WARM UP: 1/15/2013

• Happy Tuesday!• Video tomorrow• Get to listen to some music…classical music! • Looking at the spread of the enlgihtenment

• In your warm-up write:• Where was the center of the Enlightenment? • Name two basic beliefs of the philosophes. • What were two accomplishments of women?

GOALS

• Identify how the Enlightenment spread• Analyze the new architecture of the 17th century • Listen to the classical music of the age

THE SPREAD OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT

PARIS

• In the 1700s, Paris was the intellectual capital of Europe.• People flocked there to

study, philosophize, and enjoy fine culture. • The brightest minds of

this era gathered there. • From their circles

spread the ideas of the Enlightenment.

THE PARIS SALONS

• Several wealthy women in Paris held regular social gatherings in their mansions. • These gatherings were

called ‘salons’. • Philosophers, writers,

artists, scientists, and intellectuals met to discuss ideas and enjoy artistic performances.

MARIE THERESE GEOFFRIN

• Madame Geoffrin was the most influential salon hostess.

MADAME GEOFFRIN’S SALON 1755

ENCYCLOPEDIA

• Madame Geoffrin financed the first encyclopedia to be made. • Denis Diderot brought together all the most

current and enlightened thinking. • Science• Technology• Art• government

• It was published in 1751.

• The modern day WIKIPEDIA!

DENIS DIDEROT

IDEAS CIRCULATE

• The salons and the encyclopedias Diderot published helped spread the Enlightenment ideas to educated people all over Europe. • Intellectuals shared their ideas through books,

letters, visits, and magazines. • “Never have new ideas had such rapid

circulation at such long distance.”

IDEAS REACH MIDDLE CLASS

• Newspapers, pamphlets, and political songs. • Enlightenment ideas of

government and equality attracted the literate middle class. • They had money, but not any

political power. • They bought a lot of books

about Enlightenment ideas, which helped push the movement forward.

ART AND LITERATURE

• The Enlightenment is also known as the “Age of Reason”. • The ideals of order and reason were reflected in

the arts. • Music• Literature• Painting• Architecture

ARCHITECTURE

BAROQUE

• Grand ornate style from the 1600s and early 1700s.• Monarchs built grand, elaborate palaces. • Under the influence of the Enlightenment, the

style changed to Neoclassical.

BAROQUE ARCHITECTURE

NEOCLASSICAL (NEW CLASSIC)

• Emphasis on order and balance. • Artists and architects

worked in a simple, elegant style that borrowed ideas from classical Greece and Rome. • In music, this period is

called classical.

NEOCLASSICAL ARCHITECTURE

CLASSICAL MUSIC

• Franz Joseph Haydn• Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart• Ludwig Van Beethoven

Haydn

Mozart Beethoven

HAYDN

• Developed new musical forms. • Sonata• Symphony

MOZART

• Gifted child who began composing music at age 5. • At age 12, he wrote his first opera. • His operas set a new standard of elegance and

originality.• The Marriage of Figaro• Don Giovanni• The Magic Flute

BEETHOVEN

• Wrote piano music, string quartets, and stirring symphonies• Early works were in the

same classical style as Mozart.• Later works carried his

music into the Age of Romanticism. • Became deaf after

publishing 32 sonatas

ROYALTY

• The Enlightenment also swept through palaces and royal courts. • Many philosophers, including Voltaire, believed

that the best form of government was a monarchy in which the ruler respected the people’s rights.

ENLIGHTENED DESPOTS

ENLIGHTENED DESPOTS

• Some monarchs embraced the new ideas and made reforms that reflected Enlightenment beliefs.• They were called Enlightened Despots. • Despots means ‘Absolute Ruler’

ENLIGHTENED DESPOTS

• Supported the new ideas, but they had no intention of giving up any power. • They only had two desires. • Make their country stronger• Rule more effectively

• The foremost of Europe's Enlightened despots• Frederick II of Prussia• Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II of Austria• Catherine the Great of Russia

FREDERICK II

• King of Prussia 1740-1786• “I must enlighten my people,

cultivate their manners and morals, and make them as happy as human beings can be, or as happy as the means at my disposal permits.” • He committed himself to

making important reforms for Prussia.

• Frederick II

FREDERICK’S REFORMS

• Religious freedoms• Reduced

censorship• Improved

education• Abolished torture

• He did not end serfdom because he still needed support of the wealthy landowners.• Did not try to

change the social order

JOSEPH II OF AUSTRIA

• Ruled Austria from 1780-1790• Legal reforms• Freedom of the press• Freedom of worship• Protestants, Orthodox

Christians, Jews

• Abolished serfdom• Ordered peasants be

paid for their labor with cash.

JOSEPH II

• Nobles resisted the changes• After his death, all

reforms were undone.

CATHERINE THE GREAT

• Ruled Russia from 1762-1796.• Formed a commission to make some

reforms towards religions toleration and abolishment of torture, however, the commission never accomplished their goals. • Peasant uprising in 1773 convinced

Catherine that she needed support of her nobles, so she granted them full power over serfs. • Serfs lost all freedom.

CATHERINE THE GREAT