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Waste management Model of Mangalore City Corporation, D.K District, Karnataka

1. About Mangalore City

Mangalore is an important city in Karnataka and is situated on the west coast. After integration the city is

developing fast in all directions viz. in the field of education, industry and commerce. Mangalore is located at

12 -52’N latitude and 74 49’E longitude. The city is located in the confluence of Nethravathi and

Gurupura rivers. It is bound in the east by the Western Ghats and in the west by the Arabian Sea. Three

National Highways viz., NH-17 linking Panvel and Kanyakumari, NH-48 linking Mangalore and Bangalore, NH-

13 linking Mangalore and Sholapur pass through the city. A domestic Airport is located at Bajpe, which is 15

km from city connecting it to Mumbai and Bangalore. Mangalore is also linked by rail to all major cities of

India and is also having all weather harbors. Mangalore is headquarters of Dakshina-Kannada District, largest

urban coastal center of Karnataka and the fourth largest city in the State. The city is an administrative,

commercial, educational, and industrial center. An all weather port is located in Mangalore and is the only

major port of Karnataka. The topography of the city is from plain to undulating with four hilly regions natural

valleys within the city. The ambient temperature varies minimum from 17 c to a maximum 37 c. There is a

heavy rain fall of about 4000mm per annum of which about 90% received in the monsoon period. The

relative humidity is generally very high reaching saturation levels during the summer period. The geology of

the city is characterized by hard laterite in hilly tracts and sandy soil along seashore.

2. Profile of Mangalore City Corporation

A Profile of LSG Mangalore City Corporation

1 Geography and location 12°-52" North latitude and 74° 49'East longitude

2 LSG Type City Corporation Wards 60 3 Population ( 2011 Census) 4,19,306 Growth rate 4 Projected Pop; 2018 6,00,000 Total House Holds

5 Male Female sex ratio 6 Major communities (%) Hindus , Muslims and Christians 7 Literacy; M/F 8 Density of Population 9 Area Sq 132.45 sq.km 10 Governance

3. Local Governance background

Mangalore City Corporation presided by a Mayor. Mangalore City Corporation currently has a population of

4,19,306 (as per 2001 census) and area of 132.45 sq.kms. It is divided into 60 wards each represented by a

Corporator. Elections to the Corporation are held every five years and subsequently a Mayor and a Deputy

Mayor are elected for a term of one year. It comes under portion of 2 Lokasabha Constituencies, 4 Legislative

assembly constituencies and 1 legislative council Constituency. The City Corporation is now housed in its

own premises located at M.G. Road, Lalbagh, Mangalore. Since its up-gradation as a City Corporation, the civic

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body has spearheaded several developmental activities in the city and it has been adjudged as one of the best

Corporation in the state for 3 years continuously.

4. Waste Management Scenario before Swatch Bharath Mission1

‘The most pressing problem faced is rapid urbanization & changing lifestyles have led to the generation of huge

amount of garbage and wastes in the urban areas, so much so, over the past few years; just handling this

Municipal Solid Waste has assumed the proportion of major organizational, financial and environmental

challenges. MCC was unable to provide effective services. The waste was disposed in an unscientific manner, with

crude open dumping in low–lying areas being the prevalent practice followed by most Urban Local Bodies. The

results of these are foul smell, breeding of flies & other pests and generation of liquid runoffs (Leachate), which

pose a serious threat to the underground water reserves. The area coming under the jurisdiction of Mangalore

City Corporation produces an average of 220 TPD of wastes, with a daily collection frequency of 200 TPD. The

waste collected has a composition of 60% of organic, 25% of inorganic, 5% of combustible & 10% of recyclable

wastes.

As per Municipal Solid Waste (Management & Handling) rules 2000, including all administrative, financial,

legal planning and engineering functions involved in the whole spectrum of solutions to problems of solid wastes

thrust upon the community by its inhabitants.

However, the case study on the waste management of MCC by Sequeira and Chandrashekar in Jan 2015

indicates that “the per capita household waste generation for the city is 0.2095 Kg. At this rate the total

Municipal Solid Waste production from the households alone would equal to 104.6 tons per day or TPD as the

city population is 4, 99,487 as on 2011 census [1].

Based on the projection of waste collection data in the selected four wards i.e., Shivbhag had highest household

waste generation (0.4349 Kg per capita per day or pcpd) followed by Padavu-central (0.2087 Kg pcpd), Alape

(0.1964 Kg pcpd) and Falnir (0.1346 Kg pcpd). It is noted that where urbanization rate is high, waste generation

rate is also high and there is a direct link of urbanization with waste production [2]. This is clear as the waste

production in the Shivbhag Ward area is drastically higher than other areas under study. Shivbhag Ward is in

the heart of the city and more waste is generated here.’

From the above study it could be noted that the waste collected at or transported to the dump site at Vamanjoor,

Mangaluru is 226 TPD. The per capita waste generation per day is 0.4524 kg. Mangaluru city comes under the

cities which have less than 500 TPD Municipal Solid Waste generations, along with Agartala, Asansol,

Chandigarh, Faridabad, Guwahati, Jamshedpur, Kochi, Kozikode, Mysore and Shimla [2].

In Mangalore the biodegradable waste in the areas of study was found to be very high, equalling almost 90%. As

we have noted above, household waste generation for the city of Mangalore is 0.2095 kg pcpd. At this rate the

total household waste generated would equal to 104.643 TPD. That is not less than 46.30% of the total waste

generated. It is observed that when an eco-friendly technology like vermi composting when applied to household

1 Solid waste management in Mangalore City corporation; Documentation of best practice

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wastes will yield 60-70% of vermi compost per each ton of substrate used. Thus we can conclude that in

Mangaluru city, 65 TPD vermi compost could be generated from household waste alone.

The average calculation of the per-capita solid waste generation per-day in Mangaluru city shows that it is in no

way less compared to the other major cities of India. The solid waste generation of the city increases with

urbanization is obvious from the study as it is noted that the area away from the centre of the city contributes

less waste to the main Municipal Solid Waste generation. It is evident and true that all want to get rid of their

waste. But the survey shows that getting rid of waste and its management in a scientific and effective way is

more often lacking. The goodwill of the people to cooperate in the proper management and disposal of the

household waste needs to be utilized and at the same time strengthened by adequate awareness programs and

facilities. Study shows that the active participation of the municipal authorities and the residents of the wards is

necessary in the entire process of management of solid waste”.

Awards and achievements of MCC

a) In 2009 Jadavpur University, Kolkata Awarded ICON SWM Award for Mangalore City as the Second Best City under Solid Waste

Management.

b) Union Ministry of Urban Development Awarded Mangalore City Corporation 8th Cleanest City in May 2010.

c) Green Leaf Award was awarded at Hyderabad by Suzuki Exnora to Mangalore City Corporation for

Solid Waste Management.

d) In 2011 Jadavpur University, Kolkata Awarded ICONSWM Award Mangalore City as the First Best City under Solid Waste Management.

e) The recent (2018) ‘Swatch Survekshan survey’ by the ‘Swatch Bharath Mission’ has rated MCC as ‘India’s best city in solid waste

management in the <3- >10 lakh population category.

5. Current status of solid and liquid waste management

B Details Status as on June 2018

1 IHHL: % coverage

2 Public toilets :

3 UGD coverage %

4 Sewage Treatment Plants(STP)

5 Total Waste disposed per day 325 tonnes per day

6 Waste collected 325 tonnes per day

7 Waste processed per day 325 tonnes per day

6. Current Practices of waste management at Household level

The total number of HH is 1lakh and 26 thousand

and 325 TPD of waste is generated daily and it is

collected and transported to the land fill site in

Vamanjoor situated 9 KM away from the city.

This waste include waste transported from the

neighbouring LSG’s like Ulllal CMC (17TPD) and

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Bantwal TMC(10TPD) since they do not have their own land fill sites.

60-70% % of the HH are covered under the door to door collection

through garbage retrievers and garbage vehicles. Truck loads of wastes

are collected and transported for further processing in alternative energy

such as manure and methelin based gas. Over all of this waste 2/3 of it is

a bio degradable waste while the 1/3 is non-bio degradable waste which

goes in to the land fill.

The waste collection system at HH level

For the purpose of waste collection and transportation, 60 wards are

divided in to two zones i.e., ‘A’ zone which covers the industrial towns

of Baikampady, Panamboor and Bunder area where the density of

population as well as the industrial units are high and zone ‘B’ is thinly populated in wider geographical area,

predominantly, residential houses and flats which are scattered in wider area but well connected through

roads. The cost of waste collection in ‘B” zone is much higher compared to that of ‘A’ zone. It is due to the

distance the waste collection that has to travel to gather the waste. Hence the collection and transportation

charges are high in zone ‘A’ than zone ’B’. The mixed waste received for processing at the ` UWPCL plant in

Vamanjoor today has reached up to 325 2 of which only 10% gets converted in to bio manure in windrow

method while the city market waste is vermi composted. The bio manure produced out of the mixed waste in

windrow method is being sold to Horticulture department @ Rs.3200/- Per tonne while the bio manure

produced out of vermi composte is marked at Rs. 4200 /- per tonne.

The storage of wastes at HH level

‘Study observed that 50% of the households stored their waste in plastic bags, because it is easy to dispose it to

the communal containers or hand over to the garbage collector. 36.25% households stored the waste in the

closed, usually plastic containers’. So, the overall attitude of the citizens towards recycling of bio degradable

waste in to manure in their back yard is not very positive. This is in spite of familiarizing citizens about the solid

waste management system, training the retrievers on importance of segregation, in proper handling of waste

and its hazards, mass awareness through Audio announcements etc. It still remains to be the challenge for

operationalising the sustainable waste management system to achieve the goal. But an independent study on

waste disposal practices in MCC carried out in 2015 indicates that the average household waste generation for

the city of Mangalore is 0.2095 kg pcpd’ and majority of it are bio degradable waste which can be recycled at the

source itself.

But sadly, 90% of the bio degradable wastes thrown out in the windrow method is still sent to land fill sites is

a matter of ecological concern in years to come. But in the contrary, the UWPCL project in-charge at

Vamanjoor plant feels that, compared to cities like Hyderabad and Delhi, ‘the quantum of waste received here

in Mangalore is very less and not economical’

2 As per data from IL&FS waste management unit at Vamanjoor (Urban waste management & production Unit)

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However, in spite of the best efforts of the MCC over the years to make its citizens awareness on segregation

of waste at source, the message does not seem to have gone down very well. So, the net result is that, all

wastes (325TPD) collected from household from all the 60 wards are almost in mixed form and not

segregated at source. Secondly, the regularity of waste collection and the support system such as; vehicles,

uniformed waste retrievers (men and women) and the citizens participation in waste disposal has drastically

improved w.r.t. regularity and timings of waste collection at ward level. Citizens are familiar with whistle of

the garbage retriever and the audio track on waste collection and segregation messages. The entire work of

waste collection from all the wards and transporting it to the waste management site for processing plant at

Vamanjoor is being outsourced to an agency known as ‘M/S. Antony Waste Handling Cell Pvt. Ltd’

(AWHCPL)3 and for processing of the waste is outsourced to second agency known as ;‘Unique Waste

Processing Company Ltd. (UWPCL) of IL&FS4 . Both of these Companies have been managing the waste

generated by the city through a MoU for the term of seven Years starting from.2013-2020.

8. Current Practices of waste management at Commercial and Industries level

1/3rd of the 325 TPD is contributed by the commercial establishments and industrial activities. There are

about 46 thousand commercial units and major contributors include; the Hotels, industries, Markets,

Marriage halls , Hospitals and construction work sites across the city.

8.1. Programmatic Street sweeping;

The total area of 60 wards is covered by -----Km of roads of which MCC regularly covers 25 km per day

through mechanised street sweeping system.

The MCC has banned Burning of plastic and house owners being levied fine

for throwing the garbage in open space. The mass awareness campaigns on

eco friendly practices are being regularly conducted in schools, colleges,

Institutes and for citizens.

hardware for collection , transportation and segregation of municipal wastes include;

Closed metal secondary storage containers

Manual handling of waste is being minimized.

Provision for Covered transportation vehicles.

3 Antony Waste Handling Cell Private Limited (AWHCPL), an off-shoot of Antony Group of companies, Mumbai is one of the leading

players in the field of Solid Waste Management services in the country. AWHCPL has been providing Solid Waste Management services all across the country. Antony Waste Handling Cell Private Limited has become one of the pioneers in Solid Waste Management. The company has executed more than 20 major projects till date. It further plans to intensify activities in several other parts of the country by bringing in the latest technology in the industry and also plans to venture into related environmental projects.

4 IL&FS was originally promoted by the Central Bank of India, Housing Development Finance Corporation (HDFC) and Unit Trust of

India (UTI). Currently, its institutional shareholders include State Bank of India (SBI), Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC), ORIX, Abu Dhabi Investment Authority and Greenspring Associates.[3] IL&FS has 256 group companies as of 2011,

including subsidiaries, joint venture companies and associate entities. IL&FS has several projects in different sectors including Transportation, Area Development, e-Governance, Health Initiatives, Cluster Development, Finance, Power, Ports, Water and Waste Water, Urban Infrastructure, Environment, Education, and Tourism.

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Regular day wise clearance frequency maintained.

Twin container dumper placers, Conventional Lorries are being used for transportation of waste to the

Processing & Disposal site.

8.3. Windrow composting and Vermi-composting;

The project is supported under KUDCEMP Program at a cost of 6.48 Crores in the year 2008.

Provision of 325 TPD of waste is aerobically composted through Windrow method and 40 TPD of market waste is

vermi composted. Rejects from Compost plant will be transported to sanitary landfill site. Mangalore City

Corporation is handling the operation and maintenance of compost plant since 2008. Operation of Vermi-

composting is started since 2010.

8.4. Development of the landfill;

Rejects from the compost plant is dumped at the land fill site at Pachachnadi/Vamanjoor and daily soil top cover

of 30 cm will be provided. Landfill Site is operational since 2010. It is being developed in 4 phases.

Phase I for 6 years time frame,

Phase II, III and IV for 3 years, 6 years and for 10 years time frame consecutively.

8.5. Converting waste to energy i.e., Bio-Methanation Plant ;( photo of methanation plant)

To reduce the burden on the centralized processing plant and sanitary landfill site, MCC started with a pilot

project on. Bhaba Atomic Research Centre Technology was selected for decentralization system. Urwa market

was selected for the construction and implementation of Bio-methanation plant. 2 Tons per day capacity plant

was designed and was tendered to M/s Wipro Eco Energy for construction & Installation at a cost of 25 lakhs

and followed by 2 years of Operation and Maintenance of the plant. The plant was commissioned in September

2011 and running successfully. The plant is generating 150-160 m 3 /day of gas and 100 -120 Kg/day of

Manure. It is also proposed to utilize the gas for generating power & illuminate the market surrounding.

10. Government Policies and enforcement practices by LSG

Various initiatives of MCC in the direction of sustainability of the waste management in Mangalore city in the

last couple of years includes;

The draft bye-law template developed for municipal waste management by MCC has been adopted by

the Directorate of Municipal Administration (DMA) and it is currently available in the DMA website.

MCC is negotiating with the ‘Chicken sellers and dealers Association of Mangalore city’ for processing

the huge quantity (40 TPD) of chicken waste in to manure. This processing unit will be established in

the Baikampady Industrial area.

Similar efforts are with the ‘Hotel Owners Association and Shopping Malls Association of Mangalore

city’ for self management of wastes generated by them.

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Moreover, the involvement of local CBO’s /SHG groups in waste management process on a social

enterpreaunership mode is being tried in few selected wards. However, due to the strong social

taboo attached to working in waste processing activities deter these groups in taking active role.

Instead, they prefer to do the supervisory jobs. Interestingly, even the entire operations of waste

collection, transportation and processing depend on man power hired from outside the Mangalore

city. Most of them come from places in the North Karnataka region like; Koppal, Badami, Gadag,

Bagalkot, Davangere, Dharwad and Hubli.

However, all of these initiatives

are waiting for the civic body

approval since last two years. The

political will of the MCC towards

operationalising sustainable

initiatives currently seems to be

lacking.

10. The role of M/S. Antony Waste Handling Cell Pvt. Ltd’ (AWHCPL) and Unique Waste Processing

Company Ltd. (UWPCL) of IL&FS in waste management in Mangalore

The Antony waste management cell Pvt. Ltd. has been engaged by the MCC and it has entered in to MoU

for a period of 6/7 years for door to door waste collection and transportation of the same to the land fill

site at Vamanjoor which is 8/9 km from the city. The waste collection is collected from 1.26 thousand

household and 46 thousand commercial establishments. The area coming under the jurisdiction of

Mangaluru City Corporation produces an average of 310 - 320 TPD of wastes, with a daily collection

frequency of 310 TPD. The waste collected has a composition of 58% of organic, 25% of inorganic, 5% of

combustible & 10% of recyclable wastes. The Antony waste collection agency has employed

approximately 750 functionaries and 150 vehicles for the purpose. But the cost of door to door collection

and transportation continues to rise and dependency on manpower for garbage collection and

transportation workers from north Karnataka is very high. Most importantly, the civic awareness on

segregation of waste at source still is yet to materialise at HH level. This has resulted in more than 90% of

325 TPD of waste collected are still in mixed form. This trend only increases the quantity of waste sent to

land fill sites and less (10%) recycled to alternative energy. The scope of the Antony waste management

company ends with transporting the waste to the waste processing site which is 7/8 km distance from

Mangalore city every day which is managed by the Unique Waste Processing Company Ltd. (UWPCL)

IL&FS of New Delhi, a multinational organisation.

Both the processing and disposal is been outsourced to them since 2013 for a period of 6 years. Out of

the total 325 TPD of waste processed daily approximately 300 TPD of mixed wastes are processed in the

‘windrow method’ of which only 10 % is converted in to bio manure while the 90% of the rejects from

Compost plant is transported to sanitary landfill site in Pachchanadi village.. In Mangaluru City, around

25/30 TPD of bio degradable wastes mostly collected from the city market is converted to alternative

But these critical questions still remain to be answered by the concerned

1. What is the IEC/behaviour change communication strategy for motivating the

households to segregate waste?

2. What are the suggestive plans to move from the current waste intensive

processing system (Mixed waste segregated at land fill site) to sustainable waste

management system (segregated at source)?

3. How does MCC plans to prevail upon the elected body to enforce the Municipal

waste management Acts for a sustainable zero waste management system

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energy through vermin composting. Corporation is handling the operation and maintenance of compost

plant since 2008 and Vermi-composting is started since 2010. The bio manure is sold locally to

horticulture department and to farmers. However, interestingly, according to the project manager of the

UWPCL, ‘The plant requires more quantity of waste, if it has to run on economical mode.’ So, the

sustainability of waste management requires a different approach. Hence, there is a need for

introspection on the current waste management model of MCC. Hence, the questions on Political will to

address the environment concerns of waste such as reduce, reuse and recycling, economy of its

operations, community awareness to support the MCC initiatives towards sustainability of waste

management still remains to be answered.

11. MCC way forward

MCC has to put in to practice the following actions to make its waste management. It includes;

MCC body approval for the bye law of waste management rules of MCC and the policy decision to

comply with these bye laws conditions accordingly,

‘Chicken sellers and dealers Association of Mangalore city’ for processing the huge quantity (40 TPD)

of chicken waste in to manure at their cost. This processing unit will be established in the

Baikampady Industrial area.

‘Hotel Owners Association and Shopping Malls Association of Mangalore city’ for self management of

wastes generated by them.

Implementation of segregation of waste at all the household level in 60 wards and its disposal.

Apply KMC act and plastic waste regulation Act and prohibits use of plastic in MCC level

Upgrading the UGD connections and its monitoring across the city

Identifying of high risk locations (wards) in terms of communicable diseases and poor sanitation

practices and work towards ‘zero waste management goal’ in a specific period.

12. Analysis of Mangalore City Corporation (MCC) waste management model from sustainable angle

The political will and waste management plans in MCC;

The MCC council comprises 60 elected representatives, one from each of the 60 wards (localities) of the city. The Mangalore was basically a congress stronghold except for one term.(2008-2013 where the BJP was in

power). However, the current waste management practice is by outsourcing the waste collection and

processing responsibility to the multinational agencies. It was initiated by the Congress government in power

in 2007 under the ‘Karnataka Urban Development and Coastal Environment Management project’

(Kudcemp).This integrated urban development project objective was to meet basic human needs by

developing urban services for water supply and sanitation, solid waste and wastewater management, and

slum and environmental improvements etc. Consequently, an agreement with ‘Antony Waste Handling Cell

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Private Limited’ for a period of 7 years5 to collect and transport waste to land fill site at Vamanjoor was

signed in 2014. Similarly, the second agreement with IL&FS6, M/s Unique Waste Management Pvt. Ltd with

the O&M of composting facilities in 2013.

However, irrespective of the party in power, the smooth functioning waste collection, transportation and

processing work has gone through rough weather. The strikes by the waste collecting workers demanding

minimum wages and for delay in payments are becoming common. The withholding of funds by MCC due to

litigations etc., are indicative of lack of political will of the body. This has further weakened the administrative

hold on;

a) Implementing the segregation waste strictly at HH level till date as well as collection accordingly

b) Implementing total prohibition of use of plastic bags at HH as well as the commercial establishment’s

level.

c) Making the chicken dealers and Hotel owners and restaurants to manage thier waste processing by

them.

All these initiatives are waiting for the civic body approval since last two years. The political will of the MCC

towards operationalising sustainable initiatives currently seems to be lacking.

Lack of political leadership at MCC has clearly resulted in weakened the executives to develop a concrete

sustainable waste management plans to Mangalore city. The quantum of waste is increasing day by day. It

was 180 TPD in 2013 and as on today in 2018 it is 325TPD and future looks bleak with no concrete decisions

taken by the MCC body towards sustainable solutions.

5 Special Correspondent

Daijiworld Media Network - MangaloreWed, Sep 3 2014 09:30:15 AM

Mangalore, Sep 3: With Mangalore witnessing rapid progress there is a need to handle the Solid Waste Management of the city in a specialised way. As a step towards handling Solid Waste

Management of Mangalore in a organized way a 7-year agreement has been signed recently between Mangalore City Corporation and a Mumbai based company Antony Waste Handling Cell Private Limited. Highlights of the New Project

It is the first of its kind to be developed in Karnataka State Antony Waste Handling Cell Private Limited will invest approx Rs 7 Crore on Vehicles for this Project in Mangalore and will submit a Performance Bank Guarantee of approx Rs 5 Crore. The agreement is for a period of 7 years with current estimate of approximately 200 Tonnes of waste per day with an approx value of Rs 18 Crore billing per year. 100% door to door collection from entire 60 wards covering 90% of the properties using hydraulic vehicles of the types of Auto-tipper/refuse collectors etc. 100% Deployment of Hydraulic operated secondary collection vehicles to abolish the current system of open trucks. The agreement also covers sanitation works namely street sweeping, vegetation cutting, de-siltation of storm water drains (<1.0m width), foot path/divider cleaning, maintaining sanitation of open space /building maintained by MCC. Mechanized sweeping in South zone for a stretch of 25 km/day Beach cleaning in North Zone Adoption of GPS technology to all the secondary collection vehicles, recording the real time fuel level and vehicle location All the vehicles/equipments to be deployed operated and maintained at the cost of the contractor. Collection of user-fee charges through SWM Cess by the City Corporation. The concept aims at implementing the MSW (Rules and regulations),2000 on cent basis- avoiding multiple handling of garbage, door to door collection, GPS system. About Antony Waste Handling Cell Private Limited (AWHCPL)

Antony Waste Handling Cell Private Limited (AWHCPL) - part of the ANTONY Group of Companies, is a leader in Municipal Solid Waste Management Services in India. The Company has in the past provided solid waste management services in more than twenty municipalities in India and in overseas market. The company is also the recipient of the first ever Frost and Sullivan awards hosted in India for leadership position in Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) in 2009. AWHCPL has in the past provided significant municipal support function in the NCR and Mumbai metropolitan region. It has also formed a JV with Brazil’s leading solid waste management company, Lara Central De Tratamento De Residuos, Brazil. This venture provides global technology access for the company, which has helped AWHCPL to start executing India’s largest waste processing facility in India. This is a 25 year contract of Rs 4,500 Crores for waste processing awarded by Mumbai Municipal Corporation at a capital expenditure of approx Rs 300 crores. The plant at full capacity will process 7,500 Tonnes per Day of waste. AWHCPL's activities cover the following areas:

Mechanized primary and secondary collection of MSW Transportation of MSW Mechanized Road sweeping Mechanized Refuse Transfer Station Material Separation and Processing Engineered Sanitary Landfills – Development of closure plan, re-vegetation and long term post closure care All kind of Municipal Solid Waste infrastructure supply and installations.

6 . Mangalore City Corporation: Mangalore City Corporation has entrusted M/s Unique Waste Management Pvt. Ltd with the O&M of composting facilities in 2013

on tipping fee basis. The plant receives 290 TPD of waste and produces 30 TPD (10-12% of yield) of compost through windrow composting and vermi composting methods. The company supplies compost to IL&FS, Kozhikode, Kerala on bulk basis and sells the compost at a price of Rs. 4.25/ Kg of compost (bagged) and Rs. 3.0/Kg for un-bagged compost on bulk basis

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The social angle include the mobilising strong community based group and citizens through communication

strategies such as; movement, campaign through formal or in formal method emerging in Mangalore city;

Contrary to the image of Mangalore city, as the place of educated (literate) and developed city from the times

of colonial period and the influence of Christian missionaries in the field of education, commerce and

commercial crops and general sense and practice of cleanliness is comparatively high, however, the attitude

and practice of cleanliness of the city dwellers seems quite contrary from the point of segregating of waste

and civic responsibility seems poor.

a) The use of plastic by the citizens are very high and sensitivity towards reducing its use is poor

b) Citizens in general do not segregate waste but dispose them in mixed form in plastic bags

c) The community behaviour on due diligence of waste is minimal

d) The general attitude of SHG’s are not pro active in awareness building nor engage in waste

segregation activities at neighbourhood or community level( like, Kudumbashree groups of Kerala).

But they are more comfortable in the supervisory role of waste management.

The role of civil society and Religious organisations and Educational institutions in Mangalore city is just at

mediocre level. Notable among the religious institution include; Rama Krishna Mission of Mangalore. Most of

the education institutions in Mangalore city carryout the waste management practices as part of the

compliance for Swatch Bharath Mission. Secondly, the initiatives by the local self government bodies such as

Town Panchayth, CMC and MCC are also acting under the pressure from SBM.

The Economic angle: The Social and economic cost benefit of the waste management practices. The study

indicates that;

Antony Waste Handling Cell Private Limited has to invest approx Rs 7 Crore on Vehicles for this Project in

Mangalore and will submit a Performance Bank Guarantee of approx Rs 5 Crore. The agreement is for a

period of 7 years with current estimate of approximately 200 Tonnes of waste per day with an approx value

of Rs 18 Crore billing per year.

The plant receives 290 TPD of waste and produces 30 TPD (10-12% of yield) of compost through windrow

composting and vermi composting methods. The company supplies compost to IL&FS, Kozhikode, Kerala on

bulk basis and sells the compost at a price of Rs. 4.25/ Kg of compost (bagged) and Rs. 3.0/Kg for un-bagged

compost on bulk basis The waste management model of MCC is a capital intensive model. Higher the quantum of waste processes

higher the economic feasibility.

The operation and maintenance cost is high. High man power requirement and compliance of minimum

wages to the sanitation workers contributes to the increased cost.

Operational cost of collection and transportation of waste is continues to increase due to increase population

and poor waste disposal practices of the citizens.

The Environmental Angle; Higher the quantum of wastes dumped at landfill site higher will be the

environment impact.

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Only 10% of the mixed waste (un-segregated) out of the total waste collected 325TPD is being converted in to

bio manure and the remaining 90% of the non bio degradable waste is sent to landfill site at ‘Pachanadi’ in

Vamanjoor. This is a known environmentally hazardous practice which is forbidden in west and European

countries 25 years back.

The poor waste management behaviour among the citizens of Mangalore

Lack of awareness and motivation to harness alternative energy sources such as; Bio manure and bio gas out

of wet waste for domestic purpose.

Lack of awareness about the alternative development models about the environment friendly waste

management practices in political leadership.

The review of the MCC waste management model from the point of four parameters indicates the following;

1. The centralised capital intensive model needs to be replaced with decentralised system of waste

management.

2. The decentralised waste management model should have ‘neighbourhood group’ consisting of 20/25

HH as the base unit. It here that, the segregation , reduce, reuse and recycle are to be practiced.

3. Ward counsellor should be the leader and he/ she should be working with individuals and local

institutions to make it as a model of good practices of waste management.

4. The wet wastes are to be strictly processed at HH or neighbourhood level

5. The non-bio degradable waste should be strictly monitored and it should be collected once in month

and processed at the sub-regional/ward level for every 10,000 HH.