-
7/29/2019 Wahhabi
1/9
Wahhabi
Wahhabi (Arabic: Al-Wahhbyya ) orWahhabism was a reformist
movementofSunni Islam attributed to Muhammad ibn Abd-al-Wahhab, an
18th centuryscholar
from what is today known as Saudi Arabia, who advocated a return
to the practices ofthe first three generations ofIslamic history.
It was initiated to purge Islam ofinnovations and practices
considered to beshirkby the leaders of Wahhabiyyamovement.
Wahhabism has predominantly influenced Saudi Arabia where people
mainly followHanbali school of jurisprudence.[1] It is often
referred to as a "sect"[1] or "branch"[2] ofIslam, though both its
supporters and its opponents[3] reject such designations. It
hasdeveloped considerable influence in theMuslim world through the
funding ofmosques, schools and other means from Persian Gulfoil
wealth.[4]
The primary doctrine of Wahhabi is Tawhid, or the uniqueness and
unity ofGod.[5]Ibn Abdul Wahhab was influenced by the writings
ofIbn Taymiyya a HanbaliJuristand questioned medieval
interpretations of Islam, claiming to rely on the Qur'an andthe
Hadith.[5] He preached against a "perceived moral decline and
political weakness"in the Arabian Peninsulaand condemned idolatry,
the popular cult of saints, andshrine and tomb visitation.[5]
The term "Wahhabi" (Wahhbya) was first used by opponents of ibn
Abdul Wahhab.[2] It is considered derogatory by the people it is
used to describe, who prefer to becalled "unitarians"
(Muwahiddun).[6][7]
The terms "Wahhabi", "Salafi" (and also sometimes Ahle Hadith)
are often usedinterchangeably, but Wahhabi has also been called "a
particular orientation withinSalafism", [2] an orientation some
consider ultra-conservative. [8][9]
Contents
1 Historyo 1.1 Muhammad ibn Abd-al-Wahhabo 1.2 Saudi
sponsorship
2 Beliefso 2.1 Fiqh
3 Criticism and controversyo 3.1 Naming controversy: Wahhabism
and Salafismo 3.2 Criticism by other Muslimso 3.3 Attitudes towards
Non-Muslimso 3.4 Osama Bin Laden
4 International influenceo 4.1 Explanation for influence
5 Notes 6 References
7 Additional reading
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_Islamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd-al-Wahhabhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_centuryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_centuryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_brancheshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Gulf#Oil_and_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Gulf#Oil_and_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawhidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyyahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanbalihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanbalihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qur'anhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadithhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadithhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Peninsulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Peninsulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idolatryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idolatryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahhabismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salafihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahle_Hadithhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_Islamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd-al-Wahhabhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_centuryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_brancheshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Gulf#Oil_and_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawhidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyyahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanbalihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qur'anhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadithhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Peninsulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idolatryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahhabismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salafihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahle_Hadith
-
7/29/2019 Wahhabi
2/9
8 External links
o 8.1 Critical
History
Muhammad ibn Abd-al-Wahhab
The preacher after whom Wahhabism is named, Mohammad Ibn 'Abd
al-Wahhab,studied in Basra(in southern Iraq) and is reported to
have developed his ideas there.[10][11] He is reported to have
studied inMecca and Medina while there to perform Hajj[12][13]
before returning to his home town of'Uyayna in 1740.
After his return to 'Uyayna, Ibn Abd al-Wahhab began to attract
followers there,including the ruler of the town, Uthman ibn
Mu'ammar. With Ibn Mu'ammar'ssupport, Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab began to
implement some of his ideas such as levelingthe grave ofZayd ibn
al-Khattab, one of the Sahaba (companions) of the Islamic
prophetMuhammad, and ordering that an adulteress be stoned to
death. These actionswere disapproved of by Sulaiman ibn Muhammad
ibn Ghurayr of the tribe ofBaniKhalid, the chief ofAl-Hasaand
Qatif, who held substantial influence inNejdand ibn'Abd al-Wahhab
was expelled from 'Uyayna.[14]
Ibn Abd al-Wahhab was invited to settle in neighboring Diriyah
by its ruler
Muhammad ibn Saudin 1740 (1157 AH), two of whose brothers had
been students ofIbn Abd al-Wahhab. Upon arriving in Diriyya, a pact
was made between Ibn Saud andIbn Abd al-Wahhab, by which Ibn Saud
pledged to implement and enforce Ibn Abdal-Wahhab's teachings,
whileIbn Saud and his family would remain the temporal"leaders" of
the movement.
Saudi sponsorship
Beginning in the last years of the 18th century Ibn Saud and his
heirs would spend thenext 140 years mounting various military
campaigns to seize control of Arabia and itsoutlying regions,
before being attacked and defeated byOttoman forces. The
invasions were justified as the destruction of the villages of
polytheists as authorizedin the Qu'ran, even though they were
attacking fellow Muslims (see Beliefs below).
One of their most famous and controversial attacks was onKarbala
in 1802 (1217AH). There, according to a Wahhabi chronicler `Uthman
b. `Abdullah b. Bishr:
"[Wahhabis] scaled the walls, entered the city ... and killed
the majority of its people in themarkets and in their homes. [They]
destroyed the dome placed over the grave ofal-Husayn[and took]
whatever they found inside the dome and its surroundings. .... the
grillesurrounding the tomb which was encrusted with emeralds,
rubies, and other jewels. ....different types of property, weapons,
clothing, carpets, gold, silver, precious copies of the
Qur'an."[15]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meccahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meccahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hajjhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/'Uyaynahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zayd_ibn_al-Khattabhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahabahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophets_of_Islamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophets_of_Islamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bani_Khalidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bani_Khalidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bani_Khalidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hasahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hasahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nejdhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nejdhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diriyahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Saudhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Saudhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_calendarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Saudhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Saudhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbalahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbalahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Alihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Alihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meccahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hajjhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/'Uyaynahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zayd_ibn_al-Khattabhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahabahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophets_of_Islamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophets_of_Islamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bani_Khalidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bani_Khalidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hasahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nejdhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diriyahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Saudhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_calendarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Saudhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbalahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali
-
7/29/2019 Wahhabi
3/9
In the early 20th Century, the Wahhabist-oriented Al-Saud
dynasty conquered andunified the various provinces on the Arabian
peninsula, founding the modern dayKingdom of Saudi Arabia in
1932.[16]This provided the movement with a state. Vastwealth from
oil discovered in the following decades, coupled with Saudi control
ofthe holy cities of Mecca and Medina, have since provided a base
and funding for
Wahhabi missionary activity.
When the Saudis took control of Mecca and Medina in 1925, they
attempted todemolish the dome of the Prophet's Mosque, in
accordance with al-Wahhabi'steachings about idolatry.[17]
The Saudi government established the Commission for the
Promotion of Virtue andPrevention of Vice, a state religious police
unit, to enforce Wahhabi rules of
behaviour.[1]Afghanistan maintained asimilar government ministry
from 1992 to thedownfall of the Taliban in 2001. It was revived by
the Supreme Court of Afghanistanas the Ministry forHaj and
Religious Affairs.[18]
Beliefs
Wahhabi theology treats the Qur'an and Hadith as fundamental
texts interpreted bythe understanding of the first three
generations of Muslims and further explained byvarious
commentaries. They subscribe to the understanding of tawheed as
propounded
by salaf-as-salih (the first three generations of Islam), and
further categorized by IbnTaiymiyyah. First aspect is believing in
Allah's Lordship that He alone is our Rabb.Second aspect is that
once one affirms the existence of Allah and His Lordship, onemust
worship Him and Him alone. This is the essence of Islam and Tawheed
for
pagans of the Prophet Muhammad's time recognized Allah and
affirmed Hisexistence. That there is no "Ilah" besides Allah, no
deity worthy of worship.
Ibn Abd-al-Wahab further explains in his book Kitab-at-Tawheed
(book whichcompiles only Qur'ans and narrations of the prophet)
that worship in Islam includesconventional acts of worship like 5
times daily prayers and fasting, etc, Dua(supplication),
Istia'dha(seeking protection or refuge), Ist'ana (seeking help),
andistigatha (seeking benefits). Therefore, making dua to anyone or
anything other thanAllah, or seeking supernatural help and
protection which is only befitting of a divine
being from something than Allah are acts of shirk and contradict
tawheed. Ibn Abd-al-Wahab further explains that Prophet Muhammad
(S) during his lifetime tried his
utmost to cut all ways and roots towards shirk including
explicit banning of wearingtalismans, amulets, seeking blessing
from objects other than what sharee'ah allows,resorting to
astrology, and having excessive love and reverence for saints and
graves.
The most important of these commentaries are those by Ibn
Abd-al-Wahhab (eventhough he was not among the first three
generations) including his bookKitab al-Tawhid, and the works of
Ibn Taymiyyah. Abd-al-Wahhab was a follower ofAhmadibn Hanbal's
school offiqh (Islamic jurisprudence) like most in Nejd at the
time, but"was opposed to any of the schools (Madh'hab) being taken
as an absolute andunquestioned authority" for Book of Allah and
prophet Sunnah are the ultimate judge.Therefore, he condemned
taqlid.[19] at the scholarly level.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Saudhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission_for_the_Promotion_of_Virtue_and_Prevention_of_Vicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission_for_the_Promotion_of_Virtue_and_Prevention_of_Vicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_for_the_Propagation_of_Virtue_and_the_Prevention_of_Vice_(Afghanistan)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_for_the_Propagation_of_Virtue_and_the_Prevention_of_Vice_(Afghanistan)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talibanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Afghanistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hajhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Hanbalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Hanbalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madh'habhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taqlidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taqlidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Saudhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission_for_the_Promotion_of_Virtue_and_Prevention_of_Vicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission_for_the_Promotion_of_Virtue_and_Prevention_of_Vicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_for_the_Propagation_of_Virtue_and_the_Prevention_of_Vice_(Afghanistan)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talibanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Afghanistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hajhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Hanbalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Hanbalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madh'habhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taqlid
-
7/29/2019 Wahhabi
4/9
Wahhabism also denounces the practice of blind adherence to the
interpretations ofscholars and the blind acceptance of practices
that were passed on within the family ortribe. Of the most widely
used excuse of the pagans around the time of the prophetwas that
they worshiped idols because they saw their forefathers engaged in
that
practice. Ibn Abd al-Wahhab wrote in support of the
responsibility of the individual
Muslim to learn and obey the divine commands as they were
revealed in the Quranand the Sunnah.[20]. He upheld the view that
blind deference to authority eventuallyleads one to neglect their
direct connection with Qur'an and Sunnah. Islam is not anelitist
religion in which one must be bound by priests and rabbis for any
recourse toreligious texts. He uses as evidence an ayah of the
Qur'an in which Allah condemnschildren of Israel for taking their
rabbis as authorities besides Allah. Why? Becausethey gave supreme
authority to scholars without any critical and evaluative
mindsetand gave ultimate loyalty and connection to the scholars and
creation rather thanAllah and his revealed texts.
Fiqh
The label of Wahhabism is often contested by so called
"Wahhabis" because theyargue that their understanding of fiqh
(Islamic jurisprudence) is similar to other SunniMuslims and does
not justify a separate label.[21]
Two key aspects define a religious group's understanding of
Islam: its philosophicalapproach and cultural background; and, most
importantly, the methodology used toderive Fiqh.
Sunni Islam has four methodological schools of fiqh, or
madhabs:Hanbali; Maliki;
Shafi`i; and Hanafi. Like other Sunni Muslims, Wahhabis use
these same differentapproaches.
Although Wahhabis are said to mostly follow the Hanbali school
of fiqh (orMadh'hab), they do not adhere strictly to any school ,
hence making them differentIslamic jurisprudence.
A Madh'hab is not a source of ready answers; it is a
methodological approach. Theseschools differ in the means (the
methodology) through which they derive "the answer"to different
questions within Islamic jurisprudence, and do not necessarily
disagree onthe end results. Even non-Hanbali Sunni scholars do not
blindly imitate, since as
scholars, they have a purpose to inquire and research. A Madhab
is only a source ofready answers if a person is not a scholar (lim;
plural form,Ulema), then he canrefer to an expert's answer, or a
madhab's answer if a consensus within exists.
The Wahhabis consider themselves to be 'non-imitators' or 'not
attached to tradition' (ghayrmuqallidun), and therefore answerable
to no school of law at all, observing instead what theywould call
the practice of early Islam. However, to do so does correspond to
the ideal aimedat by Ibn Hanbal, and thus they can be said to be of
his 'school'. [22]
Criticism and controversy
Naming controversy: Wahhabism and Salafism
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunnahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanbalihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanbalihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malikihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shafi%60ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanafihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulemahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulemahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunnahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanbalihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malikihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shafi%60ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanafihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulema
-
7/29/2019 Wahhabi
5/9
Among those who criticize the use of the term Wahhabi is social
scientistQuintanWiktorowicz. In a footnote of his report,Anatomy of
the Salafi Movement,[23] he said:
Opponents of Salafism frequently affix the "Wahhabi" designator
to denote foreign influence.It is intended to signify followers of
Abd al-Wahhab and is most frequently used in countries
where Salafis are a small minority of the Muslim community but
have made recent inroads in"converting" the local population to the
movement ideology. In these countries, localreligious authorities
have responded to the growing influence of Salafi thought by
describingSalafis as Wahhabis, a term that for most non-Salafis
conjures up images of Saudi Arabia.The foreign nature of the
"Wahhabis" is juxtaposed to locally authentic forms of
indigenousIslam. In this manner, opponents of Salafism inject
nationalism into religious discourse byraising the specter of
foreign influence. The Salafi movement itself, however, never uses
thisterm. In fact, one would be hard pressed to find individuals
who refer to themselves asWahhabis or organizations that use
"Wahhabi" in their title or refer to their ideology in thismanner
(unless they are speaking to a Western audience that is unfamiliar
with Islamicterminology, and even then usage is limited and often
appears as "Salafi/Wahhabi").
Other observers describe the term as "originally used
derogatorily by opponents", butnow commonplace and used even "by
some Najdi scholars of the movement."[2]
Criticism by other Muslims
Wahhabis have been often criticized for labeling as
apostatesmany major Muslimgroups, such as Shi'a Muslims. They also
take stances against the graves of saints, andthe common practice
ofTawassulwhich consists of asking the saints for prayer ontheir
behalf.
Wahabis have also committed controversial and violent actions
against Muslims whothe Wahabis believed to be non-Muslims. In 1801
and 1802, the Saudi WahhabisunderAbdul Aziz ibn Muhammad ibn Saud
attacked and captured the holy Shi'a citiesof Karbala andNajafin
Iraq, massacred parts of the Shi'a population and destroyedthe
tombs of Husayn ibn Ali, the grandson of Muhammad, and Ali (Ali bin
AbuTalib), the son-in-law of Muhammad. (see: Saudi sponsorship
mentioned previously)In 1802 they occupied Taifwhere they also
massacred the population. In 1803 and1804 the Saudis captured Mecca
and Medina and destroyed historical monuments andvarious holy
Muslim sites and shrines, such as the shrine built over the tomb
ofFatimah, the daughter of Muhammad, and even intended to destroy
the grave ofMuhammad himself as idolatrous.[24][25][26][27][28]
Many Muslims classify Wahhabbism as pseudo-Sunni[29]
Islam.[30]
Attitudes towards Non-Muslims
Some Wahhabist books and pamphlets teach that Muslims should
reject absolutelyany non-Muslim ideas and practices, including
political ones. A study by theNGOFreedom Housefound Wahhabi
publications in a number ofmosques in the UnitedStates preaching
that Muslims should not only "always oppose" infidels "in
everyway", but "hate them for their religion ... for Allah's sake",
that democracy "isresponsible for all the horrible wars of the 20th
century", and that Shia and certain
other non-Wahhabi Muslims were infidels.[31][32]
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quintan_Wiktorowicz&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quintan_Wiktorowicz&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quintan_Wiktorowicz&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostasyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostasyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_Islamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_Islamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawassulhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawassulhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Aziz_ibn_Muhammad_ibn_Saudhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najafhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahhabism#Saudi_sponsorshiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%E2%80%99ifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_Househttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_Househttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosqueshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosqueshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quintan_Wiktorowicz&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quintan_Wiktorowicz&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostasyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_Islamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawassulhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Aziz_ibn_Muhammad_ibn_Saudhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najafhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahhabism#Saudi_sponsorshiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%E2%80%99ifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_Househttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosqueshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam
-
7/29/2019 Wahhabi
6/9
The Saudi governmentresponded by pointing out: "[It has] worked
diligently duringthe last five years to overhaul its education
system [but] [o]verhauling an educationalsystem is a massive
undertaking... As with previous reports, Freedom Housecontinues to
exhibit a disregard for presenting an accurate picture of the
reality thatexists in Saudi Arabia."[33]The anti-rightist group
"rightweb" also criticized the
Freedom House study. It quoted a review of the study by
Institute for Social Policyand Understanding (ISPU) which
complained the study cited documents from only afew mosques,
arguing most mosques in the US are not under Wahhabi
influence.[34]ISPU comments on the study were not entirely negative
however, and concluded:
American-Muslim leaders must thoroughly scrutinize this study.
Despite its limitations, thestudy highlights an ugly undercurrent
in modern Islamic discourse that American-Muslimsmust openly
confront. However, in the vigor to expose strains of extremism, we
must notforget that open discussion is the best tool to debunk the
extremist literature rather than asuppression ofFirst Amendment
rights guaranteed by theU.S. Constitution.[34]
Osama Bin Laden
What connection, if any, there is between Wahhabism and Jihadi
Salafisis disputed.Among others, Daniel Pipes claims there is "a
direct line between the Wahhabis andOsama bin Laden". However,
Natana De Long-Bas, seniorresearch assistant at thePrince Alwaleed
Center for Muslim-Christian Understanding at GeorgetownUniversity,
argues:
The militant Islamof Osama bin Laden does not have its origins
in the teachings of Ibn Abdal-Wahhab and is not representative of
Wahhabi Islam as it is practiced in contemporarySaudi Arabia, yet
for the media it has come to define Wahhabi Islam in the
contemporary era.
However "unrepresentative" bin Laden's globaljihad is of Islam
in general and WahhabiIslam in particular, its prominence in
headline news has taken Wahhabi Islam across thespectrum from
revival and reform to global jihad.[35]
Noah Feldman, draws a distinction between what he calls the
"deeply conservative"Wahhabis and what he calls the "followers of
political Islam in the 1980s and 1990s,"such as Egyptian Islamic
Jihad and laterAl-QaedaleaderAyman al-Zawahiri. WhileSaudi Wahhabis
were "the largest funders of localMuslim Brotherhood chapters
andother hard-line Islamists" during this time, they opposed jihadi
resistance of Muslimgovernments and assassination of Muslim leaders
because of their belief that "thedecision to wage jihad lay with
the ruler, not the individual believer".[36]
International influence
According to Western observers like Gilles Kepel, Wahhabism
gained considerableinfluence in the Islamic world following a
tripling in the price of oil in the mid-1970s.Having the world's
largest reserves of oil but a relatively small population,
SaudiArabia began to spend tens of billions of dollars throughout
the Islamic world
promoting Wahhabism, which was sometimes referred to as
"petro-Islam".[37]According to the documentary called The Qur'an
aired in the UK, presenter AntonyThomas suggests the figure may be
"upward of $100 billion".[38]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Saudi_Arabiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Saudi_Arabiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Social_Policy_and_Understandinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Social_Policy_and_Understandinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Constitutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Constitutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Constitutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salafism_jihadismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salafism_jihadismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Pipeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osama_bin_Ladenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_assistanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Alwaleed_Center_for_Muslim-Christian_Understandinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_terrorismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_terrorismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noah_Feldmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Islamic_Jihadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaedahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaedahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaedahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayman_al-Zawahirihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayman_al-Zawahirihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhoodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhoodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilles_Kepelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilles_Kepelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Saudi_Arabiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Social_Policy_and_Understandinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Social_Policy_and_Understandinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Constitutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salafism_jihadismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Pipeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osama_bin_Ladenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_assistanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Alwaleed_Center_for_Muslim-Christian_Understandinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_terrorismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noah_Feldmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Islamic_Jihadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaedahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayman_al-Zawahirihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhoodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilles_Kepelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_world
-
7/29/2019 Wahhabi
7/9
Its largess funded an estimated "90% of the expenses of the
entire faith", throughoutthe Muslim world, according to journalist
Dawood al-Shirian.[39] It extended to youngand old, from children's
maddrassas to high-level scholarship.[40] "Books,scholarships,
fellowships, mosques" (for example, "more than 1500 mosques
were
built from Saudi public funds over the last 50 years") were paid
for.[41] It rewarded
journalists and academics who followed it; built satellite
campuses around Egypt forAl Azhar, the oldest and most influential
Islamic university.[42]
The financial power of Wahhabist advocates, according to
observers like Dawood al-Shirian and Lee Kuan Yew, has done much to
overwhelm less strict localinterpretations of Islam [43] and has
caused the Saudi interpretation to be perceived asthe "gold
standard" of religion in many Muslims' minds.[44]
Some of the hundreds of thousands of South Asians expats living
in Saudi Arabia andthe Persian Gulf have been influenced by
Wahhabism and preach Wahhabiism in theirhome country upon their
return.[citation needed] Agencies controlled by the Ministry of
Islamic, Endowments, Call (Dawa) and Guidance Affairs of Kingdom
of SaudiArabia are responsible forTableegh to the non Muslim expats
and are convertinghundreds of non Muslims into Islam every
year.[citation needed]
Explanation for influence
Khaled Abou El Fadlhas attributed the appeal of Wahhabism to
some Muslims asstemming from
Arab nationalism, which followed the Wahhabi attack on the
Ottoman Empire;
reformism, which followed a return to Salaf(as-Salaf a-li;)
Wahhabi control of the two holy cities of Mecca and Medina, which
gave
Wahhabis great influence on Muslim culture and thinking; the
discovery ofPersian Gulfoil fields, which after 1975 allowed
Wahhabis to
promote their interpretations of Islam using billions from oil
export revenue.[45]
Notes
1. ^ abc Glasse, Cyril, The New Encyclopedia of Islam, Rowan
& Littlefield,
(2001), pp.469-4722. ^ abcd"Wahhabi". GlobalSecurity.org.
2005-04-27. Archived from the
original on
2005-05-07.http://web.archive.org/web/20050507090328/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/gulf/wahhabi.htm.
Retrieved on 2008-05-10.
3. ^ Ahmad Zayni Dahlan al-Makkiyy, 1304 A.H.
Fitnat-ul-Wahhabiyyah:Proofs for tawassul.
4. ^ Saudi Arabia and the Rise of the Wahhabi Threat5. ^ abc
Esposito (2003), p.3336. ^ Hardy, Roger.Analysis: Inside Wahhabi
Islam. BBC News7. ^ Amad S (2007-04-01). "The Wahhabi Myth:
Debunking the Bogeyman".
MuslimMatters.org. Archived from the original on 2007-05-27.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrasahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Azhar_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Azhar_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Kuan_Yewhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khaled_Abou_El_Fadlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khaled_Abou_El_Fadlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_nationalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salafhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Gulfhttp://web.archive.org/web/20050507090328/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/gulf/wahhabi.htmhttp://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/gulf/wahhabi.htmhttp://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/gulf/wahhabi.htmhttp://web.archive.org/web/20050507090328/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/gulf/wahhabi.htmhttp://web.archive.org/web/20050507090328/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/gulf/wahhabi.htmhttp://web.archive.org/web/20050507090328/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/gulf/wahhabi.htmhttp://www.meforum.org/article/535http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/1571144.stmhttp://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/1571144.stmhttp://web.archive.org/web/20070527083013/http://muslimmatters.org/2007/04/01/the-wahhabi-myth-debunking-the-bogeyman/http://muslimmatters.org/2007/04/01/the-wahhabi-myth-debunking-the-bogeyman/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrasahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Azhar_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Kuan_Yewhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khaled_Abou_El_Fadlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_nationalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salafhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Gulfhttp://web.archive.org/web/20050507090328/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/gulf/wahhabi.htmhttp://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/gulf/wahhabi.htmhttp://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/gulf/wahhabi.htmhttp://web.archive.org/web/20050507090328/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/gulf/wahhabi.htmhttp://web.archive.org/web/20050507090328/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/gulf/wahhabi.htmhttp://www.meforum.org/article/535http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/1571144.stmhttp://web.archive.org/web/20070527083013/http://muslimmatters.org/2007/04/01/the-wahhabi-myth-debunking-the-bogeyman/http://muslimmatters.org/2007/04/01/the-wahhabi-myth-debunking-the-bogeyman/
-
7/29/2019 Wahhabi
8/9
http://web.archive.org/web/20070527083013/http://muslimmatters.org/2007/04/01/the-wahhabi-myth-debunking-the-bogeyman/.
Retrieved on 2008-05-09.
8. ^ Washington Post, For Conservative Muslims, Goal of
Isolation a Challenge9. ^ John L. Esposito, What Everyone Needs to
Know About Islam, p.5010. ^ Tarikh Najd by 'Husain ibn Ghannam,
Vol. 1, Pg. 76-77
11. ^ 'Unwan al-Majd fi Tarikh Najd, by 'Uthman ibn Bishr
an-Najdi, Vol. 1, Pg.7-8
12. ^ Shaikh Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab, by Judge Ahmad ibn
'Hajar al-Butami, Pg. 17-19
13. ^ Muhammad Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab: His Da'wah and Life Story, by
Shaikh ibnBaaz, Pg. 21
14. ^ Shaikh Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab, by Judge Ahmad ibn
'Hajar al-Butami, Pg. 28
15. ^ Wahhabism - A Critical Essay: Chapter 216. ^Encyclopedia
of Islam and the Muslim World, Macmillan Reference USA,
(2004), p.727
17. ^ Hamid Algar. Wahhabism: A Critical Essay. Oneonta: Islamic
PublicationsInternational, 2002. p.43.
18. ^ Claudio Franco(2004-12-07). "Despite Karzai election,
Afghanconservatives soldier on".
Eurasianet.http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav120704.shtml.Retrieved
on 2008-08-04.
19. ^ Mortimer, Edward,Faith and Power: The Politics of Islam,
Vintage Books,1982, p.61
20. ^ Cleveland, William L. AHistory of the Modern Middle East.
Third Edition.Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 2004.
Page.123.
21. ^ Wiktorowicz, Quintan. "Anatomy of the Salafi Movement" in
Studies inConflict & Terrorism, Vol. 29 (2006): p.235.
22. ^ Glasse, Cyril, The New Encyclopedia of Islam Altamira,
2001, p.40723. ^ Wiktorowicz, Quintan. "Anatomy of the Salafi
Movement" in Studies in
Conflict & Terrorism, Vol. 29 (2006): p.235.24. ^ The
Destruction of Holy Sites in Mecca and Medina25. ^ Saudi Arabia -
THE SAUD FAMILY AND WAHHABI ISLAM26. ^Nibras Kazimi, A Paladin
Gears Up for War,The New York Sun,
November 1, 200727. ^ John R Bradley, Saudi's Shi'ites walk
tightrope,Asia Times,March 17, 200528. ^ Amir Taheri, Death is big
business in Najaf, but Iraq's future depends on
who controls it, The Times, August 28, 200429. ^ Abdul Hadi
Palazzi. Middle East Quarterly. Summer 200130. ^ "Radicalism: Its
Wahhabi Roots and Current Representation",Islamic
Supreme Council of America31. ^ Saudi Publications on Hate
Ideology32. ^ quotes from a study "based on a year-long study of
over two hundred
original documents, all disseminated, published or otherwise
generated by thegovernment of Saudi Arabia and collected from more
than a dozen mosques inthe United States".New Report on Saudi
Government Publications at theInternet Archive
33. ^ Turki Al-Faisal (2006-05-22). "Saudi Ambassador responds
to Freedom
House editorial". Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia. Archived
fromthe originalon 2007-08-05.
http://web.archive.org/web/20070527083013/http://muslimmatters.org/2007/04/01/the-wahhabi-myth-debunking-the-bogeyman/http://web.archive.org/web/20070527083013/http://muslimmatters.org/2007/04/01/the-wahhabi-myth-debunking-the-bogeyman/http://web.archive.org/web/20070527083013/http://muslimmatters.org/2007/04/01/the-wahhabi-myth-debunking-the-bogeyman/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/09/04/AR2006090401107_2.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd-al-Aziz_ibn_Abd-Allah_ibn_Baazhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd-al-Aziz_ibn_Abd-Allah_ibn_Baazhttp://wahhabism-info.com/Essay/Chapter02.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Claudio_Franco&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Claudio_Franco&action=edit&redlink=1http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav120704.shtmlhttp://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav120704.shtmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eurasianet&action=edit&redlink=1http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav120704.shtmlhttp://www.islamicamagazine.com/Issue-15/The-Destruction-of-Holy-Sites-in-Mecca-and-Medina.htmlhttp://countrystudies.us/saudi-arabia/7.htmhttp://www.nysun.com/article/65662?page_no=3http://www.nysun.com/article/65662?page_no=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Sunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_1http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/GC17Ak01.htmlhttp://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/GC17Ak01.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Timeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Timeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_17http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,1072-1236007,00.htmlhttp://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,1072-1236007,00.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Timeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_28http://www.islamicsupremecouncil.org/radicalmovements/radicalism.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Supreme_Council_of_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Supreme_Council_of_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Supreme_Council_of_Americahttp://www.freedomhouse.org/uploads/special_report/45.pdfhttp://web.archive.org/web/20061002030100/http://www.freedomhouse.org/religion/news/bn2005/bn-2005-01-28.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turki_bin_Faisal_Al_Saudhttp://web.archive.org/web/20070805231908/http://www.saudiembassy.net/2006News/Press/PressDetail.asp?cIndex=297http://web.archive.org/web/20070805231908/http://www.saudiembassy.net/2006News/Press/PressDetail.asp?cIndex=297http://www.saudiembassy.net/2006News/Press/PressDetail.asp?cIndex=297http://www.saudiembassy.net/2006News/Press/PressDetail.asp?cIndex=297http://web.archive.org/web/20070527083013/http://muslimmatters.org/2007/04/01/the-wahhabi-myth-debunking-the-bogeyman/http://web.archive.org/web/20070527083013/http://muslimmatters.org/2007/04/01/the-wahhabi-myth-debunking-the-bogeyman/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/09/04/AR2006090401107_2.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd-al-Aziz_ibn_Abd-Allah_ibn_Baazhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd-al-Aziz_ibn_Abd-Allah_ibn_Baazhttp://wahhabism-info.com/Essay/Chapter02.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Claudio_Franco&action=edit&redlink=1http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav120704.shtmlhttp://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav120704.shtmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eurasianet&action=edit&redlink=1http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav120704.shtmlhttp://www.islamicamagazine.com/Issue-15/The-Destruction-of-Holy-Sites-in-Mecca-and-Medina.htmlhttp://countrystudies.us/saudi-arabia/7.htmhttp://www.nysun.com/article/65662?page_no=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Sunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_1http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/GC17Ak01.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Timeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_17http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,1072-1236007,00.htmlhttp://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,1072-1236007,00.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Timeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_28http://www.islamicsupremecouncil.org/radicalmovements/radicalism.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Supreme_Council_of_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Supreme_Council_of_Americahttp://www.freedomhouse.org/uploads/special_report/45.pdfhttp://web.archive.org/web/20061002030100/http://www.freedomhouse.org/religion/news/bn2005/bn-2005-01-28.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turki_bin_Faisal_Al_Saudhttp://web.archive.org/web/20070805231908/http://www.saudiembassy.net/2006News/Press/PressDetail.asp?cIndex=297http://web.archive.org/web/20070805231908/http://www.saudiembassy.net/2006News/Press/PressDetail.asp?cIndex=297http://www.saudiembassy.net/2006News/Press/PressDetail.asp?cIndex=297
-
7/29/2019 Wahhabi
9/9
http://web.archive.org/web/20070805231908/http://www.saudiembassy.net/2006News/Press/PressDetail.asp?cIndex=297.
Retrieved on 2008-05-10.
34. ^ ab"Freedom House". International Relations Center.
2007-07-26.http://rightweb.irc-online.org/profile/1476. Retrieved
on 2008-05-10.
35. ^Natana J. Delong-Bas, "Wahhabi Islam: From Revival and
Reform to
Global Jihad", (Oxford University Press: 2004), p. 27936. ^After
Jihad : American and the Struggle for Islamic Democracy by Noah
Feldman, New York : Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2003, p.4737. ^
Kepel, p.69-7538. ^ The Qur'an review in The Independent39. ^
Dawood al-Shirian, 'What Is Saudi Arabia Going to Do?'Al-Hayat, May
19,
200340. ^ Abou al Fadl, Khaled, The Great Theft: Wrestling Islam
from the Extremists ,
HarperSanFrancisco, 2005, p.48-6441. ^ Kepel, p. 7242. ^
(Murphy, Caryle,Passion for Islam : Shaping the Modern Middle East:
the
Egyptian Experience, Simon and Schuster, 2002 p. 3243. ^ Dawood
al-Shirian, 'What Is Saudi Arabia Going to Do?'Al-Hayat, May
19,
200344. ^ An interview with Minister Mentor of Singapore, Lee
Kuan Yew45. ^ Abou El Fadl, Khaled, The Great Theft: Wrestling
Islam from the
Extremists, Harper San Francisco, 2005, p.70-72
References
Esposito, John (2003). The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford:
Oxford
University Press. ISBN 0195125584. Kepel, Gilles (2002).Jihad:
The Trail of Political Islam. trans. Anthony F.
Roberts (1st English edition ed.). Cambridge: Belknap Press of
HarvardUniversity Press. ISBN 0-674-00877-4.
Saint-Prot, Charles. Islam.L'avenir de la tradition entre
rvolution etoccidentalisation (Islam. The Future of Tradition
between Revolution andWesternization). Paris: Le Rocher, 2008.
http://web.archive.org/web/20070805231908/http://www.saudiembassy.net/2006News/Press/PressDetail.asp?cIndex=297http://web.archive.org/web/20070805231908/http://www.saudiembassy.net/2006News/Press/PressDetail.asp?cIndex=297http://rightweb.irc-online.org/profile/1476http://rightweb.irc-online.org/profile/1476http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/film-and-tv/tv-radio-reviews/last-nights-tv-the-quran-channel-4-banged-up-five-867474.htmlhttp://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/film-and-tv/tv-radio-reviews/last-nights-tv-the-quran-channel-4-banged-up-five-867474.htmlhttp://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/film-and-tv/tv-radio-reviews/last-nights-tv-the-quran-channel-4-banged-up-five-867474.htmlhttp://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-25472708_ITMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Espositohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195125584http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilles_Kepelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0674008774http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Saint-Prothttp://web.archive.org/web/20070805231908/http://www.saudiembassy.net/2006News/Press/PressDetail.asp?cIndex=297http://web.archive.org/web/20070805231908/http://www.saudiembassy.net/2006News/Press/PressDetail.asp?cIndex=297http://rightweb.irc-online.org/profile/1476http://rightweb.irc-online.org/profile/1476http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/film-and-tv/tv-radio-reviews/last-nights-tv-the-quran-channel-4-banged-up-five-867474.htmlhttp://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-25472708_ITMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Espositohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195125584http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilles_Kepelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0674008774http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Saint-Prot
