Water Cycle

Nebel & Wright 1998

Nebel & Wright 1998

Luckily, receiving waters i.e. reservoirs, lakes and rivers between source and treatment serve as a buffer, since they all have the capacity for self-purification, involving bacterial adsorption and sedimentation, predation, dilution, thermal effects, solar radiation and other factors. It’s most effective in warm temperatures and low rainfall.

Water Treatment Criteria

Taste - acceptable

http://www.info.gov.hk/wsd/stat/2002stat/consump.htm - control

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Nebel & Wright 1998

Water Treatment Processes (e.g. Shatin Treatment Works)

Involve 9 major stages:

Chlorination Flocculation/ coagulationClarificationFiltrationFilter-backwashpH adjustmentChlorinationFluoridisationFinal clarifying

Hammer & Hammer 2001

Reverse osmosis/ Ultra-filtration

Hammer & Hammer 2001

Reverse osmosis/ Ultra-filtration