WATER SECTOR DATABASE DEVELOPMENT SAMOA

June 1999

WATER SECTOR DATABASEDEVELOPMENT SAMOA

David Scott*SO PAC Secretariat

SOPAC Preliminary Report 107

*CFTC Groundwater Hydrologist

This Project is partly funded by theCommonwealth Fund for Technical Cooperation

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION 3BACKGROUND 3SURFACE WATER DATA 4

Current Status 4Issues 5Recommendations '" 5

GROUNDWATER DATA 7Current Status 7

Issues 7Recommendations 7

References 9APPENDICES 10

Appendix 1:Appendix 2:Appendix 3:Appendix 4:

ContactsSamoaHDB: Installation, Setup & User InstructionsInstallation instructions for Ground Water for Windows (GWW)Project Proposal: Institutional Strengthening for hydrologic networkoperation in Samoa.

[SOPAC Preliminary Report 107 - Scott]

INTRODUCTIONThis report describes the outcome of two visits to Samoa to assist with the development andapplication of a national database for the long-term storage of water resources data and relatedinformation. The work was undertaken as part of SOPAC's 1999 approved work programme (TaskNo. WS99.04). The proposed output of the task was "to improve the national capacity in handlingand storage of water sector data required for the sustainable development of the nation's waterresources." The work was co-ordinated by the Meteorology Division of the Ministry of Agriculture,Forestry, Fisheries and Meteorology and largely involved working with staff of the HydrologySection of the Division. The principal counterpart for the project was Mr Faafia Brown, Head of theHydrology Section.

There is a substantial amount of work required before the Hydrology Section would be in a positionto address all the priority needs. This report aims to identify some of the immediate priorities and tosuggest measures for progressing in a sustainable manner.

BACKGROUNDThe Hydrology Section of the Meteorology Division has responsibility for water resourcesmonitoring including rainfall, river flow and groundwater.

Systematic collection of hydrological data began in Samoa in the early 1970's stimulated by thepotential for hydro-power development. By the early 1980's as many as 15 river flow recordingsites had been established. Once external funding ceased this level of activity proved not to besustainable and at present there are only 2 operational flow recording sites operated by theHydrology Section. A further site in the Sili Basin on Savai'i is operated on behalf of the ElectricPower Corporation (EPC).

A similar pattern has occurred with respect to groundwater investigations and monitoring. UN, NewZealand and Australian-funded projects undertook geophysical and drilling investigations with theprimary objective of improving rural water supplies. Apart from the observations recorded at thetime of borehole drilling there is little systematic monitoring of water levels and abstraction rates.

Recent water resource investigations undertaken in Samoa have referred to the need to developmonitoring programmes and improved database systems. Van Putten (1989) recommended theimplementation of computerized data management. Rowe (1994), in a review of watershedmanagement programmes, recommended that a co-ordinated hydrological instrumentation andwater quality monitoring programme should be established to serve agencies requiring informationon Samoa's water resources.

The National Water Resources Master Plan Study carried out in 1995-96 undertook acomprehensive review of the available hydrological data. The report of that study (RKL, 1966)provides a very valuable review of water resource investigations in Samoa and a summary of thedata available at that time. Amongst the many recommendations for a proposed Stage 2 of thestudy were several relating to the urgent need to re-establish the hydrometric network and toinvestigate and monitor the groundwater resources. Though Stage 2 of the study has notproceeded the Hydrology Section is endeavouring to respond to some of the priority needs. Thefollowing recommendations quoted from RKL (1996) are directly relevant to the current project:

Hydrometric Network and Data

i) Expand the existing raingauge network by the addition of 10 new stations (5 on Upolu and 5on Savai'i), establish an additional automatic weather station on Upolu and 2 additionalstations on Savai'i.

ii) Establish a new network of 16 river gauging stations by the abandonment of some existingstations of low value, by the rehabilitation of 2 existing gauging structures, the construction of3 new gauging structures and the provision of various stilling wells, recorder boxes, cable-way and instrumentation for these and the other 11 stations.

[SO PAC Preliminary Report 107 - Scott 3

iii) Carry out current meter gaugings for the calibration of gauging stations and to provide dataon other key river basins and low flow data on all significant perennial streams.

iv) Establish a user friendly hydrological database at Apia Observatory, carry out a detailedsearch of the Observatory's records and others and enter them on to the database, withquality control and the use of appropriate techniques to fill gaps.

v) Institute the continuous monitoring of all major surface water abstractions.

Hydrogeological Investigation and Data

vi) Institute a groundwater monitoring programme by WSWA, commencing with a field survey ofall operational and abandoned boreholes, including a CCTV survey of abandoned boreholes.

vii) Construct 25 investigatory boreholes, these and any existing observation boreholes to beinvestigated by geophysics and monitored by Apia Observatory.

viii) Investigate areal changes in the elevation of salt water at depth by means of surface TEMgeophysics.

ix) Establish the databases for groundwater data which are currently under review anddevelopment by WSWA and Apia Observatory.

x) Undertake computer modelling of fresh water-salt water relationships and dynamics.

Most of these recommendations fall within the area of responsibility of the Hydrology Section.However, without the external funding and technical assistance that would presumably have beenrequired for the proposed Stage 2 of the Master Plan Study, it is impossible for the HydrologySection to undertake them all. Nevertheless, the recommendations are based on a thoroughassessment of the needs of Samoa and they are reproduced here to emphasize the disparitybetween those needs and the capacity of the Hydrology Section. At this stage the section hasplans to deal, in part, with recommendations ii), iii), iv) and ix). These plans are constrained by thelack of an adequate hydrological database (and associated training), transportation difficulties andthe need to rely on a borrowed current meter (on loan from SOPAC). A project proposal has beenprepared to address some of these priority needs.

SURFACE WATER DATA

Current StatusThe Hydrology Section currently operates two water level recorder sites on Upolu. These areequipped with strip chart recorders that are processed by manual scaling. The relationshipbetween stage and discharge is determined by a series of formulae for specified ranges of waterlevel. Calculated daily mean flows are recorded on standard forms and stored in Excelspreadsheets. A comparison of manually calculated daily mean flows and those derived bydigitising the record and processing the data using the TIDEDA program demonstrated a goodlevel of agreement.

A manual file of flow measurement observations (gaugings) has been maintained in the past.However, since the gauging programme recommenced in 1997 this file has not been maintained.

A further site serviced by the Hydrology Section on behalf of the EPC in the Sili Basin is equippedwith a pressure transducer and data logger. Data captured by the logger is downloaded in the fieldto an EPC laptop computer and held by EPC on Excel spreadsheets.

The Section has recently purchased the spare parts required to repair existing chart-recorders andplans to re-install several recorders on existing sites.

[SOPAC Preliminary Report 107 - Scott 4

IssuesThe manual scaling and calculation of daily mean discharges is time consuming and inflexible. Therecording of a single mean daily value eliminates a lot of detail from the original record.Discrepancies in the adopted relationship between water level and flow are difficult to correct.

Current procedures do not make adequate provision for the long-term storage of primary records.

Current facilities for computer analysis or presentation of extended time-series data are limited.

RecommendationsThe Hydrology Section should plan to secure a specialised hydrological database along with theassociated specialised training and computer hardware upgrade. A possible approach to this ispresented in Appendix 4.

Detailed procedures for managing data will be dependent on the particular system to beimplemented. Nevertheless there are several steps that can be taken to improve the currentsituation in anticipation of that upgrade:

A computer site index of all flow recording sites should be established (Excel would be suitable forthis exercise). The file should contain the following items:- site reference (retain the codes used by RKL until a future system requires a change)- site name- map reference- catchment area- purpose of site (hydropower investigations, water supply, etc)- type of site (water level recorder, spot gauging, etc)- site opening date- current status (closed date, operating, etc)

A manual station history should be maintained for each site in the site index. Those files shouldrecord details of instrumentation, maintenance and survey work undertaken at the site. Anexample of a comprehensive station history is provided in Appendix 1 of CRC (1997). These filesshould be maintained in a secure filing cabinet.

A computer file of all flow measurements should be established and maintained. The gaugingdata provided by RKL provides a starting point for this and contains the following items:- Site No- Site Name- Year, Month and Day of gauging- Hour and Minute of gauging- Stage- FlowNB: This file contains the results of 845 flow measurements (summarised in Table 1). However,RKL (1996) refers to the Apia Observatory having records of more than 2000 gaugings. Themissing records should be located and added to the computer file

All flow measurement forms should be stored along with the relevant station history records in asecure filing cabinet. This is to ensure that in the future it is possible to check and re-evaluate flowmeasurements and revise any computed stage vs flow relationships.

All recorder charts should be carefully stored to allow for future reference and possible digitising.

A single copy of all relevant computer files should be identified as being part of the WaterResources Database (site index, flow measurements, daily mean discharges files, etc.). Thosefiles would ideally be held on a network computer to ensure better physical security and to provideaccess to more than one computer user at a time. Copies of those files, together with copies ofdata down-loaded from data loggers, should be archived securely (preferably off-site, possibly atSOPAC).


Until the adoption of a specialised hydrological database system that provides for the digitising ofchart recorders, the current manual procedures should be maintained. The SamoaHDB systemdescribed in Appendix 2 was designed to replace the current use of Excel but until it is workingcorrectly the current system for filing daily mean discharges in Excel should be maintained.

Though it has now been demonstrated that the Hydrology Section digitiser does function correctly itshould not be used for routine data processing until a new system and appropriate training havebeen provided. The comparison of the daily mean discharges derived from manual scaling anddigitising demonstrated two important things:

- the possibility of capturing much more information by digitising the detailed chart recordcompared with the use of a single daily value, and

- the need for detailed quality checking procedures to ensure that the digitising process has beencarried out in the correct way.

Table 1 Summary of gauging data supplied by RKL

Site No Site Name No of Gaugings From ToWS1 Tiapapata 106 721101 950726WS2 Alaoa West 118 731211 950721WS3 Alaoa East 209 720928 950607WS4 Fale ole Fee 210 741115 950607WS5 Solosolo 60 750909 950705WS6 Sauniatu 1 950722 950722WS7 Ti'avea 56 750506 950530WS8 Afulilo 34 731116 950530WS9 uls Maliolio Intake 21 740829 810903WSS1 Safotu Intake 1 950615 950615WSS2 Vaipouli Intake 1 950615 950615WSS3 Palauli Intake DIS 1 950615 950615WSS4 Water Supply Intake 3 950616 950809WSS5A Bechtel Off-take 1 950627 950627WSS5B Palau Ii Intake U/S 1 950808 950808WSS6 Faleata dis intake u 2 950629 950809WSS7 Faleata dis intake d 1 950630 950630WSS8 West Central 1 950630 950630WSS9A Sauniatu 1 950808 950808WSU1 Niusuatia 1 950530 950530WSU2 Tafitoala 1 950609 950609WSU3 Solosolo 1 950609 950609WSU4 Lower Namo 1 950621 950621WSU5 Vaivase Intake 1 950621 950621WSU6 Alaoa Mid-West 1 950705 950705WSU7 Namo East Branch 1 950725 950725WSU8 DIS Tafatafa Intake 1 950722 950722WSU9 Sataoa 1 950725 950725WSU10 U/S Vaovai Intake 1 950725 950725WSU12 UlS Togitogiga E.lnt 1 950728 950728WSU13 U/S Togitogiga W.lnt 1 950728 950728WSU14 Fuluasou Intake uls 1 950728 950728WSUD1 Fuluasou Intake 1 950623 950623WSUD2 Fuluasou Intake Out 1 950623 950623WSUD3 Fuluasou Intake dis 1 950623 950623WSUD4 Fuluasou Intake dis 1 950623 950623


GROUNDWATER DATA

Current StatusThe Hydrology Section currently undertakes surveys of proposed borehole sites and, on request,carries out some pump tests. SWA also undertakes some borehole surveys and water qualitymonitoring for water supply sources.

IssuesRKL (1996) raise many issues relating to groundwater investigations, development and monitoring.The main concern within the scope of the present project relates to data. At present the availabledata is distributed amongst different organisations and saved in a variety of formats. It is essentialthat existing data is stored safely and in a way that makes it available to users.

Groundwater data is, in some ways, more complex than surface water data since it can involve awide range of different data types (time series, pump tests, lithologic logs) which are available for asubset of all boreholes.

RecommendationsA computer borehole index should be established to record basic details of all known boreholes,RKL (1996) have prepared a table of borehole records which has been provided in spreadsheetform and this provides a useful starting point. It has been reformatted in Excel so that details foreach borehole are stored in a single row and duplicate column entries have been removed. Thisallows easy filtering and printing of selected records as demonstrated in Table 2.

It would be difficult to use Excel to store more complex records. The Hydrology Section has a copyof Ground Water for Windows (see Appendix 3) which could be used as a groundwater database.However, before that system was adopted it would be desirable for the Hydrology Section tobecome very familiar with its use by working with the sample data provided or undertaking specifictraining.


Table 2 Sample report derived from borehole index

Name Ref UTMX UTMY Specific Salinity at timeNumber capacity of

IIs/m drilling/testingmgll CI

Afia dug well UB1 3902 84701 383 12.5-20Afiamalu UB2 4162 84619 0.01 no evidenceAggie Grey's Hotel UB3 4175 84716 11 22Alafua 1 UB4 4152 84691 91 10Faleasiu UB9 4010 84733 3.9 4Faleolo 1 UB11 3913 84712 455 50Faleolo 2 UB12 3913 84712 607 50Faleolo 3 UB13 3913 84712 535 40Faleolo Terminal 2 UB16 3928 84715 460 20Fasitoo'uta UB17 3993 84723 8.2 4Lalomanu UB18 4526 84482 84 450-500Leulumoega 1 UB20 3972 84705 0.4 13Leulumoega 2 UB21 3972 84711 27.5 5 or 70Malua 2 UB26 4026 84738 30.4 5Motootua UB29 4181 84702 10.5 110-141Samatau 1 UB34 3876 84645 130 127Samatau 2 UB35 3877 84645 111 88Satitoa 1 UB37 4527 84505 83 10Satitoa 2 UB38 4527 84505 31 1000Tausagi UB42 3875 84674 3.9 1750Tuanai 1 UB44 4074 84719 9.2 0Tuanai2 UB45 4078 84740 6.6 10Vaitele 1 UB48 4132 84724 0.8 5Vaitele 2 UB49 4132 84724 159 5Vaitele 3 UB50 4132 84724 159 5Vaivase 1 UB53 4197 84698 5.5 15


II ,

REFERENCESCRC (1997) "Surface Water Hydrology Office Procedures Manual", River and Coastal Resources

Section, Canterbury Regional Council, Christchurch, New Zealand.

Van Putten, F. (1989) "Follow-up Mission Report Western Samoa", UNOP OTCO United NationsResources Assessment and Planning in Pacific Islands RAS/87/009, Internal ReportSAM/3,7pp.

Rofe, Kennard & Lapworth in association with 8M Meredith & Associates (1996) "National waterresources master plan study (Stage 1)", Three volumes, Report to Western Samoa WaterAuthority.

Rowe, L.K. (1994) "Watershed management in Western Samoa: Review of current programmesand recommendations for future work with particular reference to the Vaiola and Faleatawatersheds, Savaii". Landcare Research Contract Report: LC9394/93.


I I

APPENDICES

Appendix 1: Contacts

Appendix 2: SamoaHDB: Installation, Setup & User Instructions

Appendix 3: Installation instructions for Ground Water for Windows (GWW)

Appendix 4: Project Proposal: Institutional strengthening for hydrologic network operation inSamoa.


,I •

Appendix 1: Contacts

The following people were consulted during or following the two visits to Samoa:

Mr Lomitsi Asaua, Electric Power Corporation

Mr Peter Baur, Water Management Consultants Ltd, [[email protected]]

Mr Faafia Brown, Head of Hydrology Section, Meteorology Division

Mr Stewart Child, [[email protected]]

Mr Bob Curry, National Institute for Water & Atmospheric Research

Mr John Cvetko, Projects Manager, AusAID, Apia

Mr Paul Durrant, Rofe, Kennard & Lapworth, United Kingdom, Fax (44) 181 642 8469

Mr Clyde Hamilton, Samoa Water Authority

Mr Mulitalo Sitivi Kamu, Acting Assistant Director, Meteorology Division

Mr Amatanga Penaia, Samoa Water Authority

Mr Ausetalia Titimaea, Assistant Director, Meteorology Division

Mr Taputoa Titimaea, Electric Power Corporation

Mr Michael Walsh, Second Secretary (Aid), New Zealand High Commission, Apia

Staff of Hydrology Section, Meteorology Division, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry,Fisheries and Meteorology:

Mr Faafia BrownMs Miraneta TuipaepaMr Malaefatu LeavasaMr Mafutaga SelaMr losefatu EtiMr Sitivi Kamu


,I ,

Appendix 2: SamoaHDB: Installation, Setup & User Instructions

SamoaHDB is an Excel application for generating annual reports and time-series plots from files ofdaily values. It was developed by Mr Harald Scholzel of SOPAC's Water Resources Unit toprovide an interim solution to the Hydrology Section's data processing needs.

Installation & SetupSamoaHDB is supplied on two floppy disks containing the following files:

Disk 1 SamoaH1.cabSetup.exeSetup. 1st

1.282 KB138 KB4 KB

Disk 2 Samoa-Database.xlsSamoaH2.cab

343 KB840 KB

Installation and set-up procedure is as follows:

1) Insert Disk 1

2) Start Windows Explorer

3) Double click on Setup.exe on the A: driveIf Setup reports that some system files are out of date select <OK> to update these,then <Yes> to restart Windows. Once Windows has been restarted repeat Step 1.

4) Follow the instructions provided by the SamoaHDB Setup program.This program will create a new sub-directory called SamoaHDB in the Program Filesdirectory, extract and install the SamoaHDB application and add SamoaHDB to theWindows Program menu.

5) Copy the file Samoa-Database. xis to the C:\Program Files\SamoaHDB directory.At this stage that directory should contain the following files:

SamoaHDB.exe 102,400 KBST6UNST.LOG 2,568 KBSamoa-Database.xls 350,720 KB

6) SamoaHDB uses the directory C:\Hydrology as the default location for Archive files. If thatdirectory does not exist it should be created.

7) Once installation is complete the application can be started from the Windows Programsmenu (Start/Programs/SamoaHDB)


User Instructions

The SamoaHDB program can be started from the Windows Start Menu and will start with a displaylike the following:

Copl"!1ttCo~ny: SOPAC

Look in: IB SamoaHDB

LicenseTo: Apia Observatory

A SOPACIWRU ProductSamoaHDB

Platform: Windows 95Version 1.0.0

Please Select Excel Workbook ...

Qpen

[) 5 emoe-D etebase. "Is

IExcel Files("."ls]

IExcel Fjles]". "Is]

Select Samoa-Database.xls (Double click on the file, or single click & then click on the Openbutton. NB. If this file is not visible check that Installation step #5 has been done.

File name: IIFiles of !ype:1 Excel Files[".xls)

Ir .Qpen I21 Cancel]l

Look jrr I(] amoaHDB

~ Sernoa-D etebese, xis

Then wait while the Excel Workbook is loaded.


During that process a warning message will be displayed. Click on the Yes button to accept themacros contained in the workbook.

]:es r..·.I·r········;·!io· ..··:······1I'---_.j, ,•.j.L......;:;...:.

: Microsoft Excel ~ 13The workbook you are opening contains macros. Some macrosmay contain harmfulviruses. . ."':-i .. .;If you are sure this workbook is flom a trusted source, click Yes.' If you are not sure andwant to prevent any macros fromrunning, click No, .

Then continue to wait until the Excel workbook is loaded. You will then be prompted to supply thename of the data archive file.

Lookjn:

Filename: ' IIFiles of !Ype:'r-T-e-xt-F-ile-s-(·.-tx-tl-----""'"-""'"-""'"------

Select the archive file that you want work with. Then wait for the archive file to be loaded into theExcel Workbook. Once that operation is completed a form will be displayed showing the followingitems:

Data InformationData SummaryData DisplayReportEnd Session


iii. SOPAC - WRU Hydro Database I!lIiII3

DataInformation------------------------,InputArchiveFileinuse----------------------,

C:\USERS\Samoa Data Archi'-tt;\alaoae t:-:t

DataSummar.l'----------....",------~-----~~

Yourdata startson Data8nal.l'sis

NumberofEntriesYourdata endson

ontheMax.Value

ontheMin.Value

. DataDispla.l'--------------,

[

Start Date13/10/1990

Report---------,

[

Year

11980CreateQischargeGraph

CreateRej20rt I--Cndoa"j3/10/1990 CreateBainfallGraph .

[

End Session

1!pdateArchiveFile £nd Session

Data SummaryClick on the Data Analysis button and wait for Data Summary to be produced

DataSummar.l'----~~------~--....,......~-~---~_r

Yourdata startson 1[:::::::::::::::::::~:~~:~::~:0:~:I~~is.:::::::::::::::::::11128/03/72

131/12/91 NumberofEntries 15304Yourdata endson

onthe 18/02/82Max.Value

10015 onthe 120/D=:l30Min.Value

Data DisplayEnter Start Date and End Date for the desired graph. Then click on either:

Create Discharge Graph to plot a hydrograph (line graph), orCreate Rainfall Graph to plot a hyetograph (bar chart),

The following plot is an example of the hydrograph format. That can be edited, printed or cut &pasted like any other Excel chart.


" I

Discharge over Time

14 ----------_._-~-_._. ------ ----,,I

II

II

III

1\1\ \ A

\ v~I V\ 1\ j

I

~ J ~ V --------. ---J'~ ~ I

12

10

ol·J.n-73 11·J.n·73 21·J.n·73 31·J.n·73 10·F.b·73 20·F.b-73 2·M.r-73 12·M.r·73 22·M.r-73 1·Apr·73

Time-

Possible ErrorsThe program will detect and report a number of possible errors. Invalid dates will result in an errormessage as follows:

Error:Type mismatch

Create Graph Command 13

Ir O"R..·..· ··]1................................. ,

Click on the OK button and correct the error.

An attempt to plot a graph containing more points than Excel can handle will result in an errormessage as follows:

IC:::::::::::9.K::::::::::jl

SamoaHDB E3Sorry. Excel is not able to create a decent Graph if there are more than 450 entries to be displayed!

Click on the OK button and change the dates to select a shorter period.

ReportEnter the Year for which an annual report is required and click on the Create Report button. Thisproduces a table in the Yearly Report worksheet of the Excel workbook. This can be re-formatted,printed or pasted as for other Excel tables as shown in the following example:


t' I

Sample Yearly Report

1973 Jan I Feb I Mar Apr May Jun I Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec1 7.606 3.571 1.17 1.662 4.844 1.288 1.148 0.63 1.372 0.756 1.134 3.682

-1.288 0.854 0.504 0.918 0.78 1.918 9.942 4.23 6.264 1.946 1.358 1.26

-3.326 1 4.063 1.662 1.596 1.12 0.672 0.602 0.805 0.98 18.984 10.8783 1.904

-1.316 0.994 0.672 0.616 0.655 0,644 3,5 12.814 I 2.728 I 2.761 1.848 1.008

-I 2.468 0.924 1.232 0.98 0.7 1.624 0.677 0.63 2.926 9.455 2.668 1.68

6 2.055 2.81 1.596 2.562 1.246 0.908 0.63 3.318 0.645 0.644 6.706 7.1547 1.628 2.341 1.596 0.924 1.05 0.952 0.63 0.84 0.645 0.602 7.252 5.9928 1.7 2.758 1.47 1.218 0.98 0.882 0.602 1.512 0.748 5.684 6.398 I 5.318

-0.854 I 0.574 I 0.798 I 0.656 I 2.002 4.956 4.0749 1.648 2.562 1.496 0.686 0.938

10 1.517 2.282 1.498 0.63 0.982 0.826 0.56 0.756 0.595 1.464 9.758 I 6.958-

2.156 I 1.414 0.854 0.742 0.476 0.728 0.521 3.57 I 5.194 4.03211 1.495 0.57412 1.308 2.03 I 1.302 I 0.56 0.91 0.714 0.56 0.658 0.58 2.982 3.766 3.54213 1.292 2,03 1.244 0.504 1.204 0.784 0.7 0.63 0.595 2.566 3.08 3.86414 1.323 1.848 I 1.246 1.022 0.924 0.714 0.56 0.616 0.577 1.834 2.688 3,094

-15 1.303 2.57 1.414 0.826 2.834 0.714 0.56 0.63 0.696 1.638 2.562 3.13616 1.632 7.948 1.386 2.492 1.442 0.602 0.518 1.344 0.627 1.47 2.996 2.89817 1.543 2.66 1.33 0.84 1.414 0.546 0.546 0.882 0.637 1.162 2.03 3.02418 1.221 2.45 1.19 0.714 1.302 0.602 0.532 0.826 0.557 I 1.622 1.918 2.99619 1.19 2.156 1.162 0.728 1.218 I 0.658 0.532 0.784 0.539 1.498 1.764 2.688

-20 1.301 2.128 1.162 0.98 1.344 0.574 0.546 0.756 0.577 2.408 1.848 2.35221 1.348 2.548 1.148 0.77 1.218 : 0.518 0.546 0.756 0.521 1.61 4.214 I 2.28222 I 1.323 I 2.072 1.106 0.798 I 1.33 0.518 0.616 0.784 0.641 1.258 1.904 2.11423 1.249 I 1.82 1.022 0.672 2.926 0.518 0.574 0.742 0.557 1.204 1.736 2.11424 1 1.232 I 1.764 0.98 0.658 1.992 0.98 0.56 0.714 0.504 1.162 1.666 2.03

-25 1.106 3.262 0.952 2.492 1.414 0.686 0.518 0.742 0.504 1.064 2.142 1.98826 1.239 4.522 0.994 0.994 1.484 0.616 0.504 1.358 0.531 1.008 1.51 I 1.80627 1.943 2.497 1.134 4.536 1.894 0.574 0.49 0.882 0.559 1.092 1.4 I 1.806

-1.992 I 0.54 0.63 I 1.19828 2.291 2.156 1.064 1.806 I 0.56 0.966 1.288 I 1.764

29 5.695 1.26 1.918 1.4 0.644 0.56 0.616 0.734 0.996 2.758 1.53630 11.498 1.022 1.554 1.372 I 0.826 0.49 0.63 0.577 1.246 9.128 1.91831 5.484 1.956 1.33 0.476 0.966 I 1.904 1.764

-

Total 76.91 80.71 41.7 38.1 47.2 23.2 18.5 27.9 19.9 48.4 119.1 129.0Max 11.501 7.95 1.96 4.54 4.84 1.29 1.15 3,32 1.37 5.68 18.98 12.81Min 1.1061 1.764 0.952 0.504 0.854 0.518 0.476 0.504 0.504 0.602 1.134 1.536Avg 2.481 2.882 1.345 1.269 1.524 0.772 0.596 0.899 0.665 1.563 3.971 4.161Count 31 28 31 30 31 30 31 31 30 31 30 31


End SessionUpdate Archive File

SamoaHDB mYou'll be now able to edit data to the data ~st sheet!

IC:::::::::QK::::::::::JI

Click on the OK button to proceed. You can then update or add to the data in the Data Listworksheet of the Excel workbook. Once changes are completed, return to the Data Entry Formand click on the Check Data button to check that the data is in time sequence.

Data Check ---...,.--~.

iii. Dala Entry Form

Check Data IYet not checked

I!.JpdaceAnshlve IIr::::~:::::::~:~:6:~:~r:::::::::::r1Checking-,----,Record Number

I

Progress on this check is displayed and if desired the check can be interrupted. Once the checkhas been completed the data archive is updated by clicking on the Update Archive button.

SamoaHDB EtYour old data in the text fjle will be permanently deleted!

I r:::::::::::QK:::::::::J1

Click on the OK button to proceed (at this stage there is no turning back!) Once the update iscompleted the following message is displayed.

SamoaHDB E3Your archive file has been updated!

Click on the OK button to proceed

End Session

IL::::::i~~:::::::::J1 .~ Cancel I

MicrosoU Excel f3

•I. Do you want to save the changes you made to 'Samoa-Database.xls'?


Appendix 3: Installation instructions for Ground Water for Windows (GWW)

General Database Management PrinciplesDevelop a database management strategy that incorporates the following:

maintain a primary database from which working copies can be derivedmake all additions and corrections to the primary database in order to avoid duplication andconfusionmaintain records of all database components (database structure, forms and definitions)maintain backup copies of data and database specifications (it would be appropriate to havecopies archived at SOPAC)for easily corrupted databases, such as Ground Water for Windows, maintain backup copies inASCII format so that the database can be re-built if needed

Installation1) Load software from floppy disks

Click on the Start button and choose the option RunInsert Disk 1

Type 'A:\INSTALLA' and click on OK[This will create a directory GWW on the C: drive and uncompress files]

Repeat this operation for disks 2, 3, 4 & 5NB: When this operation is carried out with disk 5 a \DATA sub-directory will be createdand sample database files copied into it.

2) ConfigurationUpdate the AUTO EXEC file to define a GWW environment variableStart NotePad (Start/Programs/Accessories/NotePad)Open AUTOEXEC. BAT file (on the root directory of the C: driveAdd a line to the body of the file as follows:

SET GWW=C:\GWWSave & exit from NotePad

Shut Down and Re-start for the new configuration to take effect

3) Set up a shortcutStart Windows ExplorerBrowse to the C:\GWW directoryClick right mouse button on GWWA.EXE

& select the 'Create Shortcut' optionDrag the shortcut to the desktopClick right mouse button on the shortcutSelect Properties/Shortcut

Set the Start In field to be 'C:\GWW\DATA'

Database SecurityGWW has proved to be unreliable in a number of circumstances. The following problems havebeen observed:

• The program reports that 'the database is already open or corrupted'. Though this mayoccasionally occur because multiple copies of GWW are running, it is generally a result ofa corrupted database. The only solution is to delete the offending *.GWW file and copythe *.BAK file.NB: Be sure to copy the *.BAK file rather than rename it, in order to maintain anuncorrupted backup file.


• The program appears to allow duplicate records. If, after selecting all records, the numberof records selected is fewer than the total shown then an error may have occurred. Oneway of correcting this is to save the offending table in Standard ASCII output, delete allthe records, and re-import the saved records. The saved output may contain evidence ofthe duplicate but the import process will leave only the last listed version of any repeats.To be completely sure that a corrupted database has been cleaned up it would benecessary to save all tables, open a new database and re-import all tables.

• A GWW database used for a particular project will grow rapidly as new cross-sectionsand maps are added. This may increase the risk of database corruption. The primarydatabase should not be used in this way - rather a project copy should be made whichcan be rebuilt in the event of any problems.


Appendix 4: PROJECT PROPOSAL

Institutional strengthening for hydrologic network operation in Samoa.(Hydrology Section of the Meteorological Division,

Ministry of Agriculture, Forests, Fisheries and Meteorology)

1) Project SummaryThis project involves an upgrade of essential equipment and procedures required by the HydrologySection to satisfactorily perform its responsibilities in water resource monitoring and management.This will require a new current meter, a computer system upgrade (hardware and specialisedhydrological software) and training.

The project is necessary to support the planned extension of the Hydrology Section's hydrologicnetwork and make it more self-reliant. The Section is currently dependent on a current meterprovided on temporary loan from the South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission (SOPAC) and,because of the lack of a computer based system for data processing, is limited to laborious manualprocessing of water level charts. The proposed computer system will provide the following benefits:• more efficient data processing that will make it possible to manage an increased number of

recorders (1 month chart processing time is expected to reduce from 1 week to 1 day),• more reliable data storage through the use of an off-site archive, and• more detailed and timely analysis and reporting of water resource monitoring.

The primary participants in the project will be the staff of the Hydrology Section (at present six)along with Village observers who are paid by the Meteorology Division. The Electrical PowerCorporation (EPC) will also be involved because of the need to investigate the potential for furthermini-hydropower development. EPC needs access to hydrological data and the associatedanalysis and data storage (the Hydrology Section operates one water level recording site for EPCbut there is currently no adequate facility for analysis and storage). SOPAC, as the regionalorganisation with the mandate for water resource management, will be involved in reviewingprogress on the project and will provide longer-term technical support.

The project will be undertaken primarily at the Hydrology Section's office within the MeteorologyDivision, with some field-work on Upolu.

All Samoans will eventually be the beneficiaries of the project. The availability of morecomprehensive, better quality and more accessible data will allow for more reliable design of watersupply systems, flood protection measures and hydro-power development.

Beneficiaries of the project The Samoa Water Authority (SWA) also have a direct interest in theresults of water resource monitoring as it is a pre-requisite for planning the development of anylarge-scale urban or rural water supply systems.

2) Project Objectives:The objectives of this project fit within a more comprehensive effort to rebuild and develop thecapacity for hydrological monitoring and investigation within Samoa in support of developmentplans for improved water supply, hydro-power development, agriculture and land-usemanagement. The specific objectives of the project are as follows:• establish a computer database for Samoa's water resources data,• develop and apply the required data processing procedures to support the operation of an

expanded river flow monitoring network (to be increased from 2 sites to 8 sites over the 12months), and

• load historic water resource data onto the new database.


I' I

3) Required inputsThe inputs required for the project include:• the equipment and training outlined in Section 1• the recurrent budget for the Hydrology Section (WS$58,000 for personnel, WS$25,000 for

operations and WS$1 0,000 for capital expenditure) and• a project review to be provided by SOPAC.

The Hydrology Section is responsible for providing hydrological information in the country andundertakes water resource assessment, inventory and analysis. The recurrent budget coversroutine office and field operations but the lack of specialised software for hydrological data andinadequate computer facilities and training have hampered the performance of the Section.

Training is required to review existing procedures, develop appropriate modifications andfamiliarise Hydrology Section staff with the data processing, analysis and archiving processesinvolved with a computer based archive. This training would be best provided in Samoa so that allHydrology Section staff can participate in the training programme. In-country training also has theadvantage that the trainer will be in a better position to appreciate and deal with the constraintsencountered by Hydrology Section staff. An initial period of 4 weeks is planned, followed by a yearduring which technical backup will continue to be available from the Trainer. A follow-up trainingvisit of 3 weeks will be required to evaluate progress, update & fine-tune procedures and to providemore advanced training in data analysis.

The New Zealand National Institute for Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA) would be wellqualified and in a position to provide the equipment and training. Detailed costs involved for thosecomponents are as follows (costs are in NZ$):

ITEM DESCRIPTION UNIT aTY PRICECurrent Meter Small Ott screw type c/w 2 props in $4260 1 $4260Counter box & calibrated

Kainga current meter counter $800 1 $800$5060

TIDEDA for Single user licence c/w dongle & $3000 1 $3000Windows manualPC Pentium c/w Compaq Pent 264Mb mem, 6 Gb HD $2900 1 $290017" monitor c/w CD-Rom & FD drives plus 17"

monitor & Windows 95Training: 7-weeks in-country training $3250 7 $22750In-country (two Return airfares NZ - Samoa $1650 2 $3300visits) & remote 7 weeks per diem + location $1498 7 $10486support allowance $6500 1 $6500

2 weeks remote support (from NZ) $43036TOTAL $53,996

4) Expected outputsThe project is expected to produce the following outputs:• increased capability for all Hydrology Section staff with two staff gaining particular skills relating

to data entry and two other staff gaining particular skills relating to analysis and reporting,• an updated and computerised water resources database• water level and flow records processed and stored for a total of eight sites (2 full site-years for

existing sires, partial year for 6 new sites),• yield good quality data from monitoring and investigating sites so as to develop damage

mitigation measures and contingency plans for water supply following natural disasters,


• written reports/bulletins publicised for rural community in the Local Water Advisory Committeeon improved decision making for local water resources and water supply issues,

• report of activities and summary analysis to stakeholders (EPC, SWA, Department of Lands &Conservation & Watershed Management Section of Forestry Division).

5) Review mechanismsSOPAC will undertake a project review and will report to the Government of Samoa and donor.

6) Project risks and risk managementThe success of the project will be very dependent on the quality of the training input. Wheretraining is linked to transfer of technology from a developed country to a developing country there isalways a risk that training may be compromised by an inflexible approach or poor communication.This risk will be managed by clearly specifying the experience and attributes required of the trainer.

The Hydrology Section office and field sites are exposed to risks of cyclone damage. In extremeevents the loss of field equipment in probably unavoidable. The risk of loss of office records will bemanaged by the procurement of improved record storage facilities and by off-site storage of dataarchives by SOPAC.

Computer equipment and operations can be affected by fluctuating voltage supplies and powercuts. This risk will be managed by the routine use of an uninterruptible power supply.

7) Project sustainabilityThe need for water resource monitoring is an on-going one and the Government of Samoa willmaintain a minimum capacity to ensure that this is undertaken on a long-term basis. The project willimprove the efficiency of the existing operation and make the Hydrology Section more self-reliant inthe future.

Background Information:The Hydrological Section within the Meteorology Division of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry,Fisheries and Meteorology is responsible for the operation of a hydrologic network within Samoa.The potential for hydro-power development stimulated a period of hydrologic investigations in thelate 1970's and early 1980's and at one stage involved 26 flow gauging stations. Cyclones andchanging priorities have seen that reduce over the years and there are now only two openHydrology Section flow monitoring sites (NB. The Section operated a third site in the Sili Basin forEPG). The decline in field activity has been matched by a decline in the capacity to process andanalyse hydrological data. Inadequate storage facilities have resulted in the loss of recordsthrough cyclone damage, physical decay or poor archiving systems.

A review of water resources undertaken in the mid-1990's (National Water Resources Master PlanStudy, Stage 11

) made recommendations for a minimum program of hydrological observations tomeet existing priorities. The Hydrology Section is now entering a period of consolidation requiringthe development of a national database to store existing and new hydrologic data and information.This will require the development of new procedures and detailed training in computer based dataprocessing and analysis. At the same time additional field equipment is required to build thehydrological network to the recommended minimum.

1 Rofe, Kennard & Lapworth in association with GM Meredith & Associates (1966) "National waterresources master plan study (Stage 1)", Three volumes, Report to Western Samoa WaterAuthority.


Documents

WATER SECTOR DATABASE DEVELOPMENT SAMOA