Iwan Sulistyo, S.Sos., M.A.

War and Peace

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• “The question “Why do wars occur?” is not all that different from the question “What factors account for peace?” and international relations practitioners apply various theories to make predictions of future patterns or trends in interstate conflict. Indeed, war and peace can be viewed as opposite sides of the same coin.”

Paul R. Viotti and Mark V. Kauppi, International Relations: World Politics. Fifth edn. (Boston: Pearson, 2013, p. 296).

3Paul R. Viotti and Mark V. Kauppi, International Relations: World Politics. Fifth edn. (Boston: Pearson, 2013, p. 294).

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• “Wars are the most destructive of human activities. The enormous human costs of war have not prevented countless repetitions of the phenomenon throughout human history in all parts of the world. An estimated two million people lost their lives on the battlefields during Europe’s Thirty Years’ War (1618–1648), 2.5 million during the French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars (1792–1815), 7.7 million in World War I (1914–1918), and 13 million in World War II (1939–1945). Such estimates do not even include the death and injury of civilian populations, nor do they adequately reflect the devastation caused by civil wars (wars within a state). The great American Civil War of 1861–1865, for example, resulted in more American deaths—600,000—than all other wars fought by Americans from 1776 to the present, combined.”

Paul R. Viotti and Mark V. Kauppi, International Relations: World Politics. Fifth edn. (Boston: Pearson, 2013, p. 296).

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What is War?• “War is organised violence carried on by political units

against each other. Violence is not war unless it is carried out in the name of a political unit; what distinguishes killing in war from murder is its vicarious and official character, the symbolic responsibility of the unit whose agent the killer is. Equally, violence carried out in the name of a political unit is not war unless it is directed against another political unit; the violence employed by the state in the execution of criminals or the suppression of pirates does not qualify because it is directed against individuals.”

Hedley Bull, The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics. 3rd edn. (New York: Palgrave, 2002), p.178.

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• War in the material sense actual hostilities • War in the legal or normative

sense

Hedley Bull, The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics. 3rd edn. (New York: Palgrave, 2002), p.179.

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Hedley Bull, The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics. 3rd edn. (New York: Palgrave, 2002), p.180.

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Civil War? “war within a state and society as two or more factions compete for governmental power and authority.”

P.R Viotti dan M.V. Kauppi, International Relations and World Politics, 5th edn, (New Jersey: Pearson, 2013, p. 298.

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Just-War Theory: Jus ad Bellum and Jus in Bello

• Just-War Theory “Arguments as to the accepted circumstances in which states can go to war and conduct warfare.”– jus ad bellum “Latin term for moral criteria

establishing the right to go to war.”– jus in bello “Latin term for moral criteria

establishing right conduct in war.”

P.R Viotti dan M.V. Kauppi, International Relations and World Politics, 5th edn, (New Jersey: Pearson, 2013, pp. 318-319.

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Strategy and Tactics

• strategy “plan that connects capabilities (or means) to ends or objectives sought.”

• tactics “the methods or way in which one takes actions or conducts operations.”

P.R Viotti dan M.V. Kauppi, International Relations and World Politics, 5th edn, (New Jersey: Pearson, 2013, pp. 318-319.