Warm Up – 3/6/2012

To be completed at the top of page 49 of INB.

Write the question and answer it on page 49

How many times a day do you think blood makes a trip through your body? Why did you answer the way you did?

Functions of Our Blood

• Substance Distribution

• Regulation of blood levels of particular substances

• Body protection

Blood Functions: Distribution

Blood transports

• Oxygen from the lungs and nutrients from the digestive tract

• Metabolic wastes from cells to the lungs and kidneys for elimination

• Hormones from endocrine glands to target organs

Blood Functions: Regulation

Blood maintains

• Appropriate body temperature by absorbing and distributing heat to other parts of the body

• Normal pH in body tissues using buffer systems

• Adequate fluid volume in the circulatory system

Blood Functions: Protection

• Blood prevents blood loss by– Activating plasma proteins and platelets– Initiating clot formation when a vessel is broken

• Blood prevents infection by– Synthesizing and utilizing antibodies– Activating complement proteins– Activating WBCs (white blood cells) to defend the

body against foreign invaders

What makes up our blood?

• RED BLOOD CELLS • WHITE BLOOD CELLS • PLASMA • PLATELETS

What makes up our blood?

RED BLOOD CELLS• Also called Erythrocytes • The most abundant cells in our blood• Produced in the bone marrow • Contain a protein called hemoglobin that carries

oxygen to our cells.• Without RBC your body couldn’t use oxygen• Do not contain a nuclei therefore, they cannot

reproduce themselves• Have a life span of only 120 days.

What makes up our blood?WHITE BLOOD CELLS

• Also called Leukocytes• Part of the immune system• Destroys infectious agents called pathogens• Made in the bone marrow• When bacteria enter the body, some of the WBCs near the site

notify the others for help. Many cells travel to the site to fight the bacteria or disease

• Much bigger than RBCs• Contain a nuclei and can reproduce themselves• Life span is months or years

What makes up our blood?

PLASMA • This is the yellowish liquid portion of blood • Contains electrolytes, nutrients and vitamins,

hormones, clotting factors, and proteins such as antibodies to fight infection and carries them to cells.

• Made of mostly water• 3 main groups of plasma protein

– One regulates how much water there is in the blood

– Another helps fight diseases– The last one works with platelets, helping blood to

clot

What makes up our blood?

PLATELETS • Also called Thrombocytes • Looks like fiber• The clotting factors that are carried in the plasma• They clot together in a process called coagulation to

seal a wound and prevent a loss of blood• When a wound or cut occurs, platelets surround the

area and release a substance called fibrin.• Fibrin produces fibers that act like a net to stop blood

loss

Blood Facts

The average adult has about FIVE liters of blood inside of their body, which makes up 7-8% of their body weight.

Blood is living tissue that carries oxygen and nutrients to all parts of the body, and carries carbon dioxide and other waste products back to the lungs, kidneys and liver for disposal. It is the only fluid tissue. Blood also fights against infection and helps heal wounds, so we can stay healthy.

There are about one billion red blood cells in two to three drops of blood. For every 600 red blood cells, there are about 40 platelets and one white cell.

http://www.bloodbankofalaska.org/about_blood/index.html

Genetics of Blood Types

• Your blood type is established before you are BORN, by specific GENES inherited from your parents. Blood type is genetic.

• You inherit one gene from your MOTHER and one from your FATHER.

• These genes determine your blood type by causing proteins called AGGLUTINOGENS to exist on the surface of all of your red blood cells.

What are blood types?

• There are four major blood types: A, B, AB, and O.

• Markers are proteins on RBCs that arrange in different orders for specific types.

• This arrangement is used to identify your blood type

• The arrangement is important to know when a person needs a blood transfusion.

What are blood types?

http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/units/basics/blood/types.cfm

There are 3 alleles or genes for blood type: A, B, & O. Since we have 2 genes, there are 6 possible combinations.

Blood Types

AA or AO = Type ABB or BO = Type B

OO = Type OAB = Type AB

How common is your blood type?

46.1%

38.8%

11.1%

3.9%

Blood Transfusions

A blood transfusion is a procedure in which blood is given to a patient through an intravenous (IV) line in one of the blood vessels. Blood transfusions are done to replace blood lost during surgery or a serious injury. A transfusion also may be done if a person’s body can't make blood properly because of an illness.

To have a safe transfusion, blood must be properly cared for in a hospital or blood bank, be properly administered and be the correct type.

Who can give you blood?

People with TYPE O blood are called Universal Donors, because they can give blood to any blood type.

People with TYPE AB blood are called Universal Recipients, because they can receive any blood type.

Rh + Can receive + or - Rh - Can only receive -

Universal Donor

Universal Recipient

Blood Transfusions

In other words….

A can only mix with A and O

B can only mix with B and O

AB can mix with A, B, and O

O can only receive O

Rh Factors• Scientists sometimes study Rhesus monkeys

to learn more about the human anatomy because there are certain similarities between the two species. While studying Rhesus monkeys, a certain blood protein was discovered. This protein is also present in the blood of some people. Other people, however, do not have the protein.

• The presence of the protein, or lack of it, is referred to as the Rh (for Rhesus) factor.

• If your blood does contain the protein, your blood is said to be Rh positive (Rh+). If your blood does not contain the protein, your blood is said to be Rh negative (Rh-).

A+ A-B+ B-

AB+ AB-O+ O-

http://www.fi.edu/biosci/blood/rh.html

Blood Evidence• Blood samples – Can be analyzed to determine blood

type and DNA, which can be matched to possible suspects.

• Blood droplets – Can be analyzed to give clues to the location of a crime, movement of a victim, and type of weapon.

• Blood spatter – Can be analyzed to determine patterns that give investigators clues to how a crime might have happened.

Microscopic Views

Bird Blood

Cat Blood

Dog Blood

Fish Blood

Frog Blood

Snake BloodHuman Blood

Horse Blood

Common Blood Diseases

Sickle Cell Anemia

• Occurs when RBCs are in the shape of a sickle or a crescent

• Due to shape, RBCs are not flexible and don’t travel to all parts of the body well

• Cells then become oxygen deprived• People become very tired, short of breath

and sick• Inherited disease

Common Blood Diseases

Hemophilia

• Affects the blood clotting process• Manifests itself in a breakdown in the

organization of blood clotting

Common Blood Diseases

Leukemia

• Form of cancer that involves WBCs and bone marrow.

• Causes an abnormal amount of WBCs to be produced

• Cells take the space needed for normal RBC growth to occur

• Abnormal blood production can be fatal overtime

Common Blood Diseases

Homework

Complete on page 48 of your INB

Create a diagram, song, poem, or other memory device to help

remember the components and functions of blood.