-c-§Ä A¼Xv hÀjw Ign-ªn«pw Ahn-sS-bp-ff AhØ F¶n-§s\ Hcp teJ-\-¯n DÄs¸-Sp- m³ Ign-bp¶ Imcy-§Ä Ihn-b{Xn Cu Ihn-X-bn DÄs¡m-f-fn- n-cn-¡p-¶p. F¶m CXn\v ]cn-lm-c-ambn Bß-\n-jvT-]-c-amb ImÂ]-\n-I-amb Zo]w F¶ _nw_s¯]Icw sh¡p-I-bmWv hnP-b-e£van. Ccp-«m-Ip¶ Cu Zpc- -s -b-I-äm³ Xsâ ssI¿n-ep-ff{]mÀ°-\-bpsS, shfn- - nsâ ssI¯ncn sImfp- n-sh-¡m³ sImXn-¡p-I-bm-W-hÀ. Ccp-«¯v Hä-s¸« `qan-bpsS I®p-\oÀ¯p-ffn Hcp Zo]- n-\mbn sImXn-¡p-t¼mÄ AXn Adn-b-s -Sm¯ kqcy-c-ivan-t]m-se-bp-ff Xsâ {]mÀ°\ IqSn-t -cp-sa¶v Ihn-b{Xn Biz-kn-¡p-¶p.lntcm-jna Zn\- n temIw apgp-h³ kam-[m-\- n-\mbn Zo]w I¯n-¡p-t¼mÄ Xsâ kz´who«n-te¡v B \Zo-Xo-cs¯ Bhm-ln-¡p-I-bmWv AhÀ. temI¯v FhnsS \S-¡p¶ {]iv\-§fpw kz´w ho«n-encp¶v X¶nte¡mhmln-¡m³ Ign-bp¶ Fgp- nsâ amkva-cn-I-X-bm-hm-a-Xv.

c ­ v Z z µ -§ -f m W v I h -b { X n k z o I -c n - n -c n -¡ p -¶ -X v. C c p « v; shfn¨w. ]c-¼-cm-K-X-amb k¦Â¸wXs¶-bm-WnXv (C-cp«v = Xn³a, shfn¨w =\³a). F¦nepw GXp I\¯ Ccp-«n-t\bpw shfn- -am-¡m³ Hcp sNdp ssI¯n-cn¡v Ign-bp-sa-¶-Xn-\m DNn-X-am-Ip¶p Cu _nw_-I¸-\.

s]mXpsh hkvXp-\n-jvT-]-c-amb hnh-c-§Ä DÄs¸-Sp- n-bn-«p-ff Ihn-X-IÄ KZy-ssi-en-bn-emWv cNn¨p ImWm-dp-f-f-Xv. F¶m AXn \n¶p hyXy-kvX-ambn Xmf-\n-_-Ô-amb coXn-bn-emWv Cu Ihn-X-bpsS cN-\. ZpÀa-Zw, ZpÈm-k-\w, XpS-§nb ]Z-§Ä Ihn-X-bn kzm`m-hn-I-ambn CW¡nt¨À¡m³ {ian- n-cn-¡p-¶p. ""Ccp-«-s¯m-ä-s¸« `qan-X³ I®p-\oÀ¯p-ffn''""Zo]-Zm-ln-bmbn Pzen-¡pI'' XpS-§nb {]tbm-K-§Ä {it²-b-am-Wv. ""hnP-b-e-£van-bpsS Ihn-X-IÄ¡v ]g-b-a-«m-Wv. hr -_²w, kpL-Sn-Xw, PmS-I-fn-Ã, _l-f-an-Ã, \ni-_vZ-amb {]mÀ°-\-t]mse, AaÀ¯nb tX§Ât]mse Ch Db-cp¶p-¶p, F¶ kpK-X-Ip-am-cn-bpsS A`n-{]mbwCXn-t\mSv tNÀ v hmbn-¡mw.

II 11

samUyqÄ-þ2IY-IÄ

1. i_vZn-¡p¶ Ie¸þ s]m³Ip¶w hÀ¡n

ae-bm-f- nÂ, kmln-Xy- nsâ cq]- m-h-§-sf-¡p-dn¨pw cN-\-bpsS e£y-§-sf-¡p-dn¨pwNqSp-]n-Sn¨ NÀ¨-IÄ \S¶ Ime-amWv 1940IÄ. ]ptcm-K-a\ kmln-Xy-{]-Øm\w tIc-f- nÂiàn-bmÀPn¨ Cu Ime-L-«- n kmaq-lnI D¶-a\w e£y-am-¡n-bp-ff ]e hn¹-h-Ir-Xn-Ifpw ]nd-hn-sb-Sp- n-«p-­v. cmjv{So-b-s¯bpw kmaq-lym-h-Ø-sbbpw \nin-X-ambn hnaÀin-¡p-¶-h-bm-bn-cp¶p A¡m-e¯v {]Xy-£-s¸« H«p-an¡ sNdp-I-Y-I-fpw. XIgn inh-i-¦-c- n-f-f,]n. tIi-h-tZhv, XpS-§nb A¡m-e-L-«- nse Fgp- p-Im-cpsS \ne-bn-emWv s]m³Ip¶w hÀ¡n-bpsS Øm\w. kaq-l- n ImWp-¶-sX´pw bYmÀ°-ambn Bhn-jvI-cn-¡pI F¶ (k-aq-l-¯n\v t\sc-]n-Sn¨ I®m-Sn-bm-hWw kmln-Xyw) ]ptcm-K-a\ kmln-Xy- nsâ k¦-ev]s¯Xs¶-bmWv s]m³Ip¶w hÀ¡n-bpw ]n³]-äp-¶-Xv. IY-Isf XnI¨pw cmjv{So-b-h¡-cn-¡p-¶p­v At±-lw. Xm\pÄs -Sp¶ It¯m-en¡ k -bpsS ]utcm-ln-Xy- nsâ A\o-Xn-IÄs¡-Xn-scbpw Xm³ Pohn-¡p¶ Xncp-h-Xm-wIq-dnse ZpÀ`-c-W- n-s\-Xn-scbpw kaq-l- nsâ I]SkZm-Nm-c-k-¦Â¸-§Äs¡-Xn-scbpw \nc- cw Xsâ XqenI Nen- n- p. F§-s\-sb-gp-X-W-sa¶Xn\à Fs -gp-X-W-sa-¶-Xn-\mWv At±lw {]m[m\yw sImSp- -Xv. kÀ kn.-]n.-bpsS ZpÀ -c-W- n-s\-Xnsc Fgp-Xnb "tamUÂ' F¶ IY-bpsS t]cn At±-l- n\v Pbn in£ A\p-`-hn-t¡­n h¶n-«p-­v. ]utcm-ln-Xy- nsâ s]mf-f- -c-§Ä Xpd-¶p-Im-«p¶ "At´m-Wn-\obpw A¨-\m-tbmSm' 'A¨³ sIm¼s¯' XpS-§nb IY-Ifpw s]m³Ip¶w hÀ¡n-bptS-Xm-bn-«p-­v. thiy-I-fp-tSbpw sX­n-I-fp-tSbpw D¶-a-\- n\v th­n {]hÀ- n-¡m³ Ign-bp¶Øm\mÀ°n¡v Hm¸¬ thm«v sN¿p¶ "Ah-fpsS thm«n'se thiybmb timi At±-l- nsâià-amb Hcp kv{Xo IYm-]m-{X-am-Wv. Zmcn-{Zhpw kaq-l- nsâ I]-S-Xbpw tNÀ¶v hyàn-Isf thiy-Ifpw Ipä-hm-fn-Ifpw B¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶-Xnsâ cmjv{So-b-amWv s]m³Ip¶w hÀ¡n-{]Xn-tj-[- nsâ mj-bn tcJ-s -Sp- p-¶-Xv. F¶m CXn \n¶pw XoÀ¯pw hyXy-kvXamba\p-jy\pw aäv Pohn-hÀK-§fpw X½n-ep-ff kvt\ls¯ Ipdn-¡p¶ IY-Ifpw At±lw cNn- n-«p-­v. B Ime-L-«- n \mbsb tI{µ-{]-ta-b-am¡n XIgn "shf-f-s¸m-¡- nÂ' Fs¶mcpIY-sb-gp-Xn-bn-«p-­v. AXp-]t£ a\p-jy³ Hcp \mb-tbmSv ImWn-¡p¶ \µn-tI-Snsâ IY-bm-Wv. AXnÂ\n¶pw hyXy-kvX-ambn a\p-jy\pw Hcp Imfbpw X½n-ep-ff Bß-_-Ô- nsâ IY-bmWv s]m³Ip¶w hÀ¡n- "i_vZn-¡p¶ Ie¸' bneqsS ]d-bm³ {ian-¡p-¶-Xv. efn-Xmw-_nIA´ÀP-\- nsâ amWn-¡³ F¶ IY-bp-ambn \ncq-]-I³ Cu IYsb Xmc-X-ay-s¸-Sp- m-dp-­v.

IÀj-I-\mb Ahp-tk¸p tN«-tâbpw At±-l- nsâ {]nb-s¸« Imf-bmb I®-sâbpw\ni-_vZ-kvt\-l- nsâ IY-bmWv i_vZn-¡p¶ Ie- . Imf-{]m- ³ F¶mWv Abmsf \m«p-ImÀ hnfn-¡p-¶-Xv. IY-bpsS Ime-ssZÀLyw t\m¡p-t¼mÄ sNdp-I-Y-bn-sem-Xp-§p-¶Xà CXnsekw -h-§Ä. Ahp-tk¸p tN«-sâ Ccp-]Xp hÀj-t¯m-f-ap-ff Pohn-Xhpw Pohn-X-]-cn-Wm-ahpwIYm-Im-c³ Npcp¡n Ah-X-cn- n-¡p-¶p. t\Àtc-J-bn IY ]dªp t]mIp¶ coXn-bmWvAt±lw kzoI-cn- n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. BJym-\- ntem IYm-]m-{Xm-hn-jv¡-c-W- ntem ]pXp-a-sbm¶pwAh-Im-i-s -Sm-\n-sÃ-¦nepw IY ]d- n sIm­p \s½ A\p- -hn¸n¡m³ s]m³Ip¶w hÀ¡n-bpsS mjbv¡v iàn-bp-­v.

II 12

Ahp-tk¸p tN«-\pw I®\pw X½n-ep-ff _Ôw IYm-Ir¯v hnh-cn-¡p¶ mKw {it²-b-amWv. Hcp km[m-cW IÀj-I³ Xsâ Irjn-bp-]-I-c-W-§-fn-sem¶p am{X-am-bmWv ImfsbIW-¡m-¡m-dv. F¶m Ahp-tk¸p tN«-\mIs« AXns\ Pnhn-bm-bn«p am{X-aà Xt¶mfwØm\-ap-ff Hcp kl-Po-hn-bm-bn- s¶ ]cn-K-Wn-¡p-¶p. D]-I-c-W-§sf ]c-am-h[n NqjWwsN¿pI AXp-I-gn-bp-t¼mÄ hen-s¨-dn-bpI F¶ hn]Wn aqey- nsâ hncp-²-{[p-h- n-emWvAhp-tk¸p tN«-sâ Øm\w. AbmÄ a®ns\ kvt\ln-¡p¶ Imfsb Bßm-ÀY-ambnkvt\ln-¡p¶ IÀj-I-\m-Wv. em`-s¡m-Xn-bpsS ]pXnb ck-X{´w a\-kn-em-hm¯ Ahp-tk¸p tN«-s\t¸m-sebp-ff IÀj-I³ F{]-Im-c-amWv Acn-Ip-h-Xv¡-cn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶Xv F¶v AS-¡n-sh¨ Aa-Àj-t¯msS s]m³hÀ¡n hnh-cn-¡p-¶p.

"\oXn-tI-Smb' kv{Xo[-\- nsâ t]cn-emWv Ahp-tk¸p tN«-\v Xsâ kÀÆ-kz-ambImf-¡p-«s\ hnÂt¡-­n-hcp-¶Xv. I®\pw Ahp-tk¸p tN«-\pw X½n-ep-ff thÀ]m-Snsâka-b¯v IYm-Ir- nsâ `mj hnIm-cmÀ{Z-am-hp-¶p. ""hmNm-e-Xbpw {]I-S-\-§fpw kvt\l-¯nsâ Bßm-hn-ep-ffXÃ. Zp:Jnbv¡m³ Ign-hp-f-f a\Êp-IÄ X½n-ep-ff ASp- -amWv kvt\l-sa-¦n I®-s\-bpw Ahp-tk¸p tN«-t\bpw t]mse ASp- -hÀ temI- n-en-à F¶p IYm-Ir¯p ]d-bp-t¼mÄ kvt\l-s¯-¡p-dn¨v hfsc hyXy-kvX-amb Hcp k¦ev]w sXfnªphcp-¶p. kvt\l-s¯-¡p-dn¨v \nc- cw ]mSp-Ibpw ]d-bp-Ibpw sNbvX, sN¿p¶ kmln-Xy-¯n Cu hm¡p-IÄ C¶pw {]k-à-am-Ip-¶Xv B \ni-_vZ-X-bpsS I\¯ kuµcyw sIm­m-Wv, Ak-a-Xzs¯ kvt\lw sIm­p ka-Xz-am¡n amäp-¶Xp sIm­m-Wv.

HSp-hn Xm³ hnä I®s\ Ahp-tk¸p tN«-³ ImWp-¶Xv Ad-hp-im-e-bn sh¨m-Wv. FÃp´n {hWw \ndª ]cp-h- n I®s\ ImWp-t¼mÄ AbmÄ¡v kln-¡m-\m-hp-¶n-Ã. HSp-hn aIÄ¡v XpWn hm§m³ sh¨ Imsi-Sp¯v I®s\ AbmÄ XncnsI hm§n-s¡m­p t]mcp-¶p. I®\pw Ahp-tk¸p tN«-\pw X½n-ep-ff ]p\-kam-Kahpw IYm-Ir¯vlrZ-b-kv]r-¡mbn Ah-X-cn- n-¡p-¶p. XpWn hm§m-sX- h¶ A¸-t\mSv ]cn- hw ]d-bp¶aIÄ I{Xn-tbmSv Ahp-tk¸p tN«-³ ]d-bp-¶-Xn-§-s\-bmWv "F\n¡v \ns¶-t¸mse Ah\pw'.IY-bpsS kmcw apgp-h³ IYm-Ir¯v kw{K-ln- n-cn-¡p-¶Xv Cu hmIy- n-em-Wv. IY-bnse{][m-a\s¸« hmIyhpw CXp-X-s¶. HSp-hn Xs¶-s¨mÃn Hcp IpSpw_w apgp-h³ thZ-\n-¡p-¶Xv ImWm-\m-hmsX I®³ "IS¶p Ifªp' F¶mWv IYm-Ir v ]d-bp-¶-Xv. \ni_vZkvt\l- n\v \ni-_vZ-Xym-K-sa-¶p-IqSn AÀ°-ap-s­¶v IYm-Ir¯v ]d-ªp-sh-bv¡p-¶p.

IY-bn ioÀj-I-ambn, \ni_vZ km¶n-²y-ambn, _nw_-ambn \nev¡p¶ Ie¸sbAh-km-\-hm-Iy-§-fn {]Xy-£-_nw-_-am-¡n- s¶ Ah-X-cn- n-¡p-¶p-­v. I®sâ arX-tZ-l- n\pw thZ-\n-bv¡p¶ IÀj-I\pw apI-fn-em-bn-cn-¡p¶ B Np¡nen ]nSn¨ Ie¸ IÀj-Isâ Zmcn-{Zyhpw \jvS-s¸-«p-t]m-Ip¶ ImÀjn-I-kw-kv¡m-cw, Ie- bv¡v ]Icw shbv¡m-hp¶ b{ -§-fpsS Xf-fn-¡-bäw XpS-§nb hnhn[ k¦-ev]-§sf [z\n- n-¡p-¶p-­v. IqSmsXAXn-i-à-amb Cu _nw_- n-te¡v IYm-km-cs¯ apgph³ Npcp-¡n-sb-Sp-¡m\pw IYm-Ir¯n\v km[n- n-«p-­v.

GXp Ime- p-hm-bn- mepw {]kàn \jvS-s¸-«n-«n-à F¶ tXm¶-emWv Hcp IrXnsbImem-Xn-hÀ¯n-bm-¡p-¶-Xv. i_vZn-¡p¶ Ie- bv¡v tijw ae-bm-f-IY Gsd ]ptcm-K-an- n-«p-­v. ]e ]pXnb {]Øm-\-§fpw Bi-b-§fpw kt¦-X-§fpw IY-bn hcn-Ibpw t]mhp-Ibpw

II 13

sNbvXp. C¶p \manXp hmbn-¡p-t¼mÄ BJym-\-co-Xn-bn ]pXp-a-I-sfm¶pap]-tbm-Kn-¡m¯km[m-cW IY-bmbn tXm¶mw F¶m AXn-e-h-X-cn- n¨ ià-amb {]ta-b- n\v C¶pw {]k-àn-bp-­v. {]IrXn Nqj-W-s¯-¡p-dn¨pw a\p-jysâ HSp-§m¯ BÀ¯nsb¡p-dn¨pw C¶pw\nc- cw NÀ¨ sN¿-s¸Sp¶p; IrXn-I-fp-­m-Ip-¶p. NÀ¨-Ifpw Fgp- p-Ifpw a\p-jysâ ka-Xy-s -¡p-dn- m-Wv kwkm-cn- p-sIm-­n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. F¶m a\p-jy\pw {]Ir-Xnbnse aäp Pohn-hÀ¤-§-sf-t¸mse H¶p-am-{X-am-sW¶pw aäp-f-f-hbv¡v {]Ir-Xnbv¡v taep-ff A[n-Imcw am{Xtaa\p-jy-\p-ap-ffq F¶p-apff {]Ir-Xn-bn-eq-¶nb Imgv - mSv C¶v DbÀ¶p hcp-¶p-­v. F¶mÂF{Xtbm hÀj-§Ä¡v ap¼mWv Hcp Imfsb kl-Po-hn-bmbn kvt\ln-¡p¶ IÀj-IsâalXzw s]m³Ip¶w hÀ¡n hnfn¨p ]d-ªXv. kvt\l- n-eq-¶nb Hcp hnI-k\ ImgvN- mSpXs¶-btà Cu IYbpw apt¶m«p shbv¡p-¶Xv?

2. Hmtcm Fgp-¯p-Im-cn-bp-sSbpw Df-fnepwþ kmdmtPm-k^v

1970 Ifn ae-bmf kmln-Xy- n {]_-e-ambn \n¶n-cp¶ B[p-\n-I-Xm-{]-Øm\wsXm®p-dp-IÄ¡v tijw D¯m-cm-[p-\n-I-Xbv¡v hgn-am-dn-s¡m-Sp-¡p-¶Xv ImWmw. B[p-\nIFgp- p-ImÀ X§-fptSXmb hyXykvX ssien-IÄ kzoI-cn- n-cp-¶-sh-¦nepw Ah-cp-sS-sbÃmwIrXn-IÄ s]mXpsh Hcp GI-Xm-\X ]peÀ¯n-bn-cp-¶p. F¶m D¯-cm-[p-\n-I- L-«- nÂCu GI-Xm-\X XIÀ¡-s¸-«p. ChnsS ]e-a-bmWv ]pXp-a. Hscmä apJy-[mcm kmln-Xy-¯n\v ]Icw Zfn-sX-gp¯,v s]s®-gp¯v XpS-§nb A\-h[n Dsff-gp- p-IÄ ae-bmf kmln-Xy- n {]Nmcw e`n- p. sNdp-I-Ybpw Cu amä- n \n¶pw amdn-\n-¶n-«n-Ã.

D¯-cm-[p-\n-I sNdp-I-Ym-Ir- p-I-fn {]ap-J-bmWv kmdm-tPm-k- v. s]s®-gp¯vF¶ kwÚ BZy-ambn kmdm-tPm-k- nsâ "]m]- d'bpsS Bap-J- n-emWv k¨n-Zm-\-µ³ Ah-X-cn- n-¡p-¶-Xv. t]cp-t]mse Xs¶ kv{XobpsS Nn´bpw A\p- -hhpw Pohn-X-hpsams¡- -s¶-bmWv CXn-eqsS Bhn-jv¡-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. kmdm-tPm-k- nsâ IY-Ifpw CXnÂ\n¶v hyXy-kvX-a-Ã. ]pcpj tI{µo-Ir-X-amb Hcp temIs¯ amän- -Wn-bm-\p-ff B{KlwFgp- n kv]jvS-am-Wv. kv{XobpsS Pohn-Xm-\p- -h-§Ä Akzm-X{´yw ssewKn-I-X, A[n-Imcw (A-[n-Im-c-an-Ãm-bva) kv{XoIÄ hnhn[ taL-e-I-fn t\cn-Sp¶ hnth-N-\-§-Ä XpS-§n-b-h-sbm-s¡- -s¶-bm-Wv. aäp kv{Xo Fgp- p-Im-cn-I-sf-t¸mse kmdm-tPm-k- pw IY-IÄ¡v hnj-b-am-¡n-bn-«p-f-f-Xv. IpSpw-_- n-\p-f-fnse Akzm-X-{´y- nepw HSp-§m¯ D¯-c-hm-Zn-Xz-§-fnepw s]«v Dg-ep¶ Hcp Fgp- p-Im-cn-bp-sSbpw Df-fn-ep-f-f-XmWv kmdm-tPm-k- v""Hmtcm Fgp- p-Im-cn-bp-tSbpw'' F¶ IY-bn Bhn-jvI-cn-¡m³ {ian- n-«p-f-f-Xv. mh-\bpwbmYmÀ°y temIhpw X½n-ep-ff sshcp[yw Xs¶-bmWv IY-bpsS X´p. IY-bnse {][m\IYm-]m-{X-amb Fgp- p-Imcn `À¯m-hmb ]pcp-tjm- -a-s\bpw a¡-sfbpw Xs¶ sRcp-¡n-s¡m-Ãp¶ \mep NphcpI-tfbpw Dt]-£n¨v Xsâ Fgp- nsâ km£m-XvIm-c- n-\mbnta_n-f-½m-bn-bpsS kzmX-{´hpw kzÑ-hp-amb ho«n-te¡v t]mIm³ Xocpam-\n-¡p-¶n-S- mWvIY Bcw- n-¡p-¶-Xv. {][m\ IYm-]m-{X- nsâ Nn -I-fn-eq-sS-bmWv IY Bhn-jv¡-cn- n-«p-f-f-Xv. IYm-Imcn kzbw Rms\¶p hnti-jn- n-¡p¶ D¯a]p-cpj kÀÆ-\m-a- n-emWv IYBJym\w sNbvXn-N-«p-f-f-Xv. IY-bpsS t]cp-t]m-se- s¶ IYm-Im-cn-bpsS Df-fn-ep-ff Nn -IÄ `qX-Ime kw`-h-§-fp-ambn _Ô-s¸-Sp¯n Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶p. AYhm IY-bnÂss¢amIvkv hsc hÀ¯-am-\-Imew \njv{In-b-am-Wv. IY-bpsS {]Xn-]m-Zy-hp-ambn Cu BJym-

II 14

\-coXn tNÀ¶v t]mIn-¶p-­v.Xsâ Fgp¯n\v XS-k-ambn \n¡p¶ IpSpw-_w, AXnse D¯c-hmZnXz§Ä, kv{Xobm-

b-Xn-\m am{Xw kmln-Xy-NÀ¨-I-fn \n¶p-Xs¶ amän \nÀ¯nb Ihn-IÄ XpS-§n-b-h-tcm-Sp-ff {]Xn-tj-[hpw AXn \n¶p-­m-hp¶ {]Xn-Im-c-hp-amWv IYm-Imcn Bhn-jvI-cn-¡m³ {ian-¡p-¶-Xv. IY-bnse À¯m-hmb ]pcp-tjm- -a\v Gsd-¡psd {]Xn-\m-bI Øm\-am-Wp-f-f-Xv.]pcp-tjm- -a³ F¶ t]cv a\:]qÀÆ-amWv. ]pcp-jXzw XnI-ª-h-s\-bmWv s]mXpsh ]pcp-tjm- -a³ F¶v hnfn-¡m-dp-f-f-Xv. CXns\ sshcp-[y-t¯m-sS-bmWv kmdm-tPm-k^v ChnsSAh-X-cn- n-¡p-¶-Xv.

]mÝmXy temI¯v DS-se-Sp¯ s^an-\nkw (kv{Xo-hm-Zw)- nsâ XpSÀ¨-bm-bn-«mWv ae-bm-f- n s]s®-gp¯v t]mse-bp-ff coXn-IÄ D­m-hp-¶-Xv. ]mÝmXy temI¯v kv{XoI-fpsS Ah-Im-i-§Ä¡pw kzmX-{´y- n\pw th­n i_vZ-ap-bÀ¯n-b-h-cn {][m-\n-bmWv""hnÀPo-\nb hpÄ^v''. Ah-cpsS ""Fgp- p-Im-cn-bpsS apdn'' F¶ Bibw Gsd {i²n-¡-s¸-«-Xm-Wv.

ho«nse asä-Ãm-hÀ¡pw kz -ambn CS-§-fp-s­-¦nepw kv{Xo¡v am{Xw AXv \ntj-[n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-Xn-s\-bmWv hnÀPo-\nb hpÄ^v tNmZyw sN¿p-¶-Xv. Hmtcm Fgp- p-Im-cn¡pw Xtâ-Xmb Fgp- n-S- nsâ kzmX{´yw thW-sa¶ Cu Bibw Xs¶-bm-hWw kmdm-tPm-k^nÂkzm[o\w sNep- n-b-Xv. IY-bn c­v temI-§-fp-­v. IYm-Im-cnsb \nc- cw sRcp-¡p¶Npa-cp-Ifpw apJ v sXdn v hoW I -s¡«v t]mep-ff {]W-bhpw Igp- n Aa-cp¶ Ccp-¼p-Xp-S t]mep-ff amXrXzhpw sIm­v hogp¶ Fgp- p-Im-cn-bpsS Hcp temIw A{X-ta ImÂ]-\n-I-ambn Icp-Xp¶ {]W-bw, amXrXzw XpS-§nb k¦Â¸-§sf XnI¨pw AIm¸-\n-I-ambAe-¦m-c-§Ä sIm­v hnti-jn- n- Xv a\:]qÀÆ-am-I-Ww.

asämcp temIw kzmX{´hpw kzÑ-hp-amb ta_n-f-½-bpsS hoSm-Wv. GsXmcp Fgp- p-Im-cnbpw kz]v\w ImWp¶ Nph-cp-I-fn-Ãm- Xpw {Knep-IÄ¡pw km£-IÄ¡pw ]Icw XpSn-¡p¶Rc-¼p-I-fp-f-f-Xp-amb Hcp hoSv. AhnsS Ahsf XS-ªp-sh-¡m³ Bcp-an-Ã. IY-bn {]Xn-Øm-\- -Ãm¯ GI]pcp-j-\m-b- PbtZh³ Ahn-sS-bm-Wp-f-f-Xv. AYhm ta_n-f-½m-bn-bpsSho«n ka-Xz- n-eq-¶nb Hcp kv{Xo ]pcp-j-_-Ôw-IqSn Fgp- p-Imcn kz]v\w ImWp-¶p-­v.AXv kulr-Z- n-emWv {]W-b- n-eà F¶v IYm-Im-cn FSp v ]d-bp-¶p-­v. Cu kzmX-{´y-¯n\v th­n {]W-b-t¯bpw IpSpw_ _Ô-§-tfbpw Dt]-£n-¡m³ X¿m-dm-Ip-t¼mgpw amXr-Xzs¯ ]qÀ®-ambn Xf-fn- -d-bm³ IYm-Im-cn¡v ss[cyw t]mcm.

ta_n-f-½m-bnbpw Ah-cpsS kpµ-c-amb hoSpw Ahn-Sps¯ kÀh kzmX-{´yhpw Pb-tZ-h-\p-saÃmw If-fhpw Fgp- p-Im-cn-bpsS shdpw kz]v\-hp-am-sW¶v ]pcp-tjm- -a-s\-s¡m­vIYm-Imcn \nc- cw ]d-bn- n-¡p-¶p-­v. AXv ]pcp-tjm- -a-sâ X{ -ambn IYm-Imcn ]d-bp-¶p-s­-¦nepw BhÀ¯n¨p ]d-bp¶ kXy-am¡n AXns\ asämcp coXn-bn hmbn-¡m-hp¶XmWv. asämcp mK¯v k©-cn-¡p¶ Npa-cp-IÄ X\n¡v ]Icw ]pcp-tjm- -a-s\ th«-bm-Sptam F¶v IYm-Imcn kwi-bn-¡p-¶p-­v. akn-ep-I-fp-ff, Xe-a-­-bn hÃ-Xp-ap-ff AbmÄ\nÊ-lm-b-\mbn t]mhnà F¶v Fgp- p-Imcn ]cn-lm-k-cq-t]W ]d-bp-¶p. kv{Xo = sshIm-cn-I-X, A_-e, ]pcp-j³ = aknÂ, Nn´m-tijn F¶ kaqlw Iev]n- p-­m-¡nb sP³UÀka-hm-Iys¯ IYm-Imcn sXfn¨p ]cn-l-kn-¡p-¶p.

HSp-hn Fgp- nsâ km£m-XvI-c-W- n-\mbn hoSp-t]-£n-¡p¶ Fgp- p-Im-cn-bpsSssIho-in-bp-ff \S¯w C_vksâ t\mdsb (Doll’s House) A\p-kva-cn- n-¡p¶p­v. Ah-fpsS kzmX-{ - n\v angn-th-Im³ D]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ Ah-km\ hmIy-§Ä AXn- m-hp-I-Xz- nsâXe- n-te¡v amdp-¶p-­v.

II 15

Npcp-¡- n "s]s®-gp- nsâ' kzc-amWv kmdm-tPm-k- nsâ "Hmtcm Fgp¯pIm-cn-bpsS Df-fnepw' F¶-IY Dds¡ tIĸn-¡p-¶-Xv. apJy-[mcm Fgp¯v ]n³Xp-S-cp¶ ]pcpjtI{µo-Ir-X-amb t\m«s¯ a\:]qÀÆw Xnc-kv¡-cn- p-sIm­v AhnsS X§-fp-tS-Xmb CSwAS-bm-f-s¸-Sp- m-\mWv ka-Im-enI Fgp- p-Im-cn-IÄ {ian-¡p-¶-Xv. AXn-\mbn kz -ambHcp `mj-Xs¶ AhÀ krjvSn-¡p-¶p. CXn-eqsS \ne-\n¡p¶ apJy-[mcm Fgp- nsetaÂt¡mbva XIÀ¶p hog-W-sa¶ IrXy-amb cmjv{Sobe£yw Cu Fgp- p-Im-cn-IÄ¡p-­v. CXn-t\mSv tNÀ¯mWv kmdm-tPm-k- nsâ Cu IYbpw hmbn-t¡-­-Xv.kmdm-tPm-k- nsâ IrXn-IÄ:þ{][m\ IYm-k-am-lm-c-§Ä:--þ

a\-knse Xo am{Xw, ]m]- -d, ImSnsâ kwKo-Xw, \nemhv Adn-bp-¶p, HSp-hn-es¯kqcy-Im- n, ImSnXp ImWm-tbm.

cmam-b-W- nse kv{XoI-Ym-]m-{X-§-fmb XmS-I, koX, aWvtUm-Zcn XpS-§n-b-hsc tI{µo-I-cn v cmam-b-Ws¯ A]-\nÀan-s -gp-Xnb ImSnsâ kwKo-Xw, \nemhv Adn-bp¶p F¶nh Gsd{it²-b-am-b-h-bm-Wv.{][m\ t\h-ep-IÄ:þ

Aem-l-bpsS s]¬a-¡Ä, HX- v, amä- n, Ducp-Im-hÂ, BXn, Btfm-l-cn, B\µw

3. ]pXnb hmXn-ep-IÄþA-Iv_À I¡-«nÂ

ka-Im-enI sNdp-I-Ym-Ir- p-I-fn Xsâ-Xmb Hcp Øm\w AS-bm-f-s¸-Sp- nb Fgp-¯p-Im-c-\m-Wv, AIv_À I¡-«nÂ. ae-bmf kmln-Xy- n B[p-\nIX {]Øm\w {]_-e-X-bmÀÖn¨v \n¶n-cp¶ Ime-L-«- n-emWv AIv_À I¡-«n Fgp-Xn- p-S-§n-b-Xv. F¶mÂAt±-l- nsâ IY-I-fpsS {]tXy-I-X-IÄ ]cn-K-Wn- v I¡-«n-ensâ B[p-\nI IYm-Ir- p-I-fn DÄs¸-Sp- m³ Ign-bnà F¶v sI. ]n. i¦-cs\ t]mse-bp-ff \ncq-]-IÀ A`n-{]m-b-s¸-«n-«p-­v. D¯-cm-[p-\n-I-Xbv¡v Ipd¨p IqSn Abª N«-Iq-Sm-b-Xn-\m Hcp ]t£ AXnÂDÄs¸-Sp- m³ Ign-tª-¡p-sa¶p IqSn At±lw Iq«n-t¨À¡p-¶p. ihm-k-\-sa¶ IY-bnÂAIv_À I¡-«n C§s\ ]d-bp-¶p.

""ssZhw Hcp IYm-Im-c-\m-sW¶varX-tZlw HmÀ¯p. Hcp IY]d-bm³ IY krjvSn- Xp t]msebpàn {Z-amtWm kwi-b-§Ä¡XoXamtWm Fs¶m¶pw t\m«-an-Ã.ssZhw krjvSn-bn F{X-am{XwkzX-{ -\mWv A\n-tj-²y\mWv''

CtX hmIy-§Ä D]-tbm-Kn- mWv At±-l- nsâ IY-I-fpsS {]tXy-I-X-I-fmb kzmX-{´yw, A¢n-jvT-X, A\n-tj-[yX F¶nh \ncq-]-IÀ FSp¯p Im«p-¶-Xv F¶m Cu hmIy-§Ä¡nS-bn¯s¶ Hcp sshcp²yw Hfn-ªn-cn- p-­v. IYm-Ir¯v Xsâ krjvSn-bn kzX-{´\pw A\n-tj-[y-\p-sa-¦nepw A\p-hm-N-IÀ¡v At±-l- nsâ IrXn F§s\ A\p- -h-s¸-Sp¶p F¶p-f-fXpw {][m\w Xs¶-b-sÃ.

AIv_À I¡-«nensâ "A²ym-]I IY-IÄ' Gtd {]kn-²-am-Wv. X\n¡v ]cn-Nn-X-ambkv¡qfpw ]cn-k-chpw AhnSps¯ k¼-¶-amb A\p- -h-§fpw \Àaw IeÀ¶ mj-bn Ah-

II 16

X-cn- n-¡p¶ [mcmfw A²ym-]I IY-IÄ At±-l- n-sâ-Xm-bn-«p-­v. AIv_À I¡-«nensâA²ym-]I IY-I-sf-¡p-dn¨v ]d-bp-t¼mÄ ImcqÀ \me-I-WvT-]n-f-f-bpsS A²ym-]I IY-I-fp-ambn tNÀ¯p sh¨p ]d-bm-\pf {]h-WX \ncq-]-I-cn-ep-­v. ss{]häv þ FbvUUv kvIqfp-I-fn Ipdª thX-\- n\v ]Wn-sb-Sp-t¡-­n-h¶ A²ym-]-I-cpsS Zmcn-{Z- nsâ IY-I-fmWvImcqÀ ]d-bm³ {ian- n-cp-¶-sX-¦n amdnb hyh-Ø-bn i¼-fhpw kpc-£n-X-Xz-hp-ap-ff A²ym-]I hr¯n-bnse Agn-a-Xnbpw PoÀW-X-Ifpw sXmgn-en-t\m-Sp-ff amdnb at\m- m-hhpw t\cnb\Àaw IeÀ¯n-]-d-bm-\mWv I¡-«n {ian-¡p-¶-Xv. "A§m-Sn-\n-e-hm-cw, GUvam-jv, ]cn-an-Xn-IÄ, ]yq¬ _mte-«³, kv¡qÄ Ubdn XpS-§nbh CXn NneXv am{Xw.

t\À¯ \À½w IeÀ¯n-bp-ff IY-]-d- n coXn-bmWv At±-l- n-tâ-Xv. Pohn-X-¯nsâ k¦oÀ®-X-IÄ, sshcp-²y-§Ä, I]-S-\m-Sy-§Ä XpS-§n-b-hbpw At±lw Xpd¶pIm«m³ {ian- n-«p-­v. aäv ka-Im-enI Fgp¯vImsc t]se¯s¶ Xm³ Pohn-¡p¶ \mSpw\m«p-Imcpw At±-l- nsâ IY-IÄ¡v hnj-b-am-bn- oÀ¶n-«p-­v. \mS³ coXn-bn IY-]-d-bm-\p-ff At±-l- nsâ coXnsb ]e hnaÀi-I\pw ÇmLn-¡p-¶p-­v.

Abp-àn-I-Xbpw, {`am-ß-I-Xbpw At±-l- nsâ Nne-I-Y-I-fpsS {]tXy-I-X-I-fmWv.hnhn[ kml-N-cy-§-fn \n¶p-ff hyXvIn-IÄ ac-W- n-te¡v Hcp ap¶-dn-bn¸pw IqSmsXIS¶p sNÃp¶ "Bdmw Imew' F¶ IY CXn-\p-Zm-l-c-W-am-Wv. s]mXp-ioÀj-I-§-fmbnIY-Isf {Ia-s¸-Sp- p¶ BJym-\-co-Xnbpw At±lw kzoI-cn- n-«p-­v. t]mfn§v tÌj-s\¶s]mXp-ioÀj-I- n\v Iogn NnÓ- nsâ hen- w, If-f-thm-«v, {^o F¶o sNdp-ioÀj-I-§Ä {Ia-s¸-Sp¯n Fgp-Xnb IY CXn\v DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv. ck-I-c-amb IYm-ioÀj-I-§-fmWv asämcp {]tXy-I-X. "Ipªn- m- p½ t]mb hgn, C\n \ap¡v djo-Z-sb-Ip-dn¨v kwkm-cn-¡mw, InW-än hoW ]q¨sb F§s\ Ib-ämw, hS-I-c-bn \n¶pw ]p\- n Ipª-_vZp-ff hnfn-¡p¶p' XpS-§n-bh DZm-l-c-W-§Ä.

]pXnb Ime- nsâ AXn-Po-h-\ X{´§-fmWv AIv_À I¡-«n Xsâ "]pXnb hmXn-ep-IÄ F¶ IY-bn Bhn-jvI-cn-¡m³ {ian-¡p-¶-Xv. At±-l- nsâ aäv Nne IY-I-fn-teXvt]mse Abp-àn-I-sa¶p tXm¶n- n-¡m-hp¶ Hcp {`am-ßI A -co£w Cu IYsbhebw sNbvXv \n¡p-¶p­v. UnPn-ä bpK- nsâ krjvSn-bmb I¼yq-«dpw CâÀs\äpwtkmjy aoUn-bbpw FÃmw tNÀ¶v krjvSn-¡p¶ ]pXnb temI-{I-a-s¯bpw AXv Pohn-X-¯n-ep-­m-Ip¶ Zqc-hym-]-I-amb kzm[o-\-t¯bpw Ipdn v ae-bm-f- n Ct¸mÄ [mcmfw IY-IÄ D­mbn hcp-¶p-­v. Chsb ssk_À IY-I-sf-¶mWv s]mXpsh hnfn-¡m-dp-f-f-Xv. tkXp,N{µ-a-Xn, Sn.-hn. sIm¨p-_m-h, XpS§n ae-bmf sNdp-I-Y-bnse ka-Im-en-I-cmb ]e Fgp- p-Imcpw C¯cw ssk_À IY-IÄ cNn- n-«p-­v. A§s\ t\m¡pt¼mÄ HmÀ¡q«pw I¼yq-«dpwUnPn-ä sIWnbpw {][m\ Øm\- pw- Nnet¸mÄ {]XnØm-\¯pw hcp¶ "]pXnb hmXn-ep-IÄ' B hIp- nÂs]Sp- m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv.

HmÀ¡q-«n Nmäv sNbvXv XfÀ¶p-d-§p¶ d\n-X, Hcp ]pcp-jsâ tXm¡n³ ap\-bn-te-¡mWv DWÀs¶-gp-t¶Â¡p¶Xv. `h-\-t`-Z-\hpw, _emÂkw-K-hp-amWv Xsâ Dt±-i-sa¶vXpd¶v ]d-bp¶ B If-f\pw AXns\ kzm`m-hn-I-ambn DÄs¡m­p {]Xn-I-cn-¡p¶ s]¬Ip-«nbpw ]pXnb Ime- nsâ s]cp-amäX{ -am-bn-«mWv IYm-Ir¯v ImWp-¶-Xv. `h-\-t`-Z\w_emÂkwKw XpS-§n-bh A{X-ta kzm`m-hn-I-amb Hcp kaq-l-amWv \½psSsX¶pw IYm-

II 17

Ir¯v Dt±-in-¡p-¶-Xv. HSp-hn Xm³ Xs¶ \nÀ½n-s -Sp¯ UnPn-ä sIWn-bn-eqsS If-fs\Imdn ]q«n-bn-«p-sh¶v s]¬Ip-«n-bpw A\p-hm-Ncpw Biz-kn-¡p-¶p. s]¬Ip-«n-bpsS UnPn-ä ]cn-Úm\w ChnsS D]-Im-c-am-Ip-¶p. F¶m Cu [mc-W-Isf XInSw adn v sIm­m-WvI-Y-bn "SznÌv' D­m-Ip-¶-Xv. sNdp- -¡m-c³ kpJ-ambn CXns\ t`Zn¨v ]pd¯v hcn-IbpwAhsf s]m¡n-sb-Sp¯v ASp¯ hmXn-en-\-Sp-t¯¡v sNÃp-¶n-S- mWv IY Ah-km-\n-¡p-¶-Xv. ChnsS hyh-Øm-]n-X-amb coXn ]p\:Øm]n-¡-s -Sp-¶p. I¼yq-«-tdm, UnPn-ä kmt¦-XnIhnZytbm Hcp s]¬Ip-«nsb Häbv¡v \nÀ¡p-hm³ {]m]vX-bm-¡nà F¶pw AXns\ t`Zn-¡m³ssPho-I-amb iàn-tbmsS Hcp ]pcp-j\v km[n¡pw F¶p-ap-ff ]gb Nn´ Xs¶-btà IYm-Ir¯v ]I-cp-¶Xv F¶v kwi-bn-t¡-­n-bn-cp-¡p-¶p.

ssk_À temI- nsâ ambn-I-X-Isf Ipdn¨v IY-]-d-bp¶ At±lw IY ]d- nÂcoXn-bpepw ssk_À `mj D]-tbm-Kn-¡m³ a\:]qÀÆw {ian-¡p-¶p-­v.

DZm:-þ Abm-fpsS I®p-IÄ Ah-fpsS ico-c- nsâ HSn-hp-I-fn-te¡pw hSn-hp-I-fn-te¡pw"U_vÄ¢n¡v' sNbvXp-sIm-­n-cp-¶p.

IqSmsX IY-bnse IYm-]m-{X-§-fmb d\n-Xbpw If-f-\p-saÃmw Hcp shÀNz dnbm-enänam{X-amtWm F¶v A\p-hm-N-Iscs¡m­v tXm¶n- n-¡p¶ Hcp BJym\ X{´w IYm-Ir¯vkzoI-cn-¡p-¶p-­v.

C¶v Ime-l-c-W-s¸«v t]mb HmÀ¡q«v AXnse kmt¦-Xn-I-]-Z-§-fmb "dnIzÌv' "kv{Im v'XpS-§n-b-h-sbÃmw IYm-Ir¯v D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p-­v. A\p-Zn\w A]vtUäv sN¿-s¸-Sp¶ \h-am-[y-a-tem-I¯v C¯cw Ime-l-c-W-§Ä kzm`m-hn-I-am-Wv. Chsb A[n-I-cn¨v IY cNn-¡p-t¼mÄ hfsc {i²n-t¡-­-Xp-­v. IY ]n¶oSv hmbn-¡-s¸-S-W-sa-¦n A\p-hm-NI\v ck-\o-b-am-Ip¶ Ft´m NneXv IqSn IcpXn shbvt¡-­-Xp-­v. AsÃ-¦n Ime-l-c-W-s¸«v t]mIp¶HmÀ¡q«vt]msebp-ff k¦Â¸-§-tfm-sSm¸w C¯cw IY-Ifpw t]mbva-dbpw.

II 18

samUyqÄ-þ3\mSIw

e¦m-e£van{ioI-WvT³ \mbÀ

aS-hqÀ.-F-kv.-\o-e-IWvT]n-f-f-bp-sSbpw ]c-hqÀ am[-hn-¡p«n A½-bp-sSbpw aI-\mbn 1928-þ BWv {ioI-WvT³ \mbÀ P\n- -Xv. hnZ-ymÀYn-bm-bn-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ Xs¶ k-zm-X-{ -y-k-a-c-¯n BIr-jvS-\mb At±lw 1948-þ AJn-te- ym hnZ-ymÀYn tIm¬{K-Ênsâ {]kn-U-­m-bn. tZi-_Ôp hmcn-I-bp-sSbpw tIc-f- q-j-W- n-tâbpw ]{Xm-[n-]-cm-bn-cp¶p. A¼-Xp-I-fn-emWv At±lw \mS-I-c-N\ Bcw- n- -Xv. At±-l- nsâ \mS-I-§sf {]l-\-k-z- m-h-ap-f-f-h,kmaq-ln-I-\m-S-I-§Ä, cmam-b-W-I-Ysb Bkv]-Z-am-¡n-bp-f-f-h, X\Xp \mSIw F¶n-§s\hnhn[ hn`m-K-§-fm-¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. A¶s¯ ae-bmf \mS-I-§Ä¡v mc-X- n-tâtbm tIc-f- n-tâtbm a®n thcp-I-fn-söv a\-Ên-em-¡nb At±lw Xsâ \mS-I-§-fn \mtSm-I-em-]m-c-¼-cyw IqSn k¶n-th-in- n-¡m³ {ian- p. Cusbmcp e£-y-t¯msS At±lw cNn¨ \mS-I-

amWv ‘Ien’. Ah-X-cWw e£-y-am-¡n-bmWv At±lw \mS-I-c-N-\-bn-teÀs¸-«-sX-¦nepw Ah-

bnse Imh-ym-ßI kw`m-j-W-§Ä DbÀ¶ kmln-X-y-aq-e-y-§Ä DÄs¡m-f-fp-¶-h-bm-Wv.

cmam-b-W-\m-S-I-{Xn-Xbw F¶ t]cn Adn-b-s¸-Sp¶ Im©-\-koX, kmtI-Xw, e¦m-e£van F¶n-h-bn-eq-sS-bmWv {ioI-WvT³\m-bÀ ae-bmf \mS-I-km-ln-X-y- n Nnc-{]-XnjvTt\Sn-b-Xv. 1961-þ Im©-\-ko-Xbpw 1975-þ kmtI-Xhpw 1976-þ e¦m-e-£vanbpw ]pd- p-h-¶p. ]pcm-W-I-Ym-]m-{X-§sf D]-Po-hn- p-­mb kmln-X-y-IrXnIfn-e-[n-Ihpw Imev]-\n-I-X-bpsS AXn- m-hp-I-X-z-ap-f-f-h-bm-bn-cp-¶p. ]n¡m-e¯v Fw.-Sn.bpw amcmcpw ]n.sI _me-Ir-jvW-\p-sams¡ CXn-lm-k-I-Ym-]m-{X-§Ä¡v am\p-jn-I- mhw \ÂIn Ah-X-cn- n-¡p-I-bp-­m-bn. {ioI-WvT³ \mbÀ C¯cw IYm-]m-{X-§sf AXp-e-y-]-cm-{I-an-I-fmbn A-h-X-cn- n-¡p-¶-tXm-sSm¸w am\p-jn-I-amb ZuÀ_-e-y-§Ä DNn-X-ambn Ah-cn hnf-¡n-t¨À¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. ]pcm-tW-Xn-lm-k-Im-c³amÀ Ah-K-W- -sX¶v tXm¶n-¡p¶ IYm-]m-{X-§-fpsS at\m-K-X-§fpw `mh-§-fp-amWv {ioI-WvT³ \mb-cpsS \mS-I-§Ä¡v angn-th-Ip-¶-Xv. {SmPnIv k¦-ev]-§-fpsS ]qÀ®-X-bmWv e¦m-e-£van-bpsS apJ-y-k-hn-ti-j-X.

]qÀhm¦w

e¦-bpsS {]th-i\ tKm]p-c-amWv cwKw. cm{Xn Hcp cm£-kn-bpsS cq]w Ah-y-à-ambn ImWmw. Ccp-fn-eqsS l\p-am³ IS-¶p-h-cp-¶p. l\p-amsâ {]l-c-taäv cm£kn \new]Xn-¡p-¶p. hoWn-S¯v \n¶v Fgp-t¶Â¡p¶ cm£-kn¡v kpµ-chpw Znh-y-hp-amb tZh-Xm-cq]w ssIh-cp-¶p. {_Òm-hnsâ im]-ta-ä-Xp-sIm-­mWv tZh-X-bmb X\n¡v cm£-kn-bpsScq]w ssIh¶v e¦-bpsS Imh-em-fmbn \nÂt¡-­n-h-¶Xv F¶pw, e¦m-e£van l\p-ams\

II 19

[cn- n-¡p-¶p. l\p-amsâ {]l-c- m X\n¡v im]-tam£w e`n- n-cn-¡p-¶p-sh¶pw e¦m-e£van l\p-ams\ [cn- n-¡p-¶p. l\p-am³ koXm-]-l-cW IYbpw Xsâ ZuX-yhpw hnh-cn-¡p-

¶p. l\p-am\v th­ \nÀt±-i-§fpw ap¶-dn-bn- p-I-fpw \ÂIn ‘Hcp bpK-k-Ôn¡v \nan- -amWv

\o’sb¶v HmÀ½n- n¨p sIm­v e¦m-e£van \µn-]qÀhw bm{X-bm-Ip-¶p.

e¦-bpsS sFi-z-c-y-amWv e¦m-e-£van. e¦ Akp-c-cm-P-[m-\n-bm-sW-¦nepw tZh-X-bmbe£van AhnsS A[n-h-kn-¡p-¶p. Hcp thf e¦m-e£van e¦-hn-s«m-gn-bp-¶-tXmsS e¦-bpsSaIp-S-§-fn B]- nsâ Idp¯ taL-§Ä Dcp­p IqSp-¶p. AXn \n¶mWv e¦m-e-£van-bnse \mS-I-_oPw apf-s]m-«p-¶-Xv.H¶m-a¦w

cmh-Wsâ k`m-a-WvU-]-amWv cwKw. cmh-Wsâ amXp-e-cmb hr²-\mb hncq-]m-£\pwa[-y-h-b-kvI-\mb kp]mÀvi-z-\pw, cmhW ktlm-Z-c³ Ipw -IÀWsâ ]p{X³ \nIpw- ³ (a-{´n),cmh-W-]p-{X³ C{µ-Pn- v, bphm-hmb AXn-Im-b³ F¶n-h-cpsS kw`m-j-W-§-fn-eq-sS-bmWvH¶m-a¦w hnI-kn-¡p-¶-Xv. e¦ ]Sp Ing-hn-bmbn XoÀ¶n-cn-¡p-¶p-sh¶v C{µ-Pn¯v Xpd-¶-Sn-¡p-¶p. aq¶p-tem-Ihpw Pbn¨ cmh-Wsâ sIm«m-c- n Hcp Im«p-Ip-c§v (l-\p-am³) \S-¯nb ]cm-{I-a-§-fn A£-a-\mWv AXn-Im-b³. \nIpw- \pw l\p-amsâ ]cm-{I-as¯ \nÊm-c-ambn Ah-K-Wn-¡p-¶n-Ã. cmh-Wsâ {]Xm-]-Im-es¯ AP-¿-X-bp-sSbpw sFi-z-c-y- n-sâbpwHmÀ½-I-fn A`n-c-an-¡p¶ hr²-\mb hncq-]m-£³ l\p-amsâ B{I-a-Ws¯ Imc-y-am-¡p-¶n-Ã. AXns\ A{X Kuc-h- n FSp-t¡-­-Xnà F¶mWv hncq-]m-£³ C{µ-Pn- m-Zn- bp-hm-¡sf D]-tZ-in-¡p-¶-Xv. ]­v kÀh-tem-Ihpw Iog-S¡n cmh-W\pw Iq«cpw e¦-bn-se- n-b-t¸mÄ A - -c-hÄ Ipw`o-\-knsb a[p-sh¶ cm£-k³ X«n-s¡m-­p-t]m-bXpw cm£-k-Ip-e-¯nÂs -«-Xp-sIm-­p-am{Xw a[p-hn\v cmh-W³ am v \ÂIn-bXpw hncq-]m-£³ HmÀ¡p-¶p. cmh-W\v kz´w hwi-t¯m-Sp-ff {]Xn-]¯n IYm-cw- - n Xs¶ CXn-eqsS \mS-I-Ir¯v kqNn- n-

¡p-¶p. ‘Dä-hÀ¡p-th­n F´p hn«p-ho-gvNbpw cmPmhv sN¿pw’ F¶v C{µ-Pn¯v hne-bn-cp-

¯p-¶p.Ipw`o-\-knsb X«n-s¡m-­p-t]m-b-Xp-t]mse \nÊm-c-aà e¦ Np«p-s]m-Sn¨ l\p-amsâ hc-

sh¶v \nIpw- ³ ho­pw ap¶-dn-bn¸p \ÂIp-¶p. ‘‘ZqXsâ (l-\p-am³) hncp-Xp-sIm-­q-ln¡mwi{Xp-hnsâ _ew’’ F¶mWv \nIpw- sâ A`n-{]m-bw. kp]mÀi-zsâ A`n-{]m-bhpw adn- -Ã.Xpd-¶p-]-dªv ‘Aip- - nsâ Icn-\n-gÂ’ cmh-Ws\ t_m[ys¸Sp- -W-sa¶v At±lw aäp-f-f-hsc D]-tZ-in-¡p-¶p.

ssIIkn ]p{X-\mb cmh-W³ e¦ hos­-Sp¯v hwis¯ c£n- -t¸mÄ XpW-bmbn\n¶ B HmÀ½-I-fpsS hoc-y- n Ct¸mgpw Ign-ªp-Iq-Sp¶ hncq-]m-£\v e¦bv¡v Aip`whcp-¶p-sh¶v kp]mÀi-z³ ]d-ªXv kln-¡m-\m-Ip-¶n-Ã. Bcpw B{I-an-¡m³ ss[cywImWn-¡m¯ e¦bv¡p t\sc Nnd-sI-«p¶ cma³ CjvS-]-Xv\nsb hos­-Sp-¡m-\p-ff t]mcn-\mWv Hcp-§p-¶-sX¶pw AXn\v GsXm-cp-h-t\bpw t]mse cma\pw Cc-«n-_-e-ap-­m-bn-cn-¡p-sa¶pw kp]mÀi-z³ ]d-bp-¶p. _men-h[w cmasâ iàn-¡p-ff sXfn-hm-sW¶pw \mwDWÀ¶p-X-s¶-bn-cn-¡-W-sa¶pw \nIpw- ³ ]d-bp-¶p. bp²-X{´w \ho-I-cn-¡-W-sa¶v Dd- -k-z-c- n C{µ-Pn¯pw {]Xn-I-cn-¡p-¶p. CXv tI«p-sIm-­p-h-cp¶ ]S-\m-b-I³ {]l-kvX³ (cm-h-Wsâ asämcp A½m-h³) C¡m-cyw AÑ-t\mSv t\cn«p Xs¶ ]d-bm³ cmh-W-]p-{X-t\mSv D]-tZ-in-¡p-¶p. e¦-bpsS Bbp[ hoc-y- nepw cm£-k-ho-c-y- nepw Bß-hn-i-zmkw Gsd-bp-ff{]l-kvX³ cmasâ a¬Nn-dsb IÂNn-d-sI«n {]Xn-tcm-[n-¡m-sa¶v ]d-bp-¶p. cmasâ a¬Nn-

II 20

dsb Ah-K-Wn-¡m³ C{µ-Pn¯v Hcp-¡-am-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. A\p-Iq-e-Øm-\¯v sI«n-bm a¬NndXs¶ e¦bv¡v oj-Wn-bmIpw F¶m-bn-cp¶p C{µ-Pn- nsâ A`n-{]m-bw.

bp²-X-{ -s¯- -än-bp-ff NÀ¨bv¡v X¿m-dm-hp¶ {]l-kvXs\ bp²-X{´w t]mse {][m-\-amWv e£-y-ip-²nbpw F¶v kp]mÀi-z³ HmÀ½-s -Sp- p-¶p. A\-ysâ mc-y-bv¡p-th-­n-bp-ff bp²w e¦bv¡v F§s\ `qj-W-amIpw F¶ kp]mÀizsâ tNmZy- n-\p-ap-¶n BZywGhcpw ]I-bv-¡p-¶p. {ItaW n¶-{]-Xn-I-c-W-§-fmbn AXv amdp-¶p. bp²w Hcp ioe-am-Wv.ImcWw CÃ. ImcWw Ah-iy-hp-anà F¶m-bn-cp¶p {]l-kvXsâ \ne-]m-Sv. Imc-W-h³amcpwt]c-¡n-Sm-§fpw AS-§nb Cu k -bn kv{Xo A]-l-cWw NÀ¨ sN¿p-¶Xv \¶Ã F¶mbnAXn-Im-b³. AXn-Im-bsâ A½ A]vk-c-Êmb [\y-am-enbpw A]-l-cn-¡-s¸-«-h-fm-sW¶pwAh-fpS aI-\mb AXn-Im-b³ aWvtUm-Z-cn-bpsS aI-s\m- w- bm-tXmcp Ipd-hp-an-ÃmsX Cc-«-s]ä Ipªp-§-sf-t¸m-se-bmWv hfÀ¶-sX¶pw hncq-]m-£³ Nq­n-Im-Wn-¡p-¶p. aWvtUm-Z-cnsbt¸mse amenbpw e¦bv¡v Ag-Im-Wv. sI«n-e-½-amsc Ipdn- p-ff Cu NÀ¨-IÄ C{µ-Pn-¯ns\ Akz-Ø-\m-¡p-¶p. AgIv FhnsS I­mepw Ic-p¯metbm AÃm-sXtbm ssIsIm-f-fp-¶Xv cm£-k-[À½-amWv F¶-Xm-bn-cp-¶p \nIpw- sâ \ne-]m-Sv. Ag-Ip-ff kv{XoIsf A]-l-cn-¡Â hwi-hn-I-k-\- n-\p-ff t]mwh-gnbpw [À½-hp-am-sW¶v hncq-]m-£³ IqSn-tNÀ¡p-¶p. hnI-k-\- n-tâbpw hn\m-i- n-tâbpw _oPw H¶p-X-s¶-bm-sW¶ adp-]Sn aäp-f-f-hÀ¡vFfp¸w Zln- n-Ã. A]-l-cn-¡-s¸« b£-In-¶-c,-tZh, am\h PmXn-¡m-cmb s]¬In-Sm-§Äe¦-bn s]cp-In-bm AXv hwi-k-¦-c- n\v CS-bm-¡p-sa¶pw cm£-k-hw-i- n\v ip²nbpwhocyhpw Ipd-ªv ]pXnsbmcp k¦-c-hwiw DS-se-Sp-¡p-sa-¶m-bn--cp-¶p kp]mÀiz³ Dt±-in- -Xv.henb Imc-W-h³am-cpsS þ amey-hm³, kpam-en, amen þ A½ KÔÀÆ-kv{Xo-bm-bn-cp-¶p. XsâAÑ-\mb cmh-W³t]mepw k¦-c-amWv F¶v C{µ-Pn v Nq­n-¡m-Wn-¡p-¶p. Ag-Ip-ff ]pcp-js\ tXSnb iqÀ¸-W-J-tbmSv e£va-W³ sNbvX {Iqc-Xbv¡v ]Icw tNmZn-¡m³ sN¶ Jc-±q-j-W-{Xn-in-cm-¡Ä sImÃ-s¸-«-Xnsâ {]Xn-Im-c-am-bmWv cmh-W³ koXsb A]-l-cn- -sX¶v{]l-kvX³ \ymbw Is­- p-¶p.

Cu NÀ -IÄ¡n-sS-bmWv k -bn-te¡v cmh-W³ {]th-in-¡p-¶-Xv. D]-h-\- n ]mÀ¸n-¨n-cn-¡p¶ cma-]-Xv\nsb sImÃ-W-sa¶ \nÀt±iw {]l-kvX³ apt¶m-«p-sh¨ \nanjw AXn-`o-I-c-amb i_vZ-t¯msS e¦-bpsS Xmgn-I-¡pSw HSnªp hoWp. cmh-W³ ]t£ Ipep-§p-¶n-Ã. abs\ hcp¯n \ne-hn-ep-­m-bn-cp-¶-Xnepw A[nIw Db-c-ap-ff Xmgn-I-¡psS kzÀ®-¯n Xs¶ \nÀ½n-¡m³ cmh-W³ D¯-c-hn-Sp-¶p.

hnjvWp-hnsâ Ah-Xm-c-amWv cma³ F¶ A`yqlw Cu Ah-k-c- n hncq-]m-£³cmh-Wsâ {i²-bn s]Sp- p-¶p. ]­v acp- sâ bmK-im-e-bn k¶n-ln-X-cm-bn-cp¶C{µ³, ba³, hcp-W³, ssh{i-h-W\³ apX-em-b-hÀ Xm³ Ahn-sS-sb- n-b-X-dnªv thjwamdn HmSn-c-£-s¸« IY-tbmÀ¯v cmh-W³ Nncn-¡p-¶p. Xs¶ shÃm³ hnjvWp t]mepwaSn¨p\n-¶Xv cmh-W³ HmÀ¡p-¶p. cmasâ apt¶-ä- nsâ ØnXn-b-dn-bm³ hn`o-j-Ws\hcp- m³ cmh-W³ Bh-iy-s¸-Sp-¶p.

hm\cssk\yw IS¨n-d-sI«n C¡-sc-sb- n-b-Xmbn {]l-kvX³ kqNn- n- p. Nmc-\mbimÀ±q-e³ cma-ssk-\y- nsâ \nP-Øn-Xn-sh-fn-s -Sp- p-¶p. hnÔym-New sXm«v sXt¡m-«p-ffhm\-c-ssk\yw apgp-h³ DÄs¸« kp{Ko-hsâ \mb-I-Xz-¯n-ep-ff ]S hfsc hep-Xm-Wv.t]mÀ¨«bpw an¶-en-f-¡p¶ hnÃpw [cn¨ cma-e-£va-W³amÀ kqcy-s\-t¸mse I®-©n- n-¡p-

II 21

¶p. Ah-cpsS ]¡Â \nc-h[n Znhym-bp-[-§Ä D­v. Ch-äsb t\cn-Sm³ D]m-b-an-Ãm-ªn-«mtWm koXsb sImÃm-\p-ff A`n-{]mbw Iq«- n \n¶p-bÀ¶-sX¶v cmh-W³ ]pÑ-t¯msStNmZn- p. C{µ-Pn- mWv B A`n-{]mbw D¶bn¨-sX-¶-dn-ª-t¸mÄ "]q¼mäsb Igp- n-dp¡nsImÃp-I-bm-WtÃm Ip«n-IÄ¡v IuXpIw' F¶mbn-cp¶p cmh-Wsâ {]Xn-I-c-Ww.

e¦-bpsS ]S \c- p-t]m-sb¶pw bp²-X{´w \ho-I-cn-¡-W-sa-¶p-ap-ff C{µ-Pn- nsâA`n-{]mbw {]l-kvX\pw hncq-]m-£\pw Ah-X-cn- n-¡m³ koXsb inc-ivtOZw sNbvXv cma-e-£va-W³amÀ¡p-ap-¼n sh¨m AhÀ AkvX-ho-cy-cmbn ]Xn-¡p-sa¶pw bp²w Ac-£WwsIm­-h-km-\n-¡p-sa¶pw C{µ-Pn- v ho­pw A`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-¶p. koXm-\n-{Klw cma-e-£va-W³am-cpsS hocyw Cc-«n-¸n-¡m-\mWv km[y-X-sb¶pw koXsb Xncn-t¨Â¸n-¡p-I-bmWvth­Xv F¶pw kp]mÀiz³ \nÀt±-in-¡p-¶p.

koXsb I¸w sImSp¯v cmh-W³ cmasâ kma- -\m-I-W-sa-¶mtWm ]dªp hcp-¶-sX¶v hncq-]m-£³ tNmZn-¡p-¶p. CXn-\p-ff cmh-Wsâ {]Xn-I-cWw Cu \mS-I- nsâaÀ½-am-Wv. koXm-]-l-cWw F¶ Ipäw sN¿p¶ cmh-Ws\ B Ipä- n \n¶p-]-cn-bmbnImWm³ \s½ t{]cn- n-¡p¶ \mS-Ir- nsâ D]m[n cmh-Wsâ \ymbo-I-c-W- n³ ImWmw.

""aqhp-e-I-§-fn Aaq-ey-ambn GsXm-¶p-t­m, AXv e¦-bn-ep-­m-h-Ww. tPjvT³ssh{i-h-Wsâ ]pjv]Iw \mw A]-l-cn- -Xv, B Znhy-hm-l\w e¦-bp-tS-Xm-hm-\mWv. {_Òm-hnsâ t]mÀ¨« e¦m-[n-]-\p-f-f-Xm-Wv. kZm-in-hsâ N{µ-lmkw e¦-bpsS Bbp-[- p-cbv¡vAe-¦m-cw. Ht¶ e¦bv¡v CÃm-Xp-f-fq þ Ima-t[-\p. hcpW temI- p-sh¨v \mw I­p,hnfn- p, h¶n-Ã. k½-X-an-ÃmsX h¶mepw ^e-an-Ãm- -Xn-\mÂ, \mw _em sIm­p-h-¶n-Ã. asäÃmw e¦-bv¡p-­v. kakvX kuµ-cy-§fpw ku`m-Ky-§fpw k¼Â{]u-Un-IfpwkoXbpw e¦-bv¡p-Xs¶ thWw. kv{XoPn-X-\à {ioPn-X-\mWv cmh-W³. {ioXzw hnf-§p¶FÃmw cmh-W³ t\Spw. e¦bv¡v AXv Ae-¦m-c-am-bn-cn-¡pw. cm£-k-hw-i- n\v CuSp-h-bv]m-bn-cn-¡pw''.

]n¶oSv hn`o-j-W\pw cmh-W\pw X½n-ep-ff kwhmZw H¶m-a-¦- nse Gähpw {][m-\-s¸« `mK-amWv. cmh-W-amÀKhpw hn`o-j-W-amÀKhpw X½n-ep-ff Gäp-ap-«Â IYm-K-Xn¡vIqSp-X angn-th-Ip-¶p. cma-]-£s¯ t\cn-Sm³ e¦-bpsS _ew t]mcmsX hcpw F¶vhn`o-j-W³ ap¶-dn-bn¸v \ÂIp-¶p. F¶m cmh-W\v e¦-bpsS _e- nepw Xsâ AP-¿-X-bpepw kwi-b-ap-­m-bn-cp-¶p-Ã. koXsb hn«p-sIm-Sp-¡m³ Xs¶-bmWv kp]mÀiz-s\-t¸msehn`o-j-W-sâbpw [Àt½m]-tZ-iw. F¶m t\Sn-b-sXm¶pw hn«p-sIm-Sp-¡m-\p-f-f-Xà F¶m-bn-cp¶p cmh-W-sâ- \n-e-]mSv. Xsâ PohnXw t\«-§-fp-tSXv am{X-am-bn-cp-¶p-sh¶v cmh-W³]dªpd- n-¡p-¶p. Xsâ t\«-§-sf-¡p-dn- p-ff cmh-Wsâ mjWw Bß-kvXp-Xn-bmbn Npcp-§p-¶n-Ã. AXnse hwtim-²m-cW XmÂ]cyw kz´w hwi-t¯m-Sp-ff kvt\lhpw cmh-W-\n kzmÀYX ImWm-\p-ff Bkzm-Z-I-cpsS {ia-§sf \nÀho-cy-am-¡p-¶p.

cmas\ t\cn-Sm³ X\n¡v iàn-bn-söpw koXsb hn«p-sIm-Sp- m GXm-ÚbpwXm³ kzoI-cn-¡m-sa¶pw hn`o-j-W³ ]d-bp-¶p. [À½w ssIhn« e¦bpw kXy-s¯-¡-­mÂCfn-¡p¶ cmj-k-Iq-«hpw s]mcpXn acn-¡m-\p-ff BZÀi§fmbn X\n¡v tXm¶p-¶n-sövhn`o-j-W³ Xpd-¶-Sn-¡p-¶p. ChnsS \n¶m A{]n-b-amb BÚ-IÄ kzoI-cn-t¡­n hcp-

II 22

sa-¶-Xp-sIm­v Xm³ e¦hnSp-¶p-sh¶v hn`o-j-W³ ]d-bp-¶p. cmPy-tamlw sIm­mWv hn`o-j-W³ cma-]£w tNcp-¶-sX¶v {]l-kvX³ Ipä-s -Sp- p-¶p. hn`o-j-W\v Imcm-{Klw \ÂIm³\nÀt±-in-¡p-¶p. kzP-\-§-fpsS c£-I-\mb Xm³ Ahsc in£n-¡m-\p-ff Icp¯v C\nbpwt\Sn-bn-«n-söv ]d-bp¶ cmh-W³ hn`o-j-Ws\ t]mIm-\-\p-h-Zn-¡p-¶p. cmh-Wsâ kzP-\-kvt\lw Xs¶-bmWv Chn-sSbpw {]I-S-am-Ip-¶-Xv.

A¦w c­vcmh-Wsâ k`maWvU-]- n hncq-]m-£\pw kp]mÀiz\pw X½n-ep-ff kw`m-j-W-

¯n-eq-sS-bm-Wv c­mw A¦w XpS-§p-¶-Xv. [p{am-£\pw {]l-kvX\pw bp²- n h[n-¡-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p. CX-dnª kp]mÀiz³ Zp:JnX\pw hncq-]m-£³ A£-a-\p-ambn ImW-s¸-Sp-¶p. hr²-\m-sW-¦nepw Xm³ tijn-sI-«-h-\-söpw cmPmRvP [n¡-cn¨pw Xm³ ]Sn-bn-d-§p-sa¶pw hncq-]m-£³ {]Jym-]n-¡p-¶p. e¦-bpsS XIÀ¨ ap³Iq«n I­ kp]mÀiz³ ac-W-¯nsâ {Kojvaw e¦-bn hoin-I-gn-ªn-cn-¡p-¶p-sh¶v Dd- n-¡p-¶p. Zp:JnX-\mb kp]mÀizs\Biz-kn- n-¡m³ hncq-]m-£³ {ian-¡p-¶p.

ac-W-s¸« ]S-\m-b-I³ {]l-kvXsâ hnÃpw XpWo-c-hp-ambn AXn-Im-b³ {]th-in-¡p-¶p. acW ka-b¯v {]l-kvX³ ]d-ª-X-\p-k-cn¨v hnÃpw XpWo-chpw {]l-kvXsâ tPyjvS-\mb kp]mÀiz\p \ÂIp-¶p. Imän Ce-I-sf-t¸mse e¦-bpsS ]X\w Hcp-an- m-sW¶vip`m-]vXn-hn-izmkw Xosc CÃmsX kp]mÀiz³ ]d-bp-¶p. ImcWw cmPm-hnsâ ]mÀiz-§-fn s]mcp-Xn-bn-cp¶ Xe-apd Ah-km-\n- n-cn-¡p-¶p. hncq-]m-£³ hr²-\m-Wv. Xm³ t]mcm-Sm³ Ign-hn-Ãm- -h\pw i{Xp-]£w tNÀ¶v cmh-Wsâ t\À¡v ]«kw Npgänb hn`o-j-Ws\¡pdn¨v AXn-Im-b³ ]pO-t¯m-sS-bmWv kwkm-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. ]S-bn N¯-hÀ ho­pwPohn-¡p-¶-XmWv Ct¸mÄ cmh-W-ssk-\y- n-\p-ff `oj-Wn. AXn\v cma-]-£s¯ klm-bn-¡p¶ Znhyu-j-[-§tfm Ah Xncn- -dn-bm-hp¶ sshZy-·mtcm e¦-bn-en-Ã. lna-h ]mÀiz-¯n hf-cp¶ Ahsb cm£-k, am\-h, b£, hm\c PmXn-bnÂs¸-«-hÀ kao-]n- m Ah`qav¡Sn-bn Hfn-¡p-sa¶pw cmh-Ws\ I­m Ah Bß-\miw hcp- n-tb-¡p-sa¶pwkp]mÀiz³ ]d-bp¶p. cmh-W³ aq¶p temIhpw Iog-S-¡n-b-Xv Huj[-§-fpsS klm-b-¯m-eà F¶v A£-a-\mb hncq-]m-£³ {]Jym-]n-¡p-¶p.

hn`o-j-Ws\ i{Xp-]-£-t¯¡v t]mIm-\-\p-h-Zn- -Xn C{µ-Pn¯pw AXn-Im-b\pw hncq-]m-£\pw Hcp-t]mse \ncm-i-cm-Wv. Bß-\m-i¯n\pff Bbp[w Adn-ªp-sIm­v Aѳi{Xp-]-£- n\v k½m-\n- -Xm-sW¶v AXn-Im-b³ Ipä-s]-Sp- p-¶p. _men-sb-sIm¶v kp{Ko-hs\ Injn-In-Ô-bnse cmPm-hm-¡nb AtX X{ -amWv hn`o-j-Wsâ Imcy-¯n cma³kzoI-cn-¡p-¶-sX¶v C{µ-Pn¯v \nco-£n-¡p-¶p. hn`o-j-W\v inc-tO-Z-amWv hn[n-t¡-­n-bn-cp-¶-sX¶v hncq-]m--£³ A`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-¶p. A -:]p-c- n Ct¸mgpw Ign-bp¶ hn`o-j-Wsâ `mcy kc-a--bpsS Xe-bmWv AXn-\p-ff {]Xn-hn-[n-sb¶v C{µ-Pn¯v ]d-bp-¶p. cmÚn-¸«w In\mhpw I­v A´:]pc- neqsS Cg-ªp-\-S-¡p¶ hnj- m-¼m-bmWv kc-asb C{µ-Pn¯v ImWp-¶-Xv. Cu Ah-k-c- n thZ-h-Xn-bpsS kv{Xoaqew B]- p-­m-Ip-sa¶ im]wkp]mÀiz³ HmÀ½n- n-¡p-¶p.

hn`o-j-W³ HmÀ¡m- p-d¯v Xsâ t\À¡v ]«kw Fdn-ªXp I­v Nn -bn-em­cmh-W³ tXÀX-«n XfÀ¶v \n¡p-¶p-sh¶ hnhcw imÀ±q-e³ [cn- n-¡p-¶p. C-Xp-tI«AXn-Im-b³ bp²-cw-K-t¯¡v HmSn-t¸m-Ip-¶p. XpSÀ¶v cmh-W³ {]th-in-¡p-¶p. cm£-k-ho-

II 23

cy-an-Ãm¯ IrI-emkw F¶v cmh-W³ hn`o-j-Ws\ Ipä-s¸-Sp- p-¶p. Hcp hwis¯ \in- n-¡m³ B hwi- nt\ Ignbq F¶pw hn`o-j-Wsâ XpW-bmWv cmasâ iàn-sb¶pw cmh-W³ \nco-£n-¡p-¶p. FÃm-h-tcbpw ]d-ª-b v cmh-W³ aWvtUm-Z-cn-bpsS ]cn-N-c-W- nÂhn{i-an-¡p-¶p.

A´:]pc- nse KqV-th-gvN-IÄ t]mepw Xt¶mSv Xpd-¶p-]-d-bp-am-bn-cp-¶n«pw koX-sb-¡p-dn¨v H¶pw ]d-ªn-ÃtÃm F¶v aWvtUm-Zcn Nq­n-¡m-Wn-¡p-¶p. koX ]Xn-{h-X-bm-sW¶pw Ahsf hn«-b- n-sÃ-¦n B]- p-h-cp-sa¶v Xm³ `b-¡p-¶p-sh¶pw aWvtUm-ZcnAdn-bn-¡p-¶p. Xos¸m-f-f-teäv ]nS-bp-t¼mÄ cmh-Wsâ A½bv¡pw CtX `bw D­m-bn-cp-¶p. AXv cmh-W-s\- [-cn- n-¡m³ aWvtUm-Zcnsb AhÀ Npa-X-e-s¸-Sp- n-bn-cp-¶p. CuAh-k-c- n cmh-Wsâ adp-]-Sn-bn \ncm-ibpw \nÊ-lm-b-Xbpw \ng-en-¡p-¶p-­v.

""\mw kml-N-cy-§-fpsS XS-h-d-bn-emWv. C\n \mw koXsb hn«-b- m ]S-bn tXmäp-sh-¶m-WÀ°w''.

AXn-Im-bsâ ac-W-hmÀ¯ Adn-bn- p-sIm­v kp]mÀiz³ IS-¶p-h-cp-¶p. cmh-W³ Zp:JnX-\m-Ip-¶p. AXn-Im-bsâ A½ [\y-am-ensb Biz-kn- n-¡m-\mbn aWvtUm-Z-cn- [rXn-bn t]mIp-¶p. Cu {]Xn-k-Ôn-bn cmhW\v Ipw`-IÀ®s\ DWÀt¯-­n-h-cp-¶p. Xs¶ t\ct¯DWÀ¯m- Xn Ipw`-IÀ®³ £p`n-X-\m-Ip-¶p. Xm³ Pohn- n-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ tPyjvT³Bscbpw b-t¡-­-Xn-söv {]Jym-]n¨v Ipw`-IÀ®³ bp²-cw-K-t¯¡v bm{X-bm-Ip¶p. Cuka-b v kp]m-iz-\p-am-bp-ff cmh-Wsâ kwhmZw Xsâ PohnXw ]mgvsN-e-hm-bn-t¸m-bn-cpt¶mF¶ Bß ]cn-tim-[-\bv¡v At±-ls¯ t{]cn- n-¡p-¶p. Ipw -IÀ®h[-t¯msS Xm³ IqSp-X GI-\mbn F¶ t_m[w cmh-Ws\ _m[n-¡p-¶p. XpSÀ¶v bp²w \bn¨v C{µ-Pn- nsâanI-hn hnP-b-In-cWw cmh-W³ kz]v\w ImWp-¶p. ap¶pw ]n¶pw CShpw hehpw t\m¡ns]mcp-Xm³ C{µ-Pn- ns\ A\p-{K-ln¨v bm{X-bm-¡p-¶p.

A¦w aq¶vC{µ-Pn- nsâ t]mcm-«hpw hncq-]m-£sâ bp²-{]-th-ihpw ]cm-{I-a\pw kp]mÀiz-

\n \n¶-dnª cmh-W³ kt´m-jn-¡p-¶p. F¶m e¦-bpsS Xmgn-I-¡pSw ]p\À\nÀ½n-¡m³ {]m]vXn-bp-ff inev]n-IÄ H¶-S¦w ]S-bn HSp§n F¶-dn-bp-t¼mÄ "A{Xbv¡v iq\y-amtbm e¦'? F¶m-bn-cp¶p cmh-Wsâ {]Xn-I-c-Ww.

Cu Ah-k-c- n-emWv amey-hm³ {]th-in-¡p-¶-Xv. bp²- n \n¶v cmh-Ws\]n³Xn-cn- n-¡m³ B htbm-[n-I³ BhXpw {ian-¡p-¶p. Xsâ hwi- nsâ DbÀ¨bpw]XÀ¨bpw A\p- -hn- -dn-ª-h-\mWv B Imc-W-hÀ. ame-hy-þ-cm-hW kwhm-Z- n cmj-k-hw-i- nsâ iànbpw ZuÀ_-ey-§Ä Hcp-t]mse shfn-s¸-Sp-¶p. A[À½w Gsd sNbvXp-s]m-b-Xp-sIm­v aqhp-eIpw cmh-W\v \ndsb i{Xp-¡Ä Df-fXv amey-hm³ Nq­n-¡m-«p-¶p.Ct¸mÄ bp²-aà kÔn-bm-Wm-h-iy-sa¶ At±lw \nÀt±-in-¡p-¶p.

C{µ-Pn- nsâ ac-W-t¯msS Xsâ ]X\w cmh-W³ ap³Iq«n ImWm³ XpS-§p-¶p.At±lw GXv \nan-jhpw IS-]p-gIn hogm-hp¶ h³a-c-ambn amdp-¶p. koXsb h[n-¡-W-sa¶ C{µ-Pn- nsâ \nÀt±iw HmÀ¯v cmh-W³ AXn\v apXn-cp-t¼mÄ aWvtUm-Zcn hne-¡p-¶p. iqÀ¸-W-J-bpsS amdnSw tOZn¨ cma-e-£va-W³am-sc-t¸mse Xcw-Xm-g-cp-sX¶v aWvtUm-Zcn HmÀ½n- n-¡p-¶p. cmh-W\v t\«-§Ä \ndª PohnXw hnZq-c-amb Hcp HmÀ½-bmbn A\p--h-s¸«v XpS-§p-¶p. Xncn- p-h-c-hn-\p-ff Ah-km\ {ia-sa¶ \nebv¡v \nIpw- n-e-bnse tlmaw

II 24

XpS-cm³ aWvtUm-Zcn \nÀt±-in-¡p-¶p. tlmaw apS-§p-Ibpw aWvtUm-Zcn AwK-Z-\m am\- w-K- n-\n-c-bm-hp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶-tXmsS Xsâ Zpc´w ]qÀ®-am-Ip-¶-Xmbn cmh-W\v t_m[y-s -Sp-¶p. ""\s½ i]n¨ s]®p-§-fpsS \m¡p en- n-cp-s¶-¦n Ft¶ \mw I_-Ô-\mbn \S-¡p-\m-bn-cp¶p'' F¶v im]s¯ Ah-K-Wn¨ cmh-W³ Hcp ho­p-hn-Nm-c- n\v apXn-cp-¶p. amey-hm³ ho­p-sa¯n [À½-]Xv\n aWvtUm-ZcnbpsS càw sIm­v Xne-I-a-Wn-bn¨v cmh-Ws\bp²-¡-f- n-te¡v þ Bk-¶-amb Zpc- - n-te¡v þ bm{X-bm-¡p-¶p.D -cm¦w

""ssiXyw IS-¶mepw ImWn-t\cw IqSn sabv InSp-§pw-t]mse hmXn¡ hnd-]q-­p-\n¡p¶'' koX Aán-ip-²-bmb e¦sb Xsâ `mK-ambn AwKo-I-cn-¡p-¶p. sh«n-Xn-f-§p¶ DZ-b- nepw GtXm \oena tijn-¡p-¶Xv AhÄ Adn-bp-¶p. kÀthm-]cn Xm³km£nbpw Imc-W-hp-am-bn-cp-¶p-sh¶v Xncn- -dn-bp-¶p. e¦-bpsS Aán-]-co£ Ah-km-\n-s¨-¦nepw koX-bpsS Aán-]-co£ _m¡n-bp-s­¶ kqN-\-tbm-sS-bmWv \mSIw Ah-km-\n-¡p-¶-Xv.

cmh-Wsâ Pohn-X- nse BËm-Z-§-tfbpw hnjm-Z-§-tfbpw cmh-Wsâ Xs¶ at\m-hr- n-bn-eqsS Bhn-jvI-cn-¡m-\mWv \mS-I-Ir¯v {ian- -Xv. \jvS-sa¶ hm¡p-t]mepw A{]n-b-am-bn-cp¶ e¦-\m-Ysâ a\-Ên `uXn-I-kp-J-Pm-e-§Ä Akz-Ø-X-bn-te¡v Hgp-In-t¨-cp-¶p-sh¶ kp]mÀizsâ hm¡p-IÄ Xd-¡p¶p. Xsâ PohnXw ]mgvsN-e-hm-bn-cpt¶m F¶vAt±lw kp]mÀiz-t\mSv tNmZn-¡p-¶p-­v. Iptd-¡qSn k¶n-Kv[X \ndª L«- n CtXtNmZyw atÞm-Z-cn-tbmSpw cmh-W³ BhÀ¯n-¡p-¶p-­v. ZpxJ- m-chpw t]dn im]-{K-kvX-cmbn Ae-bp¶ a\p-jysâ Zpc- -Po-hnXw Xs¶-bmWv e¦m-e-£van-bn {ioI-WvT³\m-bÀA]-{K-Yn-¡p-¶-Xv.

kµÀ`hpw Bi-bhpw hni-Z-am-¡pI

1. ZqX-sâ hncp-Xp-sIm-­q-ln¡mw i{Xp-hnsâ _ew.2. ]c-Zm-c-§Ä¡p-th-­n-bpÅ bp²w e¦bv¡v F§s\ ip²n-bp-Å-Xm-hpw.3. hnIm-k- n-tâbpw hn\m-i- n-tâbpw _oPw H¶p-X-s¶-bm-W-tÃm.-4. AÑs\¡m-Wp¶ kt´mjw atÞm-Z-cn-bv¡pap­mh-s«.5. ]q¼m-äsb Igp- n-dp-¡n-sIm-Ãp-I-bm-WtÃm Ip«n-IÄ¡v IuXp-Iw.6. AXp bp²-X-{ -a-Ã, X{ -bp-²-am-Wv. KXy- -c-an-sÃ-¦n {]tbm-Kn-¡mw.7. koXsb Iev]w sImSp¯p kma- -\m-IWw cmh-W³, AtÃ?8. AXv C{µn-b-tKm-N-ctam AtXm, A\y-I-ev]-\tbm?9. e¦-bv¡Xv Ae-¦m-c-am-Ipw, cm£-k-hw-i- n\v CuSp-h-bv]m-bn-cn-¡pw.10. \nXy-a-Ãm¯ P·- n AP-¿X AXnepw A\n-Xyw.11. cmPy-a{´w samgn-tb-­Xv Fsâ IS-a-bm-Wv.12. t\Sn-b-sXm¶pw hn«p-sIm-Sp-¡m-\p-Å-X-Ã.13. \mb-Isâ Nn -ip²n A\p-bm-bn-I-fpsS iàn-bm-Wv.14. A{]n-b-k-Xy-am-hp-t¼mÄ kzchpw ]cp-j-am-bn-tXm-¶pw.15. [À½w ssIhn« e¦bpw kXy-s¯-¡-­m Cfn-¡p¶ cm£-k-¡q-«hpw s]mcp-Xn-a-cn-

¡m-\pÅ BZÀi-§-fmbn F\n¡v tXm¶p-¶n-Ã.16. Fsâ am\-ZÞw Rm³ emfn-¡p¶ X¯z-§-fm-Wv. AXm-sWsâ aqey-hpw.17. ]qPm-]pjv]w F\n¡pw sIme-t¨mc At§bv¡pw IqSp-XÂ CW-§pw.

II 25

18. \mw kzP-\-§-fpsS c£-I-\mWv Ahsc in£n-¡m-\pÅ Icp¯v CXp-h-scbpw \mwt\Sn-bn-Ã.19. ac-W- nsâ {Kojvaw e¦-bn hoin-¡-gn-ªp.20. At¸mÄ Imän Ce-I-sf-t¸mse ]X\w Hcp-an- m-Wv.21. B cmPy-tam-lnsb ]e- Xp-­mbn No´n IS-en Fdn-tb-­-Xm-bn-cp-¶p.22. Bß-\m-i- n-\pÅ Bbp[w Adn-ªp-sIm­v Aѳ i{Xp-hn\v k½m-\n- -Xm-Wv.23. AtX X{´w e¦-bnepw {]tbm-Kn- -Xm-h-Ww.24. cmPy-X-{´hpw _ÔphmÕ-eyhpw c­m-sW¶v Adn-tb-­n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p.25. Hcp bp²- nepw lrZy-amb Cu A\p- hw D­m-bn-«n-Ã.26. Ah³ Bcp ]d-ªmepw tIÄ¡p-I-bn-Ã.27. Ah-s\- än IqSp-X tI«m ka-\ne sXäpw.28. \½psS PohnXw ]mgvsN-e-hm-bn-cpt¶m?29. hniz-tP-Xm-hmb cmh-Wsâ ]Ip-Xn-bmWv ASÀ¶p ]Xn- -Xv.30. A{Xbv¡v iq\y-amtbm e¦.31. HcmÄ¡p asäm-cmÄ ImheÃ. At§bv¡p A§p-Xs¶ ImhÂ. A§-bpsS iànbpw

A§p-X-s¶.32. e¦-bvs¡-s -¦nepw ip²n tijn-¡p-¶p-s­-¦n AXp RvPn-¡p-I.

D]-\ym-k-sa-gp-XpI

1. Hcp hyàn-bp-tS-sX-¶-Xn-t\-¡mÄ Hcp hÀK- nsâ ]pcm-W-am-bn-«mWv \mS-I-Ir¯ve¦m-e-£vansb k¦-ev]n- n-«p-Å-Xvþ hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-I.

2. cmh-Wsâ kz`m-h-Nn-{XWw F{X-t¯mfw kq£va-am-bmWv e¦m-e-£van-bn Ah-X-cn-¡-s¸-«n-«p-Å-sX¶v hne-bn-cp- p-I.

II 26

samUyqÄ-þ4

Ch³ Fsâ {]nb kn.sP.tdmkn tXmakv

{]ikvX \mSIIr v kn. sP. tXma-kn-s\-¡p-dn v At±-l- nsâ kl-[À½nWn tdmkntXmakv Fgp-Xnb Poh-N-cn-{X-amWv "Ch³ Fsâ {]nb kn.s-sP. hyh-Øm-]n-X-amb H¶n-t\mSpw s]mcp- -s -SmsX A\o-Xn-I-tfmSv \nc- cw Ie-ln- p-sIm-­n-cp¶ Hcp Iem-Im-c-\m-bn-cp¶p kn.-sP. F¶v Cu Poh-N-cn-{X- n tdmkn tXmakv HmÀ¡p-¶p.

tdmkn tXma-knsâ ]nXmhv Fw.-]n. t]mfn-sâ tImtf-Pn Cw¥ojv A[ym-]-I-\mbn h¶-t¸m-gmWv tdmkn BZy-ambn kn.sP sb ImWp-¶-Xv. saenªv Akm-[m-cW s]m¡hpw Ihn-fn-te¡v Hen- n-d-§p¶ IrXm-hp-ap-­m-bn-cp¶ kn.-sP.-bpsS apJ v sNdp- -¡m-csâ {]k-cnt¸mkt´m-jtam D­m-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. t]mÄkv tImtf-Pnse Ip«n-IÄ sNdp- -¡m-c-\mb kn.sP sb"sIm¨p-kmÀ' F¶m-bn-cp¶p hnfn- n-cp-¶-Xv. Hcp sIm¨p-Ip-«n-bpsS emL-h-t¯msS kn.sP sbImWp-Ibpw kwkm-cn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvX BZy-Im-e-s¯m¶pw kn.-sP. Hcp t{]a-_m-[-bmbn tdmkn-bn IS-¶p-Iq-Sn-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. ]Xnsb kn.sP bpsS tdmkn-tbm-SpÅ kzmX- yhpw A -Êpäs]cp-am-ähpw tdmkn CjvS-s -Sm³ XpS-§n. A¡m-e v kn.sP shdp-sX-bn-cn-¡p-¶Xv A]qÀh-amtb tdmkn I­n-«p-Åq. an¡-t¸mgpw Fgp-Xp-Itbm hmbn-¡p-Itbm Nn{Xw hc-¡p-ItbmsN¿p-I-bm-hpw. F³.-_n.-F-knsâ IhÀNn-{X-§-fpsS apgp-h³ Ip¯I A¶v kn.sP ¡mbn-cp-¶p. kn.sP sb¡p-dn¨v aäpÅhÀ ]d-ªp-­m-¡nb Hcp A]-hm-Z-¡Y tdmkn HmÀ¡p-¶p.kn.sP bpsS Xs¶ IpSpw_¯nse Hcp hn[-h-bpsS Ahn-ln-X-KÀ`- nsâ D¯-c-hm-ZnXzwkn.sP bn NmÀ¯n i{Xp-¡Ä {]N-cn- n¨ IY tdmkn-bpsS sNhn-bnepw F¯n. C¯cwIbv]pä A\p- -h-§-fmWv Ømbn-bmb Hcp hnjm-Zm-ß-IXzw At±-l- n \ng-en-¡m³ CS-bm-b-sX¶v tdmkn \nco-£n-¡p-¶p. Cu kw -h- nsâ \nP-ØnXn Adn-ª-Xn-\p-tijw tdmkn¡v\nc-]-cm-[n-bmb kn.sP tbmSpÅ kplr-Zv_-Ôhpw Kpcp- -ànbpw IqSp-X BÀ{Z-am-bn. kn.sPtbmSv thZ\IeÀ¶ Ft´m Hcp hnImcw tXm¶n¯pS-§n. sk]vXw-_À kvs]j ¢mkp-IÄXoÀ¶tijw kn.sP tIm«-b-t¯¡v aS-§n. Xm³ BZy-ambn kn.-sP.bv¡v Ab¨ I¯nÂA£-c-§-fp-­m-bn-cp-¶n-söv tdmkn HmÀ¡p-¶p. Hcp ]¨-¡p-Xn-csb \oe-¡-S-em-kn wKn-bmbn ]än- p-sh- -Xm-bn-cp¶p B I¯v.

]n¶oSv kn.-sP ho­pw N§-\m-tÈ-cn-bn-te¡v h¶-t¸mÄ an¡ kmbm-Ó-§-fnepw XsâA\p-P- n-tbm-sSm¸w tdmkn kn.-sP- bpsS Xmh-f-amb AÅ- md kµÀin-¡m-dp-­m-bn-cp-¶p. Nne Znh-k-§-fn ]{Xw hmbn-¡m\pw ]pkvX-I-sa-Sp-¡m-\p-ambn kn.sP tdmkn-bpsSho«n sN-Ãpw. B kµÀi-\-§Ä¡n-sS-bmWv kn.sP bpsS Ie-i-emb s]bnânwKv {`awtdmkn a\-Ên-em-¡p-¶-Xv. Ccp-h-cp-tSbpw {]Wbw ho«n henb FXnÀ¸p-I-fp-­m-¡n. kn.sPtbmSv henb aXn- p-­m-bn-cp-¶n«pw Pmam-Xm-hmbn At±-ls¯ k¦-ev]n-¡m³ Fw.-]n. t]mfn\vIgn-ªn-Ã. hmÕ-ey-\n-[n-I-fmb Xsâ amXm-]n-Xm-¡sf Cu t{]aw hÃmsX thZ-\n- n- p-sh¶v tdmkn HmÀ¡p-¶p. A[ym-]-I-\mbn h¶ Xm³ t]mÄkm-dnsâ aIsf X«n-sb-Sp¯pF¶ A]-cm-[-t_m[w kn.sP bv¡pap-­m-bn-cp-¶p.

]nXm-hnsâ k½À±- n kn.sP ¡v ]ptcm-ln-X-\m-tI-­n-h-¶Xpw ]n¶oSv kn.sPXs¶ ]ptcm-ln-X-¡p- mbw hen- p-Io-dp-Ibpw sNbvX ck-I-c-amb IY tdmkn HmÀ¡p-¶p.bmt¡m-_mb kap-Zm-b- nse DXvIr-jvS-\mb Hcp ]ptcm-ln-X-\m-¡m³th­n sNdp¸w apXte

II 27

kpdn-bm\n ]Tn- n- p. ]t£ kn.sP bv¡v ]ptcm-ln-X-\m-hm³ CjvS-a-Ãm-bn-cp-¶p. F¶m-eXv]nXm-hn-t\mSv Xpd-¶p-]-d-bm-\pÅ ss[cy-hp-ap-­m-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. sim½m-ȳ (]p-tcm-ln-X³)B¡m-\pÅ IÀ½- n\v sIm­p-t]m-Ip-¶-Xnsâ Xte-¶mÄ Bß-l-Xy-sb-¡p-dn- p-hsc kn.-sP. Nn´n- p. ]ptcm-ln-X-¡p- m-b-¡msc tImtf-Pn s]mXpsh ]cn-lm-k-am-bn-cp-¶-Xp-sIm­vkn.sP bpsS tImtfPv hnZym- ymkw Xmdp-am-dm-bn. kn.-sP. ]ptcm-ln-X-¡p- mbw Ducm³Xs¶ Xocp-am-\n- p. bYm-Øn-Xn-IÀ s\än Npfn- p. Ip¸m-b-aq-cn-sb-¦nepw kn.sP bpsS ho«p-ImÀ At±-ls¯ "sN½m- ³' F¶ hnfn XpSÀ¶p. ho«pIm-cpsS FXnÀ¸v cq£-am-b-t¸mÄkn.sP bnÂ\n¶v AI-em³ {ian¨v tdmkn Ipsd-\mÄ I¯p-IÄ t]mepw Ab- n-Ã. ]t£kn.sP bpsS \odp¶ I¯p-IÄ tdmkn¡v h¶p-sIm-t­-bn-cp-¶p. B ka-b¯v tdmknBeph bp.-kn. tImtf-Pn ]Tn-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. Hcp Znhkw kn.sP bpsS A½-bpsS ac-W-hmÀ¯ Adn-bn- p-sIm-­pÅ ImÀUv h¶p. B A½bv¡v Xs¶-Im-Wm³ Gsd B{K-l-ap-­m-bn-cp-¶p-sh¶pw Xsâ I¯pw t^mt«mbpw X¡w- t\m¡n A½ hmbn-¡mdpw ImWm-dp-ap-­m-bn-cp-¶p-sh¶v ]n¶oSv tdmkn aäp-Å-h-cn \n¶-dn-ªp.

kn.sP bv¡v \sÃmcp tPmen-bp-­m-bn-cp-s¶-¦n ho«p-Im-cpsS FXnÀ¸pw {]iv\-§-fp-sams¡ Ipsd XoÀ¶p-In-«p-sa¶v tdmkn¡v tXm¶n. Fw.F bv¡v tNÀ¶v ]Tn v Ønc-amb HcptPmen k¼m-Zn-¡m³ tdmkn kn.sP sb D]-tZ-in- p. a{Zm-kn Fw.enän\p tNÀ¶p ]Tn-¡m³kn.sP Xocp-am-\n- p. Iq¯m-«p-Ip-fs¯ Hcp N -bn-epÅ Hcp ]oSnI ]W-b-sa-gpXn Bbncwcq]bpw hm§n kn.sP a{Zm-kn-te¡v Xncn- p. {]kn-U³kn tImtf-Pn {]th-i-\- n\v Aev]wssIa-Wn-bpsS Bh-iy-ap-­m-bn-cp-¶p. kn.sP AXn\p X¿m-dm-ImsX ]T-\-tam-l-ap-t]-£n- p.A¡m-e- mWv kn.sP Fw. tKmhn-µs\ ]cn-N-b-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. Fw. tKmhn-µ³ sIbÀ Hm^n-em-bn-cp-¶p. kn.sP bpsS a{Zm-knse taÂhn-em-kw. D¶-X-hn-Zym- ym-k- n\v a{Zm-kn t]mbkn.sP bv¡v tKmhn-µ³ F¶ BßmÀ° kplr- ns\ In«n-b-Xp-am{Xw an¨w. A¡m-e¯vPb-tI-c-f-bnÂh¶ At±-l- nsâ teJ-\-§Ä tdmkn hmbn-¡p-am-bn-cp-¶p. an¡Xpw \ninXhnaÀi-\-§-fm-bn-cp-¶p-sh¶v tdmkn HmÀ¡p-¶p.

tdmkn-bpsS ho«nÂsh¨v amXm-]n-Xm-¡-fp-Å-t¸mÄ am{Xta Ccp-hcpw I­p-ap-«m-dp-­m-bn-cp-¶p-Åq. bp.-kn. tImtf-Pn tNÀ¶-Xn-\p-tijw amk-§-fmbn kn.sP sb I­n-cp-¶n-Ã.F§-s\bpw H¶p ImW-W-sa¶v tdmkn kn.sP bvs¡gp-Xn. X§Ä Fd-Wm-Ip-f¯v ta{SsâIqsS tjm¸nw-Kn\v hcp-¶p-s­¶pw sP«n-¡-Sp- pÅ _jo-dnsâ _p¡vÌmfn kn.sP sbI­n-sÃ-¦n t\sc Imb-en-te-s¡-Sp- p-Nm-Sp-sa¶pw oj-Wn-s -Sp¯n tdmkn-sb-gp-Xn. tdmkn-bpsS t{]a-IY ta{S\pw Iq«p-Im-cn-IÄ¡pw Adn-bm-am-bn-cp-¶p. "\n§sfm¶p kwkm-cn-s¨¶pIcpXn temIw CSnªp hogp-I-sbm-¶p-an-sÃ-¶m-bn-cp¶p ta{Ssâ \ne-]m-Sv. kn.sP ka-b¯pXs¶ h¶n-cp-¶p. kn.sP ¡v CjvS-s¸« ]¨-km-cn-bmWv tdmkn DSp- n-cp-¶-Xv. HuNn-Xy-t_m-[-apÅ ta{S\v Ahsc ko hyq tlm«-en t]mbn DuWp-I-gn-¡m³ A\p-h-Zn- p.ImWp-¶-hÀ ImWs« F¶ `mh- n A¶v kn.sP bvs¡m¸w kss[cyw ^qSv]m- n-eqsSsRfn-ªp-\-S-¶Xv tdmkn Xam-i-tbmsS HmÀ¡p-¶p. kzIm-cy-ambn D®m-\m-bn-cp¶p tdmkn-bpsS B{K-l-sa-¦nepw s]mXp-lm-fn-en-cn-¡m-\mWv kn.sP XmÂ]cyw ImWn- -Xv. Btcm]dªv CXv tdmkn-bpsS ho«n-e-dn-ªp. Xm³ Fgp-Xn-bn-«mWv kn.sP Fd-Wm-Ip-f¯v h¶-sX¶v tdmkn A½-tbmSv ]d-ªp.

II 28

{]Ir-Xn¡v sImSp-¡pIZbm-_mbn

at[y´y-bnse BZna tKm{X-hn- m-K-¡m-cpsS D¶-a-\- n\v th­n {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶ ae-bm-fn-bmb kmaq-ly-{]-hÀ¯-I-bmWv Zbm-_mbn F¶ t]cn {]i-kvX-bmb tagvkn amXyp.a[y-{]-tZ-inse DÄ\m-S³ BZn-hmkn {Kmao-W-cpsS Pohn-X- n kaq-e-]-cn-hÀ¯\w krjvSn-¡m³ Zbm-_mbn¡v km[n- n-«p-­v. _olmÀ, lcn-bm-\, a[y-{]-tZ-iv, alm-cm-jv{S. ]Ýn-a-_w-KmÄ F¶n-hn-S-§-fnse tKm{X-hn- m-K-¡m-cpsS Ah-Im-i-§Ä¡p-th­n AhÀ \S- nb Hä-bmÄ t]mcm-«-§Ä temI-{i² t\Sn-bn-«p-­v.

{]Ir-Xn¡v sImSp-¡pI F¶ teJ-\- n Zbm-_mbn a®p-kw-c-£-W-¯n-tâbpwPe-kw-c-£-W- n-tâbpw {]mtbm-Kn-I-]m-T-§Ä ]¦p-sh-bv¡p-¶p. cmk-h-f-Io-S-\m-in\n {]tbm-K-§-fn-eqsS hnj-en-]vXhpw Xcn-ip-am-bn-Xo-cp¶ a®v kwc-£n-t¡-­-Xnsâ Bh-iy-I-X-bn-te¡v Ah³ hnc Np­p-¶p.

BZn-hm-kn-IÄ¡n-S-bn \oÀ¯-S-kw-c-£-W- n\v ]c-¼-cm-K-X-amb coXn-I-fp-­m-bn-cp-¶p. Pe-e- yX t\m¡n-bmWv Ah-cpsS "_kvXn-'IÄ cq]w sIm­-Xv. a®pw Pehpw kwc-£n-¡m-\pÅ {]Ir-Xn-]m-T-§Ä B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS Ips¯m-gp-¡n BZn-hm-kn-IÄ¡vssItamiw h¶p. a[y-{]-tZ-inse _dqÄ {Kma- nse a®pw cmk-h-f-§Ä apdn-th¸n¨vXcn-imbn XpS-§n-bn-cp-¶p. alp-hm, ANmÀ, Nntcm©n XpS-§nb GXm\pw hr£-§Ä am{X-amWv Ahn-sS-bp-­m-bn-cp-¶-Xv. ag-¡m-e¯v a®n DuÀ¶n-d-§msX shÅw Ip¯n-sbm-gpIn t]mIp-I-bm-bn-cp¶p ]Xn-hv.

a®v kwc-£n-¡m³ agsb a®n-en-cp-¯m-\m-bn-cp¶p Zbm-_m-bn-bpsS BZy-{i-aw.`qansb X«p-I-fm¡n. AXn-cp-I-fn apfw-ssX-IÄ sh¨p-]n-Sn- n- p. ag-¡p-gn-IÄ Ipgn- p. Irjn-bn-d-¡n-b-t¸mÄ If-Isf I¯n- p-I-f-bmsX a®nÂXs¶ \nt£-]n- p. AXn-cnse ]SÀ¸p-Isf AtX ]Sn \ne-\nÀ¯n Nne ]pÃn-\-§Ä IqSn AXn-cp-I-fn sh¨p-]n-Sn- n- p. CXv a®vHen- p-t]m-hm-Xn-cn-¡m³ klm-bn- p. Irjnsb ssPh-]-c-amb Hcp IÀ½-am¡n XoÀ¡p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p AhÀ.

a¡bpw s\Ãp-amWv BZyw Irjn sNbvX-Xv. sImbvX hnf-bpsS X­pw IpänbpwHmtcm Ce-Ifpw I¯n- p-I-f-bmsX a®nÂXs¶ Aen-bm-\n-«p. NmW-I- n-\p-th­n ]ip-¡sf hfÀ¯n. a®nc It¼mÌv D]-tbm-Kn- p. \mep-hÀjs¯ £a-tbm-sS-bpÅ ]cn-N-c-W- n-eqsS hc-­p-W§n ImW-s¸-«n-cp¶ B qan DÀÆ-c-am-bn. Pe-t{km-X-Êp-IÄ¡v Poh³h¶p. C¶v Cu `qan-bn ]g-§fpw ]¨-¡-dn-Ifpw Ing-§p-Ifpw kpe- -am-Wv. cmk-h-f-ap-]-tbm-Kn¨v tami-amb a®n ssPh-Irjn ]co-£n-¡p-t¼mÄ BZy-amZyw Imcy-amb hnfhvIn«p-I-bn-Ã. CXmWv IÀj-Isc ssPh-Ir-jn-bn \n¶-I-äp-¶-Xv. F¶m ]Xps¡ Xsâ{Kma-hm-kn-IÄ cmk-hfw Dt]-£n¨v kzm`m-hnI Irjn-coXn kzoI-cn-¨p-sh¶v Zbm-_mbnkm£y-s -Sp- p-¶p.

]m«p-I-fn-eq-sSbpw \mS-I-§-fn-eq-sSbpw a®p kwc-£-W- n-tâbpw Pe-kw-c-£-W- n-tâbpw {]Ir-Xn-]mT§Ä AhÀ tKm{X-hÀK-{Km-a-§-fn ]IÀ¶p-\ÂIn. Xsâ qan-bn AhÀ\nc-h[n Huj-[-k-ky-§fpw sh¨p-]n-Sn- n- p. Ah-cpsS qan-bpsS ap¶n-eqsS IS-¶p-t]m-Ip-¶-hÀ¡v NqSp-Im-e¡pw IpfnÀa A\p- -h-s¸-Sp-¶p. hc­ a®ns\ IpfnÀa-tb-dnb hnf- q-an-bmbn]cn-hÀ¯n- n-¡m³ AhÀ sNbvXXv a®ns\ {]Ir-Xn¡v Xncn- p-sIm-Sp-¡pI F¶ efn-X-ambImcy-am-bn-cp¶p AhÀ sNbvX-Xv.

II 29

Fgp- nsâ CuänÃwefn-Xmw-_nI A´ÀP\w

sImÃs¯ ]p\-eq-cnse Hcp bmYm-Øn-XnI \¼q-Xncn IpSpw-_- n 1909 emWv efn-Xmw-_nI A´ÀÖ\w P\n-¨-Xv. ]cn-an-X-amb Hu]-Nm-cnI hnZym- ymkw am{Xw kn²n¨A´ÀP\w kz{]-b-Xv\- m hmb-\-bp-tSbpw Fgp- n-tâbpw temIw Iog-S-¡n. \¼q-Xncnkv{XoI-fpsS ]Xn-Xm-h-Ø-bn a\kv s\m´ AhÀ¡v Fgp- n-eq-sS-bpÅ kmaq-ly-]-cn-jv¡-c-W-{i-a-§Ä¡v {]tNm-Z-\-am-bXv tbmK-t£-a-k- -bpsS {]hÀ¯-\-§-fm-Wv. tI{µ-þ-tI-c-f-km-ln-Xy-A-¡m-Zan AhmÀUp-IÄ t\Snb "Aán-km£n' F¶ t\mh-emWv Ah-cpsSGähpw {]i-kvX-amb IrXn. "Bß-I-Y-bvs¡m-cm-apJw' F¶ Ah-cpsS Bß-IY BZy-Ime \¼q-Xn-cn-k-ap-Zm-b- nsâ Pohn-X- n-te¡v shfn¨w hoip¶ ià-amb IrXn-bm-Wv.

FÃm-h-cp-sSbpw Pohn-X- n hgn- n-cnhv krjvSn-¡p¶ AÚm-X-amb iàn-hn-tijwXs¶-bmWv Xs¶bpw Fgp- p-Im-cn-bm-¡n-b-sX¶v efn-Xmw-_nI A´ÀP\w HmÀ¡p-¶p. P·-hm-k-\-bp-s­-¦n t]mepw Imew A\p-Iq-en- n-sÃ-¦n Hcp Fgp- p-Im-c\pw hnI-kn-¡p-¶n-Ã. Fgp- p-ImÀ¡v th­Xv kzmX-{´y-amWv; F´pw [n¡-cn-¡m-\pÅ kzmX{´yw. CukzmX{´yw X\n¡v k½m-\n- Xv kz´w `À¯m-hm-sW¶v AhÀ \µn-tbmsS kvacn¡p¶p.AÑ-\p-a-½-bpw hmb-\sb t{]mÕm-ln- n- n-cp-¶p. F¶m kmln-Xy-hm-k-\-sb, Fgp- ns\FXnÀ¯p-an-Ã, t{]mÕm-ln- n¨-Xp-an-Ã.

Xsâ kÀKm-ß-IX aln-fm-am-kn-I-IÄ¡pÅ \pÅp-\p-dp-§p-I-fpsS Fgp- n HXp¡n\nÀ¯nb Ime- mWv \¼q-Xncn kap-Zm-b- n \thm-°m-\- nsâ Imäp-hoin XpS-§n-b-Xv. hn.-Sn.-bpsS "ASp-¡-f-bnÂ\n¶v Ac-§-t¯¡v' F¶ \mSIw kv{XoI-fpsS hntam-N-\-]m-Xn-bn-te¡v shfn¨w hoin. CXv kap-Zm-b- n kaq-e-]-cn-hÀ¯-\- n-\pÅ \mµn-Ip-dn- p.Cu {ia-§Ä¡v {io.-a-¶¯p ]ß-\m- ³ \ÂIn-t]m¶ ]n´pW A´ÀP\w HmÀ½n-¡p-¶p.a¶- nsâ BZÀi-[o-c-Xbpw {Im -ZÀin-Xzhpw ktlm-Z-c-k-ap-Zm-b-t¯m-SpÅ klm-\p- q-Xnbpw Xsâ Pohn-X- n-tâbpw KXn-Xn-cn- p-hn-s«¶v AhÀ km£y-s¸-Sp- p-¶p.

\¼q-Xncn kv{XoIÄ Hcp Ime¯v A\p- -hn- n-cp¶ ]Xn-Xm-hØ efn-Xmw-_nI A -ÀP\w Xpd-¶p-Im-«p-¶p. AhÀ¡v \ho\ hnZym- ymkw \ntj-[n-¡-s¸-«n-cp-¶p. EXp-a-Xn-I-fm-bm A´x-]p-c¯v ]pdw-tem-I-_-Ô-an-ÃmsX Ign-bm³ AhÀ hn[n-¡-s¸-«p. hÃ-t¸mgpw]pd- n-d-§p-t¼m-gm-Is« Hme-¡p-S-bp-tSbpw tNe- p-X- n-tâbpw XpW-bm-fp-I-fp-tSbpw he-b-¯n AhÀ izmkw ap«n. ]e-tcbpw \nÊm-c-Ip-ä- n\v kvamÀ¯-hn-Nmcw \S¯n {`jvS-I-fm-¡n.

bph-P-\-kwLw Ah-X-cn- n¨ \mS-I-§-fn-eqsS \¼q-Xn-cn-kv{Xo-I-fpsS bYmÀ°-ambPohnXw I­v aäp kap-Zm-b-¡mÀ¡qSn I®oÀ s]mgn- p-h-t{X. Cu Ne\w A´x-]p-c-kv{Xo-I-fnepw ]SÀ¶p. ]mÀhXo s\·o-\n-aw-K-e- n-tâbpw Bcy-]-Å- n-tâbpw t\Xr-Xz- nÂXr¯m-e-bnÂsh- p-\-S¶ bph-P-\-k-am-P- n-te¡v Btd-gp-bp-h-Xn-IÄ \nÀ`bw IS-¶p-h-¶p.Cu ]cn-jvI-c-W-{i-as¯ BZyw ssI\o«n kzoI-cn¨v A`n-\-µn- Xv a¶¯p ]ß-\m- -\m-bn-cp-¶p. AtXa«n-epÅ Hcp kzoI-c-W-amWv Xt¶bpw hnap-à-bm-¡n-b-sX¶v A -ÀP\w HmÀ¡p-¶p.

amth-en-¡-c-bn sh v \S-¡p¶ \mbÀ kt½-f-\- n tLmj _ln-jvI-cn¨ A´ÀP-\-§Ä¡v kzoI-cWw \ÂIm³ a¶¯v ]ß-\m- ³ Xocp-am-\n- p. A´ÀP-\-k-am-Pmw-K-§ÄGsd kt´m-j-t¯msSbmWv B hmÀ¯ kzoI-cn- -Xv. IpSbpw ]pX- p-an-ÃmsX Pohn-X- n-sem-cn-¡epw AhÀ ]pd- n-d-§n-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. IpSpw-_-_-Ô-§-fpsS ]ncn-ap-dp-¡hpw bmYm-Øn-

II 30

Xn-I-cpsS FXnÀ¸pw, {`jvS-cm-bn-t¸m-Ip-tam-sb¶ bhpw XS-Ê-am-bn-cp-¶p. c­pw Iev]n v amth-en-¡c kt½-f-\- n ]s¦-Sp-¡m³Xs¶ AhÀ Xocp-am-\n- p. ASp- pÅ alm-t£-{X- nÂt]mIp¶p F¶ \mSy- n-emWv ho«n \n¶n-d-§n-b-Xv. _kvÌmânse- n-b-t¸mÄ IpS Zqsc-sb-dn-ªp. kmcn-bm-bn-cp¶p thjw. tbmK-Ø-e¯v A{]-Xo-£n-X-ambn F¯n-s¸« A´ÀP-\-§-sf -I­v a¶¯p ]ß-\m- ³ AÛp-X-]-c-X-{ -\m-bn-t¸m-bn.

amth-en-¡c aoänwKv Ignªv ho«n-se- n-b-t¸mÄ ØnXn-K-Xn-IÄ Ipg-ªp-a-d-ªn-cp-¶p. Aѳ Kuc-h-]qÀÆw ]p©n-cn-s¨-¦nepw A½ Xe-XÃn Ic-ªp. IpSpw-_- nse ]cn-jvIm-cn-I-sf¶v \Sn- n-cp¶ A]v^³amÀt]mepw Ahsc kzoI-cn-¡m³ X¿m-dm-bn-Ã. ]nXm-hnsâ {im²- n\v AÑ-t\m-sSm¸w D®msX AhÀ Cd-§n-t¸m-bn. À¯r-Kr-l- nse FXnÀ vIqSp-X ISp- -Xm-bn-cp-¶p. Cu ]ncn-ap-dp-¡- nsâ Ak-ly-X-bn \ns¶m-gn-bm³ hoSp-am-dm-\pÅ B{Klw A´ÀP\w AÑs\ Adn-bn- p. Aѳ AhÀ¡v CÃ- p-\n¶pw GsdAI-se-b-ÃmsX Hcp hoSp ]Wn-Xp-\ÂIn. "`mkvI-c-hn-emkw' F¶ B ho«n \nÀ`-b-bmbnPmXn-a-X-t`-Z-at\y \nc-h[n kplr- p-¡Ä¡v BXn-Yy-a-cp-fnb B Ime- mWv X¶nse Fgp-¯p-Imcn ]qÀW-hn-Imkw {]m]n- -sX¶v A´ÀÖ\w HmÀ¡p-¶p.