Wastewater biological treatment

8/15/2019 Wastewater biological treatment

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The Adventures ofThe Adventures of

Sludge BugsSludge Bugs

Betsy BetrosBetsy BetrosJohnson County EnvironmentalJohnson County Environmental

DepartmentDepartment

Kansas Water EnvironmentKansas Water EnvironmentAssociationAssociation

Annual MeetingAnnual Meeting

April ! "##$April ! "##$


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Sludge bugsSludge bugs is a fun %ay to refer to theis a fun %ay to refer to themicroorganisms %hich inha&it %aste%atermicroorganisms %hich inha&it %aste%ater

treatment systems'treatment systems'

Sludge bugsSludge bugs include tiny single celledinclude tiny single celledorganisms such as &acteria too small to &eorganisms such as &acteria too small to &eseen individually! to &ig a(uatic earth%orms!seen individually! to &ig a(uatic earth%orms!visi&le to the na)ed eye'visi&le to the na)ed eye'


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Micro&e identificationMicro&e identification

primarily for activatedprimarily for activatedsludge plants'sludge plants'

WWT*s are designedWWT*s are designed

to provideto provide UtopiaUtopia forforsludge &ugs'sludge &ugs'


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Keeping the Bugs +appy,Keeping the Bugs +appy, UtopiaUtopia

All they -as). of us is to provide them plenty ofAll they -as). of us is to provide them plenty of

o/ygen and food and some e/tra nutrition if theo/ygen and food and some e/tra nutrition if the

%aste%ater is a little shy on some'%aste%ater is a little shy on some'

And in turn they eat and eat and eat and &egatAnd in turn they eat and eat and eat and &egat

and &egat and &egat lots more sludge &ugs0and &egat and &egat lots more sludge &ugs0

Happy

BugsUnhappy

Bugs


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1ice to have some micro1ice to have some micro

critters that %ill eat our sh''0critters that %ill eat our sh''0

Keeping the Bugs +appyKeeping the Bugs +appy

isn2t al%ays easy0isn2t al%ays easy0


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Micro5managing3'the sludge0Micro5managing3'the sludge0

6they %on2t mind076they %on2t mind07

8&serve on a routine &asis' 1eed to8&serve on a routine &asis' 1eed to

understand gro%th patterns'understand gro%th patterns'

8nce a %ee) is good'8nce a %ee) is good'

9f pro&lems3may need to do more9f pro&lems3may need to do more

often'often'


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Micro&es! as %ith all living things!Micro&es! as %ith all living things!

%ill live %here they%ill live %here they cancan live'live'

Every species has tolerance limits'Every species has tolerance limits'

*hysical factors,*hysical factors, availa&ility of nutrients!availa&ility of nutrients!temperature! dissolved o/ygen level!temperature! dissolved o/ygen level!to/icity of su&stances! p+! etc'to/icity of su&stances! p+! etc'

Biological factors,Biological factors, availa&ility of foodavaila&ility of foodsource! competition for food! etc'source! competition for food! etc'


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9t2s all a&out ecology, interactions of9t2s all a&out ecology, interactions of

organisms %ith each other and theirorganisms %ith each other and their

environment to provide a sustaina&leenvironment to provide a sustaina&le&iological community'&iological community'

From: Microbiology for Sanitary Engineers, Ross McKinney


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Bacteria are Key to the EfficiencBacteria are Key to the Efficienc

of Waste%ater Treatmentof Waste%ater Treatment Bacteria are not easily identifia&le :ust loo)ing atBacteria are not easily identifia&le :ust loo)ing atthrough a microscope' ;se other micro&es as indicators'through a microscope' ;se other micro&es as indicators'

ing. it &y turning it

into more &acteria3%hich can form floc and &e removedinto more &acteria3%hich can form floc and &e removedfrom the system through settling'from the system through settling'

McKinney and +or%ood discovered in the early ?@#sMcKinney and +or%ood discovered in the early ?@#sthat many &acteria are capa&le of floc formation'that many &acteria are capa&le of floc formation'== Bacteria do not actually -cho%. do%n on foodthey do not have mouths' A molecule of food lines up %ith areactive site on the &ody! and %ith en>ymes! a chun) of the molecule is ta)en into the &ody at a time! until theremaining portion of the molecule is no longer digesti&le'


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When lots of solu&le foodWhen lots of solu&le food

and limited micro&ial life,and limited micro&ial life, Bacteria!Bacteria!phytoflagellatesphytoflagellatesdominate5ta)e indominate5ta)e infood thru cell %alls'food thru cell %alls'

Bacteria reproduceBacteria reproducefast and (uic)ly out5fast and (uic)ly out5compete thecompete theflagellates for theflagellates for thefood'food'

The phytoflagellatesThe phytoflagellatesdie off'die off' •Must have bacterial growth (prey)

before the protooa (pre!ators startup)


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MicroscopesMicroscopes Compound Microscope vs' Stereoscope'Compound Microscope vs' Stereoscope'

Compound, high magnification! light goesCompound, high magnification! light goesthrough sample and image appears flat'through sample and image appears flat'

Stereoscope, lo% magnification! usuallyStereoscope, lo% magnification! usuallyfor vie%ing opa(ue o&:ects! usingfor vie%ing opa(ue o&:ects! using

reflected light! image is dimensionalreflected light! image is dimensional&ecause there are t%o complete sets of&ecause there are t%o complete sets ofoptics for each eye piece'optics for each eye piece'


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Stereo ie%ing5DStereo ie%ing5D

1ot needed for process1ot needed for process

control! &ut get a %holecontrol! &ut get a %hole

different vie% ofdifferent vie% of

micro&es in D'micro&es in D'

Can use transmitted

light or reflected light'


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9mportant eatures of Microscope9mportant eatures of Microscope

;se a microscope %ith;se a microscope %itht%o eyepieces't%o eyepieces'

Mechanical stage'Mechanical stage'

o&:ectives, ?# o&:ectives, ?# F# or similar range'F# or similar range'

8il immersion difficult8il immersion difficultto use %ith %etto use %ith %etmounts'mounts'


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*hase contrast*hase contrast

versus flat fieldversus flat field

*hase contrast is not*hase contrast is not

necessary for muchnecessary for much

routine %or)'routine %or)'

But3it can &e very nice! sinceBut3it can &e very nice! since

can see &ody parts much easier'can see &ody parts much easier'


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Dark Field MicroscopyDark Field Microscopy


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Collect a sample ofCollect a sample of

MGSS'MGSS'

Mi/ Well'Mi/ Well'

*ut ? to " drops on*ut ? to " drops onthe microscopethe microscope

slide'slide'

Using the MicroscopeUsing the Microscope


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4et ;sed to Goo)ing thru4et ;sed to Goo)ing thru

ScopeScope Don2t %orry a&outDon2t %orry a&out

names at first'names at first'

Dra% simple s)etches!Dra% simple s)etches!

ma)e up a name'ma)e up a name'

Goo) for the common ones first'Goo) for the common ones first'


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Develop a %ay to recordDevelop a %ay to record

your o&servations'your o&servations' Actual counts have limited use'Actual counts have limited use'

May&e use a cross &et%een -(uantitative.May&e use a cross &et%een -(uantitative.and -(ualitative'.and -(ualitative'.

e'g' rare! occasional! common'e'g' rare! occasional! common'

ariety of types is more important'ariety of types is more important'


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Goo) at Whole Slide irstGoo) at Whole Slide irst

5under lo% po%er 5under lo% po%er

9s anything movingH9s anything movingH

Are there any filamentsHAre there any filamentsH

Space &et%een floc clearHSpace &et%een floc clearH

What are larger animalsHWhat are larger animalsH

What is the appearance of the sludge, granular! fla)y!What is the appearance of the sludge, granular! fla)y!normal! dar)! lightHnormal! dar)! lightH


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9s it locH9s it locH

loc is made up ofloc is made up of

living and deadliving and dead

&acteria %hich gives&acteria %hich gives

it an -organic. loo)'it an -organic. loo)'

Dirt is made up ofDirt is made up of

minerals %hich givesminerals %hich givesit an -inorganic.it an -inorganic.

loo)'loo)'

Floc

"irt


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9s it locH9s it locH

Dirt, mineralsDirt, minerals


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Appearance of locAppearance of loc

Goo) at under lo%Goo) at under lo%

po%er'po%er'

9s floc %ell59s floc %ell5formedHformedH

9s space &et%een9s space &et%een

floc clearHfloc clearH

9s it -normal. for9s it -normal. for

your plantHyour plantH


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8lder sludges may8lder sludges may

&ecome more -dirt5&ecome more -dirt5li)e'.li)e'.

Dar)er! denser'Dar)er! denser'


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Type of aeration affects flocType of aeration affects flocsi>e'si>e'

9nade(uate shearing! develops9nade(uate shearing! developsthic)er floc %hich canthic)er floc %hich can

promote filamentous &acterialpromote filamentous &acterialgro%th %hich starts gro%inggro%th %hich starts gro%ingin the anaero&ic insides of thein the anaero&ic insides of thethic)er floc'thic)er floc'


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+eavy polymer use+eavy polymer use

can yield oddcan yield oddloo)ing sludge thatloo)ing sludge that

still settles o)ay'still settles o)ay'


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1e/t Goo) at ilaments1e/t Goo) at ilaments

1ot necessary as a1ot necessary as a

-&ac)&one'.-&ac)&one'.

Most sludge %illMost sludge %ill

have some type ofhave some type of

filamentous gro%th'filamentous gro%th'

;sually &acterial';sually &acterial'


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ilaments -%oven. throughilaments -%oven. through

flocculesfloccules

Most sludges %ill tendMost sludges %ill tend

to have these types! &utto have these types! &ut

not often a pro&lem'not often a pro&lem'

*oor shearing of sludge*oor shearing of sludge

&y aeration system! can&y aeration system! can

lead to e/tensivelead to e/tensive

gro%th'gro%th'

Slo%er settling sludge'Slo%er settling sludge'


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ilaments5E/tended from locilaments5E/tended from loc

Most common isMost common isSphaerotilusSphaerotilus! a! afilamentous &acteria'filamentous &acteria'

ilaments &ranching'ilaments &ranching'

Go% o/ygen'Go% o/ygen'

Can gro% in high o/ygen!Can gro% in high o/ygen!if thic) floc'if thic) floc'


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ilaments5ilaments5SphaerotilusSphaerotilus -se%age-se%age

fungus.fungus.

4rossly polluted4rossly polluted

%ater %ays can have%ater %ays can have

e/tensive gro%ths ofe/tensive gro%ths of

SphaerotilusSphaerotilus''

9t is &acteria! not9t is &acteria! not

fungus'fungus'

4reat indicator4reat indicator

organism'organism'

"ar# fiel! illumination, stereoscope$

From a cree# contaminate! with

soft !rin# waste$


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*in *oint loc5*in *oint loc5undesira&le!undesira&le!poor settling'poor settling'


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Sludge -BBs.Sludge -BBs.

E/tended aeration3E/tended aeration3%inter! reduced aeration!%inter! reduced aeration!resulted in slo% roll'resulted in slo% roll'

Created -BBs. %ithCreated -BBs. %ithfilaments' Anaero&ic infilaments' Anaero&ic in

center of floc'center of floc'

Sun) li)e a roc)'Sun) li)e a roc)'


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ilaments5ree from locilaments5ree from loc

Sulphur &acteria'Sulphur &acteria'

Can see sulphurCan see sulphurgranules in thegranules in the

filaments'filaments'

Serious o/ygenSerious o/ygenpro&lems0pro&lems0


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1ocardia! a fungus'1ocardia! a fungus'

ree from floc'ree from floc'

Short &ranches'Short &ranches'

Thrives in foam fromThrives in foam fromover5aged sludge %hichover5aged sludge %hichis the &ro%n! greasy type'is the &ro%n! greasy type'

--4reasiness. is the4reasiness. is thepolysaccharide &uildup'polysaccharide &uildup'


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Dried sludge on microscopeDried sludge on microscopeslide'slide'

SometimesSometimes easier to assesseasier to assess

filaments' Canfilaments' Can

&ac)trac) %hen&ac)trac) %hen

it startingit starting

developing'developing'

"rie! Nocardia


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8ther ilamentous5loo)ing8ther ilamentous5loo)ing

micro&esmicro&es

Cocci chain &acteria'Cocci chain &acteria'

Gots of solu&le food'Gots of solu&le food'

Go% D'8'Go% D'8'

Serious operationalSerious operationalpro&lems0pro&lems0

1 t G ) t th Sl d1 t G ) t th Sl d


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1e/t5Goo) at the Sludge1e/t5Goo) at the Sludge

Bugs3&ut first3is it aBugs3&ut first3is it a

Sludge BugH0Sludge BugH0 9f it is alive! it9f it is alive! it

pro&a&lypro&a&ly %ill move0%ill move0

Air &u&&les! clothAir &u&&les! cloth

fi&ers! dirt! etc' oftenfi&ers! dirt! etc' often

deceive the &eginner'deceive the &eginner'

Air Bu&&le


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9s it a Sludge BugH9s it a Sludge BugH

+uman hair5large strands+uman hair5large strands

Gint5small strands'Gint5small strands'


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Toilet paper Toilet paper


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Sometimes! :ust %on2t )no% %hat it is0Sometimes! :ust %on2t )no% %hat it is0


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Ma:or 4roups of SludgeMa:or 4roups of Sludge

Bugs,Bugs,*roto>oa!*roto>oa!

Worms!Worms!Iotifers!Iotifers!

Water Bears!Water Bears!

r ri h4astrotrichs


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*roto>oa and 8ther Micro&es*roto>oa and 8ther Micro&es

Easily vie%ed under aEasily vie%ed under amicroscope'microscope'

E/cellent indicatorE/cellent indicator

organisms'organisms'

With practice are fairlyWith practice are fairlyeasily identified'easily identified'

Most feed on &acteria'Most feed on &acteria'


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Goo) at Bigger Goo) at Bigger

8nes to Start 8nes to Start WhyHWhyH

Well''they2re &ig3Well''they2re &ig3

and easier to see0and easier to see0


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T%o Common WormsT%o Common Worms

Iound WormsIound Worms

A(uatic Earth%ormsA(uatic Earth%orms

Round WormsRound Worms


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Round WormsRound Worms 9n WWT* are free59n WWT* are free5

living'living'

Move &y %hippingMove &y %hipping&ody &ac) and forth'&ody &ac) and forth'

Common in activatedCommon in activatedsludge! need goodsludge! need goodD'8'D'8'

Eat chun)s'Eat chun)s'

1ot usually a pro&lem'1ot usually a pro&lem'

1ot segmented'1ot segmented'


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Aquatic Aquatic

EarthwormsEarthworms Gi)e garden %orms5stiff hairs'Gi)e garden %orms5stiff hairs'

Segmented'Segmented'

9ndicator of older sludges'9ndicator of older sludges'

Eat chun)s of floc'Eat chun)s of floc'

Can &e seen in supernate %ithCan &e seen in supernate %iththe na)ed eye'the na)ed eye'

A tiA ti


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Aquatic Aquatic

EarthwormsEarthworms Aelosoma Aelosoma5sometimes5sometimes

common'common'

8range glo&ules id it'8range glo&ules id it'

Aulophorus Aulophorus5for)ed5for)edtail'tail'

The older the sludge!The older the sludge!

the more a(uaticthe more a(uatic

earth%orms'earth%orms'

1ot usually1ot usually

considered a pro&lem'considered a pro&lem'

Aelosoma

Aulophorus


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Water BearsWater Bears

TartigradesTartigrades

Multi5celledMulti5celled

un to %atchun to %atch

+igh survival s)ills0+igh survival s)ills0

Water &ears canWater &ears cansurvive years in asurvive years in adesiccated state anddesiccated state andcan form a cyst state'can form a cyst state'


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Water BearsWater Bears

emales e/pel eggsemales e/pel eggs

into their cuticle thatinto their cuticle that

they shed'they shed' Most species areMost species are

semi5a(uatic'semi5a(uatic'

4enerally! found4enerally! found

more often in oldermore often in oldersludges'sludges'


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4astrotrichs4astrotrichs Ciliated! multi5celled animal'Ciliated! multi5celled animal'

Appear to have a nec)'Appear to have a nec)'

Smooth! gliding typeSmooth! gliding typemovement! usuallymovement! usually

associated %ith a su&strate'associated %ith a su&strate'

Eat &acteria! proto>oa!Eat &acteria! proto>oa!algae'algae'

8nly females )no%n'8nly females )no%n'


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Seed ShrimpsSeed Shrimps

8stracoda8stracoda

8ccasionally seen!8ccasionally seen!not important innot important in

process controlprocess control

evaluation'evaluation'


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IotifersIotifers

Multi5celled animal'Multi5celled animal'

9mportant process9mportant process

control indicators'control indicators'

Many species5a(uaticMany species5a(uatic

and semi5a(uatic! fromand semi5a(uatic! from

the Arctic to Antarctic0the Arctic to Antarctic0

e% males )no%n'e% males )no%n'

T%o ma:or groups'T%o ma:or groups'

hil di


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Iotifers5t%oIotifers5t%o

groupsgroups Bdelliod,Bdelliod,

inch%orm5li)einch%orm5li)e

*loimate, usually*loimate, usually

%ith a shell%ith a shell

Philodina

Platyias


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IotifersIotifers

eed on chun)s of floc'eed on chun)s of floc'

--Wheel animals.Wheel animals.

Cilia on head! pulls food inside'Cilia on head! pulls food inside'

Masta/! food grinder uni(ue to rotifers'Masta/! food grinder uni(ue to rotifers'

I tifI tif


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IotifersIotifers Well run plant'Well run plant'

*lenty of o/ygen'*lenty of o/ygen'

Mere presence doesn2t mean all2s %ell'Mere presence doesn2t mean all2s %ell'

1um&er and condition1um&er and condition

E/t' Aer' *lants tend to have highestE/t' Aer' *lants tend to have highestdiversity'diversity'

Which specific type in plant! might notWhich specific type in plant! might not&e significant'&e significant'

Adineta

I tif f d h ) fI tif f d h ) f


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Iotifers can feed on chun)s ofIotifers can feed on chun)s of

floc3rather than depending on free5floc3rather than depending on free5

s%imming &acteria's%imming &acteria'


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IotifersIotifers

The -inch%orm5The -inch%orm5

type. is capa&le oftype. is capa&le of

forming aforming a

desiccated state todesiccated state tosurvive &ad times!survive &ad times!

particularly lo%particularly lo%

o/ygen'o/ygen'

9mportant indicator'9mportant indicator'

"esiccate! Philodina


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IotifersIotifers

MonostylaMonostyla

8ne foot8ne foot


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Iotifer Iotifer

Cephalodella—Cephalodella—" feet" feet


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Common *roto>oaCommon *roto>oalagellateslagellates

Amoe&aAmoe&a

ree S%immer ree S%immer

Cra%lersCra%lersStal)ed CiliatesStal)ed Ciliates

P t Fl ll t


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Protozoa-FlagellatesProtozoa-Flagellates

(wigglies!(wigglies! Tiny wiggly"Tiny wiggly"

#ery co$$on at startup#ery co$$on at startupand reco%ery"and reco%ery"

&ill always ha%e so$e"&ill always ha%e so$e"

'ots indicate lots o'ots indicate lots o

solu)le ood*they cansolu)le ood*they canco$pete with )acteria atco$pete with )acteria atthat ti$e"that ti$e"

Phyto$astigophora take inPhyto$astigophora take in

ood through their cellood through their cell$e$)rane" +nly co$$on$e$)rane" +nly co$$onwhen lots o ood and ewwhen lots o ood and ew)acteria")acteria"

,oo$astigophora are,oo$astigophora areani$al-like in that theyani$al-like in that theyingest. their oodingest. their ood)acteria")acteria"

&hich type you ha%e/&hich type you ha%e/0eally doesn1t $atter to0eally doesn1t $atter toidentiy"identiy"


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Flagellu$

*roto>oa5lagellates*roto>oa5lagellates

Single cell animals'Single cell animals'

;se a flagellum to;se a flagellum tomove and to &ringmove and to &ringfood into -mouth'.food into -mouth'.

PeranemaPeranema5largest! not5largest! notunusual to have inunusual to have insludge'sludge'


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*roto>oa5lagellates*roto>oa5lagellates

inobryoninobryon!!large! coloniallarge! colonialflagellate'flagellate'

Can s%imCan s%imfreely'freely'

SeenSeenoccasionally'occasionally'


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8ther little %igglies8ther little %igglies

--spirillium. &acteriaspirillium. &acteria

uite visi&le anduite visi&le and

mo&ile'mo&ile'

Gots indicate poorGots indicate poor

conditions5lo%conditions5lo%o/ygen'o/ygen'

*roto>oa Amoe&a*roto>oa Amoe&a


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*roto>oa5Amoe&a*roto>oa5Amoe&a Will al%ays haveWill al%ays have

some'some' Gots more at startupGots more at startup

and recovery'and recovery'


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*roto>oa5*roto>oa5

Amoe&aAmoe&a Move &y pushing outMove &y pushing outcell %all'cell %all'

eed &y engulfing food5eed &y engulfing food5&acteria! algae %ith cell&acteria! algae %ith cell

%all'%all'

Tiny amoe&a5Tiny amoe&a5!ahl"am#ia$ !ahl"am#ia$ if lots! poorif lots! poor

conditions'conditions'

Vahlkamfia

Mayorella


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*roto>oa5*roto>oa5

Amoe&aAmoe&a Shelled amoe&aShelled amoe&a--testate'.testate'.

They actually ma)eThey actually ma)eshells &y cementingshells &y cementing

together tiny sandtogether tiny sand

grains0grains0

Arcella Arcella andand EuglyphaEuglypha

most common'most common'

Euglypha

Arcella

Arcella

S i l tS i l t


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Scanning electronScanning electron

photograph ofphotograph of EuglyphaEuglypha

From: %he &iology of 'rotooa by Michael Sleigh

Ma!e of silica$


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Ciliates5ree S%immer Ciliates5ree S%immer ine hair5li)e cilia forine hair5li)e cilia for

s%imming and foods%imming and foodgathering'gathering'

Can s%im -freely.Can s%im -freely.

thru %ater'thru %ater'

*rimarily feed on free5*rimarily feed on free5s%imming &acteria's%imming &acteria'Some are predaceous'Some are predaceous'

+igh energy needs'+igh energy needs'

Cili t Ciliates ree


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Ciliates5reeCiliates5ree

S%immersS%immers ParameciumParamecium

Iare in activatedIare in activated

sludge'sludge'

Common in tric)lingCommon in tric)ling

filters'filters'

1egatively geotactic01egatively geotactic0

6they %on2t sin)076they %on2t sin)07


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Ciliates5ree S%immersCiliates5ree S%immers

CyclidiumCyclidium

eed on &acteria'eed on &acteria'

Tends to &e moreTends to &e morecommon in poorercommon in poorerconditions'conditions'

C S


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ColepsColeps

Barrel shaped'Barrel shaped'

Move! in a spinningMove! in a spinning

rolling motion! li)e arolling motion! li)e a

foot&all'foot&all'

*redaceous on other*redaceous on other

proto>oa'proto>oa' Sensitive to 1+Sensitive to 1+FFKK andand

free ammonia'free ammonia' 6Bic)76Bic)7


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ChilodenellaChilodenella

•&acteria eater$$note

cytostome$ lso eat !iatoms

an! cyanobacteria$

•ot uncommon even in

well run plants$

•*scrubbrush+Mouth

(2ytosto$e


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ChilodenellaChilodenella

Con:ugation5typeCon:ugation5type

of reproductionof reproduction

C SCili t S i


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%rachelophyllum%rachelophyllum

--&illy clu&!. eat&illy clu&!. eat

&acteria'&acteria'

1ot uncommon1ot uncommon

even in %ell runeven in %ell run

plants'plants'

ery fle/i&le &odies'ery fle/i&le &odies'

Trachelophyllum-mouth on very end


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&itonotus&itonotus! predaceous! predaceous

Litonotus-mouth on side


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Amphileptus Amphileptus

1ote food vacuoles'1ote food vacuoles'

Carnivorous onCarnivorous on

stal)ed ciliates'stal)ed ciliates' 6Bic)76Bic)7

C S


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Colpidium'Colpidium' )idney)idney

shaped'shaped'

eed on &acteria andeed on &acteria and

small flagellates'small flagellates' 6Bic)76Bic)7

9f common! li)ely9f common! li)elyindicating poorerindicating poorer

conditions3especiallyconditions3especially

lo% o/ygen'lo% o/ygen'

Cili C l


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Ciliates5Cra%lersCiliates5Cra%lers

+ave thic) cilia+ave thic) ciliacalled cirri'called cirri'

--Cra%l. overCra%l. over

su&stances'su&stances'

1ot so good at1ot so good ats%imming freely's%imming freely'

9ndicators of9ndicators ofsta&le sludge!sta&le sludge!healthyhealthyconditions'conditions' Cra%lers and free5s%immers %ere lumped in as one

group at the time of this chart3later separated'

Cili t C l


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EuplotesEuplotes

This is one similar toThis is one similar to Aspidisca' Aspidisca' &ut more&ut moreellipsoid in shape'ellipsoid in shape'

Can -gra>e. on &acteriaCan -gra>e. on &acteriaassociated %ith the flocassociated %ith the flocrather than free5s%immingrather than free5s%imming

&acteria'&acteria'

Go%er energy needs thanGo%er energy needs thanfree5s%immer ciliates'free5s%immer ciliates'


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EuplotesEuplotes Predaceous on lagellatesPredaceous on lagellates

algae ciliates )acterialalgae ciliates )acterialcolonies"colonies" (Bick(Bick

Si!e view$ Suctorian having a tasty

Euplotes for lunch$

CiliatesCiliates5


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Ciliates5Ciliates5

Cra%lersCra%lers

Aspidica Aspidica feed onfeed on

&acteria'&acteria'

8ften the most common8ften the most common

along %ith the stal)edalong %ith the stal)ed

ciliate!ciliate! !orticella!orticella! in a! in a

healthy activated sludge'healthy activated sludge'

--ruffles potato chip.ruffles potato chip.

Cili t C lCili t C l


85/108


Aspidisca Aspidisca

Ieproduction viaIeproduction via

cell division'cell division'

Cili t C lCili t C l


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8/ytrichs feed on8/ytrichs feed on

algae! flagellates!algae! flagellates!

and ciliates'and ciliates' 6Bic)76Bic)7

Cili t St l) d Cili tCiliates Stal)ed Ciliates


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Ciliates5Stal)ed CiliatesCiliates5Stal)ed Ciliates

Attached to a su&strate &yAttached to a su&strate &ya -stal)'.a -stal)'.

Cilia on -head. forCilia on -head. for&ringing food into mouth'&ringing food into mouth'All are &acteria feeders'All are &acteria feeders'

;sually indicative of;sually indicative ofhealthy conditions inhealthy conditions in

activated sludge'activated sludge'

Types and condition doTypes and condition dovary %ith activated sludgevary %ith activated sludgeconditions'conditions'

Cili t St l) d Cili tCili t St l) d Cili t


88/108


T%o ma:or groupscolonial and single'T%o ma:or groupscolonial and single'

Three main groups of colonial stal)edThree main groups of colonial stal)edciliates in activated sludge,ciliates in activated sludge, Epistylis'Epistylis'

(percularia'(percularia' andand Carchesium)Carchesium)

8ne main group of single stal)ed ciliates8ne main group of single stal)ed ciliates

!orticella)!orticella)


89/108




90/108


EpistylisEpistylis

Garge colonies'Garge colonies'

Stal)s are non5Stal)s are non5contractile'contractile'

--+eads. are li)e+eads. are li)e!orticella)!orticella)



91/108


(percularia(percularia

Colonial stal)edColonial stal)ed

ciliate'ciliate'

More common atMore common at

start up andstart up andrecovery'recovery'



92/108


(percularia(percularia

1ote -cap. on head,1ote -cap. on head,operculate'operculate'

Ciliates5Stal)edCiliates5Stal)ed


93/108

Ciliates5Stal)edCiliates Stal)ed

CiliatesCiliates CarchesiumCarchesium

Contractile stal)! noteContractile stal)! note

-myoneme. %ithin stal)-myoneme. %ithin stal)

%hich provides this%hich provides thisaction'action'

+eads are li)e+eads are li)e EpistylisEpistylis

andand !orticella)!orticella)

4ood sludge conditions'4ood sludge conditions'

Ciliates5Stal)edCiliates5Stal)ed


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Ciliates Stal)edCiliates Stal)ed

CiliatesCiliates !orticella$ !orticella$ stal) canstal) can

contract due tocontract due to-myoneme'.-myoneme'.

ariety of species inariety of species inactivated sludge'activated sludge'

1ote large nucleus'1ote large nucleus'

1ote dots on stal)5this1ote dots on stal)5thisparticular species isparticular species is

!) picta)!) picta)

ti ll f ti ll f


95/108

orticella of poororticella of poor

conditionsconditions TinyTiny !orticella)!orticella)

These aren2tThese aren2t

-&a&y. vorticella2s0-&a&y. vorticella2s0

*oor conditions'*oor conditions'

Stal)ed Ciliates of poorStal)ed Ciliates of poor


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conditionsconditions

Most stal)ed ciliatesMost stal)ed ciliates

need good o/ygen'need good o/ygen'

Will try to escape ifWill try to escape if

conditions get &ad'conditions get &ad'

orm a -girdle. oform a -girdle. ofcilia'cilia'



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conditionsconditions Body detaches fromBody detaches from

stal) %ith a free5stal) %ith a free5s%imming -telotroch.s%imming -telotroch.stage to help it get out ofstage to help it get out ofDodge0Dodge0

1ot indicative so much1ot indicative so muchof to/ic conditions'of to/ic conditions';sually o/ygen55;sually o/ygen55

telotroch needs to timetelotroch needs to timeto form'to form'



98/108


conditionsconditions !orticella!orticella reproducingreproducing

&y cell division&y cell division

9f lots3they2re trying9f lots3they2re tryingto get out of Dodge!to get out of Dodge!

too0too0



99/108


conditionsconditions

!orticella!orticella can alsocan also

form a -cyst. toform a -cyst. to

survive e/tendedsurvive e/tendedtimes of poortimes of poor

conditions'conditions'

1ote! the stal) is1ote! the stal) is

still attached'still attached'

Ciliates Stal)ed CiliatesCiliates Stal)ed Ciliates


100/108


Ieproduction isIeproduction isal%ays occurringal%ays occurringand it is only aand it is only a

concern if there isconcern if there isa sudden increase'a sudden increase'

Why it is importantWhy it is important

to o&serve yourto o&serve yourMGSS on a regularMGSS on a regular&asis'&asis'

Epistylis cell dividing

Ciliates Stal)ed CiliatesCiliates Stal)ed Ciliates


101/108


!aginicola!aginicola hashasa sheatha sheatharound thearound the&ody and does&ody and does

not appear tonot appear tohave a stal)'have a stal)'

4ood4oodconditions'conditions'

Goo) li)e stal)ed ciliates5&utGoo) li)e stal)ed ciliates5&ut


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Goo) li)e stal)ed ciliates &utGoo) li)e stal)ed ciliates &ut

aren2t0aren2t0

SuctoriansSuctorians

eed on other proto>oa'eed on other proto>oa'

This one is feeding on aThis one is feeding on a

vorticella telotroch'vorticella telotroch'

9f lots of proto>oa3lots9f lots of proto>oa3lots

of suctorians'of suctorians'



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• Do have a stal) that

is attached to

su&strate! cannot

contract'

3+ave tentacles

instead of cilia'

3Mostly feed on

ciliates'

4u$erous

suctorians

using an

5pistylis

colony as

thesu)strate!

SummarySummary


104/108

yy

4et to )no% your activated sludge4et to )no% your activated sludgemicro&es'micro&es'

4et use to using your microscope04et use to using your microscope0

8&serve on a regular &asis'8&serve on a regular &asis' Develop a %ay to record o&servations'Develop a %ay to record o&servations'

SummarySummary


105/108

SummarySummary

De%elop a routine way to o)ser%e"De%elop a routine way to o)ser%e" Practice using the $icroscope on a regular )asis"Practice using the $icroscope on a regular )asis"

'ook at known. stu irst like TP dirt"'ook at known. stu irst like TP dirt"

'ook at )ig picture irst"'ook at )ig picture irst"

6ssess the loc condition" 6ssess the loc condition"

6ssess the ila$ents occurrence and type" 6ssess the ila$ents occurrence and type"

'ook at the di%ersity o $icro)es"'ook at the di%ersity o $icro)es"

0ecord your o)ser%ations"0ecord your o)ser%ations" 0elate the$ to the operational status o your plant"0elate the$ to the operational status o your plant"

SummarySummary


106/108

yy

&astewater treat$ent&astewater treat$entis a)out creatingis a)out creatingUtopiaUtopia or the sludgeor the sludge)ugs!)ugs!

SummarySummary


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SummarySummary

Why do %e do thisHWhy do %e do thisH

Don2t %ant to goDon2t %ant to go

out to a cree) orout to a cree) orriver and seeriver and see

scenes li)e this3''scenes li)e this3''

SummarySummary


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yWe %ant clean %aterWe %ant clean %ater

for all3&oth us and thefor all3&oth us and therest of the organismsrest of the organisms

%e share this planet%e share this planet

%ith0%ith0

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Wastewater biological treatment