Walsh March 30 RDN

8/9/2019 Walsh March 30 RDN

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What's love got to do, got to do with it

What's love but a sweet old fashionednotionWhat's love got to do, got to do with itWho needs a heart when a heart canbe broken


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Is rural Canada broken?

Is rural a sweet-old fashioned notion?

Whats RURAL got to do with it?


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WhatWhats Rural got to dos Rural got to do

With It?With It?Getting to the Heart ofGetting to the Heart of

Migration in CanadaMigration in Canada

Dr. Deatra Walsh

Research ScientistAtlantic RURAL Centre

Dalhousie [email protected]


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QuestionsQuestions and the responseand the response

What is rural?

What is the role of rural in rural studies?

How does rural play a role in policydiscussions?

Is rural the only pillar against which weexamine rural issues?


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OutlineOutline

ContextContext

ResearchResearch ConclusionsConclusions

Research and Policy ImplicationsResearch and Policy Implications

Issues, rather than place, drive policyIssues, rather than place, drive policy

development and we have to realize that issuesdevelopment and we have to realize that issues

cross [rural and urban] linescross [rural and urban] lines (Douglas, cited(Douglas, cited

in Wilson, 2009).in Wilson, 2009).


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She doesnShe doesnt think of this town as ruralt think of this town as rural

She doesnShe doesnt think this town is dyingt think this town is dying

But if not she then who does?But if not she then who does?


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From Whence did this Dying TruthFrom Whence did this Dying Truth

Come?Come?


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Context:Context:

QuestionsQuestions

The framing of migration is as important asmigration itself (Cresswell, 2006; Milbourne,2007)

What is the character of rural as portrayed

through migration studies /discourse?

What does rural look like? The structuring of rural space (Cruickshank,

2009)

Who decides and why? Discursive actors (Jones, 1995)


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Though we may not be able to point to a true

rurality, it may be possible to identify certaindiscourses about ruralityt h a t s e r v e t oen a b le a n d s u p p o r t t h e r ep r o d u ct io n o f p a r t i cu la r u n e v e n s o cia l r e la t io n s ,

e co n o m ic d i s t r ib u t io n a n d s o cia ls t ra t i f i c a t io n s (Pratt, 1996:70).


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Context:Context:

Migration FrameworksMigration Frameworks

Embedded in the economy (Arango, 2000;

Castles, 2007) and migration-developmentnexus (Sorensen et al., 2002; Raghuram, 2009)

Reliant upon sender and receiver communities

(Fitzgerald, 2006).

Based upon sedentarism (Cresswell, 2006;Malkki, 1992)

Governed by data availability and usage (Belland Ward, 1998; 2000)


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ContextContext

Resource Reliance in CanadaResource Reliance in Canada

Natural resourcesNatural resourcesour forests, energy, andour forests, energy, and

minerals and metalsminerals and metalsare fundamental to theare fundamental to the

daily lives of Canadiansdaily lives of CanadiansThe natural resourcesThe natural resources

sectors and earth sciences industries have beensectors and earth sciences industries have been

an engine of econom ic grow th and joban engine of econom ic grow th and jobcreationcreation for generationsfor generations--NRCan, n.d.NRCan, n.d.


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ContextContext

Resource Reliance in CanadaResource Reliance in Canada

Adopted from Stedman et al. (2004)


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Map from Randall and Ironside, 1996

ContextContext

Resource Reliance in Rural CanadaResource Reliance in Rural Canada


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Source: Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, 2006


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Nomagic

solutionto

solve

ruraldecline:WilliamsCBC2006

Black Tickle: A Tow n on Death Row ; aBad Omen for Rural Canada (Moore,2007)

Rur al reality checkW ith its population dw indling, how can ru ralNewfoundland and Labrador survive?(CBC NL, 2006)


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Context:Outcomes

Migration is thebarometer of the relativeeconomic success or failure of an area (Rye,2006; Stockdale, 2004). The role of the resource economy

Privileging ofplace over people, particularlyrural places Rural as in decline; There somethingWRONG with

rural (the character of rural)

Downplaying of issues and complexity ofindividuals lives


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Research:Research:

QuestionsQuestions

Could we change this character of rural as

portrayed through migration?

What can be learned from:

a non-economic point of entry (Halfacree, 2004;Milbourne, 2007)?

a non-resource context?

a focus on gender ed lived realities (Smith, 1990)?

Data re-engagement m obility not necessar ilyplace (Bell and Ward, 1998; 2000; Cresswell, 2006;Sheller and Urry, 2006)?


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Mixed methods (Smith, 2007) and mixedapproaches

45 semi-structured inter view s in Newfoundland -m igration biographies and narratives since highschool (Halfacree and Boyle, 1993; Ni Laoire, 2000)

Longitudinal Canadian taxfiler data analyses -m igration pattern s and trajectories acrossgeographies

Research:Research:

MethodsMethods


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Qualitative Research:Qualitative Research:

Location NewfoundlandLocation Newfoundland


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Research:Research:

Qualitative Respondents (n=45)Qualitative Respondents (n=45)


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Research:Research:

Rural Sample ProfileRural Sample Profile

Sources: Statistics Canada, 2006 Census of Population; Authors research


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Leaving after high school is normal andexpected

Women predominantly left to pursue post-secondary educationwithin the province.

..it wasnt if you go to university, it waswhen you go to university (i38-Leaver)

Those who initially left for employment-related purposes or to be with partnersmigrated out-of- province

Research Findings:Research Findings:

LeavingLeaving


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Reasons associated with family, employmentReasons associated with family, employment

and supportand support

He started at this rotation stuff and I hadHe started at this rotation stuff and I had

no family [there], he had no family there sono family [there], he had no family there so

we moved backwe moved back my family is all heremy family is all here And thatAnd thats the support system I kinda relys the support system I kinda rely

on when [he] is goneon when [he] is gone (i11(i11--Returner)Returner)


ReturningReturning


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Moving InMoving In

Associated with employment, educational

opportunities, location and non-familialnetworks

we have no family. We have no

connection other than work (i33-in-migrant).


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Associated with employment opportunities,Associated with employment opportunities,

relationships to people, places and spacesrelationships to people, places and spaces

I think itI think its hard to go back once yous hard to go back once youveve

been away, at least my experience isbeen away, at least my experience is (i43(i43--

Leaver)Leaver)

I love my friends. ThatI love my friends. Thats a lot of the reasons a lot of the reason

that keeps me where I amthat keeps me where I am (i45(i45--Leaver)Leaver)


Moving away and staying awayMoving away and staying away


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Men and women leave rural and small town areas acrossMen and women leave rural and small town areas across

Canada at similar ratesCanada at similar rates

It is slightly higher for womenIt is slightly higher for women

Men and women stay in and return to rural areasMen and women stay in and return to rural areas

Staying slightly higher for men; returning is slightly higherStaying slightly higher for men; returning is slightly higher

for womenfor women

Male and Female Migration Patterns 1989Male and Female Migration Patterns 1989--2004 (in %)2004 (in %)


Longitudinal Migration PatternsLongitudinal Migration Patterns

Women Men Differential

Left RST and were in LUC 2004 42 40 2

Left RST and returned to RST by

2004 11 9 2

Stayed in RST 47 51 4

Source: Statistics Canada, Longitudinal Administrative Databank, Special Tabulation


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Longitudinal Migration TrajectoriesLongitudinal Migration Trajectories

Females Males

$50,900$34,800

$38,900$27,900

Source: Statistics Canada: Longitudinal Administrative Databank, Special Tabulation


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So Whats RURAL got to do withit?


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Its simply the best?


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Importance of gender, complexity and livedImportance of gender, complexity and livedrealityreality--o t h e r f a ct o r so t h e r f a ct o r s --not necessarilynot necessarilyruralrural

placesplaces

Women frame being there not necessarily inWomen frame being there not necessarily interm ofterm ofruralrural oror urbanurbanbut in terms ofbut in terms of

relationsrelations

I understand the need for urban and ruralI understand the need for urban and ruralor whatever if you want to define places.or whatever if you want to define places.

But I certainly donBut I certainly dont think theret think theres anys anydifference in people necessarilydifference in people necessarily (i17(i17--Returner)Returner)


The Relational LensThe Relational Lens


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Conclusions:Conclusions:

Issues across geographiesIssues across geographies

Understanding migration is aboutUnderstanding migration is aboutunderstanding peopleunderstanding people inin placeplace

Focus in not on separate geographies, but issuesFocus in not on separate geographies, but issuesand interactions that stretch across geographiesand interactions that stretch across geographies

Importance of different rurals; not a bundle ofImportance of different rurals; not a bundle ofruralrural

Issues, rather than place, drive policyIssues, rather than place, drive policy

development and we have to realize that issuesdevelopment and we have to realize that issuescross [rural and urban] linescross [rural and urban] lines (Douglas, cited(Douglas, citedin Wilson, 2009).in Wilson, 2009).


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Research:Research:

ImplicationsImplications

Awareness of frameworks for examiningAwareness of frameworks for examining

ruralrural issuesissuesMoving beyond just place and ruralMoving beyond just place and rural--urbanurbandichotomiesdichotomies

Attention to a relational lens; familyAttention to a relational lens; familyperspective (Cooke, 2008)perspective (Cooke, 2008)Economics do not explain everythingEconomics do not explain everything

Use of and approach to dataUse of and approach to data


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Across Geographies:Across Geographies:

RuralRural--toto--Urban GradientUrban Gradient

CLASSIFICATION DETAILS

Larger CMAs Montreal, Toronto, VancouverMedium CMAs 500k to 1.1 mil

Smaller CMAs 100k to 499,999

CAs 10k to 99,999

Larger Urban Centres (LUCs) All CMAs and CAsStrong MIZ 30% commuters

Moderate MIZ 5-29% commuters

Weak MIZ Up to 5% commuters

No MIZ No CommutersRural and Small Town (RST)

areas

All non CMA/CA areas

Source: McNiven et al., 2000


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Final Thoughts:Final Thoughts:

Strengthening researchStrengthening research--policy linkspolicy links

http://crrf.concordia.ca/

http://crhrs-scrsr.usask.ca/

http://rural-research-network.blogspot.com/


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Final Thoughts:Final Thoughts:

Strengthening researchStrengthening research--policy linkspolicy links

October 14-16, 2010


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ReferencesReferencesArango, J. 2000. "Explaining Migration: A Critical View." International Social Science

Journal 165:285-296.Castles, S. 2007. Twenty-First-Century Migration as a Challenge to Sociology. Journal of

Ethnic and Migration Studies 33(3):351-371.Bell, M. and G. Ward. 1998. "Patterns of Temporary Mobility in Australia: Evidence from the

1991 Census."Australian Geographical Studies 36(1): 58-81.Bell, M. and G. Ward 2000. "Comparing Temporary Mobility with Permanent Migration."

Tourism Geographies 2(1): 97-107.Castles, S. 2007. Twenty-First-Century Migration as aChallenge to Sociology. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies33(3):351-371.

Bridger, J.C. and T. R. Alter. 2008. An Interactional Approach to Place-based Development.Community Development 39(1): 99-111.

CBC News Online (n.a). (2006. No magic solution to solve rural decline: Williams.http://www.cbc.ca/canada/newfoundland-labrador/story/2006/10/12/williams-rural.html October 12 (Accessed November 2009).

--. 2006. Rural Reality Check: With its Population Dwindling, how can Rural Newfoundlandand Labrador Survive? http://www.cbc.ca/nl/features/ruralrealitycheck/ (AccessedFebruary 22, 2010).

Cooke, T.J. 2008. Migration in a Family Way. Population, Space and Place 14(4): 255-265.

Cruickshank, J.A. 2009. A Play for Rurality Modernization versus Local Autonomy.Journal of Rural Studies 25(98-107).Cresswell. T. 2006. On the Move: Mobility in the Modern Western World. New York:

Rutledge.Government of Newfoundland and Labrador. 2006. Demographic Change: Issues and

Implications. Economics and Statistics Branch.http://www.economics.gov.nl.ca/pdf2006/demographyupdate.pdf(Accessed November2009).

Halfacree, K. H., and P.J. Boyle. 1993. "The Challenge Facing Migration Research: the Case fora Biographical Approach." Progress in Human Geogra phy17:333-348.

Halfacree, K 2004. A utopian imagination in migration's terra incognita? Acknowledging thenon-economic worlds of migration decision-making. Population, Space and Place10:239-253.

Halseth, G., S. Markey and D. Bruce. 2010. (eds). The Next Rural Economies: ConstructingRural Place in a Global Economy. Oxfordshire, UK: CABI International.

Jones, O. 1995. Lay Discourses of the Rural: Developments and Implications for RuralStudies. Journal of Rural Studies 11(1):35-49.


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ReferencesReferencesMcNiven,C., H. Puderer and D. Janes. 2000. Census Metropolitan Area and Census Agglomeration

Influenced Zones (MIZ): A Description of the Methodology. Geography Division, StatisticsCanada.2000-2. Ottawa.

Milbourne, P. 2007. "Re-populating Rural Studies: Migrations, Movements and Mobilities." Journal ofRural Studies 23:381-386.

Moore, O. 2007. A Town on Death Row. Globe and Mail online edition. November 10.http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/article796011.ece (Accessed November 2009).

Natural Resources Canada. N.d. Important Facts on Canada's Natural Resources. http://www.nrcan-rncan.gc.ca/stat/index-eng.php (Accessed November 2009).

Ni Laoire, C. 2000. "Conceptualizing Irish Rural Youth Migration: A Biographical Approach."International Journal of Population Geography6:229-243.

Pratt, A. C. 1996. Discourses of Rurality: Loose Talk or Social Struggle? Journal of Rural Studies 12(1): 69-78.

Raghuram, P. 2009. "Which Migration, What Development? Unsettling the Edifice of Migration andDevelopment." Population, Space and Place 15:103-117.

Randall, J.E. and G. Ironside. 1994. Communities on the Edge: An Economic Geography of ResourceDependent Communities in Canada. The Canadian Geographer 40(1): 17-35.

Rye, J.F. 2006. Leaving the Countryside: An Analysis of Rural-to-Urban Migration and Long-TermCapital Accumulation.Acta Sociologica 49(1): 47-65.

Smith, D.E. 1990. The Conceptual Practices of Power: A Feminist Sociology of Knowledge. Toronto:University of Toronto Press.

Smith, D. P. 2007. "The changing faces of rural populations: (re) Fixing the gaze or eyes wideshut?" Journal of Rural Studies 23:275-282.

Srensen, N., N. Van Hear, and P. Engberg-Pedersen. 2002. "The Migration-Development Nexus:Evidence and Policy Options." International Migration 40:49-73.

Stedman, R.C, J. R. Parkins and T. M. Beckley. 2004. Resource Dependence and Community Well-Being in Rural Canada. Rural Sociology69(2): 213-234.

Stockdale, A. 2004. "Rural Out-Migration: Community Consequences and Individual MigrantExperiences." Sociologia Ruralis 44:167-194.

Wilson, B. 2009. Concerns of rural residences similar to urban counterparts.Western Producer.October 29, p. 70.


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Acknowledgements

Supervisory committee: Drs. Peter Sinclair, Barbara Neis andSupervisory committee: Drs. Peter Sinclair, Barbara Neis andRobert Hill.Robert Hill.

Funders:Funders: Le Fonds quLe Fonds qubbcois de la recherche sur la socicois de la recherche sur la socitt et laet laculture, Memorial Universityculture, Memorial Universitys School of Graduate Studies,s School of Graduate Studies,the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council ofthe Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council ofCanada, the Leslie Harris Centre of Regional Policy andCanada, the Leslie Harris Centre of Regional Policy andDevelopment and Statistics Canada.Development and Statistics Canada.

Participants: The 45 women who told me their stories.Participants: The 45 women who told me their stories.

Employer: The Atlantic Rural CentreEmployer: The Atlantic Rural Centre


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Thank you!Thank you!

Dr. Deatra Walsh

Research ScientistAtlantic RURAL CentreDalhousie [email protected]

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Walsh March 30 RDN