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Reflections on Leadership

Toward Equity-Focused Leadership

Summer Leadership Con erence

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Educators will work to socialize intelligence and eff ort among

all students in every school every classroom everyday

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practices that serve as barriers to student achievement

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about ability income and race and how these attributes shape

eaching and learning experiences in schools and classrooms

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MAKING AMERICA SMARTER

Standards tests and accountability programs are todays

favored tools for raising overall academic achievement

Testing policies are also meant to increase equity to give

poor and minority students a fairer chance by making

expectations clear and providing instruction geared to them

In practice though it is proving hard to meet the twin goalsof equity and higher achievement This is because our

schools are trapped in a set of beliefs about the nature of

ability and aptitude that makes it hard to evoke eff ective

academic eff ort from students and educators

What we learn is a function of both our aptitudes for particu-

lar kinds of learning and the eff ort we put forth Americans

mostly assume that aptitude largely determines what people

can learn in school although they allow that hard work can

compensate for lower doses of innate intelligence Our

schools are largely organized around this belief IQ tests ortheir surrogates are used to determine who has access to

enriched programs As a result some students never get the

chance to study a high-demand high-expectation curricu-

lum

Traditional achievement tests are normed to compare

students against one another rather than against a standard

of excellence This approach makes it difficult to see the

results of learning and thereby discourages eff ort (If one is

going to stay at about the same relative percentile rank no

matter how much one has learned what is the point of

trying hard) Similarly college entrance depends heavily onaptitude-like tests that have little to do with the curriculum

studied Like IQ tests they are designed to spread the

student population out on a statistical scale rather than to

de1047297ne what any particular individual has learned

These commonplace features of the American educational

landscape are institutionalized expressions of a persistent

belief in the importance of inherited aptitude The system

they are part of is self-sustaining Assumptions about

aptitude are continually reinforced by the results of practices

based on those assumptions Students who are held to lowexpectations do not try to break through that barrier

because they accept the judgment that inborn aptitude

matters most and that they have not inherited enough of

that capacity Not surprisingly their performance remains

low Children who have not been taught a demanding

challenging thinking curriculum do poorly on tests of

reasoning or problem-solving con1047297rming many peoples

original suspicions that they lack the talent for high-level

thinking

Two converging lines of research--one from cognitive

science one from social psychology--now give us reason

believe that we dont have to continue in this way We do

need to pit excellence against equity We can harness eff

to create ability and build a smarter America

Intelligence-in-Practice Habits of Mind

For more than 20 years psychologists and other student

the human mind have been experimenting with ways of

teaching the cognitive skills associated with intelligence

These include techniques as varied as generating analog

making logical deductions creating and using memory

and monitoring ones own state of knowledge (metacog

tion) Early experiments on teaching speci1047297c isolated co

ponents of intelligence yielded a common pattern of res

Most of the training was successful in producing immed

gains in performance but people typically ceased usingcognitive techniques they had been taught as soon as th

speci1047297c conditions of training were removed In other wo

they became capable of performing whatever skill was

taught but they acquired no general habit of using it or

capacity to judge for themselves when it was useful

As a result of these 1047297ndings cognitive researchers began

shift their attention to educational strategies that immer

students in demanding longterm intellectual environm

Now positive results are coming in In experimental

programs and in practical school reforms we are seeing

students who over an extended period of time are treatif they are intelligent actually become so If they are taug

demanding content and are expected to explain and 1047297n

connections as well as memorize and repeat they learn

and learn more quickly They think of themselves as lear

They are able to bounce back in the face of short-term

failures

This experience is giving rise to a new conceptualization

intelligence-inpractice Intelligence is the habit of persist

ly trying to understand things and make them function

better Intelligence is working to1047297

gure things out varyinstrategies until a workable solution is found Intelligence

knowing what one does (and doesnt) know seeking inf

mation and organizing that information so that it makes

sense and can be remembered In short ones intelligen

the sum of ones habits of mind

Lauren B Resnick

Education Week Century Series June 1999

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Being Smart and Getting Smart Two Popular Beliefs

About Intelligence

Here is where the research by social psychologists comes in

Two decades of studies have shown that what people

believe about the nature of talent and intelligence--about

what accounts for success and failure--is closely related tothe amount and kind of eff ort they put forth in situations of

learning or problem-solving

Some people believe that intelligence and other forms of

talent are 1047297xed and unchangeable Intelligence is a thing an

entity that is displayed in ones performance Doing well

means that one has ability doing poorly means that one

doesnt According to this belief people who are very talent-

ed perform easily they dont need to work hard to do well

Hence if you want to appear to be smart you should not

appear to be working very hard Any educator working withadolescents knows how this belief can drive some students

away from schoolwork

Other people believe that intelligence is something that

develops and grows These people view ability as a reper-

toire of skills that is continuously expandable through ones

eff orts Intelligence is incremental People can get smart

When people think this way they tend to invest energy to

learn something new or to increase their understanding and

mastery

But it is not just brute eff ort that distinguishes these learnersfrom people who think of intelligence as an entity Incremen-

tal thinkers are particularly likely to apply self-regulatory

metacognitive skills when they encounter task difficulties to

focus on analyzing the task and generating alternative

strategies Most important they seek out opportunities to

hone their skills and knowledge treating task difficulty (and

thus occasional setbacks) as part of the learning challenge

rather than as evidence that they lack intelligence They get

on an upward spiral in which their intelligence is actually

increasing Meanwhile their peers who think of intelligence

as1047297

xed try to avoid diffi

cult tasks for fear of displaying theirlack of intelligence They enter a downward spiral by avoid-

ing the very occasions in which they could learn smarter

ways of behaving

Eff ort-Based Education and Learnable Intelligence

Principles for Teaching and Learning

The good news is that peoples beliefs about intelligence

arent immutable They respond to the situations in which

people 1047297nd themselves

This means that it is possible to help students develop

learning-oriented goals and an incremental view of inte

gence and thus set them on the upward spiral by which

can become smarter and deliver the kinds of high-level

academic achievement everyone is hoping for To do thi

need to create eff ort based schools in which academic riand a thinking curriculum permeate the school day for e

student

For several years the Institute for Learning at the Univer

of Pittsburgh has been working with school systems acro

the country to set students--and whole school faculties-

the upward getting-smarter spiral A core set of principl

guides this work principles that educators have found b

inspiring and practical These principles which can be

illustrated in multiple examples of speci1047297c school and

classroom practice are based on cognitive research andresearch on learning organizations Here they are in a

nutshell

Organize for E ff ort

An eff ort-based school replaces the assumption that

aptitude determines what and how much students learn

with the assumption that sustained and directed eff ort c

yield high achievement for all students Everything is org

nized to evoke and support this eff ort High minimum

standards are set and all students curriculum is geared

these standards Some students will need extra time and

expert instruction to meet these expectations Providingtime and expertise helps send the message that eff ort is

expected and that tough problems yield to sustained wo

Clear Expectations

If we expect all students to learn at high levels then we n

to de1047297ne what we expect students to learn These expec

tions need to be clear--to school professionals to parent

the community and above all to students themselves W

visible accomplishment targets to aim toward at each sta

of learning students can participate in evaluating their o

work and setting goals for their own eff

ort

Recognition of Accomplishment

Clear recognition of authentic accomplishment is a hallm

of an eff ort-based school This recognition can take the f

of celebrations of work that meets standards or interme

expectations It can also be tied to opportunity to partic

in events that matter to students and their families Prog

points should be articulated so that regardless of their

entering abilities all students meet real accomplishmen

criteria often enough to be recognized frequently

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Fair and Credible Evaluations

Long-term eff ort by students calls for assessment practices

that students 1047297nd fair Most importantly tests exams and

classroom assessments must be aligned to the standards and

the curriculum being studied Fair assessment also means

using tests and exams that are graded against absolutestandards rather than on a curve so students can clearly see

the results of their learning eff orts

Academic Rigor in a Thinking Curriculum

Thinking and problem-solving will be the new basics of the

21st century but the common idea that we can teach

thinking without a solid foundation of knowledge must be

abandoned So must the idea that we can teach knowledge

without engaging students in thinking Knowledge and

thinking must be intimately joined This implies a curriculum

organized around major concepts in each discipline thatstudents are expected to know deeply Teaching must

engage students in active reasoning about these concepts

In every subject at every grade level the curriculum must

include commitment to a knowledge core high thinking

demand and active use of knowledge

Accountable Talk

Talking with others about ideas and work is fundamental to

learning But not all talk sustains learning or creates intelli-

gence For classroom talk to promote learning it must have

certain characteristics that make it accountable Account-

able talk seriously responds to and further develops whatothers in the group have said It puts forth and demands

knowledge that is accurate and relevant to the issue under

discussion Accountable talk uses evidence in ways appropri-

ate to the discipline (for example proofs in mathematics

data from investigations in science textual details in litera-

ture documentary sources in history) Finally it follows

established norms of good reasoning Accountable talk

sharpens students thinking by reinforcing their ability to use

knowledge appropriately As such it helps develop the skills

and the habits of mind that constitute intelligence-in-prac-

tice Teachers can intentionally create the norms and skills ofaccountable talk in their classrooms

Socializing Intelligence

Intelligent habits of mind are learned through the daily

expectations placed on the learner By calling on students to

use the skills of intelligent thinking and accountable talk

and by holding them responsible for doing so educators can

teach intelligence This is what teachers normally do with

students they expect much from it should be standard

practice with all students

Learning as Apprenticeship

For many centuries most people learned by working alo

side an expert who modeled skilled practice and guided

novices as they created authentic products or performan

This kind of apprenticeship learning allowed learners to

acquire the complex interdisciplinary knowledge practicabilities and appropriate forms of social behavior that w

with high levels of skilled performance Learners were

motivated to do the hard work that was involved by the

value placed on their products by people who bought

objects attended performances or requested that impo

community work be done Much of the power of appren

ship learning can be brought into schooling through ap

priate use of extended projects and presentations and b

organizing learning environments so that complex think

and production are modeled and analyzed

As we approach a new century it is increasingly evident

the educational methods we have been using for the pa

years no longer suffice They are based on scienti1047297c assu

tions about the nature of knowledge the learning proce

and diff erential aptitude for learning that have been ecli

by new discoveries Yet changing them has been slow

because the nature of educational reform in this country

largely one of tinkering with institutional arrangements

Rarely has reform penetrated the educational core

But now that is happening With the movement for stan-

dards-based education America has begun to explore thpotential of designing policy structures explicitly to link

testing curriculum textbooks teacher training and

accountability with clearly articulated ideas about what

should be taught and what students should be expected

learn Our hopes for breaking this centurys pattern of

disappointing cycles of reform--and of enabling our

children to function eff ectively in a complex new centu-

ry--rest with this vision of creating eff ort-based systems

grounded in knowledge-based constructivism-- systems

allow all students to reach high standards of achievemen

Lauren B Resnick is the director of the Learning Research an

Development Center at the University of Pittsburgh Details

the research described here appear in Learning Organizati

for Sustainable Education Reform an article co-written wit

Megan Williams Hall (Daedalus Fall 1998)

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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MAKING AMERICA SMARTER

Standards tests and accountability programs are todays

favored tools for raising overall academic achievement

Testing policies are also meant to increase equity to give

poor and minority students a fairer chance by making

expectations clear and providing instruction geared to them

In practice though it is proving hard to meet the twin goalsof equity and higher achievement This is because our

schools are trapped in a set of beliefs about the nature of

ability and aptitude that makes it hard to evoke eff ective

academic eff ort from students and educators

What we learn is a function of both our aptitudes for particu-

lar kinds of learning and the eff ort we put forth Americans

mostly assume that aptitude largely determines what people

can learn in school although they allow that hard work can

compensate for lower doses of innate intelligence Our

schools are largely organized around this belief IQ tests ortheir surrogates are used to determine who has access to

enriched programs As a result some students never get the

chance to study a high-demand high-expectation curricu-

lum

Traditional achievement tests are normed to compare

students against one another rather than against a standard

of excellence This approach makes it difficult to see the

results of learning and thereby discourages eff ort (If one is

going to stay at about the same relative percentile rank no

matter how much one has learned what is the point of

trying hard) Similarly college entrance depends heavily onaptitude-like tests that have little to do with the curriculum

studied Like IQ tests they are designed to spread the

student population out on a statistical scale rather than to

de1047297ne what any particular individual has learned

These commonplace features of the American educational

landscape are institutionalized expressions of a persistent

belief in the importance of inherited aptitude The system

they are part of is self-sustaining Assumptions about

aptitude are continually reinforced by the results of practices

based on those assumptions Students who are held to lowexpectations do not try to break through that barrier

because they accept the judgment that inborn aptitude

matters most and that they have not inherited enough of

that capacity Not surprisingly their performance remains

low Children who have not been taught a demanding

challenging thinking curriculum do poorly on tests of

reasoning or problem-solving con1047297rming many peoples

original suspicions that they lack the talent for high-level

thinking

Two converging lines of research--one from cognitive

science one from social psychology--now give us reason

believe that we dont have to continue in this way We do

need to pit excellence against equity We can harness eff

to create ability and build a smarter America

Intelligence-in-Practice Habits of Mind

For more than 20 years psychologists and other student

the human mind have been experimenting with ways of

teaching the cognitive skills associated with intelligence

These include techniques as varied as generating analog

making logical deductions creating and using memory

and monitoring ones own state of knowledge (metacog

tion) Early experiments on teaching speci1047297c isolated co

ponents of intelligence yielded a common pattern of res

Most of the training was successful in producing immed

gains in performance but people typically ceased usingcognitive techniques they had been taught as soon as th

speci1047297c conditions of training were removed In other wo

they became capable of performing whatever skill was

taught but they acquired no general habit of using it or

capacity to judge for themselves when it was useful

As a result of these 1047297ndings cognitive researchers began

shift their attention to educational strategies that immer

students in demanding longterm intellectual environm

Now positive results are coming in In experimental

programs and in practical school reforms we are seeing

students who over an extended period of time are treatif they are intelligent actually become so If they are taug

demanding content and are expected to explain and 1047297n

connections as well as memorize and repeat they learn

and learn more quickly They think of themselves as lear

They are able to bounce back in the face of short-term

failures

This experience is giving rise to a new conceptualization

intelligence-inpractice Intelligence is the habit of persist

ly trying to understand things and make them function

better Intelligence is working to1047297

gure things out varyinstrategies until a workable solution is found Intelligence

knowing what one does (and doesnt) know seeking inf

mation and organizing that information so that it makes

sense and can be remembered In short ones intelligen

the sum of ones habits of mind

Lauren B Resnick

Education Week Century Series June 1999

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Being Smart and Getting Smart Two Popular Beliefs

About Intelligence

Here is where the research by social psychologists comes in

Two decades of studies have shown that what people

believe about the nature of talent and intelligence--about

what accounts for success and failure--is closely related tothe amount and kind of eff ort they put forth in situations of

learning or problem-solving

Some people believe that intelligence and other forms of

talent are 1047297xed and unchangeable Intelligence is a thing an

entity that is displayed in ones performance Doing well

means that one has ability doing poorly means that one

doesnt According to this belief people who are very talent-

ed perform easily they dont need to work hard to do well

Hence if you want to appear to be smart you should not

appear to be working very hard Any educator working withadolescents knows how this belief can drive some students

away from schoolwork

Other people believe that intelligence is something that

develops and grows These people view ability as a reper-

toire of skills that is continuously expandable through ones

eff orts Intelligence is incremental People can get smart

When people think this way they tend to invest energy to

learn something new or to increase their understanding and

mastery

But it is not just brute eff ort that distinguishes these learnersfrom people who think of intelligence as an entity Incremen-

tal thinkers are particularly likely to apply self-regulatory

metacognitive skills when they encounter task difficulties to

focus on analyzing the task and generating alternative

strategies Most important they seek out opportunities to

hone their skills and knowledge treating task difficulty (and

thus occasional setbacks) as part of the learning challenge

rather than as evidence that they lack intelligence They get

on an upward spiral in which their intelligence is actually

increasing Meanwhile their peers who think of intelligence

as1047297

xed try to avoid diffi

cult tasks for fear of displaying theirlack of intelligence They enter a downward spiral by avoid-

ing the very occasions in which they could learn smarter

ways of behaving

Eff ort-Based Education and Learnable Intelligence

Principles for Teaching and Learning

The good news is that peoples beliefs about intelligence

arent immutable They respond to the situations in which

people 1047297nd themselves

This means that it is possible to help students develop

learning-oriented goals and an incremental view of inte

gence and thus set them on the upward spiral by which

can become smarter and deliver the kinds of high-level

academic achievement everyone is hoping for To do thi

need to create eff ort based schools in which academic riand a thinking curriculum permeate the school day for e

student

For several years the Institute for Learning at the Univer

of Pittsburgh has been working with school systems acro

the country to set students--and whole school faculties-

the upward getting-smarter spiral A core set of principl

guides this work principles that educators have found b

inspiring and practical These principles which can be

illustrated in multiple examples of speci1047297c school and

classroom practice are based on cognitive research andresearch on learning organizations Here they are in a

nutshell

Organize for E ff ort

An eff ort-based school replaces the assumption that

aptitude determines what and how much students learn

with the assumption that sustained and directed eff ort c

yield high achievement for all students Everything is org

nized to evoke and support this eff ort High minimum

standards are set and all students curriculum is geared

these standards Some students will need extra time and

expert instruction to meet these expectations Providingtime and expertise helps send the message that eff ort is

expected and that tough problems yield to sustained wo

Clear Expectations

If we expect all students to learn at high levels then we n

to de1047297ne what we expect students to learn These expec

tions need to be clear--to school professionals to parent

the community and above all to students themselves W

visible accomplishment targets to aim toward at each sta

of learning students can participate in evaluating their o

work and setting goals for their own eff

ort

Recognition of Accomplishment

Clear recognition of authentic accomplishment is a hallm

of an eff ort-based school This recognition can take the f

of celebrations of work that meets standards or interme

expectations It can also be tied to opportunity to partic

in events that matter to students and their families Prog

points should be articulated so that regardless of their

entering abilities all students meet real accomplishmen

criteria often enough to be recognized frequently

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Fair and Credible Evaluations

Long-term eff ort by students calls for assessment practices

that students 1047297nd fair Most importantly tests exams and

classroom assessments must be aligned to the standards and

the curriculum being studied Fair assessment also means

using tests and exams that are graded against absolutestandards rather than on a curve so students can clearly see

the results of their learning eff orts

Academic Rigor in a Thinking Curriculum

Thinking and problem-solving will be the new basics of the

21st century but the common idea that we can teach

thinking without a solid foundation of knowledge must be

abandoned So must the idea that we can teach knowledge

without engaging students in thinking Knowledge and

thinking must be intimately joined This implies a curriculum

organized around major concepts in each discipline thatstudents are expected to know deeply Teaching must

engage students in active reasoning about these concepts

In every subject at every grade level the curriculum must

include commitment to a knowledge core high thinking

demand and active use of knowledge

Accountable Talk

Talking with others about ideas and work is fundamental to

learning But not all talk sustains learning or creates intelli-

gence For classroom talk to promote learning it must have

certain characteristics that make it accountable Account-

able talk seriously responds to and further develops whatothers in the group have said It puts forth and demands

knowledge that is accurate and relevant to the issue under

discussion Accountable talk uses evidence in ways appropri-

ate to the discipline (for example proofs in mathematics

data from investigations in science textual details in litera-

ture documentary sources in history) Finally it follows

established norms of good reasoning Accountable talk

sharpens students thinking by reinforcing their ability to use

knowledge appropriately As such it helps develop the skills

and the habits of mind that constitute intelligence-in-prac-

tice Teachers can intentionally create the norms and skills ofaccountable talk in their classrooms

Socializing Intelligence

Intelligent habits of mind are learned through the daily

expectations placed on the learner By calling on students to

use the skills of intelligent thinking and accountable talk

and by holding them responsible for doing so educators can

teach intelligence This is what teachers normally do with

students they expect much from it should be standard

practice with all students

Learning as Apprenticeship

For many centuries most people learned by working alo

side an expert who modeled skilled practice and guided

novices as they created authentic products or performan

This kind of apprenticeship learning allowed learners to

acquire the complex interdisciplinary knowledge practicabilities and appropriate forms of social behavior that w

with high levels of skilled performance Learners were

motivated to do the hard work that was involved by the

value placed on their products by people who bought

objects attended performances or requested that impo

community work be done Much of the power of appren

ship learning can be brought into schooling through ap

priate use of extended projects and presentations and b

organizing learning environments so that complex think

and production are modeled and analyzed

As we approach a new century it is increasingly evident

the educational methods we have been using for the pa

years no longer suffice They are based on scienti1047297c assu

tions about the nature of knowledge the learning proce

and diff erential aptitude for learning that have been ecli

by new discoveries Yet changing them has been slow

because the nature of educational reform in this country

largely one of tinkering with institutional arrangements

Rarely has reform penetrated the educational core

But now that is happening With the movement for stan-

dards-based education America has begun to explore thpotential of designing policy structures explicitly to link

testing curriculum textbooks teacher training and

accountability with clearly articulated ideas about what

should be taught and what students should be expected

learn Our hopes for breaking this centurys pattern of

disappointing cycles of reform--and of enabling our

children to function eff ectively in a complex new centu-

ry--rest with this vision of creating eff ort-based systems

grounded in knowledge-based constructivism-- systems

allow all students to reach high standards of achievemen

Lauren B Resnick is the director of the Learning Research an

Development Center at the University of Pittsburgh Details

the research described here appear in Learning Organizati

for Sustainable Education Reform an article co-written wit

Megan Williams Hall (Daedalus Fall 1998)

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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t Bi a s

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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MAKING AMERICA SMARTER

Standards tests and accountability programs are todays

favored tools for raising overall academic achievement

Testing policies are also meant to increase equity to give

poor and minority students a fairer chance by making

expectations clear and providing instruction geared to them

In practice though it is proving hard to meet the twin goalsof equity and higher achievement This is because our

schools are trapped in a set of beliefs about the nature of

ability and aptitude that makes it hard to evoke eff ective

academic eff ort from students and educators

What we learn is a function of both our aptitudes for particu-

lar kinds of learning and the eff ort we put forth Americans

mostly assume that aptitude largely determines what people

can learn in school although they allow that hard work can

compensate for lower doses of innate intelligence Our

schools are largely organized around this belief IQ tests ortheir surrogates are used to determine who has access to

enriched programs As a result some students never get the

chance to study a high-demand high-expectation curricu-

lum

Traditional achievement tests are normed to compare

students against one another rather than against a standard

of excellence This approach makes it difficult to see the

results of learning and thereby discourages eff ort (If one is

going to stay at about the same relative percentile rank no

matter how much one has learned what is the point of

trying hard) Similarly college entrance depends heavily onaptitude-like tests that have little to do with the curriculum

studied Like IQ tests they are designed to spread the

student population out on a statistical scale rather than to

de1047297ne what any particular individual has learned

These commonplace features of the American educational

landscape are institutionalized expressions of a persistent

belief in the importance of inherited aptitude The system

they are part of is self-sustaining Assumptions about

aptitude are continually reinforced by the results of practices

based on those assumptions Students who are held to lowexpectations do not try to break through that barrier

because they accept the judgment that inborn aptitude

matters most and that they have not inherited enough of

that capacity Not surprisingly their performance remains

low Children who have not been taught a demanding

challenging thinking curriculum do poorly on tests of

reasoning or problem-solving con1047297rming many peoples

original suspicions that they lack the talent for high-level

thinking

Two converging lines of research--one from cognitive

science one from social psychology--now give us reason

believe that we dont have to continue in this way We do

need to pit excellence against equity We can harness eff

to create ability and build a smarter America

Intelligence-in-Practice Habits of Mind

For more than 20 years psychologists and other student

the human mind have been experimenting with ways of

teaching the cognitive skills associated with intelligence

These include techniques as varied as generating analog

making logical deductions creating and using memory

and monitoring ones own state of knowledge (metacog

tion) Early experiments on teaching speci1047297c isolated co

ponents of intelligence yielded a common pattern of res

Most of the training was successful in producing immed

gains in performance but people typically ceased usingcognitive techniques they had been taught as soon as th

speci1047297c conditions of training were removed In other wo

they became capable of performing whatever skill was

taught but they acquired no general habit of using it or

capacity to judge for themselves when it was useful

As a result of these 1047297ndings cognitive researchers began

shift their attention to educational strategies that immer

students in demanding longterm intellectual environm

Now positive results are coming in In experimental

programs and in practical school reforms we are seeing

students who over an extended period of time are treatif they are intelligent actually become so If they are taug

demanding content and are expected to explain and 1047297n

connections as well as memorize and repeat they learn

and learn more quickly They think of themselves as lear

They are able to bounce back in the face of short-term

failures

This experience is giving rise to a new conceptualization

intelligence-inpractice Intelligence is the habit of persist

ly trying to understand things and make them function

better Intelligence is working to1047297

gure things out varyinstrategies until a workable solution is found Intelligence

knowing what one does (and doesnt) know seeking inf

mation and organizing that information so that it makes

sense and can be remembered In short ones intelligen

the sum of ones habits of mind

Lauren B Resnick

Education Week Century Series June 1999

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Being Smart and Getting Smart Two Popular Beliefs

About Intelligence

Here is where the research by social psychologists comes in

Two decades of studies have shown that what people

believe about the nature of talent and intelligence--about

what accounts for success and failure--is closely related tothe amount and kind of eff ort they put forth in situations of

learning or problem-solving

Some people believe that intelligence and other forms of

talent are 1047297xed and unchangeable Intelligence is a thing an

entity that is displayed in ones performance Doing well

means that one has ability doing poorly means that one

doesnt According to this belief people who are very talent-

ed perform easily they dont need to work hard to do well

Hence if you want to appear to be smart you should not

appear to be working very hard Any educator working withadolescents knows how this belief can drive some students

away from schoolwork

Other people believe that intelligence is something that

develops and grows These people view ability as a reper-

toire of skills that is continuously expandable through ones

eff orts Intelligence is incremental People can get smart

When people think this way they tend to invest energy to

learn something new or to increase their understanding and

mastery

But it is not just brute eff ort that distinguishes these learnersfrom people who think of intelligence as an entity Incremen-

tal thinkers are particularly likely to apply self-regulatory

metacognitive skills when they encounter task difficulties to

focus on analyzing the task and generating alternative

strategies Most important they seek out opportunities to

hone their skills and knowledge treating task difficulty (and

thus occasional setbacks) as part of the learning challenge

rather than as evidence that they lack intelligence They get

on an upward spiral in which their intelligence is actually

increasing Meanwhile their peers who think of intelligence

as1047297

xed try to avoid diffi

cult tasks for fear of displaying theirlack of intelligence They enter a downward spiral by avoid-

ing the very occasions in which they could learn smarter

ways of behaving

Eff ort-Based Education and Learnable Intelligence

Principles for Teaching and Learning

The good news is that peoples beliefs about intelligence

arent immutable They respond to the situations in which

people 1047297nd themselves

This means that it is possible to help students develop

learning-oriented goals and an incremental view of inte

gence and thus set them on the upward spiral by which

can become smarter and deliver the kinds of high-level

academic achievement everyone is hoping for To do thi

need to create eff ort based schools in which academic riand a thinking curriculum permeate the school day for e

student

For several years the Institute for Learning at the Univer

of Pittsburgh has been working with school systems acro

the country to set students--and whole school faculties-

the upward getting-smarter spiral A core set of principl

guides this work principles that educators have found b

inspiring and practical These principles which can be

illustrated in multiple examples of speci1047297c school and

classroom practice are based on cognitive research andresearch on learning organizations Here they are in a

nutshell

Organize for E ff ort

An eff ort-based school replaces the assumption that

aptitude determines what and how much students learn

with the assumption that sustained and directed eff ort c

yield high achievement for all students Everything is org

nized to evoke and support this eff ort High minimum

standards are set and all students curriculum is geared

these standards Some students will need extra time and

expert instruction to meet these expectations Providingtime and expertise helps send the message that eff ort is

expected and that tough problems yield to sustained wo

Clear Expectations

If we expect all students to learn at high levels then we n

to de1047297ne what we expect students to learn These expec

tions need to be clear--to school professionals to parent

the community and above all to students themselves W

visible accomplishment targets to aim toward at each sta

of learning students can participate in evaluating their o

work and setting goals for their own eff

ort

Recognition of Accomplishment

Clear recognition of authentic accomplishment is a hallm

of an eff ort-based school This recognition can take the f

of celebrations of work that meets standards or interme

expectations It can also be tied to opportunity to partic

in events that matter to students and their families Prog

points should be articulated so that regardless of their

entering abilities all students meet real accomplishmen

criteria often enough to be recognized frequently

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Fair and Credible Evaluations

Long-term eff ort by students calls for assessment practices

that students 1047297nd fair Most importantly tests exams and

classroom assessments must be aligned to the standards and

the curriculum being studied Fair assessment also means

using tests and exams that are graded against absolutestandards rather than on a curve so students can clearly see

the results of their learning eff orts

Academic Rigor in a Thinking Curriculum

Thinking and problem-solving will be the new basics of the

21st century but the common idea that we can teach

thinking without a solid foundation of knowledge must be

abandoned So must the idea that we can teach knowledge

without engaging students in thinking Knowledge and

thinking must be intimately joined This implies a curriculum

organized around major concepts in each discipline thatstudents are expected to know deeply Teaching must

engage students in active reasoning about these concepts

In every subject at every grade level the curriculum must

include commitment to a knowledge core high thinking

demand and active use of knowledge

Accountable Talk

Talking with others about ideas and work is fundamental to

learning But not all talk sustains learning or creates intelli-

gence For classroom talk to promote learning it must have

certain characteristics that make it accountable Account-

able talk seriously responds to and further develops whatothers in the group have said It puts forth and demands

knowledge that is accurate and relevant to the issue under

discussion Accountable talk uses evidence in ways appropri-

ate to the discipline (for example proofs in mathematics

data from investigations in science textual details in litera-

ture documentary sources in history) Finally it follows

established norms of good reasoning Accountable talk

sharpens students thinking by reinforcing their ability to use

knowledge appropriately As such it helps develop the skills

and the habits of mind that constitute intelligence-in-prac-

tice Teachers can intentionally create the norms and skills ofaccountable talk in their classrooms

Socializing Intelligence

Intelligent habits of mind are learned through the daily

expectations placed on the learner By calling on students to

use the skills of intelligent thinking and accountable talk

and by holding them responsible for doing so educators can

teach intelligence This is what teachers normally do with

students they expect much from it should be standard

practice with all students

Learning as Apprenticeship

For many centuries most people learned by working alo

side an expert who modeled skilled practice and guided

novices as they created authentic products or performan

This kind of apprenticeship learning allowed learners to

acquire the complex interdisciplinary knowledge practicabilities and appropriate forms of social behavior that w

with high levels of skilled performance Learners were

motivated to do the hard work that was involved by the

value placed on their products by people who bought

objects attended performances or requested that impo

community work be done Much of the power of appren

ship learning can be brought into schooling through ap

priate use of extended projects and presentations and b

organizing learning environments so that complex think

and production are modeled and analyzed

As we approach a new century it is increasingly evident

the educational methods we have been using for the pa

years no longer suffice They are based on scienti1047297c assu

tions about the nature of knowledge the learning proce

and diff erential aptitude for learning that have been ecli

by new discoveries Yet changing them has been slow

because the nature of educational reform in this country

largely one of tinkering with institutional arrangements

Rarely has reform penetrated the educational core

But now that is happening With the movement for stan-

dards-based education America has begun to explore thpotential of designing policy structures explicitly to link

testing curriculum textbooks teacher training and

accountability with clearly articulated ideas about what

should be taught and what students should be expected

learn Our hopes for breaking this centurys pattern of

disappointing cycles of reform--and of enabling our

children to function eff ectively in a complex new centu-

ry--rest with this vision of creating eff ort-based systems

grounded in knowledge-based constructivism-- systems

allow all students to reach high standards of achievemen

Lauren B Resnick is the director of the Learning Research an

Development Center at the University of Pittsburgh Details

the research described here appear in Learning Organizati

for Sustainable Education Reform an article co-written wit

Megan Williams Hall (Daedalus Fall 1998)

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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MAKING AMERICA SMARTER

Standards tests and accountability programs are todays

favored tools for raising overall academic achievement

Testing policies are also meant to increase equity to give

poor and minority students a fairer chance by making

expectations clear and providing instruction geared to them

In practice though it is proving hard to meet the twin goalsof equity and higher achievement This is because our

schools are trapped in a set of beliefs about the nature of

ability and aptitude that makes it hard to evoke eff ective

academic eff ort from students and educators

What we learn is a function of both our aptitudes for particu-

lar kinds of learning and the eff ort we put forth Americans

mostly assume that aptitude largely determines what people

can learn in school although they allow that hard work can

compensate for lower doses of innate intelligence Our

schools are largely organized around this belief IQ tests ortheir surrogates are used to determine who has access to

enriched programs As a result some students never get the

chance to study a high-demand high-expectation curricu-

lum

Traditional achievement tests are normed to compare

students against one another rather than against a standard

of excellence This approach makes it difficult to see the

results of learning and thereby discourages eff ort (If one is

going to stay at about the same relative percentile rank no

matter how much one has learned what is the point of

trying hard) Similarly college entrance depends heavily onaptitude-like tests that have little to do with the curriculum

studied Like IQ tests they are designed to spread the

student population out on a statistical scale rather than to

de1047297ne what any particular individual has learned

These commonplace features of the American educational

landscape are institutionalized expressions of a persistent

belief in the importance of inherited aptitude The system

they are part of is self-sustaining Assumptions about

aptitude are continually reinforced by the results of practices

based on those assumptions Students who are held to lowexpectations do not try to break through that barrier

because they accept the judgment that inborn aptitude

matters most and that they have not inherited enough of

that capacity Not surprisingly their performance remains

low Children who have not been taught a demanding

challenging thinking curriculum do poorly on tests of

reasoning or problem-solving con1047297rming many peoples

original suspicions that they lack the talent for high-level

thinking

Two converging lines of research--one from cognitive

science one from social psychology--now give us reason

believe that we dont have to continue in this way We do

need to pit excellence against equity We can harness eff

to create ability and build a smarter America

Intelligence-in-Practice Habits of Mind

For more than 20 years psychologists and other student

the human mind have been experimenting with ways of

teaching the cognitive skills associated with intelligence

These include techniques as varied as generating analog

making logical deductions creating and using memory

and monitoring ones own state of knowledge (metacog

tion) Early experiments on teaching speci1047297c isolated co

ponents of intelligence yielded a common pattern of res

Most of the training was successful in producing immed

gains in performance but people typically ceased usingcognitive techniques they had been taught as soon as th

speci1047297c conditions of training were removed In other wo

they became capable of performing whatever skill was

taught but they acquired no general habit of using it or

capacity to judge for themselves when it was useful

As a result of these 1047297ndings cognitive researchers began

shift their attention to educational strategies that immer

students in demanding longterm intellectual environm

Now positive results are coming in In experimental

programs and in practical school reforms we are seeing

students who over an extended period of time are treatif they are intelligent actually become so If they are taug

demanding content and are expected to explain and 1047297n

connections as well as memorize and repeat they learn

and learn more quickly They think of themselves as lear

They are able to bounce back in the face of short-term

failures

This experience is giving rise to a new conceptualization

intelligence-inpractice Intelligence is the habit of persist

ly trying to understand things and make them function

better Intelligence is working to1047297

gure things out varyinstrategies until a workable solution is found Intelligence

knowing what one does (and doesnt) know seeking inf

mation and organizing that information so that it makes

sense and can be remembered In short ones intelligen

the sum of ones habits of mind

Lauren B Resnick

Education Week Century Series June 1999

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Being Smart and Getting Smart Two Popular Beliefs

About Intelligence

Here is where the research by social psychologists comes in

Two decades of studies have shown that what people

believe about the nature of talent and intelligence--about

what accounts for success and failure--is closely related tothe amount and kind of eff ort they put forth in situations of

learning or problem-solving

Some people believe that intelligence and other forms of

talent are 1047297xed and unchangeable Intelligence is a thing an

entity that is displayed in ones performance Doing well

means that one has ability doing poorly means that one

doesnt According to this belief people who are very talent-

ed perform easily they dont need to work hard to do well

Hence if you want to appear to be smart you should not

appear to be working very hard Any educator working withadolescents knows how this belief can drive some students

away from schoolwork

Other people believe that intelligence is something that

develops and grows These people view ability as a reper-

toire of skills that is continuously expandable through ones

eff orts Intelligence is incremental People can get smart

When people think this way they tend to invest energy to

learn something new or to increase their understanding and

mastery

But it is not just brute eff ort that distinguishes these learnersfrom people who think of intelligence as an entity Incremen-

tal thinkers are particularly likely to apply self-regulatory

metacognitive skills when they encounter task difficulties to

focus on analyzing the task and generating alternative

strategies Most important they seek out opportunities to

hone their skills and knowledge treating task difficulty (and

thus occasional setbacks) as part of the learning challenge

rather than as evidence that they lack intelligence They get

on an upward spiral in which their intelligence is actually

increasing Meanwhile their peers who think of intelligence

as1047297

xed try to avoid diffi

cult tasks for fear of displaying theirlack of intelligence They enter a downward spiral by avoid-

ing the very occasions in which they could learn smarter

ways of behaving

Eff ort-Based Education and Learnable Intelligence

Principles for Teaching and Learning

The good news is that peoples beliefs about intelligence

arent immutable They respond to the situations in which

people 1047297nd themselves

This means that it is possible to help students develop

learning-oriented goals and an incremental view of inte

gence and thus set them on the upward spiral by which

can become smarter and deliver the kinds of high-level

academic achievement everyone is hoping for To do thi

need to create eff ort based schools in which academic riand a thinking curriculum permeate the school day for e

student

For several years the Institute for Learning at the Univer

of Pittsburgh has been working with school systems acro

the country to set students--and whole school faculties-

the upward getting-smarter spiral A core set of principl

guides this work principles that educators have found b

inspiring and practical These principles which can be

illustrated in multiple examples of speci1047297c school and

classroom practice are based on cognitive research andresearch on learning organizations Here they are in a

nutshell

Organize for E ff ort

An eff ort-based school replaces the assumption that

aptitude determines what and how much students learn

with the assumption that sustained and directed eff ort c

yield high achievement for all students Everything is org

nized to evoke and support this eff ort High minimum

standards are set and all students curriculum is geared

these standards Some students will need extra time and

expert instruction to meet these expectations Providingtime and expertise helps send the message that eff ort is

expected and that tough problems yield to sustained wo

Clear Expectations

If we expect all students to learn at high levels then we n

to de1047297ne what we expect students to learn These expec

tions need to be clear--to school professionals to parent

the community and above all to students themselves W

visible accomplishment targets to aim toward at each sta

of learning students can participate in evaluating their o

work and setting goals for their own eff

ort

Recognition of Accomplishment

Clear recognition of authentic accomplishment is a hallm

of an eff ort-based school This recognition can take the f

of celebrations of work that meets standards or interme

expectations It can also be tied to opportunity to partic

in events that matter to students and their families Prog

points should be articulated so that regardless of their

entering abilities all students meet real accomplishmen

criteria often enough to be recognized frequently

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Fair and Credible Evaluations

Long-term eff ort by students calls for assessment practices

that students 1047297nd fair Most importantly tests exams and

classroom assessments must be aligned to the standards and

the curriculum being studied Fair assessment also means

using tests and exams that are graded against absolutestandards rather than on a curve so students can clearly see

the results of their learning eff orts

Academic Rigor in a Thinking Curriculum

Thinking and problem-solving will be the new basics of the

21st century but the common idea that we can teach

thinking without a solid foundation of knowledge must be

abandoned So must the idea that we can teach knowledge

without engaging students in thinking Knowledge and

thinking must be intimately joined This implies a curriculum

organized around major concepts in each discipline thatstudents are expected to know deeply Teaching must

engage students in active reasoning about these concepts

In every subject at every grade level the curriculum must

include commitment to a knowledge core high thinking

demand and active use of knowledge

Accountable Talk

Talking with others about ideas and work is fundamental to

learning But not all talk sustains learning or creates intelli-

gence For classroom talk to promote learning it must have

certain characteristics that make it accountable Account-

able talk seriously responds to and further develops whatothers in the group have said It puts forth and demands

knowledge that is accurate and relevant to the issue under

discussion Accountable talk uses evidence in ways appropri-

ate to the discipline (for example proofs in mathematics

data from investigations in science textual details in litera-

ture documentary sources in history) Finally it follows

established norms of good reasoning Accountable talk

sharpens students thinking by reinforcing their ability to use

knowledge appropriately As such it helps develop the skills

and the habits of mind that constitute intelligence-in-prac-

tice Teachers can intentionally create the norms and skills ofaccountable talk in their classrooms

Socializing Intelligence

Intelligent habits of mind are learned through the daily

expectations placed on the learner By calling on students to

use the skills of intelligent thinking and accountable talk

and by holding them responsible for doing so educators can

teach intelligence This is what teachers normally do with

students they expect much from it should be standard

practice with all students

Learning as Apprenticeship

For many centuries most people learned by working alo

side an expert who modeled skilled practice and guided

novices as they created authentic products or performan

This kind of apprenticeship learning allowed learners to

acquire the complex interdisciplinary knowledge practicabilities and appropriate forms of social behavior that w

with high levels of skilled performance Learners were

motivated to do the hard work that was involved by the

value placed on their products by people who bought

objects attended performances or requested that impo

community work be done Much of the power of appren

ship learning can be brought into schooling through ap

priate use of extended projects and presentations and b

organizing learning environments so that complex think

and production are modeled and analyzed

As we approach a new century it is increasingly evident

the educational methods we have been using for the pa

years no longer suffice They are based on scienti1047297c assu

tions about the nature of knowledge the learning proce

and diff erential aptitude for learning that have been ecli

by new discoveries Yet changing them has been slow

because the nature of educational reform in this country

largely one of tinkering with institutional arrangements

Rarely has reform penetrated the educational core

But now that is happening With the movement for stan-

dards-based education America has begun to explore thpotential of designing policy structures explicitly to link

testing curriculum textbooks teacher training and

accountability with clearly articulated ideas about what

should be taught and what students should be expected

learn Our hopes for breaking this centurys pattern of

disappointing cycles of reform--and of enabling our

children to function eff ectively in a complex new centu-

ry--rest with this vision of creating eff ort-based systems

grounded in knowledge-based constructivism-- systems

allow all students to reach high standards of achievemen

Lauren B Resnick is the director of the Learning Research an

Development Center at the University of Pittsburgh Details

the research described here appear in Learning Organizati

for Sustainable Education Reform an article co-written wit

Megan Williams Hall (Daedalus Fall 1998)

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MAKING AMERICA SMARTER

Standards tests and accountability programs are todays

favored tools for raising overall academic achievement

Testing policies are also meant to increase equity to give

poor and minority students a fairer chance by making

expectations clear and providing instruction geared to them

In practice though it is proving hard to meet the twin goalsof equity and higher achievement This is because our

schools are trapped in a set of beliefs about the nature of

ability and aptitude that makes it hard to evoke eff ective

academic eff ort from students and educators

What we learn is a function of both our aptitudes for particu-

lar kinds of learning and the eff ort we put forth Americans

mostly assume that aptitude largely determines what people

can learn in school although they allow that hard work can

compensate for lower doses of innate intelligence Our

schools are largely organized around this belief IQ tests ortheir surrogates are used to determine who has access to

enriched programs As a result some students never get the

chance to study a high-demand high-expectation curricu-

lum

Traditional achievement tests are normed to compare

students against one another rather than against a standard

of excellence This approach makes it difficult to see the

results of learning and thereby discourages eff ort (If one is

going to stay at about the same relative percentile rank no

matter how much one has learned what is the point of

trying hard) Similarly college entrance depends heavily onaptitude-like tests that have little to do with the curriculum

studied Like IQ tests they are designed to spread the

student population out on a statistical scale rather than to

de1047297ne what any particular individual has learned

These commonplace features of the American educational

landscape are institutionalized expressions of a persistent

belief in the importance of inherited aptitude The system

they are part of is self-sustaining Assumptions about

aptitude are continually reinforced by the results of practices

based on those assumptions Students who are held to lowexpectations do not try to break through that barrier

because they accept the judgment that inborn aptitude

matters most and that they have not inherited enough of

that capacity Not surprisingly their performance remains

low Children who have not been taught a demanding

challenging thinking curriculum do poorly on tests of

reasoning or problem-solving con1047297rming many peoples

original suspicions that they lack the talent for high-level

thinking

Two converging lines of research--one from cognitive

science one from social psychology--now give us reason

believe that we dont have to continue in this way We do

need to pit excellence against equity We can harness eff

to create ability and build a smarter America

Intelligence-in-Practice Habits of Mind

For more than 20 years psychologists and other student

the human mind have been experimenting with ways of

teaching the cognitive skills associated with intelligence

These include techniques as varied as generating analog

making logical deductions creating and using memory

and monitoring ones own state of knowledge (metacog

tion) Early experiments on teaching speci1047297c isolated co

ponents of intelligence yielded a common pattern of res

Most of the training was successful in producing immed

gains in performance but people typically ceased usingcognitive techniques they had been taught as soon as th

speci1047297c conditions of training were removed In other wo

they became capable of performing whatever skill was

taught but they acquired no general habit of using it or

capacity to judge for themselves when it was useful

As a result of these 1047297ndings cognitive researchers began

shift their attention to educational strategies that immer

students in demanding longterm intellectual environm

Now positive results are coming in In experimental

programs and in practical school reforms we are seeing

students who over an extended period of time are treatif they are intelligent actually become so If they are taug

demanding content and are expected to explain and 1047297n

connections as well as memorize and repeat they learn

and learn more quickly They think of themselves as lear

They are able to bounce back in the face of short-term

failures

This experience is giving rise to a new conceptualization

intelligence-inpractice Intelligence is the habit of persist

ly trying to understand things and make them function

better Intelligence is working to1047297

gure things out varyinstrategies until a workable solution is found Intelligence

knowing what one does (and doesnt) know seeking inf

mation and organizing that information so that it makes

sense and can be remembered In short ones intelligen

the sum of ones habits of mind

Lauren B Resnick

Education Week Century Series June 1999

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Being Smart and Getting Smart Two Popular Beliefs

About Intelligence

Here is where the research by social psychologists comes in

Two decades of studies have shown that what people

believe about the nature of talent and intelligence--about

what accounts for success and failure--is closely related tothe amount and kind of eff ort they put forth in situations of

learning or problem-solving

Some people believe that intelligence and other forms of

talent are 1047297xed and unchangeable Intelligence is a thing an

entity that is displayed in ones performance Doing well

means that one has ability doing poorly means that one

doesnt According to this belief people who are very talent-

ed perform easily they dont need to work hard to do well

Hence if you want to appear to be smart you should not

appear to be working very hard Any educator working withadolescents knows how this belief can drive some students

away from schoolwork

Other people believe that intelligence is something that

develops and grows These people view ability as a reper-

toire of skills that is continuously expandable through ones

eff orts Intelligence is incremental People can get smart

When people think this way they tend to invest energy to

learn something new or to increase their understanding and

mastery

But it is not just brute eff ort that distinguishes these learnersfrom people who think of intelligence as an entity Incremen-

tal thinkers are particularly likely to apply self-regulatory

metacognitive skills when they encounter task difficulties to

focus on analyzing the task and generating alternative

strategies Most important they seek out opportunities to

hone their skills and knowledge treating task difficulty (and

thus occasional setbacks) as part of the learning challenge

rather than as evidence that they lack intelligence They get

on an upward spiral in which their intelligence is actually

increasing Meanwhile their peers who think of intelligence

as1047297

xed try to avoid diffi

cult tasks for fear of displaying theirlack of intelligence They enter a downward spiral by avoid-

ing the very occasions in which they could learn smarter

ways of behaving

Eff ort-Based Education and Learnable Intelligence

Principles for Teaching and Learning

The good news is that peoples beliefs about intelligence

arent immutable They respond to the situations in which

people 1047297nd themselves

This means that it is possible to help students develop

learning-oriented goals and an incremental view of inte

gence and thus set them on the upward spiral by which

can become smarter and deliver the kinds of high-level

academic achievement everyone is hoping for To do thi

need to create eff ort based schools in which academic riand a thinking curriculum permeate the school day for e

student

For several years the Institute for Learning at the Univer

of Pittsburgh has been working with school systems acro

the country to set students--and whole school faculties-

the upward getting-smarter spiral A core set of principl

guides this work principles that educators have found b

inspiring and practical These principles which can be

illustrated in multiple examples of speci1047297c school and

classroom practice are based on cognitive research andresearch on learning organizations Here they are in a

nutshell

Organize for E ff ort

An eff ort-based school replaces the assumption that

aptitude determines what and how much students learn

with the assumption that sustained and directed eff ort c

yield high achievement for all students Everything is org

nized to evoke and support this eff ort High minimum

standards are set and all students curriculum is geared

these standards Some students will need extra time and

expert instruction to meet these expectations Providingtime and expertise helps send the message that eff ort is

expected and that tough problems yield to sustained wo

Clear Expectations

If we expect all students to learn at high levels then we n

to de1047297ne what we expect students to learn These expec

tions need to be clear--to school professionals to parent

the community and above all to students themselves W

visible accomplishment targets to aim toward at each sta

of learning students can participate in evaluating their o

work and setting goals for their own eff

ort

Recognition of Accomplishment

Clear recognition of authentic accomplishment is a hallm

of an eff ort-based school This recognition can take the f

of celebrations of work that meets standards or interme

expectations It can also be tied to opportunity to partic

in events that matter to students and their families Prog

points should be articulated so that regardless of their

entering abilities all students meet real accomplishmen

criteria often enough to be recognized frequently

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Fair and Credible Evaluations

Long-term eff ort by students calls for assessment practices

that students 1047297nd fair Most importantly tests exams and

classroom assessments must be aligned to the standards and

the curriculum being studied Fair assessment also means

using tests and exams that are graded against absolutestandards rather than on a curve so students can clearly see

the results of their learning eff orts

Academic Rigor in a Thinking Curriculum

Thinking and problem-solving will be the new basics of the

21st century but the common idea that we can teach

thinking without a solid foundation of knowledge must be

abandoned So must the idea that we can teach knowledge

without engaging students in thinking Knowledge and

thinking must be intimately joined This implies a curriculum

organized around major concepts in each discipline thatstudents are expected to know deeply Teaching must

engage students in active reasoning about these concepts

In every subject at every grade level the curriculum must

include commitment to a knowledge core high thinking

demand and active use of knowledge

Accountable Talk

Talking with others about ideas and work is fundamental to

learning But not all talk sustains learning or creates intelli-

gence For classroom talk to promote learning it must have

certain characteristics that make it accountable Account-

able talk seriously responds to and further develops whatothers in the group have said It puts forth and demands

knowledge that is accurate and relevant to the issue under

discussion Accountable talk uses evidence in ways appropri-

ate to the discipline (for example proofs in mathematics

data from investigations in science textual details in litera-

ture documentary sources in history) Finally it follows

established norms of good reasoning Accountable talk

sharpens students thinking by reinforcing their ability to use

knowledge appropriately As such it helps develop the skills

and the habits of mind that constitute intelligence-in-prac-

tice Teachers can intentionally create the norms and skills ofaccountable talk in their classrooms

Socializing Intelligence

Intelligent habits of mind are learned through the daily

expectations placed on the learner By calling on students to

use the skills of intelligent thinking and accountable talk

and by holding them responsible for doing so educators can

teach intelligence This is what teachers normally do with

students they expect much from it should be standard

practice with all students

Learning as Apprenticeship

For many centuries most people learned by working alo

side an expert who modeled skilled practice and guided

novices as they created authentic products or performan

This kind of apprenticeship learning allowed learners to

acquire the complex interdisciplinary knowledge practicabilities and appropriate forms of social behavior that w

with high levels of skilled performance Learners were

motivated to do the hard work that was involved by the

value placed on their products by people who bought

objects attended performances or requested that impo

community work be done Much of the power of appren

ship learning can be brought into schooling through ap

priate use of extended projects and presentations and b

organizing learning environments so that complex think

and production are modeled and analyzed

As we approach a new century it is increasingly evident

the educational methods we have been using for the pa

years no longer suffice They are based on scienti1047297c assu

tions about the nature of knowledge the learning proce

and diff erential aptitude for learning that have been ecli

by new discoveries Yet changing them has been slow

because the nature of educational reform in this country

largely one of tinkering with institutional arrangements

Rarely has reform penetrated the educational core

But now that is happening With the movement for stan-

dards-based education America has begun to explore thpotential of designing policy structures explicitly to link

testing curriculum textbooks teacher training and

accountability with clearly articulated ideas about what

should be taught and what students should be expected

learn Our hopes for breaking this centurys pattern of

disappointing cycles of reform--and of enabling our

children to function eff ectively in a complex new centu-

ry--rest with this vision of creating eff ort-based systems

grounded in knowledge-based constructivism-- systems

allow all students to reach high standards of achievemen

Lauren B Resnick is the director of the Learning Research an

Development Center at the University of Pittsburgh Details

the research described here appear in Learning Organizati

for Sustainable Education Reform an article co-written wit

Megan Williams Hall (Daedalus Fall 1998)

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MAKING AMERICA SMARTER

Standards tests and accountability programs are todays

favored tools for raising overall academic achievement

Testing policies are also meant to increase equity to give

poor and minority students a fairer chance by making

expectations clear and providing instruction geared to them

In practice though it is proving hard to meet the twin goalsof equity and higher achievement This is because our

schools are trapped in a set of beliefs about the nature of

ability and aptitude that makes it hard to evoke eff ective

academic eff ort from students and educators

What we learn is a function of both our aptitudes for particu-

lar kinds of learning and the eff ort we put forth Americans

mostly assume that aptitude largely determines what people

can learn in school although they allow that hard work can

compensate for lower doses of innate intelligence Our

schools are largely organized around this belief IQ tests ortheir surrogates are used to determine who has access to

enriched programs As a result some students never get the

chance to study a high-demand high-expectation curricu-

lum

Traditional achievement tests are normed to compare

students against one another rather than against a standard

of excellence This approach makes it difficult to see the

results of learning and thereby discourages eff ort (If one is

going to stay at about the same relative percentile rank no

matter how much one has learned what is the point of

trying hard) Similarly college entrance depends heavily onaptitude-like tests that have little to do with the curriculum

studied Like IQ tests they are designed to spread the

student population out on a statistical scale rather than to

de1047297ne what any particular individual has learned

These commonplace features of the American educational

landscape are institutionalized expressions of a persistent

belief in the importance of inherited aptitude The system

they are part of is self-sustaining Assumptions about

aptitude are continually reinforced by the results of practices

based on those assumptions Students who are held to lowexpectations do not try to break through that barrier

because they accept the judgment that inborn aptitude

matters most and that they have not inherited enough of

that capacity Not surprisingly their performance remains

low Children who have not been taught a demanding

challenging thinking curriculum do poorly on tests of

reasoning or problem-solving con1047297rming many peoples

original suspicions that they lack the talent for high-level

thinking

Two converging lines of research--one from cognitive

science one from social psychology--now give us reason

believe that we dont have to continue in this way We do

need to pit excellence against equity We can harness eff

to create ability and build a smarter America

Intelligence-in-Practice Habits of Mind

For more than 20 years psychologists and other student

the human mind have been experimenting with ways of

teaching the cognitive skills associated with intelligence

These include techniques as varied as generating analog

making logical deductions creating and using memory

and monitoring ones own state of knowledge (metacog

tion) Early experiments on teaching speci1047297c isolated co

ponents of intelligence yielded a common pattern of res

Most of the training was successful in producing immed

gains in performance but people typically ceased usingcognitive techniques they had been taught as soon as th

speci1047297c conditions of training were removed In other wo

they became capable of performing whatever skill was

taught but they acquired no general habit of using it or

capacity to judge for themselves when it was useful

As a result of these 1047297ndings cognitive researchers began

shift their attention to educational strategies that immer

students in demanding longterm intellectual environm

Now positive results are coming in In experimental

programs and in practical school reforms we are seeing

students who over an extended period of time are treatif they are intelligent actually become so If they are taug

demanding content and are expected to explain and 1047297n

connections as well as memorize and repeat they learn

and learn more quickly They think of themselves as lear

They are able to bounce back in the face of short-term

failures

This experience is giving rise to a new conceptualization

intelligence-inpractice Intelligence is the habit of persist

ly trying to understand things and make them function

better Intelligence is working to1047297

gure things out varyinstrategies until a workable solution is found Intelligence

knowing what one does (and doesnt) know seeking inf

mation and organizing that information so that it makes

sense and can be remembered In short ones intelligen

the sum of ones habits of mind

Lauren B Resnick

Education Week Century Series June 1999

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Being Smart and Getting Smart Two Popular Beliefs

About Intelligence

Here is where the research by social psychologists comes in

Two decades of studies have shown that what people

believe about the nature of talent and intelligence--about

what accounts for success and failure--is closely related tothe amount and kind of eff ort they put forth in situations of

learning or problem-solving

Some people believe that intelligence and other forms of

talent are 1047297xed and unchangeable Intelligence is a thing an

entity that is displayed in ones performance Doing well

means that one has ability doing poorly means that one

doesnt According to this belief people who are very talent-

ed perform easily they dont need to work hard to do well

Hence if you want to appear to be smart you should not

appear to be working very hard Any educator working withadolescents knows how this belief can drive some students

away from schoolwork

Other people believe that intelligence is something that

develops and grows These people view ability as a reper-

toire of skills that is continuously expandable through ones

eff orts Intelligence is incremental People can get smart

When people think this way they tend to invest energy to

learn something new or to increase their understanding and

mastery

But it is not just brute eff ort that distinguishes these learnersfrom people who think of intelligence as an entity Incremen-

tal thinkers are particularly likely to apply self-regulatory

metacognitive skills when they encounter task difficulties to

focus on analyzing the task and generating alternative

strategies Most important they seek out opportunities to

hone their skills and knowledge treating task difficulty (and

thus occasional setbacks) as part of the learning challenge

rather than as evidence that they lack intelligence They get

on an upward spiral in which their intelligence is actually

increasing Meanwhile their peers who think of intelligence

as1047297

xed try to avoid diffi

cult tasks for fear of displaying theirlack of intelligence They enter a downward spiral by avoid-

ing the very occasions in which they could learn smarter

ways of behaving

Eff ort-Based Education and Learnable Intelligence

Principles for Teaching and Learning

The good news is that peoples beliefs about intelligence

arent immutable They respond to the situations in which

people 1047297nd themselves

This means that it is possible to help students develop

learning-oriented goals and an incremental view of inte

gence and thus set them on the upward spiral by which

can become smarter and deliver the kinds of high-level

academic achievement everyone is hoping for To do thi

need to create eff ort based schools in which academic riand a thinking curriculum permeate the school day for e

student

For several years the Institute for Learning at the Univer

of Pittsburgh has been working with school systems acro

the country to set students--and whole school faculties-

the upward getting-smarter spiral A core set of principl

guides this work principles that educators have found b

inspiring and practical These principles which can be

illustrated in multiple examples of speci1047297c school and

classroom practice are based on cognitive research andresearch on learning organizations Here they are in a

nutshell

Organize for E ff ort

An eff ort-based school replaces the assumption that

aptitude determines what and how much students learn

with the assumption that sustained and directed eff ort c

yield high achievement for all students Everything is org

nized to evoke and support this eff ort High minimum

standards are set and all students curriculum is geared

these standards Some students will need extra time and

expert instruction to meet these expectations Providingtime and expertise helps send the message that eff ort is

expected and that tough problems yield to sustained wo

Clear Expectations

If we expect all students to learn at high levels then we n

to de1047297ne what we expect students to learn These expec

tions need to be clear--to school professionals to parent

the community and above all to students themselves W

visible accomplishment targets to aim toward at each sta

of learning students can participate in evaluating their o

work and setting goals for their own eff

ort

Recognition of Accomplishment

Clear recognition of authentic accomplishment is a hallm

of an eff ort-based school This recognition can take the f

of celebrations of work that meets standards or interme

expectations It can also be tied to opportunity to partic

in events that matter to students and their families Prog

points should be articulated so that regardless of their

entering abilities all students meet real accomplishmen

criteria often enough to be recognized frequently

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Fair and Credible Evaluations

Long-term eff ort by students calls for assessment practices

that students 1047297nd fair Most importantly tests exams and

classroom assessments must be aligned to the standards and

the curriculum being studied Fair assessment also means

using tests and exams that are graded against absolutestandards rather than on a curve so students can clearly see

the results of their learning eff orts

Academic Rigor in a Thinking Curriculum

Thinking and problem-solving will be the new basics of the

21st century but the common idea that we can teach

thinking without a solid foundation of knowledge must be

abandoned So must the idea that we can teach knowledge

without engaging students in thinking Knowledge and

thinking must be intimately joined This implies a curriculum

organized around major concepts in each discipline thatstudents are expected to know deeply Teaching must

engage students in active reasoning about these concepts

In every subject at every grade level the curriculum must

include commitment to a knowledge core high thinking

demand and active use of knowledge

Accountable Talk

Talking with others about ideas and work is fundamental to

learning But not all talk sustains learning or creates intelli-

gence For classroom talk to promote learning it must have

certain characteristics that make it accountable Account-

able talk seriously responds to and further develops whatothers in the group have said It puts forth and demands

knowledge that is accurate and relevant to the issue under

discussion Accountable talk uses evidence in ways appropri-

ate to the discipline (for example proofs in mathematics

data from investigations in science textual details in litera-

ture documentary sources in history) Finally it follows

established norms of good reasoning Accountable talk

sharpens students thinking by reinforcing their ability to use

knowledge appropriately As such it helps develop the skills

and the habits of mind that constitute intelligence-in-prac-

tice Teachers can intentionally create the norms and skills ofaccountable talk in their classrooms

Socializing Intelligence

Intelligent habits of mind are learned through the daily

expectations placed on the learner By calling on students to

use the skills of intelligent thinking and accountable talk

and by holding them responsible for doing so educators can

teach intelligence This is what teachers normally do with

students they expect much from it should be standard

practice with all students

Learning as Apprenticeship

For many centuries most people learned by working alo

side an expert who modeled skilled practice and guided

novices as they created authentic products or performan

This kind of apprenticeship learning allowed learners to

acquire the complex interdisciplinary knowledge practicabilities and appropriate forms of social behavior that w

with high levels of skilled performance Learners were

motivated to do the hard work that was involved by the

value placed on their products by people who bought

objects attended performances or requested that impo

community work be done Much of the power of appren

ship learning can be brought into schooling through ap

priate use of extended projects and presentations and b

organizing learning environments so that complex think

and production are modeled and analyzed

As we approach a new century it is increasingly evident

the educational methods we have been using for the pa

years no longer suffice They are based on scienti1047297c assu

tions about the nature of knowledge the learning proce

and diff erential aptitude for learning that have been ecli

by new discoveries Yet changing them has been slow

because the nature of educational reform in this country

largely one of tinkering with institutional arrangements

Rarely has reform penetrated the educational core

But now that is happening With the movement for stan-

dards-based education America has begun to explore thpotential of designing policy structures explicitly to link

testing curriculum textbooks teacher training and

accountability with clearly articulated ideas about what

should be taught and what students should be expected

learn Our hopes for breaking this centurys pattern of

disappointing cycles of reform--and of enabling our

children to function eff ectively in a complex new centu-

ry--rest with this vision of creating eff ort-based systems

grounded in knowledge-based constructivism-- systems

allow all students to reach high standards of achievemen

Lauren B Resnick is the director of the Learning Research an

Development Center at the University of Pittsburgh Details

the research described here appear in Learning Organizati

for Sustainable Education Reform an article co-written wit

Megan Williams Hall (Daedalus Fall 1998)

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MAKING AMERICA SMARTER

Standards tests and accountability programs are todays

favored tools for raising overall academic achievement

Testing policies are also meant to increase equity to give

poor and minority students a fairer chance by making

expectations clear and providing instruction geared to them

In practice though it is proving hard to meet the twin goalsof equity and higher achievement This is because our

schools are trapped in a set of beliefs about the nature of

ability and aptitude that makes it hard to evoke eff ective

academic eff ort from students and educators

What we learn is a function of both our aptitudes for particu-

lar kinds of learning and the eff ort we put forth Americans

mostly assume that aptitude largely determines what people

can learn in school although they allow that hard work can

compensate for lower doses of innate intelligence Our

schools are largely organized around this belief IQ tests ortheir surrogates are used to determine who has access to

enriched programs As a result some students never get the

chance to study a high-demand high-expectation curricu-

lum

Traditional achievement tests are normed to compare

students against one another rather than against a standard

of excellence This approach makes it difficult to see the

results of learning and thereby discourages eff ort (If one is

going to stay at about the same relative percentile rank no

matter how much one has learned what is the point of

trying hard) Similarly college entrance depends heavily onaptitude-like tests that have little to do with the curriculum

studied Like IQ tests they are designed to spread the

student population out on a statistical scale rather than to

de1047297ne what any particular individual has learned

These commonplace features of the American educational

landscape are institutionalized expressions of a persistent

belief in the importance of inherited aptitude The system

they are part of is self-sustaining Assumptions about

aptitude are continually reinforced by the results of practices

based on those assumptions Students who are held to lowexpectations do not try to break through that barrier

because they accept the judgment that inborn aptitude

matters most and that they have not inherited enough of

that capacity Not surprisingly their performance remains

low Children who have not been taught a demanding

challenging thinking curriculum do poorly on tests of

reasoning or problem-solving con1047297rming many peoples

original suspicions that they lack the talent for high-level

thinking

Two converging lines of research--one from cognitive

science one from social psychology--now give us reason

believe that we dont have to continue in this way We do

need to pit excellence against equity We can harness eff

to create ability and build a smarter America

Intelligence-in-Practice Habits of Mind

For more than 20 years psychologists and other student

the human mind have been experimenting with ways of

teaching the cognitive skills associated with intelligence

These include techniques as varied as generating analog

making logical deductions creating and using memory

and monitoring ones own state of knowledge (metacog

tion) Early experiments on teaching speci1047297c isolated co

ponents of intelligence yielded a common pattern of res

Most of the training was successful in producing immed

gains in performance but people typically ceased usingcognitive techniques they had been taught as soon as th

speci1047297c conditions of training were removed In other wo

they became capable of performing whatever skill was

taught but they acquired no general habit of using it or

capacity to judge for themselves when it was useful

As a result of these 1047297ndings cognitive researchers began

shift their attention to educational strategies that immer

students in demanding longterm intellectual environm

Now positive results are coming in In experimental

programs and in practical school reforms we are seeing

students who over an extended period of time are treatif they are intelligent actually become so If they are taug

demanding content and are expected to explain and 1047297n

connections as well as memorize and repeat they learn

and learn more quickly They think of themselves as lear

They are able to bounce back in the face of short-term

failures

This experience is giving rise to a new conceptualization

intelligence-inpractice Intelligence is the habit of persist

ly trying to understand things and make them function

better Intelligence is working to1047297

gure things out varyinstrategies until a workable solution is found Intelligence

knowing what one does (and doesnt) know seeking inf

mation and organizing that information so that it makes

sense and can be remembered In short ones intelligen

the sum of ones habits of mind

Lauren B Resnick

Education Week Century Series June 1999

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Being Smart and Getting Smart Two Popular Beliefs

About Intelligence

Here is where the research by social psychologists comes in

Two decades of studies have shown that what people

believe about the nature of talent and intelligence--about

what accounts for success and failure--is closely related tothe amount and kind of eff ort they put forth in situations of

learning or problem-solving

Some people believe that intelligence and other forms of

talent are 1047297xed and unchangeable Intelligence is a thing an

entity that is displayed in ones performance Doing well

means that one has ability doing poorly means that one

doesnt According to this belief people who are very talent-

ed perform easily they dont need to work hard to do well

Hence if you want to appear to be smart you should not

appear to be working very hard Any educator working withadolescents knows how this belief can drive some students

away from schoolwork

Other people believe that intelligence is something that

develops and grows These people view ability as a reper-

toire of skills that is continuously expandable through ones

eff orts Intelligence is incremental People can get smart

When people think this way they tend to invest energy to

learn something new or to increase their understanding and

mastery

But it is not just brute eff ort that distinguishes these learnersfrom people who think of intelligence as an entity Incremen-

tal thinkers are particularly likely to apply self-regulatory

metacognitive skills when they encounter task difficulties to

focus on analyzing the task and generating alternative

strategies Most important they seek out opportunities to

hone their skills and knowledge treating task difficulty (and

thus occasional setbacks) as part of the learning challenge

rather than as evidence that they lack intelligence They get

on an upward spiral in which their intelligence is actually

increasing Meanwhile their peers who think of intelligence

as1047297

xed try to avoid diffi

cult tasks for fear of displaying theirlack of intelligence They enter a downward spiral by avoid-

ing the very occasions in which they could learn smarter

ways of behaving

Eff ort-Based Education and Learnable Intelligence

Principles for Teaching and Learning

The good news is that peoples beliefs about intelligence

arent immutable They respond to the situations in which

people 1047297nd themselves

This means that it is possible to help students develop

learning-oriented goals and an incremental view of inte

gence and thus set them on the upward spiral by which

can become smarter and deliver the kinds of high-level

academic achievement everyone is hoping for To do thi

need to create eff ort based schools in which academic riand a thinking curriculum permeate the school day for e

student

For several years the Institute for Learning at the Univer

of Pittsburgh has been working with school systems acro

the country to set students--and whole school faculties-

the upward getting-smarter spiral A core set of principl

guides this work principles that educators have found b

inspiring and practical These principles which can be

illustrated in multiple examples of speci1047297c school and

classroom practice are based on cognitive research andresearch on learning organizations Here they are in a

nutshell

Organize for E ff ort

An eff ort-based school replaces the assumption that

aptitude determines what and how much students learn

with the assumption that sustained and directed eff ort c

yield high achievement for all students Everything is org

nized to evoke and support this eff ort High minimum

standards are set and all students curriculum is geared

these standards Some students will need extra time and

expert instruction to meet these expectations Providingtime and expertise helps send the message that eff ort is

expected and that tough problems yield to sustained wo

Clear Expectations

If we expect all students to learn at high levels then we n

to de1047297ne what we expect students to learn These expec

tions need to be clear--to school professionals to parent

the community and above all to students themselves W

visible accomplishment targets to aim toward at each sta

of learning students can participate in evaluating their o

work and setting goals for their own eff

ort

Recognition of Accomplishment

Clear recognition of authentic accomplishment is a hallm

of an eff ort-based school This recognition can take the f

of celebrations of work that meets standards or interme

expectations It can also be tied to opportunity to partic

in events that matter to students and their families Prog

points should be articulated so that regardless of their

entering abilities all students meet real accomplishmen

criteria often enough to be recognized frequently

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Fair and Credible Evaluations

Long-term eff ort by students calls for assessment practices

that students 1047297nd fair Most importantly tests exams and

classroom assessments must be aligned to the standards and

the curriculum being studied Fair assessment also means

using tests and exams that are graded against absolutestandards rather than on a curve so students can clearly see

the results of their learning eff orts

Academic Rigor in a Thinking Curriculum

Thinking and problem-solving will be the new basics of the

21st century but the common idea that we can teach

thinking without a solid foundation of knowledge must be

abandoned So must the idea that we can teach knowledge

without engaging students in thinking Knowledge and

thinking must be intimately joined This implies a curriculum

organized around major concepts in each discipline thatstudents are expected to know deeply Teaching must

engage students in active reasoning about these concepts

In every subject at every grade level the curriculum must

include commitment to a knowledge core high thinking

demand and active use of knowledge

Accountable Talk

Talking with others about ideas and work is fundamental to

learning But not all talk sustains learning or creates intelli-

gence For classroom talk to promote learning it must have

certain characteristics that make it accountable Account-

able talk seriously responds to and further develops whatothers in the group have said It puts forth and demands

knowledge that is accurate and relevant to the issue under

discussion Accountable talk uses evidence in ways appropri-

ate to the discipline (for example proofs in mathematics

data from investigations in science textual details in litera-

ture documentary sources in history) Finally it follows

established norms of good reasoning Accountable talk

sharpens students thinking by reinforcing their ability to use

knowledge appropriately As such it helps develop the skills

and the habits of mind that constitute intelligence-in-prac-

tice Teachers can intentionally create the norms and skills ofaccountable talk in their classrooms

Socializing Intelligence

Intelligent habits of mind are learned through the daily

expectations placed on the learner By calling on students to

use the skills of intelligent thinking and accountable talk

and by holding them responsible for doing so educators can

teach intelligence This is what teachers normally do with

students they expect much from it should be standard

practice with all students

Learning as Apprenticeship

For many centuries most people learned by working alo

side an expert who modeled skilled practice and guided

novices as they created authentic products or performan

This kind of apprenticeship learning allowed learners to

acquire the complex interdisciplinary knowledge practicabilities and appropriate forms of social behavior that w

with high levels of skilled performance Learners were

motivated to do the hard work that was involved by the

value placed on their products by people who bought

objects attended performances or requested that impo

community work be done Much of the power of appren

ship learning can be brought into schooling through ap

priate use of extended projects and presentations and b

organizing learning environments so that complex think

and production are modeled and analyzed

As we approach a new century it is increasingly evident

the educational methods we have been using for the pa

years no longer suffice They are based on scienti1047297c assu

tions about the nature of knowledge the learning proce

and diff erential aptitude for learning that have been ecli

by new discoveries Yet changing them has been slow

because the nature of educational reform in this country

largely one of tinkering with institutional arrangements

Rarely has reform penetrated the educational core

But now that is happening With the movement for stan-

dards-based education America has begun to explore thpotential of designing policy structures explicitly to link

testing curriculum textbooks teacher training and

accountability with clearly articulated ideas about what

should be taught and what students should be expected

learn Our hopes for breaking this centurys pattern of

disappointing cycles of reform--and of enabling our

children to function eff ectively in a complex new centu-

ry--rest with this vision of creating eff ort-based systems

grounded in knowledge-based constructivism-- systems

allow all students to reach high standards of achievemen

Lauren B Resnick is the director of the Learning Research an

Development Center at the University of Pittsburgh Details

the research described here appear in Learning Organizati

for Sustainable Education Reform an article co-written wit

Megan Williams Hall (Daedalus Fall 1998)

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MAKING AMERICA SMARTER

Standards tests and accountability programs are todays

favored tools for raising overall academic achievement

Testing policies are also meant to increase equity to give

poor and minority students a fairer chance by making

expectations clear and providing instruction geared to them

In practice though it is proving hard to meet the twin goalsof equity and higher achievement This is because our

schools are trapped in a set of beliefs about the nature of

ability and aptitude that makes it hard to evoke eff ective

academic eff ort from students and educators

What we learn is a function of both our aptitudes for particu-

lar kinds of learning and the eff ort we put forth Americans

mostly assume that aptitude largely determines what people

can learn in school although they allow that hard work can

compensate for lower doses of innate intelligence Our

schools are largely organized around this belief IQ tests ortheir surrogates are used to determine who has access to

enriched programs As a result some students never get the

chance to study a high-demand high-expectation curricu-

lum

Traditional achievement tests are normed to compare

students against one another rather than against a standard

of excellence This approach makes it difficult to see the

results of learning and thereby discourages eff ort (If one is

going to stay at about the same relative percentile rank no

matter how much one has learned what is the point of

trying hard) Similarly college entrance depends heavily onaptitude-like tests that have little to do with the curriculum

studied Like IQ tests they are designed to spread the

student population out on a statistical scale rather than to

de1047297ne what any particular individual has learned

These commonplace features of the American educational

landscape are institutionalized expressions of a persistent

belief in the importance of inherited aptitude The system

they are part of is self-sustaining Assumptions about

aptitude are continually reinforced by the results of practices

based on those assumptions Students who are held to lowexpectations do not try to break through that barrier

because they accept the judgment that inborn aptitude

matters most and that they have not inherited enough of

that capacity Not surprisingly their performance remains

low Children who have not been taught a demanding

challenging thinking curriculum do poorly on tests of

reasoning or problem-solving con1047297rming many peoples

original suspicions that they lack the talent for high-level

thinking

Two converging lines of research--one from cognitive

science one from social psychology--now give us reason

believe that we dont have to continue in this way We do

need to pit excellence against equity We can harness eff

to create ability and build a smarter America

Intelligence-in-Practice Habits of Mind

For more than 20 years psychologists and other student

the human mind have been experimenting with ways of

teaching the cognitive skills associated with intelligence

These include techniques as varied as generating analog

making logical deductions creating and using memory

and monitoring ones own state of knowledge (metacog

tion) Early experiments on teaching speci1047297c isolated co

ponents of intelligence yielded a common pattern of res

Most of the training was successful in producing immed

gains in performance but people typically ceased usingcognitive techniques they had been taught as soon as th

speci1047297c conditions of training were removed In other wo

they became capable of performing whatever skill was

taught but they acquired no general habit of using it or

capacity to judge for themselves when it was useful

As a result of these 1047297ndings cognitive researchers began

shift their attention to educational strategies that immer

students in demanding longterm intellectual environm

Now positive results are coming in In experimental

programs and in practical school reforms we are seeing

students who over an extended period of time are treatif they are intelligent actually become so If they are taug

demanding content and are expected to explain and 1047297n

connections as well as memorize and repeat they learn

and learn more quickly They think of themselves as lear

They are able to bounce back in the face of short-term

failures

This experience is giving rise to a new conceptualization

intelligence-inpractice Intelligence is the habit of persist

ly trying to understand things and make them function

better Intelligence is working to1047297

gure things out varyinstrategies until a workable solution is found Intelligence

knowing what one does (and doesnt) know seeking inf

mation and organizing that information so that it makes

sense and can be remembered In short ones intelligen

the sum of ones habits of mind

Lauren B Resnick

Education Week Century Series June 1999

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Being Smart and Getting Smart Two Popular Beliefs

About Intelligence

Here is where the research by social psychologists comes in

Two decades of studies have shown that what people

believe about the nature of talent and intelligence--about

what accounts for success and failure--is closely related tothe amount and kind of eff ort they put forth in situations of

learning or problem-solving

Some people believe that intelligence and other forms of

talent are 1047297xed and unchangeable Intelligence is a thing an

entity that is displayed in ones performance Doing well

means that one has ability doing poorly means that one

doesnt According to this belief people who are very talent-

ed perform easily they dont need to work hard to do well

Hence if you want to appear to be smart you should not

appear to be working very hard Any educator working withadolescents knows how this belief can drive some students

away from schoolwork

Other people believe that intelligence is something that

develops and grows These people view ability as a reper-

toire of skills that is continuously expandable through ones

eff orts Intelligence is incremental People can get smart

When people think this way they tend to invest energy to

learn something new or to increase their understanding and

mastery

But it is not just brute eff ort that distinguishes these learnersfrom people who think of intelligence as an entity Incremen-

tal thinkers are particularly likely to apply self-regulatory

metacognitive skills when they encounter task difficulties to

focus on analyzing the task and generating alternative

strategies Most important they seek out opportunities to

hone their skills and knowledge treating task difficulty (and

thus occasional setbacks) as part of the learning challenge

rather than as evidence that they lack intelligence They get

on an upward spiral in which their intelligence is actually

increasing Meanwhile their peers who think of intelligence

as1047297

xed try to avoid diffi

cult tasks for fear of displaying theirlack of intelligence They enter a downward spiral by avoid-

ing the very occasions in which they could learn smarter

ways of behaving

Eff ort-Based Education and Learnable Intelligence

Principles for Teaching and Learning

The good news is that peoples beliefs about intelligence

arent immutable They respond to the situations in which

people 1047297nd themselves

This means that it is possible to help students develop

learning-oriented goals and an incremental view of inte

gence and thus set them on the upward spiral by which

can become smarter and deliver the kinds of high-level

academic achievement everyone is hoping for To do thi

need to create eff ort based schools in which academic riand a thinking curriculum permeate the school day for e

student

For several years the Institute for Learning at the Univer

of Pittsburgh has been working with school systems acro

the country to set students--and whole school faculties-

the upward getting-smarter spiral A core set of principl

guides this work principles that educators have found b

inspiring and practical These principles which can be

illustrated in multiple examples of speci1047297c school and

classroom practice are based on cognitive research andresearch on learning organizations Here they are in a

nutshell

Organize for E ff ort

An eff ort-based school replaces the assumption that

aptitude determines what and how much students learn

with the assumption that sustained and directed eff ort c

yield high achievement for all students Everything is org

nized to evoke and support this eff ort High minimum

standards are set and all students curriculum is geared

these standards Some students will need extra time and

expert instruction to meet these expectations Providingtime and expertise helps send the message that eff ort is

expected and that tough problems yield to sustained wo

Clear Expectations

If we expect all students to learn at high levels then we n

to de1047297ne what we expect students to learn These expec

tions need to be clear--to school professionals to parent

the community and above all to students themselves W

visible accomplishment targets to aim toward at each sta

of learning students can participate in evaluating their o

work and setting goals for their own eff

ort

Recognition of Accomplishment

Clear recognition of authentic accomplishment is a hallm

of an eff ort-based school This recognition can take the f

of celebrations of work that meets standards or interme

expectations It can also be tied to opportunity to partic

in events that matter to students and their families Prog

points should be articulated so that regardless of their

entering abilities all students meet real accomplishmen

criteria often enough to be recognized frequently

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Fair and Credible Evaluations

Long-term eff ort by students calls for assessment practices

that students 1047297nd fair Most importantly tests exams and

classroom assessments must be aligned to the standards and

the curriculum being studied Fair assessment also means

using tests and exams that are graded against absolutestandards rather than on a curve so students can clearly see

the results of their learning eff orts

Academic Rigor in a Thinking Curriculum

Thinking and problem-solving will be the new basics of the

21st century but the common idea that we can teach

thinking without a solid foundation of knowledge must be

abandoned So must the idea that we can teach knowledge

without engaging students in thinking Knowledge and

thinking must be intimately joined This implies a curriculum

organized around major concepts in each discipline thatstudents are expected to know deeply Teaching must

engage students in active reasoning about these concepts

In every subject at every grade level the curriculum must

include commitment to a knowledge core high thinking

demand and active use of knowledge

Accountable Talk

Talking with others about ideas and work is fundamental to

learning But not all talk sustains learning or creates intelli-

gence For classroom talk to promote learning it must have

certain characteristics that make it accountable Account-

able talk seriously responds to and further develops whatothers in the group have said It puts forth and demands

knowledge that is accurate and relevant to the issue under

discussion Accountable talk uses evidence in ways appropri-

ate to the discipline (for example proofs in mathematics

data from investigations in science textual details in litera-

ture documentary sources in history) Finally it follows

established norms of good reasoning Accountable talk

sharpens students thinking by reinforcing their ability to use

knowledge appropriately As such it helps develop the skills

and the habits of mind that constitute intelligence-in-prac-

tice Teachers can intentionally create the norms and skills ofaccountable talk in their classrooms

Socializing Intelligence

Intelligent habits of mind are learned through the daily

expectations placed on the learner By calling on students to

use the skills of intelligent thinking and accountable talk

and by holding them responsible for doing so educators can

teach intelligence This is what teachers normally do with

students they expect much from it should be standard

practice with all students

Learning as Apprenticeship

For many centuries most people learned by working alo

side an expert who modeled skilled practice and guided

novices as they created authentic products or performan

This kind of apprenticeship learning allowed learners to

acquire the complex interdisciplinary knowledge practicabilities and appropriate forms of social behavior that w

with high levels of skilled performance Learners were

motivated to do the hard work that was involved by the

value placed on their products by people who bought

objects attended performances or requested that impo

community work be done Much of the power of appren

ship learning can be brought into schooling through ap

priate use of extended projects and presentations and b

organizing learning environments so that complex think

and production are modeled and analyzed

As we approach a new century it is increasingly evident

the educational methods we have been using for the pa

years no longer suffice They are based on scienti1047297c assu

tions about the nature of knowledge the learning proce

and diff erential aptitude for learning that have been ecli

by new discoveries Yet changing them has been slow

because the nature of educational reform in this country

largely one of tinkering with institutional arrangements

Rarely has reform penetrated the educational core

But now that is happening With the movement for stan-

dards-based education America has begun to explore thpotential of designing policy structures explicitly to link

testing curriculum textbooks teacher training and

accountability with clearly articulated ideas about what

should be taught and what students should be expected

learn Our hopes for breaking this centurys pattern of

disappointing cycles of reform--and of enabling our

children to function eff ectively in a complex new centu-

ry--rest with this vision of creating eff ort-based systems

grounded in knowledge-based constructivism-- systems

allow all students to reach high standards of achievemen

Lauren B Resnick is the director of the Learning Research an

Development Center at the University of Pittsburgh Details

the research described here appear in Learning Organizati

for Sustainable Education Reform an article co-written wit

Megan Williams Hall (Daedalus Fall 1998)

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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MAKING AMERICA SMARTER

Standards tests and accountability programs are todays

favored tools for raising overall academic achievement

Testing policies are also meant to increase equity to give

poor and minority students a fairer chance by making

expectations clear and providing instruction geared to them

In practice though it is proving hard to meet the twin goalsof equity and higher achievement This is because our

schools are trapped in a set of beliefs about the nature of

ability and aptitude that makes it hard to evoke eff ective

academic eff ort from students and educators

What we learn is a function of both our aptitudes for particu-

lar kinds of learning and the eff ort we put forth Americans

mostly assume that aptitude largely determines what people

can learn in school although they allow that hard work can

compensate for lower doses of innate intelligence Our

schools are largely organized around this belief IQ tests ortheir surrogates are used to determine who has access to

enriched programs As a result some students never get the

chance to study a high-demand high-expectation curricu-

lum

Traditional achievement tests are normed to compare

students against one another rather than against a standard

of excellence This approach makes it difficult to see the

results of learning and thereby discourages eff ort (If one is

going to stay at about the same relative percentile rank no

matter how much one has learned what is the point of

trying hard) Similarly college entrance depends heavily onaptitude-like tests that have little to do with the curriculum

studied Like IQ tests they are designed to spread the

student population out on a statistical scale rather than to

de1047297ne what any particular individual has learned

These commonplace features of the American educational

landscape are institutionalized expressions of a persistent

belief in the importance of inherited aptitude The system

they are part of is self-sustaining Assumptions about

aptitude are continually reinforced by the results of practices

based on those assumptions Students who are held to lowexpectations do not try to break through that barrier

because they accept the judgment that inborn aptitude

matters most and that they have not inherited enough of

that capacity Not surprisingly their performance remains

low Children who have not been taught a demanding

challenging thinking curriculum do poorly on tests of

reasoning or problem-solving con1047297rming many peoples

original suspicions that they lack the talent for high-level

thinking

Two converging lines of research--one from cognitive

science one from social psychology--now give us reason

believe that we dont have to continue in this way We do

need to pit excellence against equity We can harness eff

to create ability and build a smarter America

Intelligence-in-Practice Habits of Mind

For more than 20 years psychologists and other student

the human mind have been experimenting with ways of

teaching the cognitive skills associated with intelligence

These include techniques as varied as generating analog

making logical deductions creating and using memory

and monitoring ones own state of knowledge (metacog

tion) Early experiments on teaching speci1047297c isolated co

ponents of intelligence yielded a common pattern of res

Most of the training was successful in producing immed

gains in performance but people typically ceased usingcognitive techniques they had been taught as soon as th

speci1047297c conditions of training were removed In other wo

they became capable of performing whatever skill was

taught but they acquired no general habit of using it or

capacity to judge for themselves when it was useful

As a result of these 1047297ndings cognitive researchers began

shift their attention to educational strategies that immer

students in demanding longterm intellectual environm

Now positive results are coming in In experimental

programs and in practical school reforms we are seeing

students who over an extended period of time are treatif they are intelligent actually become so If they are taug

demanding content and are expected to explain and 1047297n

connections as well as memorize and repeat they learn

and learn more quickly They think of themselves as lear

They are able to bounce back in the face of short-term

failures

This experience is giving rise to a new conceptualization

intelligence-inpractice Intelligence is the habit of persist

ly trying to understand things and make them function

better Intelligence is working to1047297

gure things out varyinstrategies until a workable solution is found Intelligence

knowing what one does (and doesnt) know seeking inf

mation and organizing that information so that it makes

sense and can be remembered In short ones intelligen

the sum of ones habits of mind

Lauren B Resnick

Education Week Century Series June 1999

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Being Smart and Getting Smart Two Popular Beliefs

About Intelligence

Here is where the research by social psychologists comes in

Two decades of studies have shown that what people

believe about the nature of talent and intelligence--about

what accounts for success and failure--is closely related tothe amount and kind of eff ort they put forth in situations of

learning or problem-solving

Some people believe that intelligence and other forms of

talent are 1047297xed and unchangeable Intelligence is a thing an

entity that is displayed in ones performance Doing well

means that one has ability doing poorly means that one

doesnt According to this belief people who are very talent-

ed perform easily they dont need to work hard to do well

Hence if you want to appear to be smart you should not

appear to be working very hard Any educator working withadolescents knows how this belief can drive some students

away from schoolwork

Other people believe that intelligence is something that

develops and grows These people view ability as a reper-

toire of skills that is continuously expandable through ones

eff orts Intelligence is incremental People can get smart

When people think this way they tend to invest energy to

learn something new or to increase their understanding and

mastery

But it is not just brute eff ort that distinguishes these learnersfrom people who think of intelligence as an entity Incremen-

tal thinkers are particularly likely to apply self-regulatory

metacognitive skills when they encounter task difficulties to

focus on analyzing the task and generating alternative

strategies Most important they seek out opportunities to

hone their skills and knowledge treating task difficulty (and

thus occasional setbacks) as part of the learning challenge

rather than as evidence that they lack intelligence They get

on an upward spiral in which their intelligence is actually

increasing Meanwhile their peers who think of intelligence

as1047297

xed try to avoid diffi

cult tasks for fear of displaying theirlack of intelligence They enter a downward spiral by avoid-

ing the very occasions in which they could learn smarter

ways of behaving

Eff ort-Based Education and Learnable Intelligence

Principles for Teaching and Learning

The good news is that peoples beliefs about intelligence

arent immutable They respond to the situations in which

people 1047297nd themselves

This means that it is possible to help students develop

learning-oriented goals and an incremental view of inte

gence and thus set them on the upward spiral by which

can become smarter and deliver the kinds of high-level

academic achievement everyone is hoping for To do thi

need to create eff ort based schools in which academic riand a thinking curriculum permeate the school day for e

student

For several years the Institute for Learning at the Univer

of Pittsburgh has been working with school systems acro

the country to set students--and whole school faculties-

the upward getting-smarter spiral A core set of principl

guides this work principles that educators have found b

inspiring and practical These principles which can be

illustrated in multiple examples of speci1047297c school and

classroom practice are based on cognitive research andresearch on learning organizations Here they are in a

nutshell

Organize for E ff ort

An eff ort-based school replaces the assumption that

aptitude determines what and how much students learn

with the assumption that sustained and directed eff ort c

yield high achievement for all students Everything is org

nized to evoke and support this eff ort High minimum

standards are set and all students curriculum is geared

these standards Some students will need extra time and

expert instruction to meet these expectations Providingtime and expertise helps send the message that eff ort is

expected and that tough problems yield to sustained wo

Clear Expectations

If we expect all students to learn at high levels then we n

to de1047297ne what we expect students to learn These expec

tions need to be clear--to school professionals to parent

the community and above all to students themselves W

visible accomplishment targets to aim toward at each sta

of learning students can participate in evaluating their o

work and setting goals for their own eff

ort

Recognition of Accomplishment

Clear recognition of authentic accomplishment is a hallm

of an eff ort-based school This recognition can take the f

of celebrations of work that meets standards or interme

expectations It can also be tied to opportunity to partic

in events that matter to students and their families Prog

points should be articulated so that regardless of their

entering abilities all students meet real accomplishmen

criteria often enough to be recognized frequently

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Fair and Credible Evaluations

Long-term eff ort by students calls for assessment practices

that students 1047297nd fair Most importantly tests exams and

classroom assessments must be aligned to the standards and

the curriculum being studied Fair assessment also means

using tests and exams that are graded against absolutestandards rather than on a curve so students can clearly see

the results of their learning eff orts

Academic Rigor in a Thinking Curriculum

Thinking and problem-solving will be the new basics of the

21st century but the common idea that we can teach

thinking without a solid foundation of knowledge must be

abandoned So must the idea that we can teach knowledge

without engaging students in thinking Knowledge and

thinking must be intimately joined This implies a curriculum

organized around major concepts in each discipline thatstudents are expected to know deeply Teaching must

engage students in active reasoning about these concepts

In every subject at every grade level the curriculum must

include commitment to a knowledge core high thinking

demand and active use of knowledge

Accountable Talk

Talking with others about ideas and work is fundamental to

learning But not all talk sustains learning or creates intelli-

gence For classroom talk to promote learning it must have

certain characteristics that make it accountable Account-

able talk seriously responds to and further develops whatothers in the group have said It puts forth and demands

knowledge that is accurate and relevant to the issue under

discussion Accountable talk uses evidence in ways appropri-

ate to the discipline (for example proofs in mathematics

data from investigations in science textual details in litera-

ture documentary sources in history) Finally it follows

established norms of good reasoning Accountable talk

sharpens students thinking by reinforcing their ability to use

knowledge appropriately As such it helps develop the skills

and the habits of mind that constitute intelligence-in-prac-

tice Teachers can intentionally create the norms and skills ofaccountable talk in their classrooms

Socializing Intelligence

Intelligent habits of mind are learned through the daily

expectations placed on the learner By calling on students to

use the skills of intelligent thinking and accountable talk

and by holding them responsible for doing so educators can

teach intelligence This is what teachers normally do with

students they expect much from it should be standard

practice with all students

Learning as Apprenticeship

For many centuries most people learned by working alo

side an expert who modeled skilled practice and guided

novices as they created authentic products or performan

This kind of apprenticeship learning allowed learners to

acquire the complex interdisciplinary knowledge practicabilities and appropriate forms of social behavior that w

with high levels of skilled performance Learners were

motivated to do the hard work that was involved by the

value placed on their products by people who bought

objects attended performances or requested that impo

community work be done Much of the power of appren

ship learning can be brought into schooling through ap

priate use of extended projects and presentations and b

organizing learning environments so that complex think

and production are modeled and analyzed

As we approach a new century it is increasingly evident

the educational methods we have been using for the pa

years no longer suffice They are based on scienti1047297c assu

tions about the nature of knowledge the learning proce

and diff erential aptitude for learning that have been ecli

by new discoveries Yet changing them has been slow

because the nature of educational reform in this country

largely one of tinkering with institutional arrangements

Rarely has reform penetrated the educational core

But now that is happening With the movement for stan-

dards-based education America has begun to explore thpotential of designing policy structures explicitly to link

testing curriculum textbooks teacher training and

accountability with clearly articulated ideas about what

should be taught and what students should be expected

learn Our hopes for breaking this centurys pattern of

disappointing cycles of reform--and of enabling our

children to function eff ectively in a complex new centu-

ry--rest with this vision of creating eff ort-based systems

grounded in knowledge-based constructivism-- systems

allow all students to reach high standards of achievemen

Lauren B Resnick is the director of the Learning Research an

Development Center at the University of Pittsburgh Details

the research described here appear in Learning Organizati

for Sustainable Education Reform an article co-written wit

Megan Williams Hall (Daedalus Fall 1998)

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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MAKING AMERICA SMARTER

Standards tests and accountability programs are todays

favored tools for raising overall academic achievement

Testing policies are also meant to increase equity to give

poor and minority students a fairer chance by making

expectations clear and providing instruction geared to them

In practice though it is proving hard to meet the twin goalsof equity and higher achievement This is because our

schools are trapped in a set of beliefs about the nature of

ability and aptitude that makes it hard to evoke eff ective

academic eff ort from students and educators

What we learn is a function of both our aptitudes for particu-

lar kinds of learning and the eff ort we put forth Americans

mostly assume that aptitude largely determines what people

can learn in school although they allow that hard work can

compensate for lower doses of innate intelligence Our

schools are largely organized around this belief IQ tests ortheir surrogates are used to determine who has access to

enriched programs As a result some students never get the

chance to study a high-demand high-expectation curricu-

lum

Traditional achievement tests are normed to compare

students against one another rather than against a standard

of excellence This approach makes it difficult to see the

results of learning and thereby discourages eff ort (If one is

going to stay at about the same relative percentile rank no

matter how much one has learned what is the point of

trying hard) Similarly college entrance depends heavily onaptitude-like tests that have little to do with the curriculum

studied Like IQ tests they are designed to spread the

student population out on a statistical scale rather than to

de1047297ne what any particular individual has learned

These commonplace features of the American educational

landscape are institutionalized expressions of a persistent

belief in the importance of inherited aptitude The system

they are part of is self-sustaining Assumptions about

aptitude are continually reinforced by the results of practices

based on those assumptions Students who are held to lowexpectations do not try to break through that barrier

because they accept the judgment that inborn aptitude

matters most and that they have not inherited enough of

that capacity Not surprisingly their performance remains

low Children who have not been taught a demanding

challenging thinking curriculum do poorly on tests of

reasoning or problem-solving con1047297rming many peoples

original suspicions that they lack the talent for high-level

thinking

Two converging lines of research--one from cognitive

science one from social psychology--now give us reason

believe that we dont have to continue in this way We do

need to pit excellence against equity We can harness eff

to create ability and build a smarter America

Intelligence-in-Practice Habits of Mind

For more than 20 years psychologists and other student

the human mind have been experimenting with ways of

teaching the cognitive skills associated with intelligence

These include techniques as varied as generating analog

making logical deductions creating and using memory

and monitoring ones own state of knowledge (metacog

tion) Early experiments on teaching speci1047297c isolated co

ponents of intelligence yielded a common pattern of res

Most of the training was successful in producing immed

gains in performance but people typically ceased usingcognitive techniques they had been taught as soon as th

speci1047297c conditions of training were removed In other wo

they became capable of performing whatever skill was

taught but they acquired no general habit of using it or

capacity to judge for themselves when it was useful

As a result of these 1047297ndings cognitive researchers began

shift their attention to educational strategies that immer

students in demanding longterm intellectual environm

Now positive results are coming in In experimental

programs and in practical school reforms we are seeing

students who over an extended period of time are treatif they are intelligent actually become so If they are taug

demanding content and are expected to explain and 1047297n

connections as well as memorize and repeat they learn

and learn more quickly They think of themselves as lear

They are able to bounce back in the face of short-term

failures

This experience is giving rise to a new conceptualization

intelligence-inpractice Intelligence is the habit of persist

ly trying to understand things and make them function

better Intelligence is working to1047297

gure things out varyinstrategies until a workable solution is found Intelligence

knowing what one does (and doesnt) know seeking inf

mation and organizing that information so that it makes

sense and can be remembered In short ones intelligen

the sum of ones habits of mind

Lauren B Resnick

Education Week Century Series June 1999

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Being Smart and Getting Smart Two Popular Beliefs

About Intelligence

Here is where the research by social psychologists comes in

Two decades of studies have shown that what people

believe about the nature of talent and intelligence--about

what accounts for success and failure--is closely related tothe amount and kind of eff ort they put forth in situations of

learning or problem-solving

Some people believe that intelligence and other forms of

talent are 1047297xed and unchangeable Intelligence is a thing an

entity that is displayed in ones performance Doing well

means that one has ability doing poorly means that one

doesnt According to this belief people who are very talent-

ed perform easily they dont need to work hard to do well

Hence if you want to appear to be smart you should not

appear to be working very hard Any educator working withadolescents knows how this belief can drive some students

away from schoolwork

Other people believe that intelligence is something that

develops and grows These people view ability as a reper-

toire of skills that is continuously expandable through ones

eff orts Intelligence is incremental People can get smart

When people think this way they tend to invest energy to

learn something new or to increase their understanding and

mastery

But it is not just brute eff ort that distinguishes these learnersfrom people who think of intelligence as an entity Incremen-

tal thinkers are particularly likely to apply self-regulatory

metacognitive skills when they encounter task difficulties to

focus on analyzing the task and generating alternative

strategies Most important they seek out opportunities to

hone their skills and knowledge treating task difficulty (and

thus occasional setbacks) as part of the learning challenge

rather than as evidence that they lack intelligence They get

on an upward spiral in which their intelligence is actually

increasing Meanwhile their peers who think of intelligence

as1047297

xed try to avoid diffi

cult tasks for fear of displaying theirlack of intelligence They enter a downward spiral by avoid-

ing the very occasions in which they could learn smarter

ways of behaving

Eff ort-Based Education and Learnable Intelligence

Principles for Teaching and Learning

The good news is that peoples beliefs about intelligence

arent immutable They respond to the situations in which

people 1047297nd themselves

This means that it is possible to help students develop

learning-oriented goals and an incremental view of inte

gence and thus set them on the upward spiral by which

can become smarter and deliver the kinds of high-level

academic achievement everyone is hoping for To do thi

need to create eff ort based schools in which academic riand a thinking curriculum permeate the school day for e

student

For several years the Institute for Learning at the Univer

of Pittsburgh has been working with school systems acro

the country to set students--and whole school faculties-

the upward getting-smarter spiral A core set of principl

guides this work principles that educators have found b

inspiring and practical These principles which can be

illustrated in multiple examples of speci1047297c school and

classroom practice are based on cognitive research andresearch on learning organizations Here they are in a

nutshell

Organize for E ff ort

An eff ort-based school replaces the assumption that

aptitude determines what and how much students learn

with the assumption that sustained and directed eff ort c

yield high achievement for all students Everything is org

nized to evoke and support this eff ort High minimum

standards are set and all students curriculum is geared

these standards Some students will need extra time and

expert instruction to meet these expectations Providingtime and expertise helps send the message that eff ort is

expected and that tough problems yield to sustained wo

Clear Expectations

If we expect all students to learn at high levels then we n

to de1047297ne what we expect students to learn These expec

tions need to be clear--to school professionals to parent

the community and above all to students themselves W

visible accomplishment targets to aim toward at each sta

of learning students can participate in evaluating their o

work and setting goals for their own eff

ort

Recognition of Accomplishment

Clear recognition of authentic accomplishment is a hallm

of an eff ort-based school This recognition can take the f

of celebrations of work that meets standards or interme

expectations It can also be tied to opportunity to partic

in events that matter to students and their families Prog

points should be articulated so that regardless of their

entering abilities all students meet real accomplishmen

criteria often enough to be recognized frequently

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Fair and Credible Evaluations

Long-term eff ort by students calls for assessment practices

that students 1047297nd fair Most importantly tests exams and

classroom assessments must be aligned to the standards and

the curriculum being studied Fair assessment also means

using tests and exams that are graded against absolutestandards rather than on a curve so students can clearly see

the results of their learning eff orts

Academic Rigor in a Thinking Curriculum

Thinking and problem-solving will be the new basics of the

21st century but the common idea that we can teach

thinking without a solid foundation of knowledge must be

abandoned So must the idea that we can teach knowledge

without engaging students in thinking Knowledge and

thinking must be intimately joined This implies a curriculum

organized around major concepts in each discipline thatstudents are expected to know deeply Teaching must

engage students in active reasoning about these concepts

In every subject at every grade level the curriculum must

include commitment to a knowledge core high thinking

demand and active use of knowledge

Accountable Talk

Talking with others about ideas and work is fundamental to

learning But not all talk sustains learning or creates intelli-

gence For classroom talk to promote learning it must have

certain characteristics that make it accountable Account-

able talk seriously responds to and further develops whatothers in the group have said It puts forth and demands

knowledge that is accurate and relevant to the issue under

discussion Accountable talk uses evidence in ways appropri-

ate to the discipline (for example proofs in mathematics

data from investigations in science textual details in litera-

ture documentary sources in history) Finally it follows

established norms of good reasoning Accountable talk

sharpens students thinking by reinforcing their ability to use

knowledge appropriately As such it helps develop the skills

and the habits of mind that constitute intelligence-in-prac-

tice Teachers can intentionally create the norms and skills ofaccountable talk in their classrooms

Socializing Intelligence

Intelligent habits of mind are learned through the daily

expectations placed on the learner By calling on students to

use the skills of intelligent thinking and accountable talk

and by holding them responsible for doing so educators can

teach intelligence This is what teachers normally do with

students they expect much from it should be standard

practice with all students

Learning as Apprenticeship

For many centuries most people learned by working alo

side an expert who modeled skilled practice and guided

novices as they created authentic products or performan

This kind of apprenticeship learning allowed learners to

acquire the complex interdisciplinary knowledge practicabilities and appropriate forms of social behavior that w

with high levels of skilled performance Learners were

motivated to do the hard work that was involved by the

value placed on their products by people who bought

objects attended performances or requested that impo

community work be done Much of the power of appren

ship learning can be brought into schooling through ap

priate use of extended projects and presentations and b

organizing learning environments so that complex think

and production are modeled and analyzed

As we approach a new century it is increasingly evident

the educational methods we have been using for the pa

years no longer suffice They are based on scienti1047297c assu

tions about the nature of knowledge the learning proce

and diff erential aptitude for learning that have been ecli

by new discoveries Yet changing them has been slow

because the nature of educational reform in this country

largely one of tinkering with institutional arrangements

Rarely has reform penetrated the educational core

But now that is happening With the movement for stan-

dards-based education America has begun to explore thpotential of designing policy structures explicitly to link

testing curriculum textbooks teacher training and

accountability with clearly articulated ideas about what

should be taught and what students should be expected

learn Our hopes for breaking this centurys pattern of

disappointing cycles of reform--and of enabling our

children to function eff ectively in a complex new centu-

ry--rest with this vision of creating eff ort-based systems

grounded in knowledge-based constructivism-- systems

allow all students to reach high standards of achievemen

Lauren B Resnick is the director of the Learning Research an

Development Center at the University of Pittsburgh Details

the research described here appear in Learning Organizati

for Sustainable Education Reform an article co-written wit

Megan Williams Hall (Daedalus Fall 1998)

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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MAKING AMERICA SMARTER

Standards tests and accountability programs are todays

favored tools for raising overall academic achievement

Testing policies are also meant to increase equity to give

poor and minority students a fairer chance by making

expectations clear and providing instruction geared to them

In practice though it is proving hard to meet the twin goalsof equity and higher achievement This is because our

schools are trapped in a set of beliefs about the nature of

ability and aptitude that makes it hard to evoke eff ective

academic eff ort from students and educators

What we learn is a function of both our aptitudes for particu-

lar kinds of learning and the eff ort we put forth Americans

mostly assume that aptitude largely determines what people

can learn in school although they allow that hard work can

compensate for lower doses of innate intelligence Our

schools are largely organized around this belief IQ tests ortheir surrogates are used to determine who has access to

enriched programs As a result some students never get the

chance to study a high-demand high-expectation curricu-

lum

Traditional achievement tests are normed to compare

students against one another rather than against a standard

of excellence This approach makes it difficult to see the

results of learning and thereby discourages eff ort (If one is

going to stay at about the same relative percentile rank no

matter how much one has learned what is the point of

trying hard) Similarly college entrance depends heavily onaptitude-like tests that have little to do with the curriculum

studied Like IQ tests they are designed to spread the

student population out on a statistical scale rather than to

de1047297ne what any particular individual has learned

These commonplace features of the American educational

landscape are institutionalized expressions of a persistent

belief in the importance of inherited aptitude The system

they are part of is self-sustaining Assumptions about

aptitude are continually reinforced by the results of practices

based on those assumptions Students who are held to lowexpectations do not try to break through that barrier

because they accept the judgment that inborn aptitude

matters most and that they have not inherited enough of

that capacity Not surprisingly their performance remains

low Children who have not been taught a demanding

challenging thinking curriculum do poorly on tests of

reasoning or problem-solving con1047297rming many peoples

original suspicions that they lack the talent for high-level

thinking

Two converging lines of research--one from cognitive

science one from social psychology--now give us reason

believe that we dont have to continue in this way We do

need to pit excellence against equity We can harness eff

to create ability and build a smarter America

Intelligence-in-Practice Habits of Mind

For more than 20 years psychologists and other student

the human mind have been experimenting with ways of

teaching the cognitive skills associated with intelligence

These include techniques as varied as generating analog

making logical deductions creating and using memory

and monitoring ones own state of knowledge (metacog

tion) Early experiments on teaching speci1047297c isolated co

ponents of intelligence yielded a common pattern of res

Most of the training was successful in producing immed

gains in performance but people typically ceased usingcognitive techniques they had been taught as soon as th

speci1047297c conditions of training were removed In other wo

they became capable of performing whatever skill was

taught but they acquired no general habit of using it or

capacity to judge for themselves when it was useful

As a result of these 1047297ndings cognitive researchers began

shift their attention to educational strategies that immer

students in demanding longterm intellectual environm

Now positive results are coming in In experimental

programs and in practical school reforms we are seeing

students who over an extended period of time are treatif they are intelligent actually become so If they are taug

demanding content and are expected to explain and 1047297n

connections as well as memorize and repeat they learn

and learn more quickly They think of themselves as lear

They are able to bounce back in the face of short-term

failures

This experience is giving rise to a new conceptualization

intelligence-inpractice Intelligence is the habit of persist

ly trying to understand things and make them function

better Intelligence is working to1047297

gure things out varyinstrategies until a workable solution is found Intelligence

knowing what one does (and doesnt) know seeking inf

mation and organizing that information so that it makes

sense and can be remembered In short ones intelligen

the sum of ones habits of mind

Lauren B Resnick

Education Week Century Series June 1999

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Being Smart and Getting Smart Two Popular Beliefs

About Intelligence

Here is where the research by social psychologists comes in

Two decades of studies have shown that what people

believe about the nature of talent and intelligence--about

what accounts for success and failure--is closely related tothe amount and kind of eff ort they put forth in situations of

learning or problem-solving

Some people believe that intelligence and other forms of

talent are 1047297xed and unchangeable Intelligence is a thing an

entity that is displayed in ones performance Doing well

means that one has ability doing poorly means that one

doesnt According to this belief people who are very talent-

ed perform easily they dont need to work hard to do well

Hence if you want to appear to be smart you should not

appear to be working very hard Any educator working withadolescents knows how this belief can drive some students

away from schoolwork

Other people believe that intelligence is something that

develops and grows These people view ability as a reper-

toire of skills that is continuously expandable through ones

eff orts Intelligence is incremental People can get smart

When people think this way they tend to invest energy to

learn something new or to increase their understanding and

mastery

But it is not just brute eff ort that distinguishes these learnersfrom people who think of intelligence as an entity Incremen-

tal thinkers are particularly likely to apply self-regulatory

metacognitive skills when they encounter task difficulties to

focus on analyzing the task and generating alternative

strategies Most important they seek out opportunities to

hone their skills and knowledge treating task difficulty (and

thus occasional setbacks) as part of the learning challenge

rather than as evidence that they lack intelligence They get

on an upward spiral in which their intelligence is actually

increasing Meanwhile their peers who think of intelligence

as1047297

xed try to avoid diffi

cult tasks for fear of displaying theirlack of intelligence They enter a downward spiral by avoid-

ing the very occasions in which they could learn smarter

ways of behaving

Eff ort-Based Education and Learnable Intelligence

Principles for Teaching and Learning

The good news is that peoples beliefs about intelligence

arent immutable They respond to the situations in which

people 1047297nd themselves

This means that it is possible to help students develop

learning-oriented goals and an incremental view of inte

gence and thus set them on the upward spiral by which

can become smarter and deliver the kinds of high-level

academic achievement everyone is hoping for To do thi

need to create eff ort based schools in which academic riand a thinking curriculum permeate the school day for e

student

For several years the Institute for Learning at the Univer

of Pittsburgh has been working with school systems acro

the country to set students--and whole school faculties-

the upward getting-smarter spiral A core set of principl

guides this work principles that educators have found b

inspiring and practical These principles which can be

illustrated in multiple examples of speci1047297c school and

classroom practice are based on cognitive research andresearch on learning organizations Here they are in a

nutshell

Organize for E ff ort

An eff ort-based school replaces the assumption that

aptitude determines what and how much students learn

with the assumption that sustained and directed eff ort c

yield high achievement for all students Everything is org

nized to evoke and support this eff ort High minimum

standards are set and all students curriculum is geared

these standards Some students will need extra time and

expert instruction to meet these expectations Providingtime and expertise helps send the message that eff ort is

expected and that tough problems yield to sustained wo

Clear Expectations

If we expect all students to learn at high levels then we n

to de1047297ne what we expect students to learn These expec

tions need to be clear--to school professionals to parent

the community and above all to students themselves W

visible accomplishment targets to aim toward at each sta

of learning students can participate in evaluating their o

work and setting goals for their own eff

ort

Recognition of Accomplishment

Clear recognition of authentic accomplishment is a hallm

of an eff ort-based school This recognition can take the f

of celebrations of work that meets standards or interme

expectations It can also be tied to opportunity to partic

in events that matter to students and their families Prog

points should be articulated so that regardless of their

entering abilities all students meet real accomplishmen

criteria often enough to be recognized frequently

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Fair and Credible Evaluations

Long-term eff ort by students calls for assessment practices

that students 1047297nd fair Most importantly tests exams and

classroom assessments must be aligned to the standards and

the curriculum being studied Fair assessment also means

using tests and exams that are graded against absolutestandards rather than on a curve so students can clearly see

the results of their learning eff orts

Academic Rigor in a Thinking Curriculum

Thinking and problem-solving will be the new basics of the

21st century but the common idea that we can teach

thinking without a solid foundation of knowledge must be

abandoned So must the idea that we can teach knowledge

without engaging students in thinking Knowledge and

thinking must be intimately joined This implies a curriculum

organized around major concepts in each discipline thatstudents are expected to know deeply Teaching must

engage students in active reasoning about these concepts

In every subject at every grade level the curriculum must

include commitment to a knowledge core high thinking

demand and active use of knowledge

Accountable Talk

Talking with others about ideas and work is fundamental to

learning But not all talk sustains learning or creates intelli-

gence For classroom talk to promote learning it must have

certain characteristics that make it accountable Account-

able talk seriously responds to and further develops whatothers in the group have said It puts forth and demands

knowledge that is accurate and relevant to the issue under

discussion Accountable talk uses evidence in ways appropri-

ate to the discipline (for example proofs in mathematics

data from investigations in science textual details in litera-

ture documentary sources in history) Finally it follows

established norms of good reasoning Accountable talk

sharpens students thinking by reinforcing their ability to use

knowledge appropriately As such it helps develop the skills

and the habits of mind that constitute intelligence-in-prac-

tice Teachers can intentionally create the norms and skills ofaccountable talk in their classrooms

Socializing Intelligence

Intelligent habits of mind are learned through the daily

expectations placed on the learner By calling on students to

use the skills of intelligent thinking and accountable talk

and by holding them responsible for doing so educators can

teach intelligence This is what teachers normally do with

students they expect much from it should be standard

practice with all students

Learning as Apprenticeship

For many centuries most people learned by working alo

side an expert who modeled skilled practice and guided

novices as they created authentic products or performan

This kind of apprenticeship learning allowed learners to

acquire the complex interdisciplinary knowledge practicabilities and appropriate forms of social behavior that w

with high levels of skilled performance Learners were

motivated to do the hard work that was involved by the

value placed on their products by people who bought

objects attended performances or requested that impo

community work be done Much of the power of appren

ship learning can be brought into schooling through ap

priate use of extended projects and presentations and b

organizing learning environments so that complex think

and production are modeled and analyzed

As we approach a new century it is increasingly evident

the educational methods we have been using for the pa

years no longer suffice They are based on scienti1047297c assu

tions about the nature of knowledge the learning proce

and diff erential aptitude for learning that have been ecli

by new discoveries Yet changing them has been slow

because the nature of educational reform in this country

largely one of tinkering with institutional arrangements

Rarely has reform penetrated the educational core

But now that is happening With the movement for stan-

dards-based education America has begun to explore thpotential of designing policy structures explicitly to link

testing curriculum textbooks teacher training and

accountability with clearly articulated ideas about what

should be taught and what students should be expected

learn Our hopes for breaking this centurys pattern of

disappointing cycles of reform--and of enabling our

children to function eff ectively in a complex new centu-

ry--rest with this vision of creating eff ort-based systems

grounded in knowledge-based constructivism-- systems

allow all students to reach high standards of achievemen

Lauren B Resnick is the director of the Learning Research an

Development Center at the University of Pittsburgh Details

the research described here appear in Learning Organizati

for Sustainable Education Reform an article co-written wit

Megan Williams Hall (Daedalus Fall 1998)

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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MAKING AMERICA SMARTER

Standards tests and accountability programs are todays

favored tools for raising overall academic achievement

Testing policies are also meant to increase equity to give

poor and minority students a fairer chance by making

expectations clear and providing instruction geared to them

In practice though it is proving hard to meet the twin goalsof equity and higher achievement This is because our

schools are trapped in a set of beliefs about the nature of

ability and aptitude that makes it hard to evoke eff ective

academic eff ort from students and educators

What we learn is a function of both our aptitudes for particu-

lar kinds of learning and the eff ort we put forth Americans

mostly assume that aptitude largely determines what people

can learn in school although they allow that hard work can

compensate for lower doses of innate intelligence Our

schools are largely organized around this belief IQ tests ortheir surrogates are used to determine who has access to

enriched programs As a result some students never get the

chance to study a high-demand high-expectation curricu-

lum

Traditional achievement tests are normed to compare

students against one another rather than against a standard

of excellence This approach makes it difficult to see the

results of learning and thereby discourages eff ort (If one is

going to stay at about the same relative percentile rank no

matter how much one has learned what is the point of

trying hard) Similarly college entrance depends heavily onaptitude-like tests that have little to do with the curriculum

studied Like IQ tests they are designed to spread the

student population out on a statistical scale rather than to

de1047297ne what any particular individual has learned

These commonplace features of the American educational

landscape are institutionalized expressions of a persistent

belief in the importance of inherited aptitude The system

they are part of is self-sustaining Assumptions about

aptitude are continually reinforced by the results of practices

based on those assumptions Students who are held to lowexpectations do not try to break through that barrier

because they accept the judgment that inborn aptitude

matters most and that they have not inherited enough of

that capacity Not surprisingly their performance remains

low Children who have not been taught a demanding

challenging thinking curriculum do poorly on tests of

reasoning or problem-solving con1047297rming many peoples

original suspicions that they lack the talent for high-level

thinking

Two converging lines of research--one from cognitive

science one from social psychology--now give us reason

believe that we dont have to continue in this way We do

need to pit excellence against equity We can harness eff

to create ability and build a smarter America

Intelligence-in-Practice Habits of Mind

For more than 20 years psychologists and other student

the human mind have been experimenting with ways of

teaching the cognitive skills associated with intelligence

These include techniques as varied as generating analog

making logical deductions creating and using memory

and monitoring ones own state of knowledge (metacog

tion) Early experiments on teaching speci1047297c isolated co

ponents of intelligence yielded a common pattern of res

Most of the training was successful in producing immed

gains in performance but people typically ceased usingcognitive techniques they had been taught as soon as th

speci1047297c conditions of training were removed In other wo

they became capable of performing whatever skill was

taught but they acquired no general habit of using it or

capacity to judge for themselves when it was useful

As a result of these 1047297ndings cognitive researchers began

shift their attention to educational strategies that immer

students in demanding longterm intellectual environm

Now positive results are coming in In experimental

programs and in practical school reforms we are seeing

students who over an extended period of time are treatif they are intelligent actually become so If they are taug

demanding content and are expected to explain and 1047297n

connections as well as memorize and repeat they learn

and learn more quickly They think of themselves as lear

They are able to bounce back in the face of short-term

failures

This experience is giving rise to a new conceptualization

intelligence-inpractice Intelligence is the habit of persist

ly trying to understand things and make them function

better Intelligence is working to1047297

gure things out varyinstrategies until a workable solution is found Intelligence

knowing what one does (and doesnt) know seeking inf

mation and organizing that information so that it makes

sense and can be remembered In short ones intelligen

the sum of ones habits of mind

Lauren B Resnick

Education Week Century Series June 1999

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Being Smart and Getting Smart Two Popular Beliefs

About Intelligence

Here is where the research by social psychologists comes in

Two decades of studies have shown that what people

believe about the nature of talent and intelligence--about

what accounts for success and failure--is closely related tothe amount and kind of eff ort they put forth in situations of

learning or problem-solving

Some people believe that intelligence and other forms of

talent are 1047297xed and unchangeable Intelligence is a thing an

entity that is displayed in ones performance Doing well

means that one has ability doing poorly means that one

doesnt According to this belief people who are very talent-

ed perform easily they dont need to work hard to do well

Hence if you want to appear to be smart you should not

appear to be working very hard Any educator working withadolescents knows how this belief can drive some students

away from schoolwork

Other people believe that intelligence is something that

develops and grows These people view ability as a reper-

toire of skills that is continuously expandable through ones

eff orts Intelligence is incremental People can get smart

When people think this way they tend to invest energy to

learn something new or to increase their understanding and

mastery

But it is not just brute eff ort that distinguishes these learnersfrom people who think of intelligence as an entity Incremen-

tal thinkers are particularly likely to apply self-regulatory

metacognitive skills when they encounter task difficulties to

focus on analyzing the task and generating alternative

strategies Most important they seek out opportunities to

hone their skills and knowledge treating task difficulty (and

thus occasional setbacks) as part of the learning challenge

rather than as evidence that they lack intelligence They get

on an upward spiral in which their intelligence is actually

increasing Meanwhile their peers who think of intelligence

as1047297

xed try to avoid diffi

cult tasks for fear of displaying theirlack of intelligence They enter a downward spiral by avoid-

ing the very occasions in which they could learn smarter

ways of behaving

Eff ort-Based Education and Learnable Intelligence

Principles for Teaching and Learning

The good news is that peoples beliefs about intelligence

arent immutable They respond to the situations in which

people 1047297nd themselves

This means that it is possible to help students develop

learning-oriented goals and an incremental view of inte

gence and thus set them on the upward spiral by which

can become smarter and deliver the kinds of high-level

academic achievement everyone is hoping for To do thi

need to create eff ort based schools in which academic riand a thinking curriculum permeate the school day for e

student

For several years the Institute for Learning at the Univer

of Pittsburgh has been working with school systems acro

the country to set students--and whole school faculties-

the upward getting-smarter spiral A core set of principl

guides this work principles that educators have found b

inspiring and practical These principles which can be

illustrated in multiple examples of speci1047297c school and

classroom practice are based on cognitive research andresearch on learning organizations Here they are in a

nutshell

Organize for E ff ort

An eff ort-based school replaces the assumption that

aptitude determines what and how much students learn

with the assumption that sustained and directed eff ort c

yield high achievement for all students Everything is org

nized to evoke and support this eff ort High minimum

standards are set and all students curriculum is geared

these standards Some students will need extra time and

expert instruction to meet these expectations Providingtime and expertise helps send the message that eff ort is

expected and that tough problems yield to sustained wo

Clear Expectations

If we expect all students to learn at high levels then we n

to de1047297ne what we expect students to learn These expec

tions need to be clear--to school professionals to parent

the community and above all to students themselves W

visible accomplishment targets to aim toward at each sta

of learning students can participate in evaluating their o

work and setting goals for their own eff

ort

Recognition of Accomplishment

Clear recognition of authentic accomplishment is a hallm

of an eff ort-based school This recognition can take the f

of celebrations of work that meets standards or interme

expectations It can also be tied to opportunity to partic

in events that matter to students and their families Prog

points should be articulated so that regardless of their

entering abilities all students meet real accomplishmen

criteria often enough to be recognized frequently

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Fair and Credible Evaluations

Long-term eff ort by students calls for assessment practices

that students 1047297nd fair Most importantly tests exams and

classroom assessments must be aligned to the standards and

the curriculum being studied Fair assessment also means

using tests and exams that are graded against absolutestandards rather than on a curve so students can clearly see

the results of their learning eff orts

Academic Rigor in a Thinking Curriculum

Thinking and problem-solving will be the new basics of the

21st century but the common idea that we can teach

thinking without a solid foundation of knowledge must be

abandoned So must the idea that we can teach knowledge

without engaging students in thinking Knowledge and

thinking must be intimately joined This implies a curriculum

organized around major concepts in each discipline thatstudents are expected to know deeply Teaching must

engage students in active reasoning about these concepts

In every subject at every grade level the curriculum must

include commitment to a knowledge core high thinking

demand and active use of knowledge

Accountable Talk

Talking with others about ideas and work is fundamental to

learning But not all talk sustains learning or creates intelli-

gence For classroom talk to promote learning it must have

certain characteristics that make it accountable Account-

able talk seriously responds to and further develops whatothers in the group have said It puts forth and demands

knowledge that is accurate and relevant to the issue under

discussion Accountable talk uses evidence in ways appropri-

ate to the discipline (for example proofs in mathematics

data from investigations in science textual details in litera-

ture documentary sources in history) Finally it follows

established norms of good reasoning Accountable talk

sharpens students thinking by reinforcing their ability to use

knowledge appropriately As such it helps develop the skills

and the habits of mind that constitute intelligence-in-prac-

tice Teachers can intentionally create the norms and skills ofaccountable talk in their classrooms

Socializing Intelligence

Intelligent habits of mind are learned through the daily

expectations placed on the learner By calling on students to

use the skills of intelligent thinking and accountable talk

and by holding them responsible for doing so educators can

teach intelligence This is what teachers normally do with

students they expect much from it should be standard

practice with all students

Learning as Apprenticeship

For many centuries most people learned by working alo

side an expert who modeled skilled practice and guided

novices as they created authentic products or performan

This kind of apprenticeship learning allowed learners to

acquire the complex interdisciplinary knowledge practicabilities and appropriate forms of social behavior that w

with high levels of skilled performance Learners were

motivated to do the hard work that was involved by the

value placed on their products by people who bought

objects attended performances or requested that impo

community work be done Much of the power of appren

ship learning can be brought into schooling through ap

priate use of extended projects and presentations and b

organizing learning environments so that complex think

and production are modeled and analyzed

As we approach a new century it is increasingly evident

the educational methods we have been using for the pa

years no longer suffice They are based on scienti1047297c assu

tions about the nature of knowledge the learning proce

and diff erential aptitude for learning that have been ecli

by new discoveries Yet changing them has been slow

because the nature of educational reform in this country

largely one of tinkering with institutional arrangements

Rarely has reform penetrated the educational core

But now that is happening With the movement for stan-

dards-based education America has begun to explore thpotential of designing policy structures explicitly to link

testing curriculum textbooks teacher training and

accountability with clearly articulated ideas about what

should be taught and what students should be expected

learn Our hopes for breaking this centurys pattern of

disappointing cycles of reform--and of enabling our

children to function eff ectively in a complex new centu-

ry--rest with this vision of creating eff ort-based systems

grounded in knowledge-based constructivism-- systems

allow all students to reach high standards of achievemen

Lauren B Resnick is the director of the Learning Research an

Development Center at the University of Pittsburgh Details

the research described here appear in Learning Organizati

for Sustainable Education Reform an article co-written wit

Megan Williams Hall (Daedalus Fall 1998)

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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MAKING AMERICA SMARTER

Standards tests and accountability programs are todays

favored tools for raising overall academic achievement

Testing policies are also meant to increase equity to give

poor and minority students a fairer chance by making

expectations clear and providing instruction geared to them

In practice though it is proving hard to meet the twin goalsof equity and higher achievement This is because our

schools are trapped in a set of beliefs about the nature of

ability and aptitude that makes it hard to evoke eff ective

academic eff ort from students and educators

What we learn is a function of both our aptitudes for particu-

lar kinds of learning and the eff ort we put forth Americans

mostly assume that aptitude largely determines what people

can learn in school although they allow that hard work can

compensate for lower doses of innate intelligence Our

schools are largely organized around this belief IQ tests ortheir surrogates are used to determine who has access to

enriched programs As a result some students never get the

chance to study a high-demand high-expectation curricu-

lum

Traditional achievement tests are normed to compare

students against one another rather than against a standard

of excellence This approach makes it difficult to see the

results of learning and thereby discourages eff ort (If one is

going to stay at about the same relative percentile rank no

matter how much one has learned what is the point of

trying hard) Similarly college entrance depends heavily onaptitude-like tests that have little to do with the curriculum

studied Like IQ tests they are designed to spread the

student population out on a statistical scale rather than to

de1047297ne what any particular individual has learned

These commonplace features of the American educational

landscape are institutionalized expressions of a persistent

belief in the importance of inherited aptitude The system

they are part of is self-sustaining Assumptions about

aptitude are continually reinforced by the results of practices

based on those assumptions Students who are held to lowexpectations do not try to break through that barrier

because they accept the judgment that inborn aptitude

matters most and that they have not inherited enough of

that capacity Not surprisingly their performance remains

low Children who have not been taught a demanding

challenging thinking curriculum do poorly on tests of

reasoning or problem-solving con1047297rming many peoples

original suspicions that they lack the talent for high-level

thinking

Two converging lines of research--one from cognitive

science one from social psychology--now give us reason

believe that we dont have to continue in this way We do

need to pit excellence against equity We can harness eff

to create ability and build a smarter America

Intelligence-in-Practice Habits of Mind

For more than 20 years psychologists and other student

the human mind have been experimenting with ways of

teaching the cognitive skills associated with intelligence

These include techniques as varied as generating analog

making logical deductions creating and using memory

and monitoring ones own state of knowledge (metacog

tion) Early experiments on teaching speci1047297c isolated co

ponents of intelligence yielded a common pattern of res

Most of the training was successful in producing immed

gains in performance but people typically ceased usingcognitive techniques they had been taught as soon as th

speci1047297c conditions of training were removed In other wo

they became capable of performing whatever skill was

taught but they acquired no general habit of using it or

capacity to judge for themselves when it was useful

As a result of these 1047297ndings cognitive researchers began

shift their attention to educational strategies that immer

students in demanding longterm intellectual environm

Now positive results are coming in In experimental

programs and in practical school reforms we are seeing

students who over an extended period of time are treatif they are intelligent actually become so If they are taug

demanding content and are expected to explain and 1047297n

connections as well as memorize and repeat they learn

and learn more quickly They think of themselves as lear

They are able to bounce back in the face of short-term

failures

This experience is giving rise to a new conceptualization

intelligence-inpractice Intelligence is the habit of persist

ly trying to understand things and make them function

better Intelligence is working to1047297

gure things out varyinstrategies until a workable solution is found Intelligence

knowing what one does (and doesnt) know seeking inf

mation and organizing that information so that it makes

sense and can be remembered In short ones intelligen

the sum of ones habits of mind

Lauren B Resnick

Education Week Century Series June 1999

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Being Smart and Getting Smart Two Popular Beliefs

About Intelligence

Here is where the research by social psychologists comes in

Two decades of studies have shown that what people

believe about the nature of talent and intelligence--about

what accounts for success and failure--is closely related tothe amount and kind of eff ort they put forth in situations of

learning or problem-solving

Some people believe that intelligence and other forms of

talent are 1047297xed and unchangeable Intelligence is a thing an

entity that is displayed in ones performance Doing well

means that one has ability doing poorly means that one

doesnt According to this belief people who are very talent-

ed perform easily they dont need to work hard to do well

Hence if you want to appear to be smart you should not

appear to be working very hard Any educator working withadolescents knows how this belief can drive some students

away from schoolwork

Other people believe that intelligence is something that

develops and grows These people view ability as a reper-

toire of skills that is continuously expandable through ones

eff orts Intelligence is incremental People can get smart

When people think this way they tend to invest energy to

learn something new or to increase their understanding and

mastery

But it is not just brute eff ort that distinguishes these learnersfrom people who think of intelligence as an entity Incremen-

tal thinkers are particularly likely to apply self-regulatory

metacognitive skills when they encounter task difficulties to

focus on analyzing the task and generating alternative

strategies Most important they seek out opportunities to

hone their skills and knowledge treating task difficulty (and

thus occasional setbacks) as part of the learning challenge

rather than as evidence that they lack intelligence They get

on an upward spiral in which their intelligence is actually

increasing Meanwhile their peers who think of intelligence

as1047297

xed try to avoid diffi

cult tasks for fear of displaying theirlack of intelligence They enter a downward spiral by avoid-

ing the very occasions in which they could learn smarter

ways of behaving

Eff ort-Based Education and Learnable Intelligence

Principles for Teaching and Learning

The good news is that peoples beliefs about intelligence

arent immutable They respond to the situations in which

people 1047297nd themselves

This means that it is possible to help students develop

learning-oriented goals and an incremental view of inte

gence and thus set them on the upward spiral by which

can become smarter and deliver the kinds of high-level

academic achievement everyone is hoping for To do thi

need to create eff ort based schools in which academic riand a thinking curriculum permeate the school day for e

student

For several years the Institute for Learning at the Univer

of Pittsburgh has been working with school systems acro

the country to set students--and whole school faculties-

the upward getting-smarter spiral A core set of principl

guides this work principles that educators have found b

inspiring and practical These principles which can be

illustrated in multiple examples of speci1047297c school and

classroom practice are based on cognitive research andresearch on learning organizations Here they are in a

nutshell

Organize for E ff ort

An eff ort-based school replaces the assumption that

aptitude determines what and how much students learn

with the assumption that sustained and directed eff ort c

yield high achievement for all students Everything is org

nized to evoke and support this eff ort High minimum

standards are set and all students curriculum is geared

these standards Some students will need extra time and

expert instruction to meet these expectations Providingtime and expertise helps send the message that eff ort is

expected and that tough problems yield to sustained wo

Clear Expectations

If we expect all students to learn at high levels then we n

to de1047297ne what we expect students to learn These expec

tions need to be clear--to school professionals to parent

the community and above all to students themselves W

visible accomplishment targets to aim toward at each sta

of learning students can participate in evaluating their o

work and setting goals for their own eff

ort

Recognition of Accomplishment

Clear recognition of authentic accomplishment is a hallm

of an eff ort-based school This recognition can take the f

of celebrations of work that meets standards or interme

expectations It can also be tied to opportunity to partic

in events that matter to students and their families Prog

points should be articulated so that regardless of their

entering abilities all students meet real accomplishmen

criteria often enough to be recognized frequently

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Fair and Credible Evaluations

Long-term eff ort by students calls for assessment practices

that students 1047297nd fair Most importantly tests exams and

classroom assessments must be aligned to the standards and

the curriculum being studied Fair assessment also means

using tests and exams that are graded against absolutestandards rather than on a curve so students can clearly see

the results of their learning eff orts

Academic Rigor in a Thinking Curriculum

Thinking and problem-solving will be the new basics of the

21st century but the common idea that we can teach

thinking without a solid foundation of knowledge must be

abandoned So must the idea that we can teach knowledge

without engaging students in thinking Knowledge and

thinking must be intimately joined This implies a curriculum

organized around major concepts in each discipline thatstudents are expected to know deeply Teaching must

engage students in active reasoning about these concepts

In every subject at every grade level the curriculum must

include commitment to a knowledge core high thinking

demand and active use of knowledge

Accountable Talk

Talking with others about ideas and work is fundamental to

learning But not all talk sustains learning or creates intelli-

gence For classroom talk to promote learning it must have

certain characteristics that make it accountable Account-

able talk seriously responds to and further develops whatothers in the group have said It puts forth and demands

knowledge that is accurate and relevant to the issue under

discussion Accountable talk uses evidence in ways appropri-

ate to the discipline (for example proofs in mathematics

data from investigations in science textual details in litera-

ture documentary sources in history) Finally it follows

established norms of good reasoning Accountable talk

sharpens students thinking by reinforcing their ability to use

knowledge appropriately As such it helps develop the skills

and the habits of mind that constitute intelligence-in-prac-

tice Teachers can intentionally create the norms and skills ofaccountable talk in their classrooms

Socializing Intelligence

Intelligent habits of mind are learned through the daily

expectations placed on the learner By calling on students to

use the skills of intelligent thinking and accountable talk

and by holding them responsible for doing so educators can

teach intelligence This is what teachers normally do with

students they expect much from it should be standard

practice with all students

Learning as Apprenticeship

For many centuries most people learned by working alo

side an expert who modeled skilled practice and guided

novices as they created authentic products or performan

This kind of apprenticeship learning allowed learners to

acquire the complex interdisciplinary knowledge practicabilities and appropriate forms of social behavior that w

with high levels of skilled performance Learners were

motivated to do the hard work that was involved by the

value placed on their products by people who bought

objects attended performances or requested that impo

community work be done Much of the power of appren

ship learning can be brought into schooling through ap

priate use of extended projects and presentations and b

organizing learning environments so that complex think

and production are modeled and analyzed

As we approach a new century it is increasingly evident

the educational methods we have been using for the pa

years no longer suffice They are based on scienti1047297c assu

tions about the nature of knowledge the learning proce

and diff erential aptitude for learning that have been ecli

by new discoveries Yet changing them has been slow

because the nature of educational reform in this country

largely one of tinkering with institutional arrangements

Rarely has reform penetrated the educational core

But now that is happening With the movement for stan-

dards-based education America has begun to explore thpotential of designing policy structures explicitly to link

testing curriculum textbooks teacher training and

accountability with clearly articulated ideas about what

should be taught and what students should be expected

learn Our hopes for breaking this centurys pattern of

disappointing cycles of reform--and of enabling our

children to function eff ectively in a complex new centu-

ry--rest with this vision of creating eff ort-based systems

grounded in knowledge-based constructivism-- systems

allow all students to reach high standards of achievemen

Lauren B Resnick is the director of the Learning Research an

Development Center at the University of Pittsburgh Details

the research described here appear in Learning Organizati

for Sustainable Education Reform an article co-written wit

Megan Williams Hall (Daedalus Fall 1998)

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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t Bi a s

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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MAKING AMERICA SMARTER

Standards tests and accountability programs are todays

favored tools for raising overall academic achievement

Testing policies are also meant to increase equity to give

poor and minority students a fairer chance by making

expectations clear and providing instruction geared to them

In practice though it is proving hard to meet the twin goalsof equity and higher achievement This is because our

schools are trapped in a set of beliefs about the nature of

ability and aptitude that makes it hard to evoke eff ective

academic eff ort from students and educators

What we learn is a function of both our aptitudes for particu-

lar kinds of learning and the eff ort we put forth Americans

mostly assume that aptitude largely determines what people

can learn in school although they allow that hard work can

compensate for lower doses of innate intelligence Our

schools are largely organized around this belief IQ tests ortheir surrogates are used to determine who has access to

enriched programs As a result some students never get the

chance to study a high-demand high-expectation curricu-

lum

Traditional achievement tests are normed to compare

students against one another rather than against a standard

of excellence This approach makes it difficult to see the

results of learning and thereby discourages eff ort (If one is

going to stay at about the same relative percentile rank no

matter how much one has learned what is the point of

trying hard) Similarly college entrance depends heavily onaptitude-like tests that have little to do with the curriculum

studied Like IQ tests they are designed to spread the

student population out on a statistical scale rather than to

de1047297ne what any particular individual has learned

These commonplace features of the American educational

landscape are institutionalized expressions of a persistent

belief in the importance of inherited aptitude The system

they are part of is self-sustaining Assumptions about

aptitude are continually reinforced by the results of practices

based on those assumptions Students who are held to lowexpectations do not try to break through that barrier

because they accept the judgment that inborn aptitude

matters most and that they have not inherited enough of

that capacity Not surprisingly their performance remains

low Children who have not been taught a demanding

challenging thinking curriculum do poorly on tests of

reasoning or problem-solving con1047297rming many peoples

original suspicions that they lack the talent for high-level

thinking

Two converging lines of research--one from cognitive

science one from social psychology--now give us reason

believe that we dont have to continue in this way We do

need to pit excellence against equity We can harness eff

to create ability and build a smarter America

Intelligence-in-Practice Habits of Mind

For more than 20 years psychologists and other student

the human mind have been experimenting with ways of

teaching the cognitive skills associated with intelligence

These include techniques as varied as generating analog

making logical deductions creating and using memory

and monitoring ones own state of knowledge (metacog

tion) Early experiments on teaching speci1047297c isolated co

ponents of intelligence yielded a common pattern of res

Most of the training was successful in producing immed

gains in performance but people typically ceased usingcognitive techniques they had been taught as soon as th

speci1047297c conditions of training were removed In other wo

they became capable of performing whatever skill was

taught but they acquired no general habit of using it or

capacity to judge for themselves when it was useful

As a result of these 1047297ndings cognitive researchers began

shift their attention to educational strategies that immer

students in demanding longterm intellectual environm

Now positive results are coming in In experimental

programs and in practical school reforms we are seeing

students who over an extended period of time are treatif they are intelligent actually become so If they are taug

demanding content and are expected to explain and 1047297n

connections as well as memorize and repeat they learn

and learn more quickly They think of themselves as lear

They are able to bounce back in the face of short-term

failures

This experience is giving rise to a new conceptualization

intelligence-inpractice Intelligence is the habit of persist

ly trying to understand things and make them function

better Intelligence is working to1047297

gure things out varyinstrategies until a workable solution is found Intelligence

knowing what one does (and doesnt) know seeking inf

mation and organizing that information so that it makes

sense and can be remembered In short ones intelligen

the sum of ones habits of mind

Lauren B Resnick

Education Week Century Series June 1999

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Being Smart and Getting Smart Two Popular Beliefs

About Intelligence

Here is where the research by social psychologists comes in

Two decades of studies have shown that what people

believe about the nature of talent and intelligence--about

what accounts for success and failure--is closely related tothe amount and kind of eff ort they put forth in situations of

learning or problem-solving

Some people believe that intelligence and other forms of

talent are 1047297xed and unchangeable Intelligence is a thing an

entity that is displayed in ones performance Doing well

means that one has ability doing poorly means that one

doesnt According to this belief people who are very talent-

ed perform easily they dont need to work hard to do well

Hence if you want to appear to be smart you should not

appear to be working very hard Any educator working withadolescents knows how this belief can drive some students

away from schoolwork

Other people believe that intelligence is something that

develops and grows These people view ability as a reper-

toire of skills that is continuously expandable through ones

eff orts Intelligence is incremental People can get smart

When people think this way they tend to invest energy to

learn something new or to increase their understanding and

mastery

But it is not just brute eff ort that distinguishes these learnersfrom people who think of intelligence as an entity Incremen-

tal thinkers are particularly likely to apply self-regulatory

metacognitive skills when they encounter task difficulties to

focus on analyzing the task and generating alternative

strategies Most important they seek out opportunities to

hone their skills and knowledge treating task difficulty (and

thus occasional setbacks) as part of the learning challenge

rather than as evidence that they lack intelligence They get

on an upward spiral in which their intelligence is actually

increasing Meanwhile their peers who think of intelligence

as1047297

xed try to avoid diffi

cult tasks for fear of displaying theirlack of intelligence They enter a downward spiral by avoid-

ing the very occasions in which they could learn smarter

ways of behaving

Eff ort-Based Education and Learnable Intelligence

Principles for Teaching and Learning

The good news is that peoples beliefs about intelligence

arent immutable They respond to the situations in which

people 1047297nd themselves

This means that it is possible to help students develop

learning-oriented goals and an incremental view of inte

gence and thus set them on the upward spiral by which

can become smarter and deliver the kinds of high-level

academic achievement everyone is hoping for To do thi

need to create eff ort based schools in which academic riand a thinking curriculum permeate the school day for e

student

For several years the Institute for Learning at the Univer

of Pittsburgh has been working with school systems acro

the country to set students--and whole school faculties-

the upward getting-smarter spiral A core set of principl

guides this work principles that educators have found b

inspiring and practical These principles which can be

illustrated in multiple examples of speci1047297c school and

classroom practice are based on cognitive research andresearch on learning organizations Here they are in a

nutshell

Organize for E ff ort

An eff ort-based school replaces the assumption that

aptitude determines what and how much students learn

with the assumption that sustained and directed eff ort c

yield high achievement for all students Everything is org

nized to evoke and support this eff ort High minimum

standards are set and all students curriculum is geared

these standards Some students will need extra time and

expert instruction to meet these expectations Providingtime and expertise helps send the message that eff ort is

expected and that tough problems yield to sustained wo

Clear Expectations

If we expect all students to learn at high levels then we n

to de1047297ne what we expect students to learn These expec

tions need to be clear--to school professionals to parent

the community and above all to students themselves W

visible accomplishment targets to aim toward at each sta

of learning students can participate in evaluating their o

work and setting goals for their own eff

ort

Recognition of Accomplishment

Clear recognition of authentic accomplishment is a hallm

of an eff ort-based school This recognition can take the f

of celebrations of work that meets standards or interme

expectations It can also be tied to opportunity to partic

in events that matter to students and their families Prog

points should be articulated so that regardless of their

entering abilities all students meet real accomplishmen

criteria often enough to be recognized frequently

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Fair and Credible Evaluations

Long-term eff ort by students calls for assessment practices

that students 1047297nd fair Most importantly tests exams and

classroom assessments must be aligned to the standards and

the curriculum being studied Fair assessment also means

using tests and exams that are graded against absolutestandards rather than on a curve so students can clearly see

the results of their learning eff orts

Academic Rigor in a Thinking Curriculum

Thinking and problem-solving will be the new basics of the

21st century but the common idea that we can teach

thinking without a solid foundation of knowledge must be

abandoned So must the idea that we can teach knowledge

without engaging students in thinking Knowledge and

thinking must be intimately joined This implies a curriculum

organized around major concepts in each discipline thatstudents are expected to know deeply Teaching must

engage students in active reasoning about these concepts

In every subject at every grade level the curriculum must

include commitment to a knowledge core high thinking

demand and active use of knowledge

Accountable Talk

Talking with others about ideas and work is fundamental to

learning But not all talk sustains learning or creates intelli-

gence For classroom talk to promote learning it must have

certain characteristics that make it accountable Account-

able talk seriously responds to and further develops whatothers in the group have said It puts forth and demands

knowledge that is accurate and relevant to the issue under

discussion Accountable talk uses evidence in ways appropri-

ate to the discipline (for example proofs in mathematics

data from investigations in science textual details in litera-

ture documentary sources in history) Finally it follows

established norms of good reasoning Accountable talk

sharpens students thinking by reinforcing their ability to use

knowledge appropriately As such it helps develop the skills

and the habits of mind that constitute intelligence-in-prac-

tice Teachers can intentionally create the norms and skills ofaccountable talk in their classrooms

Socializing Intelligence

Intelligent habits of mind are learned through the daily

expectations placed on the learner By calling on students to

use the skills of intelligent thinking and accountable talk

and by holding them responsible for doing so educators can

teach intelligence This is what teachers normally do with

students they expect much from it should be standard

practice with all students

Learning as Apprenticeship

For many centuries most people learned by working alo

side an expert who modeled skilled practice and guided

novices as they created authentic products or performan

This kind of apprenticeship learning allowed learners to

acquire the complex interdisciplinary knowledge practicabilities and appropriate forms of social behavior that w

with high levels of skilled performance Learners were

motivated to do the hard work that was involved by the

value placed on their products by people who bought

objects attended performances or requested that impo

community work be done Much of the power of appren

ship learning can be brought into schooling through ap

priate use of extended projects and presentations and b

organizing learning environments so that complex think

and production are modeled and analyzed

As we approach a new century it is increasingly evident

the educational methods we have been using for the pa

years no longer suffice They are based on scienti1047297c assu

tions about the nature of knowledge the learning proce

and diff erential aptitude for learning that have been ecli

by new discoveries Yet changing them has been slow

because the nature of educational reform in this country

largely one of tinkering with institutional arrangements

Rarely has reform penetrated the educational core

But now that is happening With the movement for stan-

dards-based education America has begun to explore thpotential of designing policy structures explicitly to link

testing curriculum textbooks teacher training and

accountability with clearly articulated ideas about what

should be taught and what students should be expected

learn Our hopes for breaking this centurys pattern of

disappointing cycles of reform--and of enabling our

children to function eff ectively in a complex new centu-

ry--rest with this vision of creating eff ort-based systems

grounded in knowledge-based constructivism-- systems

allow all students to reach high standards of achievemen

Lauren B Resnick is the director of the Learning Research an

Development Center at the University of Pittsburgh Details

the research described here appear in Learning Organizati

for Sustainable Education Reform an article co-written wit

Megan Williams Hall (Daedalus Fall 1998)

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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MAKING AMERICA SMARTER

Standards tests and accountability programs are todays

favored tools for raising overall academic achievement

Testing policies are also meant to increase equity to give

poor and minority students a fairer chance by making

expectations clear and providing instruction geared to them

In practice though it is proving hard to meet the twin goalsof equity and higher achievement This is because our

schools are trapped in a set of beliefs about the nature of

ability and aptitude that makes it hard to evoke eff ective

academic eff ort from students and educators

What we learn is a function of both our aptitudes for particu-

lar kinds of learning and the eff ort we put forth Americans

mostly assume that aptitude largely determines what people

can learn in school although they allow that hard work can

compensate for lower doses of innate intelligence Our

schools are largely organized around this belief IQ tests ortheir surrogates are used to determine who has access to

enriched programs As a result some students never get the

chance to study a high-demand high-expectation curricu-

lum

Traditional achievement tests are normed to compare

students against one another rather than against a standard

of excellence This approach makes it difficult to see the

results of learning and thereby discourages eff ort (If one is

going to stay at about the same relative percentile rank no

matter how much one has learned what is the point of

trying hard) Similarly college entrance depends heavily onaptitude-like tests that have little to do with the curriculum

studied Like IQ tests they are designed to spread the

student population out on a statistical scale rather than to

de1047297ne what any particular individual has learned

These commonplace features of the American educational

landscape are institutionalized expressions of a persistent

belief in the importance of inherited aptitude The system

they are part of is self-sustaining Assumptions about

aptitude are continually reinforced by the results of practices

based on those assumptions Students who are held to lowexpectations do not try to break through that barrier

because they accept the judgment that inborn aptitude

matters most and that they have not inherited enough of

that capacity Not surprisingly their performance remains

low Children who have not been taught a demanding

challenging thinking curriculum do poorly on tests of

reasoning or problem-solving con1047297rming many peoples

original suspicions that they lack the talent for high-level

thinking

Two converging lines of research--one from cognitive

science one from social psychology--now give us reason

believe that we dont have to continue in this way We do

need to pit excellence against equity We can harness eff

to create ability and build a smarter America

Intelligence-in-Practice Habits of Mind

For more than 20 years psychologists and other student

the human mind have been experimenting with ways of

teaching the cognitive skills associated with intelligence

These include techniques as varied as generating analog

making logical deductions creating and using memory

and monitoring ones own state of knowledge (metacog

tion) Early experiments on teaching speci1047297c isolated co

ponents of intelligence yielded a common pattern of res

Most of the training was successful in producing immed

gains in performance but people typically ceased usingcognitive techniques they had been taught as soon as th

speci1047297c conditions of training were removed In other wo

they became capable of performing whatever skill was

taught but they acquired no general habit of using it or

capacity to judge for themselves when it was useful

As a result of these 1047297ndings cognitive researchers began

shift their attention to educational strategies that immer

students in demanding longterm intellectual environm

Now positive results are coming in In experimental

programs and in practical school reforms we are seeing

students who over an extended period of time are treatif they are intelligent actually become so If they are taug

demanding content and are expected to explain and 1047297n

connections as well as memorize and repeat they learn

and learn more quickly They think of themselves as lear

They are able to bounce back in the face of short-term

failures

This experience is giving rise to a new conceptualization

intelligence-inpractice Intelligence is the habit of persist

ly trying to understand things and make them function

better Intelligence is working to1047297

gure things out varyinstrategies until a workable solution is found Intelligence

knowing what one does (and doesnt) know seeking inf

mation and organizing that information so that it makes

sense and can be remembered In short ones intelligen

the sum of ones habits of mind

Lauren B Resnick

Education Week Century Series June 1999

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Being Smart and Getting Smart Two Popular Beliefs

About Intelligence

Here is where the research by social psychologists comes in

Two decades of studies have shown that what people

believe about the nature of talent and intelligence--about

what accounts for success and failure--is closely related tothe amount and kind of eff ort they put forth in situations of

learning or problem-solving

Some people believe that intelligence and other forms of

talent are 1047297xed and unchangeable Intelligence is a thing an

entity that is displayed in ones performance Doing well

means that one has ability doing poorly means that one

doesnt According to this belief people who are very talent-

ed perform easily they dont need to work hard to do well

Hence if you want to appear to be smart you should not

appear to be working very hard Any educator working withadolescents knows how this belief can drive some students

away from schoolwork

Other people believe that intelligence is something that

develops and grows These people view ability as a reper-

toire of skills that is continuously expandable through ones

eff orts Intelligence is incremental People can get smart

When people think this way they tend to invest energy to

learn something new or to increase their understanding and

mastery

But it is not just brute eff ort that distinguishes these learnersfrom people who think of intelligence as an entity Incremen-

tal thinkers are particularly likely to apply self-regulatory

metacognitive skills when they encounter task difficulties to

focus on analyzing the task and generating alternative

strategies Most important they seek out opportunities to

hone their skills and knowledge treating task difficulty (and

thus occasional setbacks) as part of the learning challenge

rather than as evidence that they lack intelligence They get

on an upward spiral in which their intelligence is actually

increasing Meanwhile their peers who think of intelligence

as1047297

xed try to avoid diffi

cult tasks for fear of displaying theirlack of intelligence They enter a downward spiral by avoid-

ing the very occasions in which they could learn smarter

ways of behaving

Eff ort-Based Education and Learnable Intelligence

Principles for Teaching and Learning

The good news is that peoples beliefs about intelligence

arent immutable They respond to the situations in which

people 1047297nd themselves

This means that it is possible to help students develop

learning-oriented goals and an incremental view of inte

gence and thus set them on the upward spiral by which

can become smarter and deliver the kinds of high-level

academic achievement everyone is hoping for To do thi

need to create eff ort based schools in which academic riand a thinking curriculum permeate the school day for e

student

For several years the Institute for Learning at the Univer

of Pittsburgh has been working with school systems acro

the country to set students--and whole school faculties-

the upward getting-smarter spiral A core set of principl

guides this work principles that educators have found b

inspiring and practical These principles which can be

illustrated in multiple examples of speci1047297c school and

classroom practice are based on cognitive research andresearch on learning organizations Here they are in a

nutshell

Organize for E ff ort

An eff ort-based school replaces the assumption that

aptitude determines what and how much students learn

with the assumption that sustained and directed eff ort c

yield high achievement for all students Everything is org

nized to evoke and support this eff ort High minimum

standards are set and all students curriculum is geared

these standards Some students will need extra time and

expert instruction to meet these expectations Providingtime and expertise helps send the message that eff ort is

expected and that tough problems yield to sustained wo

Clear Expectations

If we expect all students to learn at high levels then we n

to de1047297ne what we expect students to learn These expec

tions need to be clear--to school professionals to parent

the community and above all to students themselves W

visible accomplishment targets to aim toward at each sta

of learning students can participate in evaluating their o

work and setting goals for their own eff

ort

Recognition of Accomplishment

Clear recognition of authentic accomplishment is a hallm

of an eff ort-based school This recognition can take the f

of celebrations of work that meets standards or interme

expectations It can also be tied to opportunity to partic

in events that matter to students and their families Prog

points should be articulated so that regardless of their

entering abilities all students meet real accomplishmen

criteria often enough to be recognized frequently

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Fair and Credible Evaluations

Long-term eff ort by students calls for assessment practices

that students 1047297nd fair Most importantly tests exams and

classroom assessments must be aligned to the standards and

the curriculum being studied Fair assessment also means

using tests and exams that are graded against absolutestandards rather than on a curve so students can clearly see

the results of their learning eff orts

Academic Rigor in a Thinking Curriculum

Thinking and problem-solving will be the new basics of the

21st century but the common idea that we can teach

thinking without a solid foundation of knowledge must be

abandoned So must the idea that we can teach knowledge

without engaging students in thinking Knowledge and

thinking must be intimately joined This implies a curriculum

organized around major concepts in each discipline thatstudents are expected to know deeply Teaching must

engage students in active reasoning about these concepts

In every subject at every grade level the curriculum must

include commitment to a knowledge core high thinking

demand and active use of knowledge

Accountable Talk

Talking with others about ideas and work is fundamental to

learning But not all talk sustains learning or creates intelli-

gence For classroom talk to promote learning it must have

certain characteristics that make it accountable Account-

able talk seriously responds to and further develops whatothers in the group have said It puts forth and demands

knowledge that is accurate and relevant to the issue under

discussion Accountable talk uses evidence in ways appropri-

ate to the discipline (for example proofs in mathematics

data from investigations in science textual details in litera-

ture documentary sources in history) Finally it follows

established norms of good reasoning Accountable talk

sharpens students thinking by reinforcing their ability to use

knowledge appropriately As such it helps develop the skills

and the habits of mind that constitute intelligence-in-prac-

tice Teachers can intentionally create the norms and skills ofaccountable talk in their classrooms

Socializing Intelligence

Intelligent habits of mind are learned through the daily

expectations placed on the learner By calling on students to

use the skills of intelligent thinking and accountable talk

and by holding them responsible for doing so educators can

teach intelligence This is what teachers normally do with

students they expect much from it should be standard

practice with all students

Learning as Apprenticeship

For many centuries most people learned by working alo

side an expert who modeled skilled practice and guided

novices as they created authentic products or performan

This kind of apprenticeship learning allowed learners to

acquire the complex interdisciplinary knowledge practicabilities and appropriate forms of social behavior that w

with high levels of skilled performance Learners were

motivated to do the hard work that was involved by the

value placed on their products by people who bought

objects attended performances or requested that impo

community work be done Much of the power of appren

ship learning can be brought into schooling through ap

priate use of extended projects and presentations and b

organizing learning environments so that complex think

and production are modeled and analyzed

As we approach a new century it is increasingly evident

the educational methods we have been using for the pa

years no longer suffice They are based on scienti1047297c assu

tions about the nature of knowledge the learning proce

and diff erential aptitude for learning that have been ecli

by new discoveries Yet changing them has been slow

because the nature of educational reform in this country

largely one of tinkering with institutional arrangements

Rarely has reform penetrated the educational core

But now that is happening With the movement for stan-

dards-based education America has begun to explore thpotential of designing policy structures explicitly to link

testing curriculum textbooks teacher training and

accountability with clearly articulated ideas about what

should be taught and what students should be expected

learn Our hopes for breaking this centurys pattern of

disappointing cycles of reform--and of enabling our

children to function eff ectively in a complex new centu-

ry--rest with this vision of creating eff ort-based systems

grounded in knowledge-based constructivism-- systems

allow all students to reach high standards of achievemen

Lauren B Resnick is the director of the Learning Research an

Development Center at the University of Pittsburgh Details

the research described here appear in Learning Organizati

for Sustainable Education Reform an article co-written wit

Megan Williams Hall (Daedalus Fall 1998)

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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MAKING AMERICA SMARTER

Standards tests and accountability programs are todays

favored tools for raising overall academic achievement

Testing policies are also meant to increase equity to give

poor and minority students a fairer chance by making

expectations clear and providing instruction geared to them

In practice though it is proving hard to meet the twin goalsof equity and higher achievement This is because our

schools are trapped in a set of beliefs about the nature of

ability and aptitude that makes it hard to evoke eff ective

academic eff ort from students and educators

What we learn is a function of both our aptitudes for particu-

lar kinds of learning and the eff ort we put forth Americans

mostly assume that aptitude largely determines what people

can learn in school although they allow that hard work can

compensate for lower doses of innate intelligence Our

schools are largely organized around this belief IQ tests ortheir surrogates are used to determine who has access to

enriched programs As a result some students never get the

chance to study a high-demand high-expectation curricu-

lum

Traditional achievement tests are normed to compare

students against one another rather than against a standard

of excellence This approach makes it difficult to see the

results of learning and thereby discourages eff ort (If one is

going to stay at about the same relative percentile rank no

matter how much one has learned what is the point of

trying hard) Similarly college entrance depends heavily onaptitude-like tests that have little to do with the curriculum

studied Like IQ tests they are designed to spread the

student population out on a statistical scale rather than to

de1047297ne what any particular individual has learned

These commonplace features of the American educational

landscape are institutionalized expressions of a persistent

belief in the importance of inherited aptitude The system

they are part of is self-sustaining Assumptions about

aptitude are continually reinforced by the results of practices

based on those assumptions Students who are held to lowexpectations do not try to break through that barrier

because they accept the judgment that inborn aptitude

matters most and that they have not inherited enough of

that capacity Not surprisingly their performance remains

low Children who have not been taught a demanding

challenging thinking curriculum do poorly on tests of

reasoning or problem-solving con1047297rming many peoples

original suspicions that they lack the talent for high-level

thinking

Two converging lines of research--one from cognitive

science one from social psychology--now give us reason

believe that we dont have to continue in this way We do

need to pit excellence against equity We can harness eff

to create ability and build a smarter America

Intelligence-in-Practice Habits of Mind

For more than 20 years psychologists and other student

the human mind have been experimenting with ways of

teaching the cognitive skills associated with intelligence

These include techniques as varied as generating analog

making logical deductions creating and using memory

and monitoring ones own state of knowledge (metacog

tion) Early experiments on teaching speci1047297c isolated co

ponents of intelligence yielded a common pattern of res

Most of the training was successful in producing immed

gains in performance but people typically ceased usingcognitive techniques they had been taught as soon as th

speci1047297c conditions of training were removed In other wo

they became capable of performing whatever skill was

taught but they acquired no general habit of using it or

capacity to judge for themselves when it was useful

As a result of these 1047297ndings cognitive researchers began

shift their attention to educational strategies that immer

students in demanding longterm intellectual environm

Now positive results are coming in In experimental

programs and in practical school reforms we are seeing

students who over an extended period of time are treatif they are intelligent actually become so If they are taug

demanding content and are expected to explain and 1047297n

connections as well as memorize and repeat they learn

and learn more quickly They think of themselves as lear

They are able to bounce back in the face of short-term

failures

This experience is giving rise to a new conceptualization

intelligence-inpractice Intelligence is the habit of persist

ly trying to understand things and make them function

better Intelligence is working to1047297

gure things out varyinstrategies until a workable solution is found Intelligence

knowing what one does (and doesnt) know seeking inf

mation and organizing that information so that it makes

sense and can be remembered In short ones intelligen

the sum of ones habits of mind

Lauren B Resnick

Education Week Century Series June 1999

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Being Smart and Getting Smart Two Popular Beliefs

About Intelligence

Here is where the research by social psychologists comes in

Two decades of studies have shown that what people

believe about the nature of talent and intelligence--about

what accounts for success and failure--is closely related tothe amount and kind of eff ort they put forth in situations of

learning or problem-solving

Some people believe that intelligence and other forms of

talent are 1047297xed and unchangeable Intelligence is a thing an

entity that is displayed in ones performance Doing well

means that one has ability doing poorly means that one

doesnt According to this belief people who are very talent-

ed perform easily they dont need to work hard to do well

Hence if you want to appear to be smart you should not

appear to be working very hard Any educator working withadolescents knows how this belief can drive some students

away from schoolwork

Other people believe that intelligence is something that

develops and grows These people view ability as a reper-

toire of skills that is continuously expandable through ones

eff orts Intelligence is incremental People can get smart

When people think this way they tend to invest energy to

learn something new or to increase their understanding and

mastery

But it is not just brute eff ort that distinguishes these learnersfrom people who think of intelligence as an entity Incremen-

tal thinkers are particularly likely to apply self-regulatory

metacognitive skills when they encounter task difficulties to

focus on analyzing the task and generating alternative

strategies Most important they seek out opportunities to

hone their skills and knowledge treating task difficulty (and

thus occasional setbacks) as part of the learning challenge

rather than as evidence that they lack intelligence They get

on an upward spiral in which their intelligence is actually

increasing Meanwhile their peers who think of intelligence

as1047297

xed try to avoid diffi

cult tasks for fear of displaying theirlack of intelligence They enter a downward spiral by avoid-

ing the very occasions in which they could learn smarter

ways of behaving

Eff ort-Based Education and Learnable Intelligence

Principles for Teaching and Learning

The good news is that peoples beliefs about intelligence

arent immutable They respond to the situations in which

people 1047297nd themselves

This means that it is possible to help students develop

learning-oriented goals and an incremental view of inte

gence and thus set them on the upward spiral by which

can become smarter and deliver the kinds of high-level

academic achievement everyone is hoping for To do thi

need to create eff ort based schools in which academic riand a thinking curriculum permeate the school day for e

student

For several years the Institute for Learning at the Univer

of Pittsburgh has been working with school systems acro

the country to set students--and whole school faculties-

the upward getting-smarter spiral A core set of principl

guides this work principles that educators have found b

inspiring and practical These principles which can be

illustrated in multiple examples of speci1047297c school and

classroom practice are based on cognitive research andresearch on learning organizations Here they are in a

nutshell

Organize for E ff ort

An eff ort-based school replaces the assumption that

aptitude determines what and how much students learn

with the assumption that sustained and directed eff ort c

yield high achievement for all students Everything is org

nized to evoke and support this eff ort High minimum

standards are set and all students curriculum is geared

these standards Some students will need extra time and

expert instruction to meet these expectations Providingtime and expertise helps send the message that eff ort is

expected and that tough problems yield to sustained wo

Clear Expectations

If we expect all students to learn at high levels then we n

to de1047297ne what we expect students to learn These expec

tions need to be clear--to school professionals to parent

the community and above all to students themselves W

visible accomplishment targets to aim toward at each sta

of learning students can participate in evaluating their o

work and setting goals for their own eff

ort

Recognition of Accomplishment

Clear recognition of authentic accomplishment is a hallm

of an eff ort-based school This recognition can take the f

of celebrations of work that meets standards or interme

expectations It can also be tied to opportunity to partic

in events that matter to students and their families Prog

points should be articulated so that regardless of their

entering abilities all students meet real accomplishmen

criteria often enough to be recognized frequently

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Fair and Credible Evaluations

Long-term eff ort by students calls for assessment practices

that students 1047297nd fair Most importantly tests exams and

classroom assessments must be aligned to the standards and

the curriculum being studied Fair assessment also means

using tests and exams that are graded against absolutestandards rather than on a curve so students can clearly see

the results of their learning eff orts

Academic Rigor in a Thinking Curriculum

Thinking and problem-solving will be the new basics of the

21st century but the common idea that we can teach

thinking without a solid foundation of knowledge must be

abandoned So must the idea that we can teach knowledge

without engaging students in thinking Knowledge and

thinking must be intimately joined This implies a curriculum

organized around major concepts in each discipline thatstudents are expected to know deeply Teaching must

engage students in active reasoning about these concepts

In every subject at every grade level the curriculum must

include commitment to a knowledge core high thinking

demand and active use of knowledge

Accountable Talk

Talking with others about ideas and work is fundamental to

learning But not all talk sustains learning or creates intelli-

gence For classroom talk to promote learning it must have

certain characteristics that make it accountable Account-

able talk seriously responds to and further develops whatothers in the group have said It puts forth and demands

knowledge that is accurate and relevant to the issue under

discussion Accountable talk uses evidence in ways appropri-

ate to the discipline (for example proofs in mathematics

data from investigations in science textual details in litera-

ture documentary sources in history) Finally it follows

established norms of good reasoning Accountable talk

sharpens students thinking by reinforcing their ability to use

knowledge appropriately As such it helps develop the skills

and the habits of mind that constitute intelligence-in-prac-

tice Teachers can intentionally create the norms and skills ofaccountable talk in their classrooms

Socializing Intelligence

Intelligent habits of mind are learned through the daily

expectations placed on the learner By calling on students to

use the skills of intelligent thinking and accountable talk

and by holding them responsible for doing so educators can

teach intelligence This is what teachers normally do with

students they expect much from it should be standard

practice with all students

Learning as Apprenticeship

For many centuries most people learned by working alo

side an expert who modeled skilled practice and guided

novices as they created authentic products or performan

This kind of apprenticeship learning allowed learners to

acquire the complex interdisciplinary knowledge practicabilities and appropriate forms of social behavior that w

with high levels of skilled performance Learners were

motivated to do the hard work that was involved by the

value placed on their products by people who bought

objects attended performances or requested that impo

community work be done Much of the power of appren

ship learning can be brought into schooling through ap

priate use of extended projects and presentations and b

organizing learning environments so that complex think

and production are modeled and analyzed

As we approach a new century it is increasingly evident

the educational methods we have been using for the pa

years no longer suffice They are based on scienti1047297c assu

tions about the nature of knowledge the learning proce

and diff erential aptitude for learning that have been ecli

by new discoveries Yet changing them has been slow

because the nature of educational reform in this country

largely one of tinkering with institutional arrangements

Rarely has reform penetrated the educational core

But now that is happening With the movement for stan-

dards-based education America has begun to explore thpotential of designing policy structures explicitly to link

testing curriculum textbooks teacher training and

accountability with clearly articulated ideas about what

should be taught and what students should be expected

learn Our hopes for breaking this centurys pattern of

disappointing cycles of reform--and of enabling our

children to function eff ectively in a complex new centu-

ry--rest with this vision of creating eff ort-based systems

grounded in knowledge-based constructivism-- systems

allow all students to reach high standards of achievemen

Lauren B Resnick is the director of the Learning Research an

Development Center at the University of Pittsburgh Details

the research described here appear in Learning Organizati

for Sustainable Education Reform an article co-written wit

Megan Williams Hall (Daedalus Fall 1998)

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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MAKING AMERICA SMARTER

Standards tests and accountability programs are todays

favored tools for raising overall academic achievement

Testing policies are also meant to increase equity to give

poor and minority students a fairer chance by making

expectations clear and providing instruction geared to them

In practice though it is proving hard to meet the twin goalsof equity and higher achievement This is because our

schools are trapped in a set of beliefs about the nature of

ability and aptitude that makes it hard to evoke eff ective

academic eff ort from students and educators

What we learn is a function of both our aptitudes for particu-

lar kinds of learning and the eff ort we put forth Americans

mostly assume that aptitude largely determines what people

can learn in school although they allow that hard work can

compensate for lower doses of innate intelligence Our

schools are largely organized around this belief IQ tests ortheir surrogates are used to determine who has access to

enriched programs As a result some students never get the

chance to study a high-demand high-expectation curricu-

lum

Traditional achievement tests are normed to compare

students against one another rather than against a standard

of excellence This approach makes it difficult to see the

results of learning and thereby discourages eff ort (If one is

going to stay at about the same relative percentile rank no

matter how much one has learned what is the point of

trying hard) Similarly college entrance depends heavily onaptitude-like tests that have little to do with the curriculum

studied Like IQ tests they are designed to spread the

student population out on a statistical scale rather than to

de1047297ne what any particular individual has learned

These commonplace features of the American educational

landscape are institutionalized expressions of a persistent

belief in the importance of inherited aptitude The system

they are part of is self-sustaining Assumptions about

aptitude are continually reinforced by the results of practices

based on those assumptions Students who are held to lowexpectations do not try to break through that barrier

because they accept the judgment that inborn aptitude

matters most and that they have not inherited enough of

that capacity Not surprisingly their performance remains

low Children who have not been taught a demanding

challenging thinking curriculum do poorly on tests of

reasoning or problem-solving con1047297rming many peoples

original suspicions that they lack the talent for high-level

thinking

Two converging lines of research--one from cognitive

science one from social psychology--now give us reason

believe that we dont have to continue in this way We do

need to pit excellence against equity We can harness eff

to create ability and build a smarter America

Intelligence-in-Practice Habits of Mind

For more than 20 years psychologists and other student

the human mind have been experimenting with ways of

teaching the cognitive skills associated with intelligence

These include techniques as varied as generating analog

making logical deductions creating and using memory

and monitoring ones own state of knowledge (metacog

tion) Early experiments on teaching speci1047297c isolated co

ponents of intelligence yielded a common pattern of res

Most of the training was successful in producing immed

gains in performance but people typically ceased usingcognitive techniques they had been taught as soon as th

speci1047297c conditions of training were removed In other wo

they became capable of performing whatever skill was

taught but they acquired no general habit of using it or

capacity to judge for themselves when it was useful

As a result of these 1047297ndings cognitive researchers began

shift their attention to educational strategies that immer

students in demanding longterm intellectual environm

Now positive results are coming in In experimental

programs and in practical school reforms we are seeing

students who over an extended period of time are treatif they are intelligent actually become so If they are taug

demanding content and are expected to explain and 1047297n

connections as well as memorize and repeat they learn

and learn more quickly They think of themselves as lear

They are able to bounce back in the face of short-term

failures

This experience is giving rise to a new conceptualization

intelligence-inpractice Intelligence is the habit of persist

ly trying to understand things and make them function

better Intelligence is working to1047297

gure things out varyinstrategies until a workable solution is found Intelligence

knowing what one does (and doesnt) know seeking inf

mation and organizing that information so that it makes

sense and can be remembered In short ones intelligen

the sum of ones habits of mind

Lauren B Resnick

Education Week Century Series June 1999

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Being Smart and Getting Smart Two Popular Beliefs

About Intelligence

Here is where the research by social psychologists comes in

Two decades of studies have shown that what people

believe about the nature of talent and intelligence--about

what accounts for success and failure--is closely related tothe amount and kind of eff ort they put forth in situations of

learning or problem-solving

Some people believe that intelligence and other forms of

talent are 1047297xed and unchangeable Intelligence is a thing an

entity that is displayed in ones performance Doing well

means that one has ability doing poorly means that one

doesnt According to this belief people who are very talent-

ed perform easily they dont need to work hard to do well

Hence if you want to appear to be smart you should not

appear to be working very hard Any educator working withadolescents knows how this belief can drive some students

away from schoolwork

Other people believe that intelligence is something that

develops and grows These people view ability as a reper-

toire of skills that is continuously expandable through ones

eff orts Intelligence is incremental People can get smart

When people think this way they tend to invest energy to

learn something new or to increase their understanding and

mastery

But it is not just brute eff ort that distinguishes these learnersfrom people who think of intelligence as an entity Incremen-

tal thinkers are particularly likely to apply self-regulatory

metacognitive skills when they encounter task difficulties to

focus on analyzing the task and generating alternative

strategies Most important they seek out opportunities to

hone their skills and knowledge treating task difficulty (and

thus occasional setbacks) as part of the learning challenge

rather than as evidence that they lack intelligence They get

on an upward spiral in which their intelligence is actually

increasing Meanwhile their peers who think of intelligence

as1047297

xed try to avoid diffi

cult tasks for fear of displaying theirlack of intelligence They enter a downward spiral by avoid-

ing the very occasions in which they could learn smarter

ways of behaving

Eff ort-Based Education and Learnable Intelligence

Principles for Teaching and Learning

The good news is that peoples beliefs about intelligence

arent immutable They respond to the situations in which

people 1047297nd themselves

This means that it is possible to help students develop

learning-oriented goals and an incremental view of inte

gence and thus set them on the upward spiral by which

can become smarter and deliver the kinds of high-level

academic achievement everyone is hoping for To do thi

need to create eff ort based schools in which academic riand a thinking curriculum permeate the school day for e

student

For several years the Institute for Learning at the Univer

of Pittsburgh has been working with school systems acro

the country to set students--and whole school faculties-

the upward getting-smarter spiral A core set of principl

guides this work principles that educators have found b

inspiring and practical These principles which can be

illustrated in multiple examples of speci1047297c school and

classroom practice are based on cognitive research andresearch on learning organizations Here they are in a

nutshell

Organize for E ff ort

An eff ort-based school replaces the assumption that

aptitude determines what and how much students learn

with the assumption that sustained and directed eff ort c

yield high achievement for all students Everything is org

nized to evoke and support this eff ort High minimum

standards are set and all students curriculum is geared

these standards Some students will need extra time and

expert instruction to meet these expectations Providingtime and expertise helps send the message that eff ort is

expected and that tough problems yield to sustained wo

Clear Expectations

If we expect all students to learn at high levels then we n

to de1047297ne what we expect students to learn These expec

tions need to be clear--to school professionals to parent

the community and above all to students themselves W

visible accomplishment targets to aim toward at each sta

of learning students can participate in evaluating their o

work and setting goals for their own eff

ort

Recognition of Accomplishment

Clear recognition of authentic accomplishment is a hallm

of an eff ort-based school This recognition can take the f

of celebrations of work that meets standards or interme

expectations It can also be tied to opportunity to partic

in events that matter to students and their families Prog

points should be articulated so that regardless of their

entering abilities all students meet real accomplishmen

criteria often enough to be recognized frequently

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Fair and Credible Evaluations

Long-term eff ort by students calls for assessment practices

that students 1047297nd fair Most importantly tests exams and

classroom assessments must be aligned to the standards and

the curriculum being studied Fair assessment also means

using tests and exams that are graded against absolutestandards rather than on a curve so students can clearly see

the results of their learning eff orts

Academic Rigor in a Thinking Curriculum

Thinking and problem-solving will be the new basics of the

21st century but the common idea that we can teach

thinking without a solid foundation of knowledge must be

abandoned So must the idea that we can teach knowledge

without engaging students in thinking Knowledge and

thinking must be intimately joined This implies a curriculum

organized around major concepts in each discipline thatstudents are expected to know deeply Teaching must

engage students in active reasoning about these concepts

In every subject at every grade level the curriculum must

include commitment to a knowledge core high thinking

demand and active use of knowledge

Accountable Talk

Talking with others about ideas and work is fundamental to

learning But not all talk sustains learning or creates intelli-

gence For classroom talk to promote learning it must have

certain characteristics that make it accountable Account-

able talk seriously responds to and further develops whatothers in the group have said It puts forth and demands

knowledge that is accurate and relevant to the issue under

discussion Accountable talk uses evidence in ways appropri-

ate to the discipline (for example proofs in mathematics

data from investigations in science textual details in litera-

ture documentary sources in history) Finally it follows

established norms of good reasoning Accountable talk

sharpens students thinking by reinforcing their ability to use

knowledge appropriately As such it helps develop the skills

and the habits of mind that constitute intelligence-in-prac-

tice Teachers can intentionally create the norms and skills ofaccountable talk in their classrooms

Socializing Intelligence

Intelligent habits of mind are learned through the daily

expectations placed on the learner By calling on students to

use the skills of intelligent thinking and accountable talk

and by holding them responsible for doing so educators can

teach intelligence This is what teachers normally do with

students they expect much from it should be standard

practice with all students

Learning as Apprenticeship

For many centuries most people learned by working alo

side an expert who modeled skilled practice and guided

novices as they created authentic products or performan

This kind of apprenticeship learning allowed learners to

acquire the complex interdisciplinary knowledge practicabilities and appropriate forms of social behavior that w

with high levels of skilled performance Learners were

motivated to do the hard work that was involved by the

value placed on their products by people who bought

objects attended performances or requested that impo

community work be done Much of the power of appren

ship learning can be brought into schooling through ap

priate use of extended projects and presentations and b

organizing learning environments so that complex think

and production are modeled and analyzed

As we approach a new century it is increasingly evident

the educational methods we have been using for the pa

years no longer suffice They are based on scienti1047297c assu

tions about the nature of knowledge the learning proce

and diff erential aptitude for learning that have been ecli

by new discoveries Yet changing them has been slow

because the nature of educational reform in this country

largely one of tinkering with institutional arrangements

Rarely has reform penetrated the educational core

But now that is happening With the movement for stan-

dards-based education America has begun to explore thpotential of designing policy structures explicitly to link

testing curriculum textbooks teacher training and

accountability with clearly articulated ideas about what

should be taught and what students should be expected

learn Our hopes for breaking this centurys pattern of

disappointing cycles of reform--and of enabling our

children to function eff ectively in a complex new centu-

ry--rest with this vision of creating eff ort-based systems

grounded in knowledge-based constructivism-- systems

allow all students to reach high standards of achievemen

Lauren B Resnick is the director of the Learning Research an

Development Center at the University of Pittsburgh Details

the research described here appear in Learning Organizati

for Sustainable Education Reform an article co-written wit

Megan Williams Hall (Daedalus Fall 1998)

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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MAKING AMERICA SMARTER

Standards tests and accountability programs are todays

favored tools for raising overall academic achievement

Testing policies are also meant to increase equity to give

poor and minority students a fairer chance by making

expectations clear and providing instruction geared to them

In practice though it is proving hard to meet the twin goalsof equity and higher achievement This is because our

schools are trapped in a set of beliefs about the nature of

ability and aptitude that makes it hard to evoke eff ective

academic eff ort from students and educators

What we learn is a function of both our aptitudes for particu-

lar kinds of learning and the eff ort we put forth Americans

mostly assume that aptitude largely determines what people

can learn in school although they allow that hard work can

compensate for lower doses of innate intelligence Our

schools are largely organized around this belief IQ tests ortheir surrogates are used to determine who has access to

enriched programs As a result some students never get the

chance to study a high-demand high-expectation curricu-

lum

Traditional achievement tests are normed to compare

students against one another rather than against a standard

of excellence This approach makes it difficult to see the

results of learning and thereby discourages eff ort (If one is

going to stay at about the same relative percentile rank no

matter how much one has learned what is the point of

trying hard) Similarly college entrance depends heavily onaptitude-like tests that have little to do with the curriculum

studied Like IQ tests they are designed to spread the

student population out on a statistical scale rather than to

de1047297ne what any particular individual has learned

These commonplace features of the American educational

landscape are institutionalized expressions of a persistent

belief in the importance of inherited aptitude The system

they are part of is self-sustaining Assumptions about

aptitude are continually reinforced by the results of practices

based on those assumptions Students who are held to lowexpectations do not try to break through that barrier

because they accept the judgment that inborn aptitude

matters most and that they have not inherited enough of

that capacity Not surprisingly their performance remains

low Children who have not been taught a demanding

challenging thinking curriculum do poorly on tests of

reasoning or problem-solving con1047297rming many peoples

original suspicions that they lack the talent for high-level

thinking

Two converging lines of research--one from cognitive

science one from social psychology--now give us reason

believe that we dont have to continue in this way We do

need to pit excellence against equity We can harness eff

to create ability and build a smarter America

Intelligence-in-Practice Habits of Mind

For more than 20 years psychologists and other student

the human mind have been experimenting with ways of

teaching the cognitive skills associated with intelligence

These include techniques as varied as generating analog

making logical deductions creating and using memory

and monitoring ones own state of knowledge (metacog

tion) Early experiments on teaching speci1047297c isolated co

ponents of intelligence yielded a common pattern of res

Most of the training was successful in producing immed

gains in performance but people typically ceased usingcognitive techniques they had been taught as soon as th

speci1047297c conditions of training were removed In other wo

they became capable of performing whatever skill was

taught but they acquired no general habit of using it or

capacity to judge for themselves when it was useful

As a result of these 1047297ndings cognitive researchers began

shift their attention to educational strategies that immer

students in demanding longterm intellectual environm

Now positive results are coming in In experimental

programs and in practical school reforms we are seeing

students who over an extended period of time are treatif they are intelligent actually become so If they are taug

demanding content and are expected to explain and 1047297n

connections as well as memorize and repeat they learn

and learn more quickly They think of themselves as lear

They are able to bounce back in the face of short-term

failures

This experience is giving rise to a new conceptualization

intelligence-inpractice Intelligence is the habit of persist

ly trying to understand things and make them function

better Intelligence is working to1047297

gure things out varyinstrategies until a workable solution is found Intelligence

knowing what one does (and doesnt) know seeking inf

mation and organizing that information so that it makes

sense and can be remembered In short ones intelligen

the sum of ones habits of mind

Lauren B Resnick

Education Week Century Series June 1999

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Being Smart and Getting Smart Two Popular Beliefs

About Intelligence

Here is where the research by social psychologists comes in

Two decades of studies have shown that what people

believe about the nature of talent and intelligence--about

what accounts for success and failure--is closely related tothe amount and kind of eff ort they put forth in situations of

learning or problem-solving

Some people believe that intelligence and other forms of

talent are 1047297xed and unchangeable Intelligence is a thing an

entity that is displayed in ones performance Doing well

means that one has ability doing poorly means that one

doesnt According to this belief people who are very talent-

ed perform easily they dont need to work hard to do well

Hence if you want to appear to be smart you should not

appear to be working very hard Any educator working withadolescents knows how this belief can drive some students

away from schoolwork

Other people believe that intelligence is something that

develops and grows These people view ability as a reper-

toire of skills that is continuously expandable through ones

eff orts Intelligence is incremental People can get smart

When people think this way they tend to invest energy to

learn something new or to increase their understanding and

mastery

But it is not just brute eff ort that distinguishes these learnersfrom people who think of intelligence as an entity Incremen-

tal thinkers are particularly likely to apply self-regulatory

metacognitive skills when they encounter task difficulties to

focus on analyzing the task and generating alternative

strategies Most important they seek out opportunities to

hone their skills and knowledge treating task difficulty (and

thus occasional setbacks) as part of the learning challenge

rather than as evidence that they lack intelligence They get

on an upward spiral in which their intelligence is actually

increasing Meanwhile their peers who think of intelligence

as1047297

xed try to avoid diffi

cult tasks for fear of displaying theirlack of intelligence They enter a downward spiral by avoid-

ing the very occasions in which they could learn smarter

ways of behaving

Eff ort-Based Education and Learnable Intelligence

Principles for Teaching and Learning

The good news is that peoples beliefs about intelligence

arent immutable They respond to the situations in which

people 1047297nd themselves

This means that it is possible to help students develop

learning-oriented goals and an incremental view of inte

gence and thus set them on the upward spiral by which

can become smarter and deliver the kinds of high-level

academic achievement everyone is hoping for To do thi

need to create eff ort based schools in which academic riand a thinking curriculum permeate the school day for e

student

For several years the Institute for Learning at the Univer

of Pittsburgh has been working with school systems acro

the country to set students--and whole school faculties-

the upward getting-smarter spiral A core set of principl

guides this work principles that educators have found b

inspiring and practical These principles which can be

illustrated in multiple examples of speci1047297c school and

classroom practice are based on cognitive research andresearch on learning organizations Here they are in a

nutshell

Organize for E ff ort

An eff ort-based school replaces the assumption that

aptitude determines what and how much students learn

with the assumption that sustained and directed eff ort c

yield high achievement for all students Everything is org

nized to evoke and support this eff ort High minimum

standards are set and all students curriculum is geared

these standards Some students will need extra time and

expert instruction to meet these expectations Providingtime and expertise helps send the message that eff ort is

expected and that tough problems yield to sustained wo

Clear Expectations

If we expect all students to learn at high levels then we n

to de1047297ne what we expect students to learn These expec

tions need to be clear--to school professionals to parent

the community and above all to students themselves W

visible accomplishment targets to aim toward at each sta

of learning students can participate in evaluating their o

work and setting goals for their own eff

ort

Recognition of Accomplishment

Clear recognition of authentic accomplishment is a hallm

of an eff ort-based school This recognition can take the f

of celebrations of work that meets standards or interme

expectations It can also be tied to opportunity to partic

in events that matter to students and their families Prog

points should be articulated so that regardless of their

entering abilities all students meet real accomplishmen

criteria often enough to be recognized frequently

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Fair and Credible Evaluations

Long-term eff ort by students calls for assessment practices

that students 1047297nd fair Most importantly tests exams and

classroom assessments must be aligned to the standards and

the curriculum being studied Fair assessment also means

using tests and exams that are graded against absolutestandards rather than on a curve so students can clearly see

the results of their learning eff orts

Academic Rigor in a Thinking Curriculum

Thinking and problem-solving will be the new basics of the

21st century but the common idea that we can teach

thinking without a solid foundation of knowledge must be

abandoned So must the idea that we can teach knowledge

without engaging students in thinking Knowledge and

thinking must be intimately joined This implies a curriculum

organized around major concepts in each discipline thatstudents are expected to know deeply Teaching must

engage students in active reasoning about these concepts

In every subject at every grade level the curriculum must

include commitment to a knowledge core high thinking

demand and active use of knowledge

Accountable Talk

Talking with others about ideas and work is fundamental to

learning But not all talk sustains learning or creates intelli-

gence For classroom talk to promote learning it must have

certain characteristics that make it accountable Account-

able talk seriously responds to and further develops whatothers in the group have said It puts forth and demands

knowledge that is accurate and relevant to the issue under

discussion Accountable talk uses evidence in ways appropri-

ate to the discipline (for example proofs in mathematics

data from investigations in science textual details in litera-

ture documentary sources in history) Finally it follows

established norms of good reasoning Accountable talk

sharpens students thinking by reinforcing their ability to use

knowledge appropriately As such it helps develop the skills

and the habits of mind that constitute intelligence-in-prac-

tice Teachers can intentionally create the norms and skills ofaccountable talk in their classrooms

Socializing Intelligence

Intelligent habits of mind are learned through the daily

expectations placed on the learner By calling on students to

use the skills of intelligent thinking and accountable talk

and by holding them responsible for doing so educators can

teach intelligence This is what teachers normally do with

students they expect much from it should be standard

practice with all students

Learning as Apprenticeship

For many centuries most people learned by working alo

side an expert who modeled skilled practice and guided

novices as they created authentic products or performan

This kind of apprenticeship learning allowed learners to

acquire the complex interdisciplinary knowledge practicabilities and appropriate forms of social behavior that w

with high levels of skilled performance Learners were

motivated to do the hard work that was involved by the

value placed on their products by people who bought

objects attended performances or requested that impo

community work be done Much of the power of appren

ship learning can be brought into schooling through ap

priate use of extended projects and presentations and b

organizing learning environments so that complex think

and production are modeled and analyzed

As we approach a new century it is increasingly evident

the educational methods we have been using for the pa

years no longer suffice They are based on scienti1047297c assu

tions about the nature of knowledge the learning proce

and diff erential aptitude for learning that have been ecli

by new discoveries Yet changing them has been slow

because the nature of educational reform in this country

largely one of tinkering with institutional arrangements

Rarely has reform penetrated the educational core

But now that is happening With the movement for stan-

dards-based education America has begun to explore thpotential of designing policy structures explicitly to link

testing curriculum textbooks teacher training and

accountability with clearly articulated ideas about what

should be taught and what students should be expected

learn Our hopes for breaking this centurys pattern of

disappointing cycles of reform--and of enabling our

children to function eff ectively in a complex new centu-

ry--rest with this vision of creating eff ort-based systems

grounded in knowledge-based constructivism-- systems

allow all students to reach high standards of achievemen

Lauren B Resnick is the director of the Learning Research an

Development Center at the University of Pittsburgh Details

the research described here appear in Learning Organizati

for Sustainable Education Reform an article co-written wit

Megan Williams Hall (Daedalus Fall 1998)

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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MAKING AMERICA SMARTER

Standards tests and accountability programs are todays

favored tools for raising overall academic achievement

Testing policies are also meant to increase equity to give

poor and minority students a fairer chance by making

expectations clear and providing instruction geared to them

In practice though it is proving hard to meet the twin goalsof equity and higher achievement This is because our

schools are trapped in a set of beliefs about the nature of

ability and aptitude that makes it hard to evoke eff ective

academic eff ort from students and educators

What we learn is a function of both our aptitudes for particu-

lar kinds of learning and the eff ort we put forth Americans

mostly assume that aptitude largely determines what people

can learn in school although they allow that hard work can

compensate for lower doses of innate intelligence Our

schools are largely organized around this belief IQ tests ortheir surrogates are used to determine who has access to

enriched programs As a result some students never get the

chance to study a high-demand high-expectation curricu-

lum

Traditional achievement tests are normed to compare

students against one another rather than against a standard

of excellence This approach makes it difficult to see the

results of learning and thereby discourages eff ort (If one is

going to stay at about the same relative percentile rank no

matter how much one has learned what is the point of

trying hard) Similarly college entrance depends heavily onaptitude-like tests that have little to do with the curriculum

studied Like IQ tests they are designed to spread the

student population out on a statistical scale rather than to

de1047297ne what any particular individual has learned

These commonplace features of the American educational

landscape are institutionalized expressions of a persistent

belief in the importance of inherited aptitude The system

they are part of is self-sustaining Assumptions about

aptitude are continually reinforced by the results of practices

based on those assumptions Students who are held to lowexpectations do not try to break through that barrier

because they accept the judgment that inborn aptitude

matters most and that they have not inherited enough of

that capacity Not surprisingly their performance remains

low Children who have not been taught a demanding

challenging thinking curriculum do poorly on tests of

reasoning or problem-solving con1047297rming many peoples

original suspicions that they lack the talent for high-level

thinking

Two converging lines of research--one from cognitive

science one from social psychology--now give us reason

believe that we dont have to continue in this way We do

need to pit excellence against equity We can harness eff

to create ability and build a smarter America

Intelligence-in-Practice Habits of Mind

For more than 20 years psychologists and other student

the human mind have been experimenting with ways of

teaching the cognitive skills associated with intelligence

These include techniques as varied as generating analog

making logical deductions creating and using memory

and monitoring ones own state of knowledge (metacog

tion) Early experiments on teaching speci1047297c isolated co

ponents of intelligence yielded a common pattern of res

Most of the training was successful in producing immed

gains in performance but people typically ceased usingcognitive techniques they had been taught as soon as th

speci1047297c conditions of training were removed In other wo

they became capable of performing whatever skill was

taught but they acquired no general habit of using it or

capacity to judge for themselves when it was useful

As a result of these 1047297ndings cognitive researchers began

shift their attention to educational strategies that immer

students in demanding longterm intellectual environm

Now positive results are coming in In experimental

programs and in practical school reforms we are seeing

students who over an extended period of time are treatif they are intelligent actually become so If they are taug

demanding content and are expected to explain and 1047297n

connections as well as memorize and repeat they learn

and learn more quickly They think of themselves as lear

They are able to bounce back in the face of short-term

failures

This experience is giving rise to a new conceptualization

intelligence-inpractice Intelligence is the habit of persist

ly trying to understand things and make them function

better Intelligence is working to1047297

gure things out varyinstrategies until a workable solution is found Intelligence

knowing what one does (and doesnt) know seeking inf

mation and organizing that information so that it makes

sense and can be remembered In short ones intelligen

the sum of ones habits of mind

Lauren B Resnick

Education Week Century Series June 1999

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Being Smart and Getting Smart Two Popular Beliefs

About Intelligence

Here is where the research by social psychologists comes in

Two decades of studies have shown that what people

believe about the nature of talent and intelligence--about

what accounts for success and failure--is closely related tothe amount and kind of eff ort they put forth in situations of

learning or problem-solving

Some people believe that intelligence and other forms of

talent are 1047297xed and unchangeable Intelligence is a thing an

entity that is displayed in ones performance Doing well

means that one has ability doing poorly means that one

doesnt According to this belief people who are very talent-

ed perform easily they dont need to work hard to do well

Hence if you want to appear to be smart you should not

appear to be working very hard Any educator working withadolescents knows how this belief can drive some students

away from schoolwork

Other people believe that intelligence is something that

develops and grows These people view ability as a reper-

toire of skills that is continuously expandable through ones

eff orts Intelligence is incremental People can get smart

When people think this way they tend to invest energy to

learn something new or to increase their understanding and

mastery

But it is not just brute eff ort that distinguishes these learnersfrom people who think of intelligence as an entity Incremen-

tal thinkers are particularly likely to apply self-regulatory

metacognitive skills when they encounter task difficulties to

focus on analyzing the task and generating alternative

strategies Most important they seek out opportunities to

hone their skills and knowledge treating task difficulty (and

thus occasional setbacks) as part of the learning challenge

rather than as evidence that they lack intelligence They get

on an upward spiral in which their intelligence is actually

increasing Meanwhile their peers who think of intelligence

as1047297

xed try to avoid diffi

cult tasks for fear of displaying theirlack of intelligence They enter a downward spiral by avoid-

ing the very occasions in which they could learn smarter

ways of behaving

Eff ort-Based Education and Learnable Intelligence

Principles for Teaching and Learning

The good news is that peoples beliefs about intelligence

arent immutable They respond to the situations in which

people 1047297nd themselves

This means that it is possible to help students develop

learning-oriented goals and an incremental view of inte

gence and thus set them on the upward spiral by which

can become smarter and deliver the kinds of high-level

academic achievement everyone is hoping for To do thi

need to create eff ort based schools in which academic riand a thinking curriculum permeate the school day for e

student

For several years the Institute for Learning at the Univer

of Pittsburgh has been working with school systems acro

the country to set students--and whole school faculties-

the upward getting-smarter spiral A core set of principl

guides this work principles that educators have found b

inspiring and practical These principles which can be

illustrated in multiple examples of speci1047297c school and

classroom practice are based on cognitive research andresearch on learning organizations Here they are in a

nutshell

Organize for E ff ort

An eff ort-based school replaces the assumption that

aptitude determines what and how much students learn

with the assumption that sustained and directed eff ort c

yield high achievement for all students Everything is org

nized to evoke and support this eff ort High minimum

standards are set and all students curriculum is geared

these standards Some students will need extra time and

expert instruction to meet these expectations Providingtime and expertise helps send the message that eff ort is

expected and that tough problems yield to sustained wo

Clear Expectations

If we expect all students to learn at high levels then we n

to de1047297ne what we expect students to learn These expec

tions need to be clear--to school professionals to parent

the community and above all to students themselves W

visible accomplishment targets to aim toward at each sta

of learning students can participate in evaluating their o

work and setting goals for their own eff

ort

Recognition of Accomplishment

Clear recognition of authentic accomplishment is a hallm

of an eff ort-based school This recognition can take the f

of celebrations of work that meets standards or interme

expectations It can also be tied to opportunity to partic

in events that matter to students and their families Prog

points should be articulated so that regardless of their

entering abilities all students meet real accomplishmen

criteria often enough to be recognized frequently

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Fair and Credible Evaluations

Long-term eff ort by students calls for assessment practices

that students 1047297nd fair Most importantly tests exams and

classroom assessments must be aligned to the standards and

the curriculum being studied Fair assessment also means

using tests and exams that are graded against absolutestandards rather than on a curve so students can clearly see

the results of their learning eff orts

Academic Rigor in a Thinking Curriculum

Thinking and problem-solving will be the new basics of the

21st century but the common idea that we can teach

thinking without a solid foundation of knowledge must be

abandoned So must the idea that we can teach knowledge

without engaging students in thinking Knowledge and

thinking must be intimately joined This implies a curriculum

organized around major concepts in each discipline thatstudents are expected to know deeply Teaching must

engage students in active reasoning about these concepts

In every subject at every grade level the curriculum must

include commitment to a knowledge core high thinking

demand and active use of knowledge

Accountable Talk

Talking with others about ideas and work is fundamental to

learning But not all talk sustains learning or creates intelli-

gence For classroom talk to promote learning it must have

certain characteristics that make it accountable Account-

able talk seriously responds to and further develops whatothers in the group have said It puts forth and demands

knowledge that is accurate and relevant to the issue under

discussion Accountable talk uses evidence in ways appropri-

ate to the discipline (for example proofs in mathematics

data from investigations in science textual details in litera-

ture documentary sources in history) Finally it follows

established norms of good reasoning Accountable talk

sharpens students thinking by reinforcing their ability to use

knowledge appropriately As such it helps develop the skills

and the habits of mind that constitute intelligence-in-prac-

tice Teachers can intentionally create the norms and skills ofaccountable talk in their classrooms

Socializing Intelligence

Intelligent habits of mind are learned through the daily

expectations placed on the learner By calling on students to

use the skills of intelligent thinking and accountable talk

and by holding them responsible for doing so educators can

teach intelligence This is what teachers normally do with

students they expect much from it should be standard

practice with all students

Learning as Apprenticeship

For many centuries most people learned by working alo

side an expert who modeled skilled practice and guided

novices as they created authentic products or performan

This kind of apprenticeship learning allowed learners to

acquire the complex interdisciplinary knowledge practicabilities and appropriate forms of social behavior that w

with high levels of skilled performance Learners were

motivated to do the hard work that was involved by the

value placed on their products by people who bought

objects attended performances or requested that impo

community work be done Much of the power of appren

ship learning can be brought into schooling through ap

priate use of extended projects and presentations and b

organizing learning environments so that complex think

and production are modeled and analyzed

As we approach a new century it is increasingly evident

the educational methods we have been using for the pa

years no longer suffice They are based on scienti1047297c assu

tions about the nature of knowledge the learning proce

and diff erential aptitude for learning that have been ecli

by new discoveries Yet changing them has been slow

because the nature of educational reform in this country

largely one of tinkering with institutional arrangements

Rarely has reform penetrated the educational core

But now that is happening With the movement for stan-

dards-based education America has begun to explore thpotential of designing policy structures explicitly to link

testing curriculum textbooks teacher training and

accountability with clearly articulated ideas about what

should be taught and what students should be expected

learn Our hopes for breaking this centurys pattern of

disappointing cycles of reform--and of enabling our

children to function eff ectively in a complex new centu-

ry--rest with this vision of creating eff ort-based systems

grounded in knowledge-based constructivism-- systems

allow all students to reach high standards of achievemen

Lauren B Resnick is the director of the Learning Research an

Development Center at the University of Pittsburgh Details

the research described here appear in Learning Organizati

for Sustainable Education Reform an article co-written wit

Megan Williams Hall (Daedalus Fall 1998)

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MAKING AMERICA SMARTER

Standards tests and accountability programs are todays

favored tools for raising overall academic achievement

Testing policies are also meant to increase equity to give

poor and minority students a fairer chance by making

expectations clear and providing instruction geared to them

In practice though it is proving hard to meet the twin goalsof equity and higher achievement This is because our

schools are trapped in a set of beliefs about the nature of

ability and aptitude that makes it hard to evoke eff ective

academic eff ort from students and educators

What we learn is a function of both our aptitudes for particu-

lar kinds of learning and the eff ort we put forth Americans

mostly assume that aptitude largely determines what people

can learn in school although they allow that hard work can

compensate for lower doses of innate intelligence Our

schools are largely organized around this belief IQ tests ortheir surrogates are used to determine who has access to

enriched programs As a result some students never get the

chance to study a high-demand high-expectation curricu-

lum

Traditional achievement tests are normed to compare

students against one another rather than against a standard

of excellence This approach makes it difficult to see the

results of learning and thereby discourages eff ort (If one is

going to stay at about the same relative percentile rank no

matter how much one has learned what is the point of

trying hard) Similarly college entrance depends heavily onaptitude-like tests that have little to do with the curriculum

studied Like IQ tests they are designed to spread the

student population out on a statistical scale rather than to

de1047297ne what any particular individual has learned

These commonplace features of the American educational

landscape are institutionalized expressions of a persistent

belief in the importance of inherited aptitude The system

they are part of is self-sustaining Assumptions about

aptitude are continually reinforced by the results of practices

based on those assumptions Students who are held to lowexpectations do not try to break through that barrier

because they accept the judgment that inborn aptitude

matters most and that they have not inherited enough of

that capacity Not surprisingly their performance remains

low Children who have not been taught a demanding

challenging thinking curriculum do poorly on tests of

reasoning or problem-solving con1047297rming many peoples

original suspicions that they lack the talent for high-level

thinking

Two converging lines of research--one from cognitive

science one from social psychology--now give us reason

believe that we dont have to continue in this way We do

need to pit excellence against equity We can harness eff

to create ability and build a smarter America

Intelligence-in-Practice Habits of Mind

For more than 20 years psychologists and other student

the human mind have been experimenting with ways of

teaching the cognitive skills associated with intelligence

These include techniques as varied as generating analog

making logical deductions creating and using memory

and monitoring ones own state of knowledge (metacog

tion) Early experiments on teaching speci1047297c isolated co

ponents of intelligence yielded a common pattern of res

Most of the training was successful in producing immed

gains in performance but people typically ceased usingcognitive techniques they had been taught as soon as th

speci1047297c conditions of training were removed In other wo

they became capable of performing whatever skill was

taught but they acquired no general habit of using it or

capacity to judge for themselves when it was useful

As a result of these 1047297ndings cognitive researchers began

shift their attention to educational strategies that immer

students in demanding longterm intellectual environm

Now positive results are coming in In experimental

programs and in practical school reforms we are seeing

students who over an extended period of time are treatif they are intelligent actually become so If they are taug

demanding content and are expected to explain and 1047297n

connections as well as memorize and repeat they learn

and learn more quickly They think of themselves as lear

They are able to bounce back in the face of short-term

failures

This experience is giving rise to a new conceptualization

intelligence-inpractice Intelligence is the habit of persist

ly trying to understand things and make them function

better Intelligence is working to1047297

gure things out varyinstrategies until a workable solution is found Intelligence

knowing what one does (and doesnt) know seeking inf

mation and organizing that information so that it makes

sense and can be remembered In short ones intelligen

the sum of ones habits of mind

Lauren B Resnick

Education Week Century Series June 1999

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Being Smart and Getting Smart Two Popular Beliefs

About Intelligence

Here is where the research by social psychologists comes in

Two decades of studies have shown that what people

believe about the nature of talent and intelligence--about

what accounts for success and failure--is closely related tothe amount and kind of eff ort they put forth in situations of

learning or problem-solving

Some people believe that intelligence and other forms of

talent are 1047297xed and unchangeable Intelligence is a thing an

entity that is displayed in ones performance Doing well

means that one has ability doing poorly means that one

doesnt According to this belief people who are very talent-

ed perform easily they dont need to work hard to do well

Hence if you want to appear to be smart you should not

appear to be working very hard Any educator working withadolescents knows how this belief can drive some students

away from schoolwork

Other people believe that intelligence is something that

develops and grows These people view ability as a reper-

toire of skills that is continuously expandable through ones

eff orts Intelligence is incremental People can get smart

When people think this way they tend to invest energy to

learn something new or to increase their understanding and

mastery

But it is not just brute eff ort that distinguishes these learnersfrom people who think of intelligence as an entity Incremen-

tal thinkers are particularly likely to apply self-regulatory

metacognitive skills when they encounter task difficulties to

focus on analyzing the task and generating alternative

strategies Most important they seek out opportunities to

hone their skills and knowledge treating task difficulty (and

thus occasional setbacks) as part of the learning challenge

rather than as evidence that they lack intelligence They get

on an upward spiral in which their intelligence is actually

increasing Meanwhile their peers who think of intelligence

as1047297

xed try to avoid diffi

cult tasks for fear of displaying theirlack of intelligence They enter a downward spiral by avoid-

ing the very occasions in which they could learn smarter

ways of behaving

Eff ort-Based Education and Learnable Intelligence

Principles for Teaching and Learning

The good news is that peoples beliefs about intelligence

arent immutable They respond to the situations in which

people 1047297nd themselves

This means that it is possible to help students develop

learning-oriented goals and an incremental view of inte

gence and thus set them on the upward spiral by which

can become smarter and deliver the kinds of high-level

academic achievement everyone is hoping for To do thi

need to create eff ort based schools in which academic riand a thinking curriculum permeate the school day for e

student

For several years the Institute for Learning at the Univer

of Pittsburgh has been working with school systems acro

the country to set students--and whole school faculties-

the upward getting-smarter spiral A core set of principl

guides this work principles that educators have found b

inspiring and practical These principles which can be

illustrated in multiple examples of speci1047297c school and

classroom practice are based on cognitive research andresearch on learning organizations Here they are in a

nutshell

Organize for E ff ort

An eff ort-based school replaces the assumption that

aptitude determines what and how much students learn

with the assumption that sustained and directed eff ort c

yield high achievement for all students Everything is org

nized to evoke and support this eff ort High minimum

standards are set and all students curriculum is geared

these standards Some students will need extra time and

expert instruction to meet these expectations Providingtime and expertise helps send the message that eff ort is

expected and that tough problems yield to sustained wo

Clear Expectations

If we expect all students to learn at high levels then we n

to de1047297ne what we expect students to learn These expec

tions need to be clear--to school professionals to parent

the community and above all to students themselves W

visible accomplishment targets to aim toward at each sta

of learning students can participate in evaluating their o

work and setting goals for their own eff

ort

Recognition of Accomplishment

Clear recognition of authentic accomplishment is a hallm

of an eff ort-based school This recognition can take the f

of celebrations of work that meets standards or interme

expectations It can also be tied to opportunity to partic

in events that matter to students and their families Prog

points should be articulated so that regardless of their

entering abilities all students meet real accomplishmen

criteria often enough to be recognized frequently

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Fair and Credible Evaluations

Long-term eff ort by students calls for assessment practices

that students 1047297nd fair Most importantly tests exams and

classroom assessments must be aligned to the standards and

the curriculum being studied Fair assessment also means

using tests and exams that are graded against absolutestandards rather than on a curve so students can clearly see

the results of their learning eff orts

Academic Rigor in a Thinking Curriculum

Thinking and problem-solving will be the new basics of the

21st century but the common idea that we can teach

thinking without a solid foundation of knowledge must be

abandoned So must the idea that we can teach knowledge

without engaging students in thinking Knowledge and

thinking must be intimately joined This implies a curriculum

organized around major concepts in each discipline thatstudents are expected to know deeply Teaching must

engage students in active reasoning about these concepts

In every subject at every grade level the curriculum must

include commitment to a knowledge core high thinking

demand and active use of knowledge

Accountable Talk

Talking with others about ideas and work is fundamental to

learning But not all talk sustains learning or creates intelli-

gence For classroom talk to promote learning it must have

certain characteristics that make it accountable Account-

able talk seriously responds to and further develops whatothers in the group have said It puts forth and demands

knowledge that is accurate and relevant to the issue under

discussion Accountable talk uses evidence in ways appropri-

ate to the discipline (for example proofs in mathematics

data from investigations in science textual details in litera-

ture documentary sources in history) Finally it follows

established norms of good reasoning Accountable talk

sharpens students thinking by reinforcing their ability to use

knowledge appropriately As such it helps develop the skills

and the habits of mind that constitute intelligence-in-prac-

tice Teachers can intentionally create the norms and skills ofaccountable talk in their classrooms

Socializing Intelligence

Intelligent habits of mind are learned through the daily

expectations placed on the learner By calling on students to

use the skills of intelligent thinking and accountable talk

and by holding them responsible for doing so educators can

teach intelligence This is what teachers normally do with

students they expect much from it should be standard

practice with all students

Learning as Apprenticeship

For many centuries most people learned by working alo

side an expert who modeled skilled practice and guided

novices as they created authentic products or performan

This kind of apprenticeship learning allowed learners to

acquire the complex interdisciplinary knowledge practicabilities and appropriate forms of social behavior that w

with high levels of skilled performance Learners were

motivated to do the hard work that was involved by the

value placed on their products by people who bought

objects attended performances or requested that impo

community work be done Much of the power of appren

ship learning can be brought into schooling through ap

priate use of extended projects and presentations and b

organizing learning environments so that complex think

and production are modeled and analyzed

As we approach a new century it is increasingly evident

the educational methods we have been using for the pa

years no longer suffice They are based on scienti1047297c assu

tions about the nature of knowledge the learning proce

and diff erential aptitude for learning that have been ecli

by new discoveries Yet changing them has been slow

because the nature of educational reform in this country

largely one of tinkering with institutional arrangements

Rarely has reform penetrated the educational core

But now that is happening With the movement for stan-

dards-based education America has begun to explore thpotential of designing policy structures explicitly to link

testing curriculum textbooks teacher training and

accountability with clearly articulated ideas about what

should be taught and what students should be expected

learn Our hopes for breaking this centurys pattern of

disappointing cycles of reform--and of enabling our

children to function eff ectively in a complex new centu-

ry--rest with this vision of creating eff ort-based systems

grounded in knowledge-based constructivism-- systems

allow all students to reach high standards of achievemen

Lauren B Resnick is the director of the Learning Research an

Development Center at the University of Pittsburgh Details

the research described here appear in Learning Organizati

for Sustainable Education Reform an article co-written wit

Megan Williams Hall (Daedalus Fall 1998)

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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MAKING AMERICA SMARTER

Standards tests and accountability programs are todays

favored tools for raising overall academic achievement

Testing policies are also meant to increase equity to give

poor and minority students a fairer chance by making

expectations clear and providing instruction geared to them

In practice though it is proving hard to meet the twin goalsof equity and higher achievement This is because our

schools are trapped in a set of beliefs about the nature of

ability and aptitude that makes it hard to evoke eff ective

academic eff ort from students and educators

What we learn is a function of both our aptitudes for particu-

lar kinds of learning and the eff ort we put forth Americans

mostly assume that aptitude largely determines what people

can learn in school although they allow that hard work can

compensate for lower doses of innate intelligence Our

schools are largely organized around this belief IQ tests ortheir surrogates are used to determine who has access to

enriched programs As a result some students never get the

chance to study a high-demand high-expectation curricu-

lum

Traditional achievement tests are normed to compare

students against one another rather than against a standard

of excellence This approach makes it difficult to see the

results of learning and thereby discourages eff ort (If one is

going to stay at about the same relative percentile rank no

matter how much one has learned what is the point of

trying hard) Similarly college entrance depends heavily onaptitude-like tests that have little to do with the curriculum

studied Like IQ tests they are designed to spread the

student population out on a statistical scale rather than to

de1047297ne what any particular individual has learned

These commonplace features of the American educational

landscape are institutionalized expressions of a persistent

belief in the importance of inherited aptitude The system

they are part of is self-sustaining Assumptions about

aptitude are continually reinforced by the results of practices

based on those assumptions Students who are held to lowexpectations do not try to break through that barrier

because they accept the judgment that inborn aptitude

matters most and that they have not inherited enough of

that capacity Not surprisingly their performance remains

low Children who have not been taught a demanding

challenging thinking curriculum do poorly on tests of

reasoning or problem-solving con1047297rming many peoples

original suspicions that they lack the talent for high-level

thinking

Two converging lines of research--one from cognitive

science one from social psychology--now give us reason

believe that we dont have to continue in this way We do

need to pit excellence against equity We can harness eff

to create ability and build a smarter America

Intelligence-in-Practice Habits of Mind

For more than 20 years psychologists and other student

the human mind have been experimenting with ways of

teaching the cognitive skills associated with intelligence

These include techniques as varied as generating analog

making logical deductions creating and using memory

and monitoring ones own state of knowledge (metacog

tion) Early experiments on teaching speci1047297c isolated co

ponents of intelligence yielded a common pattern of res

Most of the training was successful in producing immed

gains in performance but people typically ceased usingcognitive techniques they had been taught as soon as th

speci1047297c conditions of training were removed In other wo

they became capable of performing whatever skill was

taught but they acquired no general habit of using it or

capacity to judge for themselves when it was useful

As a result of these 1047297ndings cognitive researchers began

shift their attention to educational strategies that immer

students in demanding longterm intellectual environm

Now positive results are coming in In experimental

programs and in practical school reforms we are seeing

students who over an extended period of time are treatif they are intelligent actually become so If they are taug

demanding content and are expected to explain and 1047297n

connections as well as memorize and repeat they learn

and learn more quickly They think of themselves as lear

They are able to bounce back in the face of short-term

failures

This experience is giving rise to a new conceptualization

intelligence-inpractice Intelligence is the habit of persist

ly trying to understand things and make them function

better Intelligence is working to1047297

gure things out varyinstrategies until a workable solution is found Intelligence

knowing what one does (and doesnt) know seeking inf

mation and organizing that information so that it makes

sense and can be remembered In short ones intelligen

the sum of ones habits of mind

Lauren B Resnick

Education Week Century Series June 1999

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Being Smart and Getting Smart Two Popular Beliefs

About Intelligence

Here is where the research by social psychologists comes in

Two decades of studies have shown that what people

believe about the nature of talent and intelligence--about

what accounts for success and failure--is closely related tothe amount and kind of eff ort they put forth in situations of

learning or problem-solving

Some people believe that intelligence and other forms of

talent are 1047297xed and unchangeable Intelligence is a thing an

entity that is displayed in ones performance Doing well

means that one has ability doing poorly means that one

doesnt According to this belief people who are very talent-

ed perform easily they dont need to work hard to do well

Hence if you want to appear to be smart you should not

appear to be working very hard Any educator working withadolescents knows how this belief can drive some students

away from schoolwork

Other people believe that intelligence is something that

develops and grows These people view ability as a reper-

toire of skills that is continuously expandable through ones

eff orts Intelligence is incremental People can get smart

When people think this way they tend to invest energy to

learn something new or to increase their understanding and

mastery

But it is not just brute eff ort that distinguishes these learnersfrom people who think of intelligence as an entity Incremen-

tal thinkers are particularly likely to apply self-regulatory

metacognitive skills when they encounter task difficulties to

focus on analyzing the task and generating alternative

strategies Most important they seek out opportunities to

hone their skills and knowledge treating task difficulty (and

thus occasional setbacks) as part of the learning challenge

rather than as evidence that they lack intelligence They get

on an upward spiral in which their intelligence is actually

increasing Meanwhile their peers who think of intelligence

as1047297

xed try to avoid diffi

cult tasks for fear of displaying theirlack of intelligence They enter a downward spiral by avoid-

ing the very occasions in which they could learn smarter

ways of behaving

Eff ort-Based Education and Learnable Intelligence

Principles for Teaching and Learning

The good news is that peoples beliefs about intelligence

arent immutable They respond to the situations in which

people 1047297nd themselves

This means that it is possible to help students develop

learning-oriented goals and an incremental view of inte

gence and thus set them on the upward spiral by which

can become smarter and deliver the kinds of high-level

academic achievement everyone is hoping for To do thi

need to create eff ort based schools in which academic riand a thinking curriculum permeate the school day for e

student

For several years the Institute for Learning at the Univer

of Pittsburgh has been working with school systems acro

the country to set students--and whole school faculties-

the upward getting-smarter spiral A core set of principl

guides this work principles that educators have found b

inspiring and practical These principles which can be

illustrated in multiple examples of speci1047297c school and

classroom practice are based on cognitive research andresearch on learning organizations Here they are in a

nutshell

Organize for E ff ort

An eff ort-based school replaces the assumption that

aptitude determines what and how much students learn

with the assumption that sustained and directed eff ort c

yield high achievement for all students Everything is org

nized to evoke and support this eff ort High minimum

standards are set and all students curriculum is geared

these standards Some students will need extra time and

expert instruction to meet these expectations Providingtime and expertise helps send the message that eff ort is

expected and that tough problems yield to sustained wo

Clear Expectations

If we expect all students to learn at high levels then we n

to de1047297ne what we expect students to learn These expec

tions need to be clear--to school professionals to parent

the community and above all to students themselves W

visible accomplishment targets to aim toward at each sta

of learning students can participate in evaluating their o

work and setting goals for their own eff

ort

Recognition of Accomplishment

Clear recognition of authentic accomplishment is a hallm

of an eff ort-based school This recognition can take the f

of celebrations of work that meets standards or interme

expectations It can also be tied to opportunity to partic

in events that matter to students and their families Prog

points should be articulated so that regardless of their

entering abilities all students meet real accomplishmen

criteria often enough to be recognized frequently

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Fair and Credible Evaluations

Long-term eff ort by students calls for assessment practices

that students 1047297nd fair Most importantly tests exams and

classroom assessments must be aligned to the standards and

the curriculum being studied Fair assessment also means

using tests and exams that are graded against absolutestandards rather than on a curve so students can clearly see

the results of their learning eff orts

Academic Rigor in a Thinking Curriculum

Thinking and problem-solving will be the new basics of the

21st century but the common idea that we can teach

thinking without a solid foundation of knowledge must be

abandoned So must the idea that we can teach knowledge

without engaging students in thinking Knowledge and

thinking must be intimately joined This implies a curriculum

organized around major concepts in each discipline thatstudents are expected to know deeply Teaching must

engage students in active reasoning about these concepts

In every subject at every grade level the curriculum must

include commitment to a knowledge core high thinking

demand and active use of knowledge

Accountable Talk

Talking with others about ideas and work is fundamental to

learning But not all talk sustains learning or creates intelli-

gence For classroom talk to promote learning it must have

certain characteristics that make it accountable Account-

able talk seriously responds to and further develops whatothers in the group have said It puts forth and demands

knowledge that is accurate and relevant to the issue under

discussion Accountable talk uses evidence in ways appropri-

ate to the discipline (for example proofs in mathematics

data from investigations in science textual details in litera-

ture documentary sources in history) Finally it follows

established norms of good reasoning Accountable talk

sharpens students thinking by reinforcing their ability to use

knowledge appropriately As such it helps develop the skills

and the habits of mind that constitute intelligence-in-prac-

tice Teachers can intentionally create the norms and skills ofaccountable talk in their classrooms

Socializing Intelligence

Intelligent habits of mind are learned through the daily

expectations placed on the learner By calling on students to

use the skills of intelligent thinking and accountable talk

and by holding them responsible for doing so educators can

teach intelligence This is what teachers normally do with

students they expect much from it should be standard

practice with all students

Learning as Apprenticeship

For many centuries most people learned by working alo

side an expert who modeled skilled practice and guided

novices as they created authentic products or performan

This kind of apprenticeship learning allowed learners to

acquire the complex interdisciplinary knowledge practicabilities and appropriate forms of social behavior that w

with high levels of skilled performance Learners were

motivated to do the hard work that was involved by the

value placed on their products by people who bought

objects attended performances or requested that impo

community work be done Much of the power of appren

ship learning can be brought into schooling through ap

priate use of extended projects and presentations and b

organizing learning environments so that complex think

and production are modeled and analyzed

As we approach a new century it is increasingly evident

the educational methods we have been using for the pa

years no longer suffice They are based on scienti1047297c assu

tions about the nature of knowledge the learning proce

and diff erential aptitude for learning that have been ecli

by new discoveries Yet changing them has been slow

because the nature of educational reform in this country

largely one of tinkering with institutional arrangements

Rarely has reform penetrated the educational core

But now that is happening With the movement for stan-

dards-based education America has begun to explore thpotential of designing policy structures explicitly to link

testing curriculum textbooks teacher training and

accountability with clearly articulated ideas about what

should be taught and what students should be expected

learn Our hopes for breaking this centurys pattern of

disappointing cycles of reform--and of enabling our

children to function eff ectively in a complex new centu-

ry--rest with this vision of creating eff ort-based systems

grounded in knowledge-based constructivism-- systems

allow all students to reach high standards of achievemen

Lauren B Resnick is the director of the Learning Research an

Development Center at the University of Pittsburgh Details

the research described here appear in Learning Organizati

for Sustainable Education Reform an article co-written wit

Megan Williams Hall (Daedalus Fall 1998)

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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MAKING AMERICA SMARTER

Standards tests and accountability programs are todays

favored tools for raising overall academic achievement

Testing policies are also meant to increase equity to give

poor and minority students a fairer chance by making

expectations clear and providing instruction geared to them

In practice though it is proving hard to meet the twin goalsof equity and higher achievement This is because our

schools are trapped in a set of beliefs about the nature of

ability and aptitude that makes it hard to evoke eff ective

academic eff ort from students and educators

What we learn is a function of both our aptitudes for particu-

lar kinds of learning and the eff ort we put forth Americans

mostly assume that aptitude largely determines what people

can learn in school although they allow that hard work can

compensate for lower doses of innate intelligence Our

schools are largely organized around this belief IQ tests ortheir surrogates are used to determine who has access to

enriched programs As a result some students never get the

chance to study a high-demand high-expectation curricu-

lum

Traditional achievement tests are normed to compare

students against one another rather than against a standard

of excellence This approach makes it difficult to see the

results of learning and thereby discourages eff ort (If one is

going to stay at about the same relative percentile rank no

matter how much one has learned what is the point of

trying hard) Similarly college entrance depends heavily onaptitude-like tests that have little to do with the curriculum

studied Like IQ tests they are designed to spread the

student population out on a statistical scale rather than to

de1047297ne what any particular individual has learned

These commonplace features of the American educational

landscape are institutionalized expressions of a persistent

belief in the importance of inherited aptitude The system

they are part of is self-sustaining Assumptions about

aptitude are continually reinforced by the results of practices

based on those assumptions Students who are held to lowexpectations do not try to break through that barrier

because they accept the judgment that inborn aptitude

matters most and that they have not inherited enough of

that capacity Not surprisingly their performance remains

low Children who have not been taught a demanding

challenging thinking curriculum do poorly on tests of

reasoning or problem-solving con1047297rming many peoples

original suspicions that they lack the talent for high-level

thinking

Two converging lines of research--one from cognitive

science one from social psychology--now give us reason

believe that we dont have to continue in this way We do

need to pit excellence against equity We can harness eff

to create ability and build a smarter America

Intelligence-in-Practice Habits of Mind

For more than 20 years psychologists and other student

the human mind have been experimenting with ways of

teaching the cognitive skills associated with intelligence

These include techniques as varied as generating analog

making logical deductions creating and using memory

and monitoring ones own state of knowledge (metacog

tion) Early experiments on teaching speci1047297c isolated co

ponents of intelligence yielded a common pattern of res

Most of the training was successful in producing immed

gains in performance but people typically ceased usingcognitive techniques they had been taught as soon as th

speci1047297c conditions of training were removed In other wo

they became capable of performing whatever skill was

taught but they acquired no general habit of using it or

capacity to judge for themselves when it was useful

As a result of these 1047297ndings cognitive researchers began

shift their attention to educational strategies that immer

students in demanding longterm intellectual environm

Now positive results are coming in In experimental

programs and in practical school reforms we are seeing

students who over an extended period of time are treatif they are intelligent actually become so If they are taug

demanding content and are expected to explain and 1047297n

connections as well as memorize and repeat they learn

and learn more quickly They think of themselves as lear

They are able to bounce back in the face of short-term

failures

This experience is giving rise to a new conceptualization

intelligence-inpractice Intelligence is the habit of persist

ly trying to understand things and make them function

better Intelligence is working to1047297

gure things out varyinstrategies until a workable solution is found Intelligence

knowing what one does (and doesnt) know seeking inf

mation and organizing that information so that it makes

sense and can be remembered In short ones intelligen

the sum of ones habits of mind

Lauren B Resnick

Education Week Century Series June 1999

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Being Smart and Getting Smart Two Popular Beliefs

About Intelligence

Here is where the research by social psychologists comes in

Two decades of studies have shown that what people

believe about the nature of talent and intelligence--about

what accounts for success and failure--is closely related tothe amount and kind of eff ort they put forth in situations of

learning or problem-solving

Some people believe that intelligence and other forms of

talent are 1047297xed and unchangeable Intelligence is a thing an

entity that is displayed in ones performance Doing well

means that one has ability doing poorly means that one

doesnt According to this belief people who are very talent-

ed perform easily they dont need to work hard to do well

Hence if you want to appear to be smart you should not

appear to be working very hard Any educator working withadolescents knows how this belief can drive some students

away from schoolwork

Other people believe that intelligence is something that

develops and grows These people view ability as a reper-

toire of skills that is continuously expandable through ones

eff orts Intelligence is incremental People can get smart

When people think this way they tend to invest energy to

learn something new or to increase their understanding and

mastery

But it is not just brute eff ort that distinguishes these learnersfrom people who think of intelligence as an entity Incremen-

tal thinkers are particularly likely to apply self-regulatory

metacognitive skills when they encounter task difficulties to

focus on analyzing the task and generating alternative

strategies Most important they seek out opportunities to

hone their skills and knowledge treating task difficulty (and

thus occasional setbacks) as part of the learning challenge

rather than as evidence that they lack intelligence They get

on an upward spiral in which their intelligence is actually

increasing Meanwhile their peers who think of intelligence

as1047297

xed try to avoid diffi

cult tasks for fear of displaying theirlack of intelligence They enter a downward spiral by avoid-

ing the very occasions in which they could learn smarter

ways of behaving

Eff ort-Based Education and Learnable Intelligence

Principles for Teaching and Learning

The good news is that peoples beliefs about intelligence

arent immutable They respond to the situations in which

people 1047297nd themselves

This means that it is possible to help students develop

learning-oriented goals and an incremental view of inte

gence and thus set them on the upward spiral by which

can become smarter and deliver the kinds of high-level

academic achievement everyone is hoping for To do thi

need to create eff ort based schools in which academic riand a thinking curriculum permeate the school day for e

student

For several years the Institute for Learning at the Univer

of Pittsburgh has been working with school systems acro

the country to set students--and whole school faculties-

the upward getting-smarter spiral A core set of principl

guides this work principles that educators have found b

inspiring and practical These principles which can be

illustrated in multiple examples of speci1047297c school and

classroom practice are based on cognitive research andresearch on learning organizations Here they are in a

nutshell

Organize for E ff ort

An eff ort-based school replaces the assumption that

aptitude determines what and how much students learn

with the assumption that sustained and directed eff ort c

yield high achievement for all students Everything is org

nized to evoke and support this eff ort High minimum

standards are set and all students curriculum is geared

these standards Some students will need extra time and

expert instruction to meet these expectations Providingtime and expertise helps send the message that eff ort is

expected and that tough problems yield to sustained wo

Clear Expectations

If we expect all students to learn at high levels then we n

to de1047297ne what we expect students to learn These expec

tions need to be clear--to school professionals to parent

the community and above all to students themselves W

visible accomplishment targets to aim toward at each sta

of learning students can participate in evaluating their o

work and setting goals for their own eff

ort

Recognition of Accomplishment

Clear recognition of authentic accomplishment is a hallm

of an eff ort-based school This recognition can take the f

of celebrations of work that meets standards or interme

expectations It can also be tied to opportunity to partic

in events that matter to students and their families Prog

points should be articulated so that regardless of their

entering abilities all students meet real accomplishmen

criteria often enough to be recognized frequently

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Fair and Credible Evaluations

Long-term eff ort by students calls for assessment practices

that students 1047297nd fair Most importantly tests exams and

classroom assessments must be aligned to the standards and

the curriculum being studied Fair assessment also means

using tests and exams that are graded against absolutestandards rather than on a curve so students can clearly see

the results of their learning eff orts

Academic Rigor in a Thinking Curriculum

Thinking and problem-solving will be the new basics of the

21st century but the common idea that we can teach

thinking without a solid foundation of knowledge must be

abandoned So must the idea that we can teach knowledge

without engaging students in thinking Knowledge and

thinking must be intimately joined This implies a curriculum

organized around major concepts in each discipline thatstudents are expected to know deeply Teaching must

engage students in active reasoning about these concepts

In every subject at every grade level the curriculum must

include commitment to a knowledge core high thinking

demand and active use of knowledge

Accountable Talk

Talking with others about ideas and work is fundamental to

learning But not all talk sustains learning or creates intelli-

gence For classroom talk to promote learning it must have

certain characteristics that make it accountable Account-

able talk seriously responds to and further develops whatothers in the group have said It puts forth and demands

knowledge that is accurate and relevant to the issue under

discussion Accountable talk uses evidence in ways appropri-

ate to the discipline (for example proofs in mathematics

data from investigations in science textual details in litera-

ture documentary sources in history) Finally it follows

established norms of good reasoning Accountable talk

sharpens students thinking by reinforcing their ability to use

knowledge appropriately As such it helps develop the skills

and the habits of mind that constitute intelligence-in-prac-

tice Teachers can intentionally create the norms and skills ofaccountable talk in their classrooms

Socializing Intelligence

Intelligent habits of mind are learned through the daily

expectations placed on the learner By calling on students to

use the skills of intelligent thinking and accountable talk

and by holding them responsible for doing so educators can

teach intelligence This is what teachers normally do with

students they expect much from it should be standard

practice with all students

Learning as Apprenticeship

For many centuries most people learned by working alo

side an expert who modeled skilled practice and guided

novices as they created authentic products or performan

This kind of apprenticeship learning allowed learners to

acquire the complex interdisciplinary knowledge practicabilities and appropriate forms of social behavior that w

with high levels of skilled performance Learners were

motivated to do the hard work that was involved by the

value placed on their products by people who bought

objects attended performances or requested that impo

community work be done Much of the power of appren

ship learning can be brought into schooling through ap

priate use of extended projects and presentations and b

organizing learning environments so that complex think

and production are modeled and analyzed

As we approach a new century it is increasingly evident

the educational methods we have been using for the pa

years no longer suffice They are based on scienti1047297c assu

tions about the nature of knowledge the learning proce

and diff erential aptitude for learning that have been ecli

by new discoveries Yet changing them has been slow

because the nature of educational reform in this country

largely one of tinkering with institutional arrangements

Rarely has reform penetrated the educational core

But now that is happening With the movement for stan-

dards-based education America has begun to explore thpotential of designing policy structures explicitly to link

testing curriculum textbooks teacher training and

accountability with clearly articulated ideas about what

should be taught and what students should be expected

learn Our hopes for breaking this centurys pattern of

disappointing cycles of reform--and of enabling our

children to function eff ectively in a complex new centu-

ry--rest with this vision of creating eff ort-based systems

grounded in knowledge-based constructivism-- systems

allow all students to reach high standards of achievemen

Lauren B Resnick is the director of the Learning Research an

Development Center at the University of Pittsburgh Details

the research described here appear in Learning Organizati

for Sustainable Education Reform an article co-written wit

Megan Williams Hall (Daedalus Fall 1998)

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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MAKING AMERICA SMARTER

Standards tests and accountability programs are todays

favored tools for raising overall academic achievement

Testing policies are also meant to increase equity to give

poor and minority students a fairer chance by making

expectations clear and providing instruction geared to them

In practice though it is proving hard to meet the twin goalsof equity and higher achievement This is because our

schools are trapped in a set of beliefs about the nature of

ability and aptitude that makes it hard to evoke eff ective

academic eff ort from students and educators

What we learn is a function of both our aptitudes for particu-

lar kinds of learning and the eff ort we put forth Americans

mostly assume that aptitude largely determines what people

can learn in school although they allow that hard work can

compensate for lower doses of innate intelligence Our

schools are largely organized around this belief IQ tests ortheir surrogates are used to determine who has access to

enriched programs As a result some students never get the

chance to study a high-demand high-expectation curricu-

lum

Traditional achievement tests are normed to compare

students against one another rather than against a standard

of excellence This approach makes it difficult to see the

results of learning and thereby discourages eff ort (If one is

going to stay at about the same relative percentile rank no

matter how much one has learned what is the point of

trying hard) Similarly college entrance depends heavily onaptitude-like tests that have little to do with the curriculum

studied Like IQ tests they are designed to spread the

student population out on a statistical scale rather than to

de1047297ne what any particular individual has learned

These commonplace features of the American educational

landscape are institutionalized expressions of a persistent

belief in the importance of inherited aptitude The system

they are part of is self-sustaining Assumptions about

aptitude are continually reinforced by the results of practices

based on those assumptions Students who are held to lowexpectations do not try to break through that barrier

because they accept the judgment that inborn aptitude

matters most and that they have not inherited enough of

that capacity Not surprisingly their performance remains

low Children who have not been taught a demanding

challenging thinking curriculum do poorly on tests of

reasoning or problem-solving con1047297rming many peoples

original suspicions that they lack the talent for high-level

thinking

Two converging lines of research--one from cognitive

science one from social psychology--now give us reason

believe that we dont have to continue in this way We do

need to pit excellence against equity We can harness eff

to create ability and build a smarter America

Intelligence-in-Practice Habits of Mind

For more than 20 years psychologists and other student

the human mind have been experimenting with ways of

teaching the cognitive skills associated with intelligence

These include techniques as varied as generating analog

making logical deductions creating and using memory

and monitoring ones own state of knowledge (metacog

tion) Early experiments on teaching speci1047297c isolated co

ponents of intelligence yielded a common pattern of res

Most of the training was successful in producing immed

gains in performance but people typically ceased usingcognitive techniques they had been taught as soon as th

speci1047297c conditions of training were removed In other wo

they became capable of performing whatever skill was

taught but they acquired no general habit of using it or

capacity to judge for themselves when it was useful

As a result of these 1047297ndings cognitive researchers began

shift their attention to educational strategies that immer

students in demanding longterm intellectual environm

Now positive results are coming in In experimental

programs and in practical school reforms we are seeing

students who over an extended period of time are treatif they are intelligent actually become so If they are taug

demanding content and are expected to explain and 1047297n

connections as well as memorize and repeat they learn

and learn more quickly They think of themselves as lear

They are able to bounce back in the face of short-term

failures

This experience is giving rise to a new conceptualization

intelligence-inpractice Intelligence is the habit of persist

ly trying to understand things and make them function

better Intelligence is working to1047297

gure things out varyinstrategies until a workable solution is found Intelligence

knowing what one does (and doesnt) know seeking inf

mation and organizing that information so that it makes

sense and can be remembered In short ones intelligen

the sum of ones habits of mind

Lauren B Resnick

Education Week Century Series June 1999

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Being Smart and Getting Smart Two Popular Beliefs

About Intelligence

Here is where the research by social psychologists comes in

Two decades of studies have shown that what people

believe about the nature of talent and intelligence--about

what accounts for success and failure--is closely related tothe amount and kind of eff ort they put forth in situations of

learning or problem-solving

Some people believe that intelligence and other forms of

talent are 1047297xed and unchangeable Intelligence is a thing an

entity that is displayed in ones performance Doing well

means that one has ability doing poorly means that one

doesnt According to this belief people who are very talent-

ed perform easily they dont need to work hard to do well

Hence if you want to appear to be smart you should not

appear to be working very hard Any educator working withadolescents knows how this belief can drive some students

away from schoolwork

Other people believe that intelligence is something that

develops and grows These people view ability as a reper-

toire of skills that is continuously expandable through ones

eff orts Intelligence is incremental People can get smart

When people think this way they tend to invest energy to

learn something new or to increase their understanding and

mastery

But it is not just brute eff ort that distinguishes these learnersfrom people who think of intelligence as an entity Incremen-

tal thinkers are particularly likely to apply self-regulatory

metacognitive skills when they encounter task difficulties to

focus on analyzing the task and generating alternative

strategies Most important they seek out opportunities to

hone their skills and knowledge treating task difficulty (and

thus occasional setbacks) as part of the learning challenge

rather than as evidence that they lack intelligence They get

on an upward spiral in which their intelligence is actually

increasing Meanwhile their peers who think of intelligence

as1047297

xed try to avoid diffi

cult tasks for fear of displaying theirlack of intelligence They enter a downward spiral by avoid-

ing the very occasions in which they could learn smarter

ways of behaving

Eff ort-Based Education and Learnable Intelligence

Principles for Teaching and Learning

The good news is that peoples beliefs about intelligence

arent immutable They respond to the situations in which

people 1047297nd themselves

This means that it is possible to help students develop

learning-oriented goals and an incremental view of inte

gence and thus set them on the upward spiral by which

can become smarter and deliver the kinds of high-level

academic achievement everyone is hoping for To do thi

need to create eff ort based schools in which academic riand a thinking curriculum permeate the school day for e

student

For several years the Institute for Learning at the Univer

of Pittsburgh has been working with school systems acro

the country to set students--and whole school faculties-

the upward getting-smarter spiral A core set of principl

guides this work principles that educators have found b

inspiring and practical These principles which can be

illustrated in multiple examples of speci1047297c school and

classroom practice are based on cognitive research andresearch on learning organizations Here they are in a

nutshell

Organize for E ff ort

An eff ort-based school replaces the assumption that

aptitude determines what and how much students learn

with the assumption that sustained and directed eff ort c

yield high achievement for all students Everything is org

nized to evoke and support this eff ort High minimum

standards are set and all students curriculum is geared

these standards Some students will need extra time and

expert instruction to meet these expectations Providingtime and expertise helps send the message that eff ort is

expected and that tough problems yield to sustained wo

Clear Expectations

If we expect all students to learn at high levels then we n

to de1047297ne what we expect students to learn These expec

tions need to be clear--to school professionals to parent

the community and above all to students themselves W

visible accomplishment targets to aim toward at each sta

of learning students can participate in evaluating their o

work and setting goals for their own eff

ort

Recognition of Accomplishment

Clear recognition of authentic accomplishment is a hallm

of an eff ort-based school This recognition can take the f

of celebrations of work that meets standards or interme

expectations It can also be tied to opportunity to partic

in events that matter to students and their families Prog

points should be articulated so that regardless of their

entering abilities all students meet real accomplishmen

criteria often enough to be recognized frequently

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Fair and Credible Evaluations

Long-term eff ort by students calls for assessment practices

that students 1047297nd fair Most importantly tests exams and

classroom assessments must be aligned to the standards and

the curriculum being studied Fair assessment also means

using tests and exams that are graded against absolutestandards rather than on a curve so students can clearly see

the results of their learning eff orts

Academic Rigor in a Thinking Curriculum

Thinking and problem-solving will be the new basics of the

21st century but the common idea that we can teach

thinking without a solid foundation of knowledge must be

abandoned So must the idea that we can teach knowledge

without engaging students in thinking Knowledge and

thinking must be intimately joined This implies a curriculum

organized around major concepts in each discipline thatstudents are expected to know deeply Teaching must

engage students in active reasoning about these concepts

In every subject at every grade level the curriculum must

include commitment to a knowledge core high thinking

demand and active use of knowledge

Accountable Talk

Talking with others about ideas and work is fundamental to

learning But not all talk sustains learning or creates intelli-

gence For classroom talk to promote learning it must have

certain characteristics that make it accountable Account-

able talk seriously responds to and further develops whatothers in the group have said It puts forth and demands

knowledge that is accurate and relevant to the issue under

discussion Accountable talk uses evidence in ways appropri-

ate to the discipline (for example proofs in mathematics

data from investigations in science textual details in litera-

ture documentary sources in history) Finally it follows

established norms of good reasoning Accountable talk

sharpens students thinking by reinforcing their ability to use

knowledge appropriately As such it helps develop the skills

and the habits of mind that constitute intelligence-in-prac-

tice Teachers can intentionally create the norms and skills ofaccountable talk in their classrooms

Socializing Intelligence

Intelligent habits of mind are learned through the daily

expectations placed on the learner By calling on students to

use the skills of intelligent thinking and accountable talk

and by holding them responsible for doing so educators can

teach intelligence This is what teachers normally do with

students they expect much from it should be standard

practice with all students

Learning as Apprenticeship

For many centuries most people learned by working alo

side an expert who modeled skilled practice and guided

novices as they created authentic products or performan

This kind of apprenticeship learning allowed learners to

acquire the complex interdisciplinary knowledge practicabilities and appropriate forms of social behavior that w

with high levels of skilled performance Learners were

motivated to do the hard work that was involved by the

value placed on their products by people who bought

objects attended performances or requested that impo

community work be done Much of the power of appren

ship learning can be brought into schooling through ap

priate use of extended projects and presentations and b

organizing learning environments so that complex think

and production are modeled and analyzed

As we approach a new century it is increasingly evident

the educational methods we have been using for the pa

years no longer suffice They are based on scienti1047297c assu

tions about the nature of knowledge the learning proce

and diff erential aptitude for learning that have been ecli

by new discoveries Yet changing them has been slow

because the nature of educational reform in this country

largely one of tinkering with institutional arrangements

Rarely has reform penetrated the educational core

But now that is happening With the movement for stan-

dards-based education America has begun to explore thpotential of designing policy structures explicitly to link

testing curriculum textbooks teacher training and

accountability with clearly articulated ideas about what

should be taught and what students should be expected

learn Our hopes for breaking this centurys pattern of

disappointing cycles of reform--and of enabling our

children to function eff ectively in a complex new centu-

ry--rest with this vision of creating eff ort-based systems

grounded in knowledge-based constructivism-- systems

allow all students to reach high standards of achievemen

Lauren B Resnick is the director of the Learning Research an

Development Center at the University of Pittsburgh Details

the research described here appear in Learning Organizati

for Sustainable Education Reform an article co-written wit

Megan Williams Hall (Daedalus Fall 1998)

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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MAKING AMERICA SMARTER

Standards tests and accountability programs are todays

favored tools for raising overall academic achievement

Testing policies are also meant to increase equity to give

poor and minority students a fairer chance by making

expectations clear and providing instruction geared to them

In practice though it is proving hard to meet the twin goalsof equity and higher achievement This is because our

schools are trapped in a set of beliefs about the nature of

ability and aptitude that makes it hard to evoke eff ective

academic eff ort from students and educators

What we learn is a function of both our aptitudes for particu-

lar kinds of learning and the eff ort we put forth Americans

mostly assume that aptitude largely determines what people

can learn in school although they allow that hard work can

compensate for lower doses of innate intelligence Our

schools are largely organized around this belief IQ tests ortheir surrogates are used to determine who has access to

enriched programs As a result some students never get the

chance to study a high-demand high-expectation curricu-

lum

Traditional achievement tests are normed to compare

students against one another rather than against a standard

of excellence This approach makes it difficult to see the

results of learning and thereby discourages eff ort (If one is

going to stay at about the same relative percentile rank no

matter how much one has learned what is the point of

trying hard) Similarly college entrance depends heavily onaptitude-like tests that have little to do with the curriculum

studied Like IQ tests they are designed to spread the

student population out on a statistical scale rather than to

de1047297ne what any particular individual has learned

These commonplace features of the American educational

landscape are institutionalized expressions of a persistent

belief in the importance of inherited aptitude The system

they are part of is self-sustaining Assumptions about

aptitude are continually reinforced by the results of practices

based on those assumptions Students who are held to lowexpectations do not try to break through that barrier

because they accept the judgment that inborn aptitude

matters most and that they have not inherited enough of

that capacity Not surprisingly their performance remains

low Children who have not been taught a demanding

challenging thinking curriculum do poorly on tests of

reasoning or problem-solving con1047297rming many peoples

original suspicions that they lack the talent for high-level

thinking

Two converging lines of research--one from cognitive

science one from social psychology--now give us reason

believe that we dont have to continue in this way We do

need to pit excellence against equity We can harness eff

to create ability and build a smarter America

Intelligence-in-Practice Habits of Mind

For more than 20 years psychologists and other student

the human mind have been experimenting with ways of

teaching the cognitive skills associated with intelligence

These include techniques as varied as generating analog

making logical deductions creating and using memory

and monitoring ones own state of knowledge (metacog

tion) Early experiments on teaching speci1047297c isolated co

ponents of intelligence yielded a common pattern of res

Most of the training was successful in producing immed

gains in performance but people typically ceased usingcognitive techniques they had been taught as soon as th

speci1047297c conditions of training were removed In other wo

they became capable of performing whatever skill was

taught but they acquired no general habit of using it or

capacity to judge for themselves when it was useful

As a result of these 1047297ndings cognitive researchers began

shift their attention to educational strategies that immer

students in demanding longterm intellectual environm

Now positive results are coming in In experimental

programs and in practical school reforms we are seeing

students who over an extended period of time are treatif they are intelligent actually become so If they are taug

demanding content and are expected to explain and 1047297n

connections as well as memorize and repeat they learn

and learn more quickly They think of themselves as lear

They are able to bounce back in the face of short-term

failures

This experience is giving rise to a new conceptualization

intelligence-inpractice Intelligence is the habit of persist

ly trying to understand things and make them function

better Intelligence is working to1047297

gure things out varyinstrategies until a workable solution is found Intelligence

knowing what one does (and doesnt) know seeking inf

mation and organizing that information so that it makes

sense and can be remembered In short ones intelligen

the sum of ones habits of mind

Lauren B Resnick

Education Week Century Series June 1999

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Being Smart and Getting Smart Two Popular Beliefs

About Intelligence

Here is where the research by social psychologists comes in

Two decades of studies have shown that what people

believe about the nature of talent and intelligence--about

what accounts for success and failure--is closely related tothe amount and kind of eff ort they put forth in situations of

learning or problem-solving

Some people believe that intelligence and other forms of

talent are 1047297xed and unchangeable Intelligence is a thing an

entity that is displayed in ones performance Doing well

means that one has ability doing poorly means that one

doesnt According to this belief people who are very talent-

ed perform easily they dont need to work hard to do well

Hence if you want to appear to be smart you should not

appear to be working very hard Any educator working withadolescents knows how this belief can drive some students

away from schoolwork

Other people believe that intelligence is something that

develops and grows These people view ability as a reper-

toire of skills that is continuously expandable through ones

eff orts Intelligence is incremental People can get smart

When people think this way they tend to invest energy to

learn something new or to increase their understanding and

mastery

But it is not just brute eff ort that distinguishes these learnersfrom people who think of intelligence as an entity Incremen-

tal thinkers are particularly likely to apply self-regulatory

metacognitive skills when they encounter task difficulties to

focus on analyzing the task and generating alternative

strategies Most important they seek out opportunities to

hone their skills and knowledge treating task difficulty (and

thus occasional setbacks) as part of the learning challenge

rather than as evidence that they lack intelligence They get

on an upward spiral in which their intelligence is actually

increasing Meanwhile their peers who think of intelligence

as1047297

xed try to avoid diffi

cult tasks for fear of displaying theirlack of intelligence They enter a downward spiral by avoid-

ing the very occasions in which they could learn smarter

ways of behaving

Eff ort-Based Education and Learnable Intelligence

Principles for Teaching and Learning

The good news is that peoples beliefs about intelligence

arent immutable They respond to the situations in which

people 1047297nd themselves

This means that it is possible to help students develop

learning-oriented goals and an incremental view of inte

gence and thus set them on the upward spiral by which

can become smarter and deliver the kinds of high-level

academic achievement everyone is hoping for To do thi

need to create eff ort based schools in which academic riand a thinking curriculum permeate the school day for e

student

For several years the Institute for Learning at the Univer

of Pittsburgh has been working with school systems acro

the country to set students--and whole school faculties-

the upward getting-smarter spiral A core set of principl

guides this work principles that educators have found b

inspiring and practical These principles which can be

illustrated in multiple examples of speci1047297c school and

classroom practice are based on cognitive research andresearch on learning organizations Here they are in a

nutshell

Organize for E ff ort

An eff ort-based school replaces the assumption that

aptitude determines what and how much students learn

with the assumption that sustained and directed eff ort c

yield high achievement for all students Everything is org

nized to evoke and support this eff ort High minimum

standards are set and all students curriculum is geared

these standards Some students will need extra time and

expert instruction to meet these expectations Providingtime and expertise helps send the message that eff ort is

expected and that tough problems yield to sustained wo

Clear Expectations

If we expect all students to learn at high levels then we n

to de1047297ne what we expect students to learn These expec

tions need to be clear--to school professionals to parent

the community and above all to students themselves W

visible accomplishment targets to aim toward at each sta

of learning students can participate in evaluating their o

work and setting goals for their own eff

ort

Recognition of Accomplishment

Clear recognition of authentic accomplishment is a hallm

of an eff ort-based school This recognition can take the f

of celebrations of work that meets standards or interme

expectations It can also be tied to opportunity to partic

in events that matter to students and their families Prog

points should be articulated so that regardless of their

entering abilities all students meet real accomplishmen

criteria often enough to be recognized frequently

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Fair and Credible Evaluations

Long-term eff ort by students calls for assessment practices

that students 1047297nd fair Most importantly tests exams and

classroom assessments must be aligned to the standards and

the curriculum being studied Fair assessment also means

using tests and exams that are graded against absolutestandards rather than on a curve so students can clearly see

the results of their learning eff orts

Academic Rigor in a Thinking Curriculum

Thinking and problem-solving will be the new basics of the

21st century but the common idea that we can teach

thinking without a solid foundation of knowledge must be

abandoned So must the idea that we can teach knowledge

without engaging students in thinking Knowledge and

thinking must be intimately joined This implies a curriculum

organized around major concepts in each discipline thatstudents are expected to know deeply Teaching must

engage students in active reasoning about these concepts

In every subject at every grade level the curriculum must

include commitment to a knowledge core high thinking

demand and active use of knowledge

Accountable Talk

Talking with others about ideas and work is fundamental to

learning But not all talk sustains learning or creates intelli-

gence For classroom talk to promote learning it must have

certain characteristics that make it accountable Account-

able talk seriously responds to and further develops whatothers in the group have said It puts forth and demands

knowledge that is accurate and relevant to the issue under

discussion Accountable talk uses evidence in ways appropri-

ate to the discipline (for example proofs in mathematics

data from investigations in science textual details in litera-

ture documentary sources in history) Finally it follows

established norms of good reasoning Accountable talk

sharpens students thinking by reinforcing their ability to use

knowledge appropriately As such it helps develop the skills

and the habits of mind that constitute intelligence-in-prac-

tice Teachers can intentionally create the norms and skills ofaccountable talk in their classrooms

Socializing Intelligence

Intelligent habits of mind are learned through the daily

expectations placed on the learner By calling on students to

use the skills of intelligent thinking and accountable talk

and by holding them responsible for doing so educators can

teach intelligence This is what teachers normally do with

students they expect much from it should be standard

practice with all students

Learning as Apprenticeship

For many centuries most people learned by working alo

side an expert who modeled skilled practice and guided

novices as they created authentic products or performan

This kind of apprenticeship learning allowed learners to

acquire the complex interdisciplinary knowledge practicabilities and appropriate forms of social behavior that w

with high levels of skilled performance Learners were

motivated to do the hard work that was involved by the

value placed on their products by people who bought

objects attended performances or requested that impo

community work be done Much of the power of appren

ship learning can be brought into schooling through ap

priate use of extended projects and presentations and b

organizing learning environments so that complex think

and production are modeled and analyzed

As we approach a new century it is increasingly evident

the educational methods we have been using for the pa

years no longer suffice They are based on scienti1047297c assu

tions about the nature of knowledge the learning proce

and diff erential aptitude for learning that have been ecli

by new discoveries Yet changing them has been slow

because the nature of educational reform in this country

largely one of tinkering with institutional arrangements

Rarely has reform penetrated the educational core

But now that is happening With the movement for stan-

dards-based education America has begun to explore thpotential of designing policy structures explicitly to link

testing curriculum textbooks teacher training and

accountability with clearly articulated ideas about what

should be taught and what students should be expected

learn Our hopes for breaking this centurys pattern of

disappointing cycles of reform--and of enabling our

children to function eff ectively in a complex new centu-

ry--rest with this vision of creating eff ort-based systems

grounded in knowledge-based constructivism-- systems

allow all students to reach high standards of achievemen

Lauren B Resnick is the director of the Learning Research an

Development Center at the University of Pittsburgh Details

the research described here appear in Learning Organizati

for Sustainable Education Reform an article co-written wit

Megan Williams Hall (Daedalus Fall 1998)

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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MAKING AMERICA SMARTER

Standards tests and accountability programs are todays

favored tools for raising overall academic achievement

Testing policies are also meant to increase equity to give

poor and minority students a fairer chance by making

expectations clear and providing instruction geared to them

In practice though it is proving hard to meet the twin goalsof equity and higher achievement This is because our

schools are trapped in a set of beliefs about the nature of

ability and aptitude that makes it hard to evoke eff ective

academic eff ort from students and educators

What we learn is a function of both our aptitudes for particu-

lar kinds of learning and the eff ort we put forth Americans

mostly assume that aptitude largely determines what people

can learn in school although they allow that hard work can

compensate for lower doses of innate intelligence Our

schools are largely organized around this belief IQ tests ortheir surrogates are used to determine who has access to

enriched programs As a result some students never get the

chance to study a high-demand high-expectation curricu-

lum

Traditional achievement tests are normed to compare

students against one another rather than against a standard

of excellence This approach makes it difficult to see the

results of learning and thereby discourages eff ort (If one is

going to stay at about the same relative percentile rank no

matter how much one has learned what is the point of

trying hard) Similarly college entrance depends heavily onaptitude-like tests that have little to do with the curriculum

studied Like IQ tests they are designed to spread the

student population out on a statistical scale rather than to

de1047297ne what any particular individual has learned

These commonplace features of the American educational

landscape are institutionalized expressions of a persistent

belief in the importance of inherited aptitude The system

they are part of is self-sustaining Assumptions about

aptitude are continually reinforced by the results of practices

based on those assumptions Students who are held to lowexpectations do not try to break through that barrier

because they accept the judgment that inborn aptitude

matters most and that they have not inherited enough of

that capacity Not surprisingly their performance remains

low Children who have not been taught a demanding

challenging thinking curriculum do poorly on tests of

reasoning or problem-solving con1047297rming many peoples

original suspicions that they lack the talent for high-level

thinking

Two converging lines of research--one from cognitive

science one from social psychology--now give us reason

believe that we dont have to continue in this way We do

need to pit excellence against equity We can harness eff

to create ability and build a smarter America

Intelligence-in-Practice Habits of Mind

For more than 20 years psychologists and other student

the human mind have been experimenting with ways of

teaching the cognitive skills associated with intelligence

These include techniques as varied as generating analog

making logical deductions creating and using memory

and monitoring ones own state of knowledge (metacog

tion) Early experiments on teaching speci1047297c isolated co

ponents of intelligence yielded a common pattern of res

Most of the training was successful in producing immed

gains in performance but people typically ceased usingcognitive techniques they had been taught as soon as th

speci1047297c conditions of training were removed In other wo

they became capable of performing whatever skill was

taught but they acquired no general habit of using it or

capacity to judge for themselves when it was useful

As a result of these 1047297ndings cognitive researchers began

shift their attention to educational strategies that immer

students in demanding longterm intellectual environm

Now positive results are coming in In experimental

programs and in practical school reforms we are seeing

students who over an extended period of time are treatif they are intelligent actually become so If they are taug

demanding content and are expected to explain and 1047297n

connections as well as memorize and repeat they learn

and learn more quickly They think of themselves as lear

They are able to bounce back in the face of short-term

failures

This experience is giving rise to a new conceptualization

intelligence-inpractice Intelligence is the habit of persist

ly trying to understand things and make them function

better Intelligence is working to1047297

gure things out varyinstrategies until a workable solution is found Intelligence

knowing what one does (and doesnt) know seeking inf

mation and organizing that information so that it makes

sense and can be remembered In short ones intelligen

the sum of ones habits of mind

Lauren B Resnick

Education Week Century Series June 1999

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Being Smart and Getting Smart Two Popular Beliefs

About Intelligence

Here is where the research by social psychologists comes in

Two decades of studies have shown that what people

believe about the nature of talent and intelligence--about

what accounts for success and failure--is closely related tothe amount and kind of eff ort they put forth in situations of

learning or problem-solving

Some people believe that intelligence and other forms of

talent are 1047297xed and unchangeable Intelligence is a thing an

entity that is displayed in ones performance Doing well

means that one has ability doing poorly means that one

doesnt According to this belief people who are very talent-

ed perform easily they dont need to work hard to do well

Hence if you want to appear to be smart you should not

appear to be working very hard Any educator working withadolescents knows how this belief can drive some students

away from schoolwork

Other people believe that intelligence is something that

develops and grows These people view ability as a reper-

toire of skills that is continuously expandable through ones

eff orts Intelligence is incremental People can get smart

When people think this way they tend to invest energy to

learn something new or to increase their understanding and

mastery

But it is not just brute eff ort that distinguishes these learnersfrom people who think of intelligence as an entity Incremen-

tal thinkers are particularly likely to apply self-regulatory

metacognitive skills when they encounter task difficulties to

focus on analyzing the task and generating alternative

strategies Most important they seek out opportunities to

hone their skills and knowledge treating task difficulty (and

thus occasional setbacks) as part of the learning challenge

rather than as evidence that they lack intelligence They get

on an upward spiral in which their intelligence is actually

increasing Meanwhile their peers who think of intelligence

as1047297

xed try to avoid diffi

cult tasks for fear of displaying theirlack of intelligence They enter a downward spiral by avoid-

ing the very occasions in which they could learn smarter

ways of behaving

Eff ort-Based Education and Learnable Intelligence

Principles for Teaching and Learning

The good news is that peoples beliefs about intelligence

arent immutable They respond to the situations in which

people 1047297nd themselves

This means that it is possible to help students develop

learning-oriented goals and an incremental view of inte

gence and thus set them on the upward spiral by which

can become smarter and deliver the kinds of high-level

academic achievement everyone is hoping for To do thi

need to create eff ort based schools in which academic riand a thinking curriculum permeate the school day for e

student

For several years the Institute for Learning at the Univer

of Pittsburgh has been working with school systems acro

the country to set students--and whole school faculties-

the upward getting-smarter spiral A core set of principl

guides this work principles that educators have found b

inspiring and practical These principles which can be

illustrated in multiple examples of speci1047297c school and

classroom practice are based on cognitive research andresearch on learning organizations Here they are in a

nutshell

Organize for E ff ort

An eff ort-based school replaces the assumption that

aptitude determines what and how much students learn

with the assumption that sustained and directed eff ort c

yield high achievement for all students Everything is org

nized to evoke and support this eff ort High minimum

standards are set and all students curriculum is geared

these standards Some students will need extra time and

expert instruction to meet these expectations Providingtime and expertise helps send the message that eff ort is

expected and that tough problems yield to sustained wo

Clear Expectations

If we expect all students to learn at high levels then we n

to de1047297ne what we expect students to learn These expec

tions need to be clear--to school professionals to parent

the community and above all to students themselves W

visible accomplishment targets to aim toward at each sta

of learning students can participate in evaluating their o

work and setting goals for their own eff

ort

Recognition of Accomplishment

Clear recognition of authentic accomplishment is a hallm

of an eff ort-based school This recognition can take the f

of celebrations of work that meets standards or interme

expectations It can also be tied to opportunity to partic

in events that matter to students and their families Prog

points should be articulated so that regardless of their

entering abilities all students meet real accomplishmen

criteria often enough to be recognized frequently

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Fair and Credible Evaluations

Long-term eff ort by students calls for assessment practices

that students 1047297nd fair Most importantly tests exams and

classroom assessments must be aligned to the standards and

the curriculum being studied Fair assessment also means

using tests and exams that are graded against absolutestandards rather than on a curve so students can clearly see

the results of their learning eff orts

Academic Rigor in a Thinking Curriculum

Thinking and problem-solving will be the new basics of the

21st century but the common idea that we can teach

thinking without a solid foundation of knowledge must be

abandoned So must the idea that we can teach knowledge

without engaging students in thinking Knowledge and

thinking must be intimately joined This implies a curriculum

organized around major concepts in each discipline thatstudents are expected to know deeply Teaching must

engage students in active reasoning about these concepts

In every subject at every grade level the curriculum must

include commitment to a knowledge core high thinking

demand and active use of knowledge

Accountable Talk

Talking with others about ideas and work is fundamental to

learning But not all talk sustains learning or creates intelli-

gence For classroom talk to promote learning it must have

certain characteristics that make it accountable Account-

able talk seriously responds to and further develops whatothers in the group have said It puts forth and demands

knowledge that is accurate and relevant to the issue under

discussion Accountable talk uses evidence in ways appropri-

ate to the discipline (for example proofs in mathematics

data from investigations in science textual details in litera-

ture documentary sources in history) Finally it follows

established norms of good reasoning Accountable talk

sharpens students thinking by reinforcing their ability to use

knowledge appropriately As such it helps develop the skills

and the habits of mind that constitute intelligence-in-prac-

tice Teachers can intentionally create the norms and skills ofaccountable talk in their classrooms

Socializing Intelligence

Intelligent habits of mind are learned through the daily

expectations placed on the learner By calling on students to

use the skills of intelligent thinking and accountable talk

and by holding them responsible for doing so educators can

teach intelligence This is what teachers normally do with

students they expect much from it should be standard

practice with all students

Learning as Apprenticeship

For many centuries most people learned by working alo

side an expert who modeled skilled practice and guided

novices as they created authentic products or performan

This kind of apprenticeship learning allowed learners to

acquire the complex interdisciplinary knowledge practicabilities and appropriate forms of social behavior that w

with high levels of skilled performance Learners were

motivated to do the hard work that was involved by the

value placed on their products by people who bought

objects attended performances or requested that impo

community work be done Much of the power of appren

ship learning can be brought into schooling through ap

priate use of extended projects and presentations and b

organizing learning environments so that complex think

and production are modeled and analyzed

As we approach a new century it is increasingly evident

the educational methods we have been using for the pa

years no longer suffice They are based on scienti1047297c assu

tions about the nature of knowledge the learning proce

and diff erential aptitude for learning that have been ecli

by new discoveries Yet changing them has been slow

because the nature of educational reform in this country

largely one of tinkering with institutional arrangements

Rarely has reform penetrated the educational core

But now that is happening With the movement for stan-

dards-based education America has begun to explore thpotential of designing policy structures explicitly to link

testing curriculum textbooks teacher training and

accountability with clearly articulated ideas about what

should be taught and what students should be expected

learn Our hopes for breaking this centurys pattern of

disappointing cycles of reform--and of enabling our

children to function eff ectively in a complex new centu-

ry--rest with this vision of creating eff ort-based systems

grounded in knowledge-based constructivism-- systems

allow all students to reach high standards of achievemen

Lauren B Resnick is the director of the Learning Research an

Development Center at the University of Pittsburgh Details

the research described here appear in Learning Organizati

for Sustainable Education Reform an article co-written wit

Megan Williams Hall (Daedalus Fall 1998)

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MAKING AMERICA SMARTER

Standards tests and accountability programs are todays

favored tools for raising overall academic achievement

Testing policies are also meant to increase equity to give

poor and minority students a fairer chance by making

expectations clear and providing instruction geared to them

In practice though it is proving hard to meet the twin goalsof equity and higher achievement This is because our

schools are trapped in a set of beliefs about the nature of

ability and aptitude that makes it hard to evoke eff ective

academic eff ort from students and educators

What we learn is a function of both our aptitudes for particu-

lar kinds of learning and the eff ort we put forth Americans

mostly assume that aptitude largely determines what people

can learn in school although they allow that hard work can

compensate for lower doses of innate intelligence Our

schools are largely organized around this belief IQ tests ortheir surrogates are used to determine who has access to

enriched programs As a result some students never get the

chance to study a high-demand high-expectation curricu-

lum

Traditional achievement tests are normed to compare

students against one another rather than against a standard

of excellence This approach makes it difficult to see the

results of learning and thereby discourages eff ort (If one is

going to stay at about the same relative percentile rank no

matter how much one has learned what is the point of

trying hard) Similarly college entrance depends heavily onaptitude-like tests that have little to do with the curriculum

studied Like IQ tests they are designed to spread the

student population out on a statistical scale rather than to

de1047297ne what any particular individual has learned

These commonplace features of the American educational

landscape are institutionalized expressions of a persistent

belief in the importance of inherited aptitude The system

they are part of is self-sustaining Assumptions about

aptitude are continually reinforced by the results of practices

based on those assumptions Students who are held to lowexpectations do not try to break through that barrier

because they accept the judgment that inborn aptitude

matters most and that they have not inherited enough of

that capacity Not surprisingly their performance remains

low Children who have not been taught a demanding

challenging thinking curriculum do poorly on tests of

reasoning or problem-solving con1047297rming many peoples

original suspicions that they lack the talent for high-level

thinking

Two converging lines of research--one from cognitive

science one from social psychology--now give us reason

believe that we dont have to continue in this way We do

need to pit excellence against equity We can harness eff

to create ability and build a smarter America

Intelligence-in-Practice Habits of Mind

For more than 20 years psychologists and other student

the human mind have been experimenting with ways of

teaching the cognitive skills associated with intelligence

These include techniques as varied as generating analog

making logical deductions creating and using memory

and monitoring ones own state of knowledge (metacog

tion) Early experiments on teaching speci1047297c isolated co

ponents of intelligence yielded a common pattern of res

Most of the training was successful in producing immed

gains in performance but people typically ceased usingcognitive techniques they had been taught as soon as th

speci1047297c conditions of training were removed In other wo

they became capable of performing whatever skill was

taught but they acquired no general habit of using it or

capacity to judge for themselves when it was useful

As a result of these 1047297ndings cognitive researchers began

shift their attention to educational strategies that immer

students in demanding longterm intellectual environm

Now positive results are coming in In experimental

programs and in practical school reforms we are seeing

students who over an extended period of time are treatif they are intelligent actually become so If they are taug

demanding content and are expected to explain and 1047297n

connections as well as memorize and repeat they learn

and learn more quickly They think of themselves as lear

They are able to bounce back in the face of short-term

failures

This experience is giving rise to a new conceptualization

intelligence-inpractice Intelligence is the habit of persist

ly trying to understand things and make them function

better Intelligence is working to1047297

gure things out varyinstrategies until a workable solution is found Intelligence

knowing what one does (and doesnt) know seeking inf

mation and organizing that information so that it makes

sense and can be remembered In short ones intelligen

the sum of ones habits of mind

Lauren B Resnick

Education Week Century Series June 1999

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Being Smart and Getting Smart Two Popular Beliefs

About Intelligence

Here is where the research by social psychologists comes in

Two decades of studies have shown that what people

believe about the nature of talent and intelligence--about

what accounts for success and failure--is closely related tothe amount and kind of eff ort they put forth in situations of

learning or problem-solving

Some people believe that intelligence and other forms of

talent are 1047297xed and unchangeable Intelligence is a thing an

entity that is displayed in ones performance Doing well

means that one has ability doing poorly means that one

doesnt According to this belief people who are very talent-

ed perform easily they dont need to work hard to do well

Hence if you want to appear to be smart you should not

appear to be working very hard Any educator working withadolescents knows how this belief can drive some students

away from schoolwork

Other people believe that intelligence is something that

develops and grows These people view ability as a reper-

toire of skills that is continuously expandable through ones

eff orts Intelligence is incremental People can get smart

When people think this way they tend to invest energy to

learn something new or to increase their understanding and

mastery

But it is not just brute eff ort that distinguishes these learnersfrom people who think of intelligence as an entity Incremen-

tal thinkers are particularly likely to apply self-regulatory

metacognitive skills when they encounter task difficulties to

focus on analyzing the task and generating alternative

strategies Most important they seek out opportunities to

hone their skills and knowledge treating task difficulty (and

thus occasional setbacks) as part of the learning challenge

rather than as evidence that they lack intelligence They get

on an upward spiral in which their intelligence is actually

increasing Meanwhile their peers who think of intelligence

as1047297

xed try to avoid diffi

cult tasks for fear of displaying theirlack of intelligence They enter a downward spiral by avoid-

ing the very occasions in which they could learn smarter

ways of behaving

Eff ort-Based Education and Learnable Intelligence

Principles for Teaching and Learning

The good news is that peoples beliefs about intelligence

arent immutable They respond to the situations in which

people 1047297nd themselves

This means that it is possible to help students develop

learning-oriented goals and an incremental view of inte

gence and thus set them on the upward spiral by which

can become smarter and deliver the kinds of high-level

academic achievement everyone is hoping for To do thi

need to create eff ort based schools in which academic riand a thinking curriculum permeate the school day for e

student

For several years the Institute for Learning at the Univer

of Pittsburgh has been working with school systems acro

the country to set students--and whole school faculties-

the upward getting-smarter spiral A core set of principl

guides this work principles that educators have found b

inspiring and practical These principles which can be

illustrated in multiple examples of speci1047297c school and

classroom practice are based on cognitive research andresearch on learning organizations Here they are in a

nutshell

Organize for E ff ort

An eff ort-based school replaces the assumption that

aptitude determines what and how much students learn

with the assumption that sustained and directed eff ort c

yield high achievement for all students Everything is org

nized to evoke and support this eff ort High minimum

standards are set and all students curriculum is geared

these standards Some students will need extra time and

expert instruction to meet these expectations Providingtime and expertise helps send the message that eff ort is

expected and that tough problems yield to sustained wo

Clear Expectations

If we expect all students to learn at high levels then we n

to de1047297ne what we expect students to learn These expec

tions need to be clear--to school professionals to parent

the community and above all to students themselves W

visible accomplishment targets to aim toward at each sta

of learning students can participate in evaluating their o

work and setting goals for their own eff

ort

Recognition of Accomplishment

Clear recognition of authentic accomplishment is a hallm

of an eff ort-based school This recognition can take the f

of celebrations of work that meets standards or interme

expectations It can also be tied to opportunity to partic

in events that matter to students and their families Prog

points should be articulated so that regardless of their

entering abilities all students meet real accomplishmen

criteria often enough to be recognized frequently

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Fair and Credible Evaluations

Long-term eff ort by students calls for assessment practices

that students 1047297nd fair Most importantly tests exams and

classroom assessments must be aligned to the standards and

the curriculum being studied Fair assessment also means

using tests and exams that are graded against absolutestandards rather than on a curve so students can clearly see

the results of their learning eff orts

Academic Rigor in a Thinking Curriculum

Thinking and problem-solving will be the new basics of the

21st century but the common idea that we can teach

thinking without a solid foundation of knowledge must be

abandoned So must the idea that we can teach knowledge

without engaging students in thinking Knowledge and

thinking must be intimately joined This implies a curriculum

organized around major concepts in each discipline thatstudents are expected to know deeply Teaching must

engage students in active reasoning about these concepts

In every subject at every grade level the curriculum must

include commitment to a knowledge core high thinking

demand and active use of knowledge

Accountable Talk

Talking with others about ideas and work is fundamental to

learning But not all talk sustains learning or creates intelli-

gence For classroom talk to promote learning it must have

certain characteristics that make it accountable Account-

able talk seriously responds to and further develops whatothers in the group have said It puts forth and demands

knowledge that is accurate and relevant to the issue under

discussion Accountable talk uses evidence in ways appropri-

ate to the discipline (for example proofs in mathematics

data from investigations in science textual details in litera-

ture documentary sources in history) Finally it follows

established norms of good reasoning Accountable talk

sharpens students thinking by reinforcing their ability to use

knowledge appropriately As such it helps develop the skills

and the habits of mind that constitute intelligence-in-prac-

tice Teachers can intentionally create the norms and skills ofaccountable talk in their classrooms

Socializing Intelligence

Intelligent habits of mind are learned through the daily

expectations placed on the learner By calling on students to

use the skills of intelligent thinking and accountable talk

and by holding them responsible for doing so educators can

teach intelligence This is what teachers normally do with

students they expect much from it should be standard

practice with all students

Learning as Apprenticeship

For many centuries most people learned by working alo

side an expert who modeled skilled practice and guided

novices as they created authentic products or performan

This kind of apprenticeship learning allowed learners to

acquire the complex interdisciplinary knowledge practicabilities and appropriate forms of social behavior that w

with high levels of skilled performance Learners were

motivated to do the hard work that was involved by the

value placed on their products by people who bought

objects attended performances or requested that impo

community work be done Much of the power of appren

ship learning can be brought into schooling through ap

priate use of extended projects and presentations and b

organizing learning environments so that complex think

and production are modeled and analyzed

As we approach a new century it is increasingly evident

the educational methods we have been using for the pa

years no longer suffice They are based on scienti1047297c assu

tions about the nature of knowledge the learning proce

and diff erential aptitude for learning that have been ecli

by new discoveries Yet changing them has been slow

because the nature of educational reform in this country

largely one of tinkering with institutional arrangements

Rarely has reform penetrated the educational core

But now that is happening With the movement for stan-

dards-based education America has begun to explore thpotential of designing policy structures explicitly to link

testing curriculum textbooks teacher training and

accountability with clearly articulated ideas about what

should be taught and what students should be expected

learn Our hopes for breaking this centurys pattern of

disappointing cycles of reform--and of enabling our

children to function eff ectively in a complex new centu-

ry--rest with this vision of creating eff ort-based systems

grounded in knowledge-based constructivism-- systems

allow all students to reach high standards of achievemen

Lauren B Resnick is the director of the Learning Research an

Development Center at the University of Pittsburgh Details

the research described here appear in Learning Organizati

for Sustainable Education Reform an article co-written wit

Megan Williams Hall (Daedalus Fall 1998)

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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MAKING AMERICA SMARTER

Standards tests and accountability programs are todays

favored tools for raising overall academic achievement

Testing policies are also meant to increase equity to give

poor and minority students a fairer chance by making

expectations clear and providing instruction geared to them

In practice though it is proving hard to meet the twin goalsof equity and higher achievement This is because our

schools are trapped in a set of beliefs about the nature of

ability and aptitude that makes it hard to evoke eff ective

academic eff ort from students and educators

What we learn is a function of both our aptitudes for particu-

lar kinds of learning and the eff ort we put forth Americans

mostly assume that aptitude largely determines what people

can learn in school although they allow that hard work can

compensate for lower doses of innate intelligence Our

schools are largely organized around this belief IQ tests ortheir surrogates are used to determine who has access to

enriched programs As a result some students never get the

chance to study a high-demand high-expectation curricu-

lum

Traditional achievement tests are normed to compare

students against one another rather than against a standard

of excellence This approach makes it difficult to see the

results of learning and thereby discourages eff ort (If one is

going to stay at about the same relative percentile rank no

matter how much one has learned what is the point of

trying hard) Similarly college entrance depends heavily onaptitude-like tests that have little to do with the curriculum

studied Like IQ tests they are designed to spread the

student population out on a statistical scale rather than to

de1047297ne what any particular individual has learned

These commonplace features of the American educational

landscape are institutionalized expressions of a persistent

belief in the importance of inherited aptitude The system

they are part of is self-sustaining Assumptions about

aptitude are continually reinforced by the results of practices

based on those assumptions Students who are held to lowexpectations do not try to break through that barrier

because they accept the judgment that inborn aptitude

matters most and that they have not inherited enough of

that capacity Not surprisingly their performance remains

low Children who have not been taught a demanding

challenging thinking curriculum do poorly on tests of

reasoning or problem-solving con1047297rming many peoples

original suspicions that they lack the talent for high-level

thinking

Two converging lines of research--one from cognitive

science one from social psychology--now give us reason

believe that we dont have to continue in this way We do

need to pit excellence against equity We can harness eff

to create ability and build a smarter America

Intelligence-in-Practice Habits of Mind

For more than 20 years psychologists and other student

the human mind have been experimenting with ways of

teaching the cognitive skills associated with intelligence

These include techniques as varied as generating analog

making logical deductions creating and using memory

and monitoring ones own state of knowledge (metacog

tion) Early experiments on teaching speci1047297c isolated co

ponents of intelligence yielded a common pattern of res

Most of the training was successful in producing immed

gains in performance but people typically ceased usingcognitive techniques they had been taught as soon as th

speci1047297c conditions of training were removed In other wo

they became capable of performing whatever skill was

taught but they acquired no general habit of using it or

capacity to judge for themselves when it was useful

As a result of these 1047297ndings cognitive researchers began

shift their attention to educational strategies that immer

students in demanding longterm intellectual environm

Now positive results are coming in In experimental

programs and in practical school reforms we are seeing

students who over an extended period of time are treatif they are intelligent actually become so If they are taug

demanding content and are expected to explain and 1047297n

connections as well as memorize and repeat they learn

and learn more quickly They think of themselves as lear

They are able to bounce back in the face of short-term

failures

This experience is giving rise to a new conceptualization

intelligence-inpractice Intelligence is the habit of persist

ly trying to understand things and make them function

better Intelligence is working to1047297

gure things out varyinstrategies until a workable solution is found Intelligence

knowing what one does (and doesnt) know seeking inf

mation and organizing that information so that it makes

sense and can be remembered In short ones intelligen

the sum of ones habits of mind

Lauren B Resnick

Education Week Century Series June 1999

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Being Smart and Getting Smart Two Popular Beliefs

About Intelligence

Here is where the research by social psychologists comes in

Two decades of studies have shown that what people

believe about the nature of talent and intelligence--about

what accounts for success and failure--is closely related tothe amount and kind of eff ort they put forth in situations of

learning or problem-solving

Some people believe that intelligence and other forms of

talent are 1047297xed and unchangeable Intelligence is a thing an

entity that is displayed in ones performance Doing well

means that one has ability doing poorly means that one

doesnt According to this belief people who are very talent-

ed perform easily they dont need to work hard to do well

Hence if you want to appear to be smart you should not

appear to be working very hard Any educator working withadolescents knows how this belief can drive some students

away from schoolwork

Other people believe that intelligence is something that

develops and grows These people view ability as a reper-

toire of skills that is continuously expandable through ones

eff orts Intelligence is incremental People can get smart

When people think this way they tend to invest energy to

learn something new or to increase their understanding and

mastery

But it is not just brute eff ort that distinguishes these learnersfrom people who think of intelligence as an entity Incremen-

tal thinkers are particularly likely to apply self-regulatory

metacognitive skills when they encounter task difficulties to

focus on analyzing the task and generating alternative

strategies Most important they seek out opportunities to

hone their skills and knowledge treating task difficulty (and

thus occasional setbacks) as part of the learning challenge

rather than as evidence that they lack intelligence They get

on an upward spiral in which their intelligence is actually

increasing Meanwhile their peers who think of intelligence

as1047297

xed try to avoid diffi

cult tasks for fear of displaying theirlack of intelligence They enter a downward spiral by avoid-

ing the very occasions in which they could learn smarter

ways of behaving

Eff ort-Based Education and Learnable Intelligence

Principles for Teaching and Learning

The good news is that peoples beliefs about intelligence

arent immutable They respond to the situations in which

people 1047297nd themselves

This means that it is possible to help students develop

learning-oriented goals and an incremental view of inte

gence and thus set them on the upward spiral by which

can become smarter and deliver the kinds of high-level

academic achievement everyone is hoping for To do thi

need to create eff ort based schools in which academic riand a thinking curriculum permeate the school day for e

student

For several years the Institute for Learning at the Univer

of Pittsburgh has been working with school systems acro

the country to set students--and whole school faculties-

the upward getting-smarter spiral A core set of principl

guides this work principles that educators have found b

inspiring and practical These principles which can be

illustrated in multiple examples of speci1047297c school and

classroom practice are based on cognitive research andresearch on learning organizations Here they are in a

nutshell

Organize for E ff ort

An eff ort-based school replaces the assumption that

aptitude determines what and how much students learn

with the assumption that sustained and directed eff ort c

yield high achievement for all students Everything is org

nized to evoke and support this eff ort High minimum

standards are set and all students curriculum is geared

these standards Some students will need extra time and

expert instruction to meet these expectations Providingtime and expertise helps send the message that eff ort is

expected and that tough problems yield to sustained wo

Clear Expectations

If we expect all students to learn at high levels then we n

to de1047297ne what we expect students to learn These expec

tions need to be clear--to school professionals to parent

the community and above all to students themselves W

visible accomplishment targets to aim toward at each sta

of learning students can participate in evaluating their o

work and setting goals for their own eff

ort

Recognition of Accomplishment

Clear recognition of authentic accomplishment is a hallm

of an eff ort-based school This recognition can take the f

of celebrations of work that meets standards or interme

expectations It can also be tied to opportunity to partic

in events that matter to students and their families Prog

points should be articulated so that regardless of their

entering abilities all students meet real accomplishmen

criteria often enough to be recognized frequently

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Fair and Credible Evaluations

Long-term eff ort by students calls for assessment practices

that students 1047297nd fair Most importantly tests exams and

classroom assessments must be aligned to the standards and

the curriculum being studied Fair assessment also means

using tests and exams that are graded against absolutestandards rather than on a curve so students can clearly see

the results of their learning eff orts

Academic Rigor in a Thinking Curriculum

Thinking and problem-solving will be the new basics of the

21st century but the common idea that we can teach

thinking without a solid foundation of knowledge must be

abandoned So must the idea that we can teach knowledge

without engaging students in thinking Knowledge and

thinking must be intimately joined This implies a curriculum

organized around major concepts in each discipline thatstudents are expected to know deeply Teaching must

engage students in active reasoning about these concepts

In every subject at every grade level the curriculum must

include commitment to a knowledge core high thinking

demand and active use of knowledge

Accountable Talk

Talking with others about ideas and work is fundamental to

learning But not all talk sustains learning or creates intelli-

gence For classroom talk to promote learning it must have

certain characteristics that make it accountable Account-

able talk seriously responds to and further develops whatothers in the group have said It puts forth and demands

knowledge that is accurate and relevant to the issue under

discussion Accountable talk uses evidence in ways appropri-

ate to the discipline (for example proofs in mathematics

data from investigations in science textual details in litera-

ture documentary sources in history) Finally it follows

established norms of good reasoning Accountable talk

sharpens students thinking by reinforcing their ability to use

knowledge appropriately As such it helps develop the skills

and the habits of mind that constitute intelligence-in-prac-

tice Teachers can intentionally create the norms and skills ofaccountable talk in their classrooms

Socializing Intelligence

Intelligent habits of mind are learned through the daily

expectations placed on the learner By calling on students to

use the skills of intelligent thinking and accountable talk

and by holding them responsible for doing so educators can

teach intelligence This is what teachers normally do with

students they expect much from it should be standard

practice with all students

Learning as Apprenticeship

For many centuries most people learned by working alo

side an expert who modeled skilled practice and guided

novices as they created authentic products or performan

This kind of apprenticeship learning allowed learners to

acquire the complex interdisciplinary knowledge practicabilities and appropriate forms of social behavior that w

with high levels of skilled performance Learners were

motivated to do the hard work that was involved by the

value placed on their products by people who bought

objects attended performances or requested that impo

community work be done Much of the power of appren

ship learning can be brought into schooling through ap

priate use of extended projects and presentations and b

organizing learning environments so that complex think

and production are modeled and analyzed

As we approach a new century it is increasingly evident

the educational methods we have been using for the pa

years no longer suffice They are based on scienti1047297c assu

tions about the nature of knowledge the learning proce

and diff erential aptitude for learning that have been ecli

by new discoveries Yet changing them has been slow

because the nature of educational reform in this country

largely one of tinkering with institutional arrangements

Rarely has reform penetrated the educational core

But now that is happening With the movement for stan-

dards-based education America has begun to explore thpotential of designing policy structures explicitly to link

testing curriculum textbooks teacher training and

accountability with clearly articulated ideas about what

should be taught and what students should be expected

learn Our hopes for breaking this centurys pattern of

disappointing cycles of reform--and of enabling our

children to function eff ectively in a complex new centu-

ry--rest with this vision of creating eff ort-based systems

grounded in knowledge-based constructivism-- systems

allow all students to reach high standards of achievemen

Lauren B Resnick is the director of the Learning Research an

Development Center at the University of Pittsburgh Details

the research described here appear in Learning Organizati

for Sustainable Education Reform an article co-written wit

Megan Williams Hall (Daedalus Fall 1998)

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MAKING AMERICA SMARTER

Standards tests and accountability programs are todays

favored tools for raising overall academic achievement

Testing policies are also meant to increase equity to give

poor and minority students a fairer chance by making

expectations clear and providing instruction geared to them

In practice though it is proving hard to meet the twin goalsof equity and higher achievement This is because our

schools are trapped in a set of beliefs about the nature of

ability and aptitude that makes it hard to evoke eff ective

academic eff ort from students and educators

What we learn is a function of both our aptitudes for particu-

lar kinds of learning and the eff ort we put forth Americans

mostly assume that aptitude largely determines what people

can learn in school although they allow that hard work can

compensate for lower doses of innate intelligence Our

schools are largely organized around this belief IQ tests ortheir surrogates are used to determine who has access to

enriched programs As a result some students never get the

chance to study a high-demand high-expectation curricu-

lum

Traditional achievement tests are normed to compare

students against one another rather than against a standard

of excellence This approach makes it difficult to see the

results of learning and thereby discourages eff ort (If one is

going to stay at about the same relative percentile rank no

matter how much one has learned what is the point of

trying hard) Similarly college entrance depends heavily onaptitude-like tests that have little to do with the curriculum

studied Like IQ tests they are designed to spread the

student population out on a statistical scale rather than to

de1047297ne what any particular individual has learned

These commonplace features of the American educational

landscape are institutionalized expressions of a persistent

belief in the importance of inherited aptitude The system

they are part of is self-sustaining Assumptions about

aptitude are continually reinforced by the results of practices

based on those assumptions Students who are held to lowexpectations do not try to break through that barrier

because they accept the judgment that inborn aptitude

matters most and that they have not inherited enough of

that capacity Not surprisingly their performance remains

low Children who have not been taught a demanding

challenging thinking curriculum do poorly on tests of

reasoning or problem-solving con1047297rming many peoples

original suspicions that they lack the talent for high-level

thinking

Two converging lines of research--one from cognitive

science one from social psychology--now give us reason

believe that we dont have to continue in this way We do

need to pit excellence against equity We can harness eff

to create ability and build a smarter America

Intelligence-in-Practice Habits of Mind

For more than 20 years psychologists and other student

the human mind have been experimenting with ways of

teaching the cognitive skills associated with intelligence

These include techniques as varied as generating analog

making logical deductions creating and using memory

and monitoring ones own state of knowledge (metacog

tion) Early experiments on teaching speci1047297c isolated co

ponents of intelligence yielded a common pattern of res

Most of the training was successful in producing immed

gains in performance but people typically ceased usingcognitive techniques they had been taught as soon as th

speci1047297c conditions of training were removed In other wo

they became capable of performing whatever skill was

taught but they acquired no general habit of using it or

capacity to judge for themselves when it was useful

As a result of these 1047297ndings cognitive researchers began

shift their attention to educational strategies that immer

students in demanding longterm intellectual environm

Now positive results are coming in In experimental

programs and in practical school reforms we are seeing

students who over an extended period of time are treatif they are intelligent actually become so If they are taug

demanding content and are expected to explain and 1047297n

connections as well as memorize and repeat they learn

and learn more quickly They think of themselves as lear

They are able to bounce back in the face of short-term

failures

This experience is giving rise to a new conceptualization

intelligence-inpractice Intelligence is the habit of persist

ly trying to understand things and make them function

better Intelligence is working to1047297

gure things out varyinstrategies until a workable solution is found Intelligence

knowing what one does (and doesnt) know seeking inf

mation and organizing that information so that it makes

sense and can be remembered In short ones intelligen

the sum of ones habits of mind

Lauren B Resnick

Education Week Century Series June 1999

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Being Smart and Getting Smart Two Popular Beliefs

About Intelligence

Here is where the research by social psychologists comes in

Two decades of studies have shown that what people

believe about the nature of talent and intelligence--about

what accounts for success and failure--is closely related tothe amount and kind of eff ort they put forth in situations of

learning or problem-solving

Some people believe that intelligence and other forms of

talent are 1047297xed and unchangeable Intelligence is a thing an

entity that is displayed in ones performance Doing well

means that one has ability doing poorly means that one

doesnt According to this belief people who are very talent-

ed perform easily they dont need to work hard to do well

Hence if you want to appear to be smart you should not

appear to be working very hard Any educator working withadolescents knows how this belief can drive some students

away from schoolwork

Other people believe that intelligence is something that

develops and grows These people view ability as a reper-

toire of skills that is continuously expandable through ones

eff orts Intelligence is incremental People can get smart

When people think this way they tend to invest energy to

learn something new or to increase their understanding and

mastery

But it is not just brute eff ort that distinguishes these learnersfrom people who think of intelligence as an entity Incremen-

tal thinkers are particularly likely to apply self-regulatory

metacognitive skills when they encounter task difficulties to

focus on analyzing the task and generating alternative

strategies Most important they seek out opportunities to

hone their skills and knowledge treating task difficulty (and

thus occasional setbacks) as part of the learning challenge

rather than as evidence that they lack intelligence They get

on an upward spiral in which their intelligence is actually

increasing Meanwhile their peers who think of intelligence

as1047297

xed try to avoid diffi

cult tasks for fear of displaying theirlack of intelligence They enter a downward spiral by avoid-

ing the very occasions in which they could learn smarter

ways of behaving

Eff ort-Based Education and Learnable Intelligence

Principles for Teaching and Learning

The good news is that peoples beliefs about intelligence

arent immutable They respond to the situations in which

people 1047297nd themselves

This means that it is possible to help students develop

learning-oriented goals and an incremental view of inte

gence and thus set them on the upward spiral by which

can become smarter and deliver the kinds of high-level

academic achievement everyone is hoping for To do thi

need to create eff ort based schools in which academic riand a thinking curriculum permeate the school day for e

student

For several years the Institute for Learning at the Univer

of Pittsburgh has been working with school systems acro

the country to set students--and whole school faculties-

the upward getting-smarter spiral A core set of principl

guides this work principles that educators have found b

inspiring and practical These principles which can be

illustrated in multiple examples of speci1047297c school and

classroom practice are based on cognitive research andresearch on learning organizations Here they are in a

nutshell

Organize for E ff ort

An eff ort-based school replaces the assumption that

aptitude determines what and how much students learn

with the assumption that sustained and directed eff ort c

yield high achievement for all students Everything is org

nized to evoke and support this eff ort High minimum

standards are set and all students curriculum is geared

these standards Some students will need extra time and

expert instruction to meet these expectations Providingtime and expertise helps send the message that eff ort is

expected and that tough problems yield to sustained wo

Clear Expectations

If we expect all students to learn at high levels then we n

to de1047297ne what we expect students to learn These expec

tions need to be clear--to school professionals to parent

the community and above all to students themselves W

visible accomplishment targets to aim toward at each sta

of learning students can participate in evaluating their o

work and setting goals for their own eff

ort

Recognition of Accomplishment

Clear recognition of authentic accomplishment is a hallm

of an eff ort-based school This recognition can take the f

of celebrations of work that meets standards or interme

expectations It can also be tied to opportunity to partic

in events that matter to students and their families Prog

points should be articulated so that regardless of their

entering abilities all students meet real accomplishmen

criteria often enough to be recognized frequently

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Fair and Credible Evaluations

Long-term eff ort by students calls for assessment practices

that students 1047297nd fair Most importantly tests exams and

classroom assessments must be aligned to the standards and

the curriculum being studied Fair assessment also means

using tests and exams that are graded against absolutestandards rather than on a curve so students can clearly see

the results of their learning eff orts

Academic Rigor in a Thinking Curriculum

Thinking and problem-solving will be the new basics of the

21st century but the common idea that we can teach

thinking without a solid foundation of knowledge must be

abandoned So must the idea that we can teach knowledge

without engaging students in thinking Knowledge and

thinking must be intimately joined This implies a curriculum

organized around major concepts in each discipline thatstudents are expected to know deeply Teaching must

engage students in active reasoning about these concepts

In every subject at every grade level the curriculum must

include commitment to a knowledge core high thinking

demand and active use of knowledge

Accountable Talk

Talking with others about ideas and work is fundamental to

learning But not all talk sustains learning or creates intelli-

gence For classroom talk to promote learning it must have

certain characteristics that make it accountable Account-

able talk seriously responds to and further develops whatothers in the group have said It puts forth and demands

knowledge that is accurate and relevant to the issue under

discussion Accountable talk uses evidence in ways appropri-

ate to the discipline (for example proofs in mathematics

data from investigations in science textual details in litera-

ture documentary sources in history) Finally it follows

established norms of good reasoning Accountable talk

sharpens students thinking by reinforcing their ability to use

knowledge appropriately As such it helps develop the skills

and the habits of mind that constitute intelligence-in-prac-

tice Teachers can intentionally create the norms and skills ofaccountable talk in their classrooms

Socializing Intelligence

Intelligent habits of mind are learned through the daily

expectations placed on the learner By calling on students to

use the skills of intelligent thinking and accountable talk

and by holding them responsible for doing so educators can

teach intelligence This is what teachers normally do with

students they expect much from it should be standard

practice with all students

Learning as Apprenticeship

For many centuries most people learned by working alo

side an expert who modeled skilled practice and guided

novices as they created authentic products or performan

This kind of apprenticeship learning allowed learners to

acquire the complex interdisciplinary knowledge practicabilities and appropriate forms of social behavior that w

with high levels of skilled performance Learners were

motivated to do the hard work that was involved by the

value placed on their products by people who bought

objects attended performances or requested that impo

community work be done Much of the power of appren

ship learning can be brought into schooling through ap

priate use of extended projects and presentations and b

organizing learning environments so that complex think

and production are modeled and analyzed

As we approach a new century it is increasingly evident

the educational methods we have been using for the pa

years no longer suffice They are based on scienti1047297c assu

tions about the nature of knowledge the learning proce

and diff erential aptitude for learning that have been ecli

by new discoveries Yet changing them has been slow

because the nature of educational reform in this country

largely one of tinkering with institutional arrangements

Rarely has reform penetrated the educational core

But now that is happening With the movement for stan-

dards-based education America has begun to explore thpotential of designing policy structures explicitly to link

testing curriculum textbooks teacher training and

accountability with clearly articulated ideas about what

should be taught and what students should be expected

learn Our hopes for breaking this centurys pattern of

disappointing cycles of reform--and of enabling our

children to function eff ectively in a complex new centu-

ry--rest with this vision of creating eff ort-based systems

grounded in knowledge-based constructivism-- systems

allow all students to reach high standards of achievemen

Lauren B Resnick is the director of the Learning Research an

Development Center at the University of Pittsburgh Details

the research described here appear in Learning Organizati

for Sustainable Education Reform an article co-written wit

Megan Williams Hall (Daedalus Fall 1998)

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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t Bi a s

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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N o t I m pl e m e n t i n g

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p t i mi z i n g

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I n t e r r u p t i n g

I n e q u i

t y

S h i f t i n C o ur s e S el e c t i on

A s s i gnm

en t P r o c e s s

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g t h e S c h o ol Y e ar

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MAKING AMERICA SMARTER

Standards tests and accountability programs are todays

favored tools for raising overall academic achievement

Testing policies are also meant to increase equity to give

poor and minority students a fairer chance by making

expectations clear and providing instruction geared to them

In practice though it is proving hard to meet the twin goalsof equity and higher achievement This is because our

schools are trapped in a set of beliefs about the nature of

ability and aptitude that makes it hard to evoke eff ective

academic eff ort from students and educators

What we learn is a function of both our aptitudes for particu-

lar kinds of learning and the eff ort we put forth Americans

mostly assume that aptitude largely determines what people

can learn in school although they allow that hard work can

compensate for lower doses of innate intelligence Our

schools are largely organized around this belief IQ tests ortheir surrogates are used to determine who has access to

enriched programs As a result some students never get the

chance to study a high-demand high-expectation curricu-

lum

Traditional achievement tests are normed to compare

students against one another rather than against a standard

of excellence This approach makes it difficult to see the

results of learning and thereby discourages eff ort (If one is

going to stay at about the same relative percentile rank no

matter how much one has learned what is the point of

trying hard) Similarly college entrance depends heavily onaptitude-like tests that have little to do with the curriculum

studied Like IQ tests they are designed to spread the

student population out on a statistical scale rather than to

de1047297ne what any particular individual has learned

These commonplace features of the American educational

landscape are institutionalized expressions of a persistent

belief in the importance of inherited aptitude The system

they are part of is self-sustaining Assumptions about

aptitude are continually reinforced by the results of practices

based on those assumptions Students who are held to lowexpectations do not try to break through that barrier

because they accept the judgment that inborn aptitude

matters most and that they have not inherited enough of

that capacity Not surprisingly their performance remains

low Children who have not been taught a demanding

challenging thinking curriculum do poorly on tests of

reasoning or problem-solving con1047297rming many peoples

original suspicions that they lack the talent for high-level

thinking

Two converging lines of research--one from cognitive

science one from social psychology--now give us reason

believe that we dont have to continue in this way We do

need to pit excellence against equity We can harness eff

to create ability and build a smarter America

Intelligence-in-Practice Habits of Mind

For more than 20 years psychologists and other student

the human mind have been experimenting with ways of

teaching the cognitive skills associated with intelligence

These include techniques as varied as generating analog

making logical deductions creating and using memory

and monitoring ones own state of knowledge (metacog

tion) Early experiments on teaching speci1047297c isolated co

ponents of intelligence yielded a common pattern of res

Most of the training was successful in producing immed

gains in performance but people typically ceased usingcognitive techniques they had been taught as soon as th

speci1047297c conditions of training were removed In other wo

they became capable of performing whatever skill was

taught but they acquired no general habit of using it or

capacity to judge for themselves when it was useful

As a result of these 1047297ndings cognitive researchers began

shift their attention to educational strategies that immer

students in demanding longterm intellectual environm

Now positive results are coming in In experimental

programs and in practical school reforms we are seeing

students who over an extended period of time are treatif they are intelligent actually become so If they are taug

demanding content and are expected to explain and 1047297n

connections as well as memorize and repeat they learn

and learn more quickly They think of themselves as lear

They are able to bounce back in the face of short-term

failures

This experience is giving rise to a new conceptualization

intelligence-inpractice Intelligence is the habit of persist

ly trying to understand things and make them function

better Intelligence is working to1047297

gure things out varyinstrategies until a workable solution is found Intelligence

knowing what one does (and doesnt) know seeking inf

mation and organizing that information so that it makes

sense and can be remembered In short ones intelligen

the sum of ones habits of mind

Lauren B Resnick

Education Week Century Series June 1999

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Being Smart and Getting Smart Two Popular Beliefs

About Intelligence

Here is where the research by social psychologists comes in

Two decades of studies have shown that what people

believe about the nature of talent and intelligence--about

what accounts for success and failure--is closely related tothe amount and kind of eff ort they put forth in situations of

learning or problem-solving

Some people believe that intelligence and other forms of

talent are 1047297xed and unchangeable Intelligence is a thing an

entity that is displayed in ones performance Doing well

means that one has ability doing poorly means that one

doesnt According to this belief people who are very talent-

ed perform easily they dont need to work hard to do well

Hence if you want to appear to be smart you should not

appear to be working very hard Any educator working withadolescents knows how this belief can drive some students

away from schoolwork

Other people believe that intelligence is something that

develops and grows These people view ability as a reper-

toire of skills that is continuously expandable through ones

eff orts Intelligence is incremental People can get smart

When people think this way they tend to invest energy to

learn something new or to increase their understanding and

mastery

But it is not just brute eff ort that distinguishes these learnersfrom people who think of intelligence as an entity Incremen-

tal thinkers are particularly likely to apply self-regulatory

metacognitive skills when they encounter task difficulties to

focus on analyzing the task and generating alternative

strategies Most important they seek out opportunities to

hone their skills and knowledge treating task difficulty (and

thus occasional setbacks) as part of the learning challenge

rather than as evidence that they lack intelligence They get

on an upward spiral in which their intelligence is actually

increasing Meanwhile their peers who think of intelligence

as1047297

xed try to avoid diffi

cult tasks for fear of displaying theirlack of intelligence They enter a downward spiral by avoid-

ing the very occasions in which they could learn smarter

ways of behaving

Eff ort-Based Education and Learnable Intelligence

Principles for Teaching and Learning

The good news is that peoples beliefs about intelligence

arent immutable They respond to the situations in which

people 1047297nd themselves

This means that it is possible to help students develop

learning-oriented goals and an incremental view of inte

gence and thus set them on the upward spiral by which

can become smarter and deliver the kinds of high-level

academic achievement everyone is hoping for To do thi

need to create eff ort based schools in which academic riand a thinking curriculum permeate the school day for e

student

For several years the Institute for Learning at the Univer

of Pittsburgh has been working with school systems acro

the country to set students--and whole school faculties-

the upward getting-smarter spiral A core set of principl

guides this work principles that educators have found b

inspiring and practical These principles which can be

illustrated in multiple examples of speci1047297c school and

classroom practice are based on cognitive research andresearch on learning organizations Here they are in a

nutshell

Organize for E ff ort

An eff ort-based school replaces the assumption that

aptitude determines what and how much students learn

with the assumption that sustained and directed eff ort c

yield high achievement for all students Everything is org

nized to evoke and support this eff ort High minimum

standards are set and all students curriculum is geared

these standards Some students will need extra time and

expert instruction to meet these expectations Providingtime and expertise helps send the message that eff ort is

expected and that tough problems yield to sustained wo

Clear Expectations

If we expect all students to learn at high levels then we n

to de1047297ne what we expect students to learn These expec

tions need to be clear--to school professionals to parent

the community and above all to students themselves W

visible accomplishment targets to aim toward at each sta

of learning students can participate in evaluating their o

work and setting goals for their own eff

ort

Recognition of Accomplishment

Clear recognition of authentic accomplishment is a hallm

of an eff ort-based school This recognition can take the f

of celebrations of work that meets standards or interme

expectations It can also be tied to opportunity to partic

in events that matter to students and their families Prog

points should be articulated so that regardless of their

entering abilities all students meet real accomplishmen

criteria often enough to be recognized frequently

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Fair and Credible Evaluations

Long-term eff ort by students calls for assessment practices

that students 1047297nd fair Most importantly tests exams and

classroom assessments must be aligned to the standards and

the curriculum being studied Fair assessment also means

using tests and exams that are graded against absolutestandards rather than on a curve so students can clearly see

the results of their learning eff orts

Academic Rigor in a Thinking Curriculum

Thinking and problem-solving will be the new basics of the

21st century but the common idea that we can teach

thinking without a solid foundation of knowledge must be

abandoned So must the idea that we can teach knowledge

without engaging students in thinking Knowledge and

thinking must be intimately joined This implies a curriculum

organized around major concepts in each discipline thatstudents are expected to know deeply Teaching must

engage students in active reasoning about these concepts

In every subject at every grade level the curriculum must

include commitment to a knowledge core high thinking

demand and active use of knowledge

Accountable Talk

Talking with others about ideas and work is fundamental to

learning But not all talk sustains learning or creates intelli-

gence For classroom talk to promote learning it must have

certain characteristics that make it accountable Account-

able talk seriously responds to and further develops whatothers in the group have said It puts forth and demands

knowledge that is accurate and relevant to the issue under

discussion Accountable talk uses evidence in ways appropri-

ate to the discipline (for example proofs in mathematics

data from investigations in science textual details in litera-

ture documentary sources in history) Finally it follows

established norms of good reasoning Accountable talk

sharpens students thinking by reinforcing their ability to use

knowledge appropriately As such it helps develop the skills

and the habits of mind that constitute intelligence-in-prac-

tice Teachers can intentionally create the norms and skills ofaccountable talk in their classrooms

Socializing Intelligence

Intelligent habits of mind are learned through the daily

expectations placed on the learner By calling on students to

use the skills of intelligent thinking and accountable talk

and by holding them responsible for doing so educators can

teach intelligence This is what teachers normally do with

students they expect much from it should be standard

practice with all students

Learning as Apprenticeship

For many centuries most people learned by working alo

side an expert who modeled skilled practice and guided

novices as they created authentic products or performan

This kind of apprenticeship learning allowed learners to

acquire the complex interdisciplinary knowledge practicabilities and appropriate forms of social behavior that w

with high levels of skilled performance Learners were

motivated to do the hard work that was involved by the

value placed on their products by people who bought

objects attended performances or requested that impo

community work be done Much of the power of appren

ship learning can be brought into schooling through ap

priate use of extended projects and presentations and b

organizing learning environments so that complex think

and production are modeled and analyzed

As we approach a new century it is increasingly evident

the educational methods we have been using for the pa

years no longer suffice They are based on scienti1047297c assu

tions about the nature of knowledge the learning proce

and diff erential aptitude for learning that have been ecli

by new discoveries Yet changing them has been slow

because the nature of educational reform in this country

largely one of tinkering with institutional arrangements

Rarely has reform penetrated the educational core

But now that is happening With the movement for stan-

dards-based education America has begun to explore thpotential of designing policy structures explicitly to link

testing curriculum textbooks teacher training and

accountability with clearly articulated ideas about what

should be taught and what students should be expected

learn Our hopes for breaking this centurys pattern of

disappointing cycles of reform--and of enabling our

children to function eff ectively in a complex new centu-

ry--rest with this vision of creating eff ort-based systems

grounded in knowledge-based constructivism-- systems

allow all students to reach high standards of achievemen

Lauren B Resnick is the director of the Learning Research an

Development Center at the University of Pittsburgh Details

the research described here appear in Learning Organizati

for Sustainable Education Reform an article co-written wit

Megan Williams Hall (Daedalus Fall 1998)

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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MAKING AMERICA SMARTER

Standards tests and accountability programs are todays

favored tools for raising overall academic achievement

Testing policies are also meant to increase equity to give

poor and minority students a fairer chance by making

expectations clear and providing instruction geared to them

In practice though it is proving hard to meet the twin goalsof equity and higher achievement This is because our

schools are trapped in a set of beliefs about the nature of

ability and aptitude that makes it hard to evoke eff ective

academic eff ort from students and educators

What we learn is a function of both our aptitudes for particu-

lar kinds of learning and the eff ort we put forth Americans

mostly assume that aptitude largely determines what people

can learn in school although they allow that hard work can

compensate for lower doses of innate intelligence Our

schools are largely organized around this belief IQ tests ortheir surrogates are used to determine who has access to

enriched programs As a result some students never get the

chance to study a high-demand high-expectation curricu-

lum

Traditional achievement tests are normed to compare

students against one another rather than against a standard

of excellence This approach makes it difficult to see the

results of learning and thereby discourages eff ort (If one is

going to stay at about the same relative percentile rank no

matter how much one has learned what is the point of

trying hard) Similarly college entrance depends heavily onaptitude-like tests that have little to do with the curriculum

studied Like IQ tests they are designed to spread the

student population out on a statistical scale rather than to

de1047297ne what any particular individual has learned

These commonplace features of the American educational

landscape are institutionalized expressions of a persistent

belief in the importance of inherited aptitude The system

they are part of is self-sustaining Assumptions about

aptitude are continually reinforced by the results of practices

based on those assumptions Students who are held to lowexpectations do not try to break through that barrier

because they accept the judgment that inborn aptitude

matters most and that they have not inherited enough of

that capacity Not surprisingly their performance remains

low Children who have not been taught a demanding

challenging thinking curriculum do poorly on tests of

reasoning or problem-solving con1047297rming many peoples

original suspicions that they lack the talent for high-level

thinking

Two converging lines of research--one from cognitive

science one from social psychology--now give us reason

believe that we dont have to continue in this way We do

need to pit excellence against equity We can harness eff

to create ability and build a smarter America

Intelligence-in-Practice Habits of Mind

For more than 20 years psychologists and other student

the human mind have been experimenting with ways of

teaching the cognitive skills associated with intelligence

These include techniques as varied as generating analog

making logical deductions creating and using memory

and monitoring ones own state of knowledge (metacog

tion) Early experiments on teaching speci1047297c isolated co

ponents of intelligence yielded a common pattern of res

Most of the training was successful in producing immed

gains in performance but people typically ceased usingcognitive techniques they had been taught as soon as th

speci1047297c conditions of training were removed In other wo

they became capable of performing whatever skill was

taught but they acquired no general habit of using it or

capacity to judge for themselves when it was useful

As a result of these 1047297ndings cognitive researchers began

shift their attention to educational strategies that immer

students in demanding longterm intellectual environm

Now positive results are coming in In experimental

programs and in practical school reforms we are seeing

students who over an extended period of time are treatif they are intelligent actually become so If they are taug

demanding content and are expected to explain and 1047297n

connections as well as memorize and repeat they learn

and learn more quickly They think of themselves as lear

They are able to bounce back in the face of short-term

failures

This experience is giving rise to a new conceptualization

intelligence-inpractice Intelligence is the habit of persist

ly trying to understand things and make them function

better Intelligence is working to1047297

gure things out varyinstrategies until a workable solution is found Intelligence

knowing what one does (and doesnt) know seeking inf

mation and organizing that information so that it makes

sense and can be remembered In short ones intelligen

the sum of ones habits of mind

Lauren B Resnick

Education Week Century Series June 1999

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Being Smart and Getting Smart Two Popular Beliefs

About Intelligence

Here is where the research by social psychologists comes in

Two decades of studies have shown that what people

believe about the nature of talent and intelligence--about

what accounts for success and failure--is closely related tothe amount and kind of eff ort they put forth in situations of

learning or problem-solving

Some people believe that intelligence and other forms of

talent are 1047297xed and unchangeable Intelligence is a thing an

entity that is displayed in ones performance Doing well

means that one has ability doing poorly means that one

doesnt According to this belief people who are very talent-

ed perform easily they dont need to work hard to do well

Hence if you want to appear to be smart you should not

appear to be working very hard Any educator working withadolescents knows how this belief can drive some students

away from schoolwork

Other people believe that intelligence is something that

develops and grows These people view ability as a reper-

toire of skills that is continuously expandable through ones

eff orts Intelligence is incremental People can get smart

When people think this way they tend to invest energy to

learn something new or to increase their understanding and

mastery

But it is not just brute eff ort that distinguishes these learnersfrom people who think of intelligence as an entity Incremen-

tal thinkers are particularly likely to apply self-regulatory

metacognitive skills when they encounter task difficulties to

focus on analyzing the task and generating alternative

strategies Most important they seek out opportunities to

hone their skills and knowledge treating task difficulty (and

thus occasional setbacks) as part of the learning challenge

rather than as evidence that they lack intelligence They get

on an upward spiral in which their intelligence is actually

increasing Meanwhile their peers who think of intelligence

as1047297

xed try to avoid diffi

cult tasks for fear of displaying theirlack of intelligence They enter a downward spiral by avoid-

ing the very occasions in which they could learn smarter

ways of behaving

Eff ort-Based Education and Learnable Intelligence

Principles for Teaching and Learning

The good news is that peoples beliefs about intelligence

arent immutable They respond to the situations in which

people 1047297nd themselves

This means that it is possible to help students develop

learning-oriented goals and an incremental view of inte

gence and thus set them on the upward spiral by which

can become smarter and deliver the kinds of high-level

academic achievement everyone is hoping for To do thi

need to create eff ort based schools in which academic riand a thinking curriculum permeate the school day for e

student

For several years the Institute for Learning at the Univer

of Pittsburgh has been working with school systems acro

the country to set students--and whole school faculties-

the upward getting-smarter spiral A core set of principl

guides this work principles that educators have found b

inspiring and practical These principles which can be

illustrated in multiple examples of speci1047297c school and

classroom practice are based on cognitive research andresearch on learning organizations Here they are in a

nutshell

Organize for E ff ort

An eff ort-based school replaces the assumption that

aptitude determines what and how much students learn

with the assumption that sustained and directed eff ort c

yield high achievement for all students Everything is org

nized to evoke and support this eff ort High minimum

standards are set and all students curriculum is geared

these standards Some students will need extra time and

expert instruction to meet these expectations Providingtime and expertise helps send the message that eff ort is

expected and that tough problems yield to sustained wo

Clear Expectations

If we expect all students to learn at high levels then we n

to de1047297ne what we expect students to learn These expec

tions need to be clear--to school professionals to parent

the community and above all to students themselves W

visible accomplishment targets to aim toward at each sta

of learning students can participate in evaluating their o

work and setting goals for their own eff

ort

Recognition of Accomplishment

Clear recognition of authentic accomplishment is a hallm

of an eff ort-based school This recognition can take the f

of celebrations of work that meets standards or interme

expectations It can also be tied to opportunity to partic

in events that matter to students and their families Prog

points should be articulated so that regardless of their

entering abilities all students meet real accomplishmen

criteria often enough to be recognized frequently

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Fair and Credible Evaluations

Long-term eff ort by students calls for assessment practices

that students 1047297nd fair Most importantly tests exams and

classroom assessments must be aligned to the standards and

the curriculum being studied Fair assessment also means

using tests and exams that are graded against absolutestandards rather than on a curve so students can clearly see

the results of their learning eff orts

Academic Rigor in a Thinking Curriculum

Thinking and problem-solving will be the new basics of the

21st century but the common idea that we can teach

thinking without a solid foundation of knowledge must be

abandoned So must the idea that we can teach knowledge

without engaging students in thinking Knowledge and

thinking must be intimately joined This implies a curriculum

organized around major concepts in each discipline thatstudents are expected to know deeply Teaching must

engage students in active reasoning about these concepts

In every subject at every grade level the curriculum must

include commitment to a knowledge core high thinking

demand and active use of knowledge

Accountable Talk

Talking with others about ideas and work is fundamental to

learning But not all talk sustains learning or creates intelli-

gence For classroom talk to promote learning it must have

certain characteristics that make it accountable Account-

able talk seriously responds to and further develops whatothers in the group have said It puts forth and demands

knowledge that is accurate and relevant to the issue under

discussion Accountable talk uses evidence in ways appropri-

ate to the discipline (for example proofs in mathematics

data from investigations in science textual details in litera-

ture documentary sources in history) Finally it follows

established norms of good reasoning Accountable talk

sharpens students thinking by reinforcing their ability to use

knowledge appropriately As such it helps develop the skills

and the habits of mind that constitute intelligence-in-prac-

tice Teachers can intentionally create the norms and skills ofaccountable talk in their classrooms

Socializing Intelligence

Intelligent habits of mind are learned through the daily

expectations placed on the learner By calling on students to

use the skills of intelligent thinking and accountable talk

and by holding them responsible for doing so educators can

teach intelligence This is what teachers normally do with

students they expect much from it should be standard

practice with all students

Learning as Apprenticeship

For many centuries most people learned by working alo

side an expert who modeled skilled practice and guided

novices as they created authentic products or performan

This kind of apprenticeship learning allowed learners to

acquire the complex interdisciplinary knowledge practicabilities and appropriate forms of social behavior that w

with high levels of skilled performance Learners were

motivated to do the hard work that was involved by the

value placed on their products by people who bought

objects attended performances or requested that impo

community work be done Much of the power of appren

ship learning can be brought into schooling through ap

priate use of extended projects and presentations and b

organizing learning environments so that complex think

and production are modeled and analyzed

As we approach a new century it is increasingly evident

the educational methods we have been using for the pa

years no longer suffice They are based on scienti1047297c assu

tions about the nature of knowledge the learning proce

and diff erential aptitude for learning that have been ecli

by new discoveries Yet changing them has been slow

because the nature of educational reform in this country

largely one of tinkering with institutional arrangements

Rarely has reform penetrated the educational core

But now that is happening With the movement for stan-

dards-based education America has begun to explore thpotential of designing policy structures explicitly to link

testing curriculum textbooks teacher training and

accountability with clearly articulated ideas about what

should be taught and what students should be expected

learn Our hopes for breaking this centurys pattern of

disappointing cycles of reform--and of enabling our

children to function eff ectively in a complex new centu-

ry--rest with this vision of creating eff ort-based systems

grounded in knowledge-based constructivism-- systems

allow all students to reach high standards of achievemen

Lauren B Resnick is the director of the Learning Research an

Development Center at the University of Pittsburgh Details

the research described here appear in Learning Organizati

for Sustainable Education Reform an article co-written wit

Megan Williams Hall (Daedalus Fall 1998)

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MAKING AMERICA SMARTER

Standards tests and accountability programs are todays

favored tools for raising overall academic achievement

Testing policies are also meant to increase equity to give

poor and minority students a fairer chance by making

expectations clear and providing instruction geared to them

In practice though it is proving hard to meet the twin goalsof equity and higher achievement This is because our

schools are trapped in a set of beliefs about the nature of

ability and aptitude that makes it hard to evoke eff ective

academic eff ort from students and educators

What we learn is a function of both our aptitudes for particu-

lar kinds of learning and the eff ort we put forth Americans

mostly assume that aptitude largely determines what people

can learn in school although they allow that hard work can

compensate for lower doses of innate intelligence Our

schools are largely organized around this belief IQ tests ortheir surrogates are used to determine who has access to

enriched programs As a result some students never get the

chance to study a high-demand high-expectation curricu-

lum

Traditional achievement tests are normed to compare

students against one another rather than against a standard

of excellence This approach makes it difficult to see the

results of learning and thereby discourages eff ort (If one is

going to stay at about the same relative percentile rank no

matter how much one has learned what is the point of

trying hard) Similarly college entrance depends heavily onaptitude-like tests that have little to do with the curriculum

studied Like IQ tests they are designed to spread the

student population out on a statistical scale rather than to

de1047297ne what any particular individual has learned

These commonplace features of the American educational

landscape are institutionalized expressions of a persistent

belief in the importance of inherited aptitude The system

they are part of is self-sustaining Assumptions about

aptitude are continually reinforced by the results of practices

based on those assumptions Students who are held to lowexpectations do not try to break through that barrier

because they accept the judgment that inborn aptitude

matters most and that they have not inherited enough of

that capacity Not surprisingly their performance remains

low Children who have not been taught a demanding

challenging thinking curriculum do poorly on tests of

reasoning or problem-solving con1047297rming many peoples

original suspicions that they lack the talent for high-level

thinking

Two converging lines of research--one from cognitive

science one from social psychology--now give us reason

believe that we dont have to continue in this way We do

need to pit excellence against equity We can harness eff

to create ability and build a smarter America

Intelligence-in-Practice Habits of Mind

For more than 20 years psychologists and other student

the human mind have been experimenting with ways of

teaching the cognitive skills associated with intelligence

These include techniques as varied as generating analog

making logical deductions creating and using memory

and monitoring ones own state of knowledge (metacog

tion) Early experiments on teaching speci1047297c isolated co

ponents of intelligence yielded a common pattern of res

Most of the training was successful in producing immed

gains in performance but people typically ceased usingcognitive techniques they had been taught as soon as th

speci1047297c conditions of training were removed In other wo

they became capable of performing whatever skill was

taught but they acquired no general habit of using it or

capacity to judge for themselves when it was useful

As a result of these 1047297ndings cognitive researchers began

shift their attention to educational strategies that immer

students in demanding longterm intellectual environm

Now positive results are coming in In experimental

programs and in practical school reforms we are seeing

students who over an extended period of time are treatif they are intelligent actually become so If they are taug

demanding content and are expected to explain and 1047297n

connections as well as memorize and repeat they learn

and learn more quickly They think of themselves as lear

They are able to bounce back in the face of short-term

failures

This experience is giving rise to a new conceptualization

intelligence-inpractice Intelligence is the habit of persist

ly trying to understand things and make them function

better Intelligence is working to1047297

gure things out varyinstrategies until a workable solution is found Intelligence

knowing what one does (and doesnt) know seeking inf

mation and organizing that information so that it makes

sense and can be remembered In short ones intelligen

the sum of ones habits of mind

Lauren B Resnick

Education Week Century Series June 1999

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Being Smart and Getting Smart Two Popular Beliefs

About Intelligence

Here is where the research by social psychologists comes in

Two decades of studies have shown that what people

believe about the nature of talent and intelligence--about

what accounts for success and failure--is closely related tothe amount and kind of eff ort they put forth in situations of

learning or problem-solving

Some people believe that intelligence and other forms of

talent are 1047297xed and unchangeable Intelligence is a thing an

entity that is displayed in ones performance Doing well

means that one has ability doing poorly means that one

doesnt According to this belief people who are very talent-

ed perform easily they dont need to work hard to do well

Hence if you want to appear to be smart you should not

appear to be working very hard Any educator working withadolescents knows how this belief can drive some students

away from schoolwork

Other people believe that intelligence is something that

develops and grows These people view ability as a reper-

toire of skills that is continuously expandable through ones

eff orts Intelligence is incremental People can get smart

When people think this way they tend to invest energy to

learn something new or to increase their understanding and

mastery

But it is not just brute eff ort that distinguishes these learnersfrom people who think of intelligence as an entity Incremen-

tal thinkers are particularly likely to apply self-regulatory

metacognitive skills when they encounter task difficulties to

focus on analyzing the task and generating alternative

strategies Most important they seek out opportunities to

hone their skills and knowledge treating task difficulty (and

thus occasional setbacks) as part of the learning challenge

rather than as evidence that they lack intelligence They get

on an upward spiral in which their intelligence is actually

increasing Meanwhile their peers who think of intelligence

as1047297

xed try to avoid diffi

cult tasks for fear of displaying theirlack of intelligence They enter a downward spiral by avoid-

ing the very occasions in which they could learn smarter

ways of behaving

Eff ort-Based Education and Learnable Intelligence

Principles for Teaching and Learning

The good news is that peoples beliefs about intelligence

arent immutable They respond to the situations in which

people 1047297nd themselves

This means that it is possible to help students develop

learning-oriented goals and an incremental view of inte

gence and thus set them on the upward spiral by which

can become smarter and deliver the kinds of high-level

academic achievement everyone is hoping for To do thi

need to create eff ort based schools in which academic riand a thinking curriculum permeate the school day for e

student

For several years the Institute for Learning at the Univer

of Pittsburgh has been working with school systems acro

the country to set students--and whole school faculties-

the upward getting-smarter spiral A core set of principl

guides this work principles that educators have found b

inspiring and practical These principles which can be

illustrated in multiple examples of speci1047297c school and

classroom practice are based on cognitive research andresearch on learning organizations Here they are in a

nutshell

Organize for E ff ort

An eff ort-based school replaces the assumption that

aptitude determines what and how much students learn

with the assumption that sustained and directed eff ort c

yield high achievement for all students Everything is org

nized to evoke and support this eff ort High minimum

standards are set and all students curriculum is geared

these standards Some students will need extra time and

expert instruction to meet these expectations Providingtime and expertise helps send the message that eff ort is

expected and that tough problems yield to sustained wo

Clear Expectations

If we expect all students to learn at high levels then we n

to de1047297ne what we expect students to learn These expec

tions need to be clear--to school professionals to parent

the community and above all to students themselves W

visible accomplishment targets to aim toward at each sta

of learning students can participate in evaluating their o

work and setting goals for their own eff

ort

Recognition of Accomplishment

Clear recognition of authentic accomplishment is a hallm

of an eff ort-based school This recognition can take the f

of celebrations of work that meets standards or interme

expectations It can also be tied to opportunity to partic

in events that matter to students and their families Prog

points should be articulated so that regardless of their

entering abilities all students meet real accomplishmen

criteria often enough to be recognized frequently

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Fair and Credible Evaluations

Long-term eff ort by students calls for assessment practices

that students 1047297nd fair Most importantly tests exams and

classroom assessments must be aligned to the standards and

the curriculum being studied Fair assessment also means

using tests and exams that are graded against absolutestandards rather than on a curve so students can clearly see

the results of their learning eff orts

Academic Rigor in a Thinking Curriculum

Thinking and problem-solving will be the new basics of the

21st century but the common idea that we can teach

thinking without a solid foundation of knowledge must be

abandoned So must the idea that we can teach knowledge

without engaging students in thinking Knowledge and

thinking must be intimately joined This implies a curriculum

organized around major concepts in each discipline thatstudents are expected to know deeply Teaching must

engage students in active reasoning about these concepts

In every subject at every grade level the curriculum must

include commitment to a knowledge core high thinking

demand and active use of knowledge

Accountable Talk

Talking with others about ideas and work is fundamental to

learning But not all talk sustains learning or creates intelli-

gence For classroom talk to promote learning it must have

certain characteristics that make it accountable Account-

able talk seriously responds to and further develops whatothers in the group have said It puts forth and demands

knowledge that is accurate and relevant to the issue under

discussion Accountable talk uses evidence in ways appropri-

ate to the discipline (for example proofs in mathematics

data from investigations in science textual details in litera-

ture documentary sources in history) Finally it follows

established norms of good reasoning Accountable talk

sharpens students thinking by reinforcing their ability to use

knowledge appropriately As such it helps develop the skills

and the habits of mind that constitute intelligence-in-prac-

tice Teachers can intentionally create the norms and skills ofaccountable talk in their classrooms

Socializing Intelligence

Intelligent habits of mind are learned through the daily

expectations placed on the learner By calling on students to

use the skills of intelligent thinking and accountable talk

and by holding them responsible for doing so educators can

teach intelligence This is what teachers normally do with

students they expect much from it should be standard

practice with all students

Learning as Apprenticeship

For many centuries most people learned by working alo

side an expert who modeled skilled practice and guided

novices as they created authentic products or performan

This kind of apprenticeship learning allowed learners to

acquire the complex interdisciplinary knowledge practicabilities and appropriate forms of social behavior that w

with high levels of skilled performance Learners were

motivated to do the hard work that was involved by the

value placed on their products by people who bought

objects attended performances or requested that impo

community work be done Much of the power of appren

ship learning can be brought into schooling through ap

priate use of extended projects and presentations and b

organizing learning environments so that complex think

and production are modeled and analyzed

As we approach a new century it is increasingly evident

the educational methods we have been using for the pa

years no longer suffice They are based on scienti1047297c assu

tions about the nature of knowledge the learning proce

and diff erential aptitude for learning that have been ecli

by new discoveries Yet changing them has been slow

because the nature of educational reform in this country

largely one of tinkering with institutional arrangements

Rarely has reform penetrated the educational core

But now that is happening With the movement for stan-

dards-based education America has begun to explore thpotential of designing policy structures explicitly to link

testing curriculum textbooks teacher training and

accountability with clearly articulated ideas about what

should be taught and what students should be expected

learn Our hopes for breaking this centurys pattern of

disappointing cycles of reform--and of enabling our

children to function eff ectively in a complex new centu-

ry--rest with this vision of creating eff ort-based systems

grounded in knowledge-based constructivism-- systems

allow all students to reach high standards of achievemen

Lauren B Resnick is the director of the Learning Research an

Development Center at the University of Pittsburgh Details

the research described here appear in Learning Organizati

for Sustainable Education Reform an article co-written wit

Megan Williams Hall (Daedalus Fall 1998)

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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N o t I m pl e m e n t i n g

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p t i mi z i n g

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MAKING AMERICA SMARTER

Standards tests and accountability programs are todays

favored tools for raising overall academic achievement

Testing policies are also meant to increase equity to give

poor and minority students a fairer chance by making

expectations clear and providing instruction geared to them

In practice though it is proving hard to meet the twin goalsof equity and higher achievement This is because our

schools are trapped in a set of beliefs about the nature of

ability and aptitude that makes it hard to evoke eff ective

academic eff ort from students and educators

What we learn is a function of both our aptitudes for particu-

lar kinds of learning and the eff ort we put forth Americans

mostly assume that aptitude largely determines what people

can learn in school although they allow that hard work can

compensate for lower doses of innate intelligence Our

schools are largely organized around this belief IQ tests ortheir surrogates are used to determine who has access to

enriched programs As a result some students never get the

chance to study a high-demand high-expectation curricu-

lum

Traditional achievement tests are normed to compare

students against one another rather than against a standard

of excellence This approach makes it difficult to see the

results of learning and thereby discourages eff ort (If one is

going to stay at about the same relative percentile rank no

matter how much one has learned what is the point of

trying hard) Similarly college entrance depends heavily onaptitude-like tests that have little to do with the curriculum

studied Like IQ tests they are designed to spread the

student population out on a statistical scale rather than to

de1047297ne what any particular individual has learned

These commonplace features of the American educational

landscape are institutionalized expressions of a persistent

belief in the importance of inherited aptitude The system

they are part of is self-sustaining Assumptions about

aptitude are continually reinforced by the results of practices

based on those assumptions Students who are held to lowexpectations do not try to break through that barrier

because they accept the judgment that inborn aptitude

matters most and that they have not inherited enough of

that capacity Not surprisingly their performance remains

low Children who have not been taught a demanding

challenging thinking curriculum do poorly on tests of

reasoning or problem-solving con1047297rming many peoples

original suspicions that they lack the talent for high-level

thinking

Two converging lines of research--one from cognitive

science one from social psychology--now give us reason

believe that we dont have to continue in this way We do

need to pit excellence against equity We can harness eff

to create ability and build a smarter America

Intelligence-in-Practice Habits of Mind

For more than 20 years psychologists and other student

the human mind have been experimenting with ways of

teaching the cognitive skills associated with intelligence

These include techniques as varied as generating analog

making logical deductions creating and using memory

and monitoring ones own state of knowledge (metacog

tion) Early experiments on teaching speci1047297c isolated co

ponents of intelligence yielded a common pattern of res

Most of the training was successful in producing immed

gains in performance but people typically ceased usingcognitive techniques they had been taught as soon as th

speci1047297c conditions of training were removed In other wo

they became capable of performing whatever skill was

taught but they acquired no general habit of using it or

capacity to judge for themselves when it was useful

As a result of these 1047297ndings cognitive researchers began

shift their attention to educational strategies that immer

students in demanding longterm intellectual environm

Now positive results are coming in In experimental

programs and in practical school reforms we are seeing

students who over an extended period of time are treatif they are intelligent actually become so If they are taug

demanding content and are expected to explain and 1047297n

connections as well as memorize and repeat they learn

and learn more quickly They think of themselves as lear

They are able to bounce back in the face of short-term

failures

This experience is giving rise to a new conceptualization

intelligence-inpractice Intelligence is the habit of persist

ly trying to understand things and make them function

better Intelligence is working to1047297

gure things out varyinstrategies until a workable solution is found Intelligence

knowing what one does (and doesnt) know seeking inf

mation and organizing that information so that it makes

sense and can be remembered In short ones intelligen

the sum of ones habits of mind

Lauren B Resnick

Education Week Century Series June 1999

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Being Smart and Getting Smart Two Popular Beliefs

About Intelligence

Here is where the research by social psychologists comes in

Two decades of studies have shown that what people

believe about the nature of talent and intelligence--about

what accounts for success and failure--is closely related tothe amount and kind of eff ort they put forth in situations of

learning or problem-solving

Some people believe that intelligence and other forms of

talent are 1047297xed and unchangeable Intelligence is a thing an

entity that is displayed in ones performance Doing well

means that one has ability doing poorly means that one

doesnt According to this belief people who are very talent-

ed perform easily they dont need to work hard to do well

Hence if you want to appear to be smart you should not

appear to be working very hard Any educator working withadolescents knows how this belief can drive some students

away from schoolwork

Other people believe that intelligence is something that

develops and grows These people view ability as a reper-

toire of skills that is continuously expandable through ones

eff orts Intelligence is incremental People can get smart

When people think this way they tend to invest energy to

learn something new or to increase their understanding and

mastery

But it is not just brute eff ort that distinguishes these learnersfrom people who think of intelligence as an entity Incremen-

tal thinkers are particularly likely to apply self-regulatory

metacognitive skills when they encounter task difficulties to

focus on analyzing the task and generating alternative

strategies Most important they seek out opportunities to

hone their skills and knowledge treating task difficulty (and

thus occasional setbacks) as part of the learning challenge

rather than as evidence that they lack intelligence They get

on an upward spiral in which their intelligence is actually

increasing Meanwhile their peers who think of intelligence

as1047297

xed try to avoid diffi

cult tasks for fear of displaying theirlack of intelligence They enter a downward spiral by avoid-

ing the very occasions in which they could learn smarter

ways of behaving

Eff ort-Based Education and Learnable Intelligence

Principles for Teaching and Learning

The good news is that peoples beliefs about intelligence

arent immutable They respond to the situations in which

people 1047297nd themselves

This means that it is possible to help students develop

learning-oriented goals and an incremental view of inte

gence and thus set them on the upward spiral by which

can become smarter and deliver the kinds of high-level

academic achievement everyone is hoping for To do thi

need to create eff ort based schools in which academic riand a thinking curriculum permeate the school day for e

student

For several years the Institute for Learning at the Univer

of Pittsburgh has been working with school systems acro

the country to set students--and whole school faculties-

the upward getting-smarter spiral A core set of principl

guides this work principles that educators have found b

inspiring and practical These principles which can be

illustrated in multiple examples of speci1047297c school and

classroom practice are based on cognitive research andresearch on learning organizations Here they are in a

nutshell

Organize for E ff ort

An eff ort-based school replaces the assumption that

aptitude determines what and how much students learn

with the assumption that sustained and directed eff ort c

yield high achievement for all students Everything is org

nized to evoke and support this eff ort High minimum

standards are set and all students curriculum is geared

these standards Some students will need extra time and

expert instruction to meet these expectations Providingtime and expertise helps send the message that eff ort is

expected and that tough problems yield to sustained wo

Clear Expectations

If we expect all students to learn at high levels then we n

to de1047297ne what we expect students to learn These expec

tions need to be clear--to school professionals to parent

the community and above all to students themselves W

visible accomplishment targets to aim toward at each sta

of learning students can participate in evaluating their o

work and setting goals for their own eff

ort

Recognition of Accomplishment

Clear recognition of authentic accomplishment is a hallm

of an eff ort-based school This recognition can take the f

of celebrations of work that meets standards or interme

expectations It can also be tied to opportunity to partic

in events that matter to students and their families Prog

points should be articulated so that regardless of their

entering abilities all students meet real accomplishmen

criteria often enough to be recognized frequently

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Fair and Credible Evaluations

Long-term eff ort by students calls for assessment practices

that students 1047297nd fair Most importantly tests exams and

classroom assessments must be aligned to the standards and

the curriculum being studied Fair assessment also means

using tests and exams that are graded against absolutestandards rather than on a curve so students can clearly see

the results of their learning eff orts

Academic Rigor in a Thinking Curriculum

Thinking and problem-solving will be the new basics of the

21st century but the common idea that we can teach

thinking without a solid foundation of knowledge must be

abandoned So must the idea that we can teach knowledge

without engaging students in thinking Knowledge and

thinking must be intimately joined This implies a curriculum

organized around major concepts in each discipline thatstudents are expected to know deeply Teaching must

engage students in active reasoning about these concepts

In every subject at every grade level the curriculum must

include commitment to a knowledge core high thinking

demand and active use of knowledge

Accountable Talk

Talking with others about ideas and work is fundamental to

learning But not all talk sustains learning or creates intelli-

gence For classroom talk to promote learning it must have

certain characteristics that make it accountable Account-

able talk seriously responds to and further develops whatothers in the group have said It puts forth and demands

knowledge that is accurate and relevant to the issue under

discussion Accountable talk uses evidence in ways appropri-

ate to the discipline (for example proofs in mathematics

data from investigations in science textual details in litera-

ture documentary sources in history) Finally it follows

established norms of good reasoning Accountable talk

sharpens students thinking by reinforcing their ability to use

knowledge appropriately As such it helps develop the skills

and the habits of mind that constitute intelligence-in-prac-

tice Teachers can intentionally create the norms and skills ofaccountable talk in their classrooms

Socializing Intelligence

Intelligent habits of mind are learned through the daily

expectations placed on the learner By calling on students to

use the skills of intelligent thinking and accountable talk

and by holding them responsible for doing so educators can

teach intelligence This is what teachers normally do with

students they expect much from it should be standard

practice with all students

Learning as Apprenticeship

For many centuries most people learned by working alo

side an expert who modeled skilled practice and guided

novices as they created authentic products or performan

This kind of apprenticeship learning allowed learners to

acquire the complex interdisciplinary knowledge practicabilities and appropriate forms of social behavior that w

with high levels of skilled performance Learners were

motivated to do the hard work that was involved by the

value placed on their products by people who bought

objects attended performances or requested that impo

community work be done Much of the power of appren

ship learning can be brought into schooling through ap

priate use of extended projects and presentations and b

organizing learning environments so that complex think

and production are modeled and analyzed

As we approach a new century it is increasingly evident

the educational methods we have been using for the pa

years no longer suffice They are based on scienti1047297c assu

tions about the nature of knowledge the learning proce

and diff erential aptitude for learning that have been ecli

by new discoveries Yet changing them has been slow

because the nature of educational reform in this country

largely one of tinkering with institutional arrangements

Rarely has reform penetrated the educational core

But now that is happening With the movement for stan-

dards-based education America has begun to explore thpotential of designing policy structures explicitly to link

testing curriculum textbooks teacher training and

accountability with clearly articulated ideas about what

should be taught and what students should be expected

learn Our hopes for breaking this centurys pattern of

disappointing cycles of reform--and of enabling our

children to function eff ectively in a complex new centu-

ry--rest with this vision of creating eff ort-based systems

grounded in knowledge-based constructivism-- systems

allow all students to reach high standards of achievemen

Lauren B Resnick is the director of the Learning Research an

Development Center at the University of Pittsburgh Details

the research described here appear in Learning Organizati

for Sustainable Education Reform an article co-written wit

Megan Williams Hall (Daedalus Fall 1998)

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MAKING AMERICA SMARTER

Standards tests and accountability programs are todays

favored tools for raising overall academic achievement

Testing policies are also meant to increase equity to give

poor and minority students a fairer chance by making

expectations clear and providing instruction geared to them

In practice though it is proving hard to meet the twin goalsof equity and higher achievement This is because our

schools are trapped in a set of beliefs about the nature of

ability and aptitude that makes it hard to evoke eff ective

academic eff ort from students and educators

What we learn is a function of both our aptitudes for particu-

lar kinds of learning and the eff ort we put forth Americans

mostly assume that aptitude largely determines what people

can learn in school although they allow that hard work can

compensate for lower doses of innate intelligence Our

schools are largely organized around this belief IQ tests ortheir surrogates are used to determine who has access to

enriched programs As a result some students never get the

chance to study a high-demand high-expectation curricu-

lum

Traditional achievement tests are normed to compare

students against one another rather than against a standard

of excellence This approach makes it difficult to see the

results of learning and thereby discourages eff ort (If one is

going to stay at about the same relative percentile rank no

matter how much one has learned what is the point of

trying hard) Similarly college entrance depends heavily onaptitude-like tests that have little to do with the curriculum

studied Like IQ tests they are designed to spread the

student population out on a statistical scale rather than to

de1047297ne what any particular individual has learned

These commonplace features of the American educational

landscape are institutionalized expressions of a persistent

belief in the importance of inherited aptitude The system

they are part of is self-sustaining Assumptions about

aptitude are continually reinforced by the results of practices

based on those assumptions Students who are held to lowexpectations do not try to break through that barrier

because they accept the judgment that inborn aptitude

matters most and that they have not inherited enough of

that capacity Not surprisingly their performance remains

low Children who have not been taught a demanding

challenging thinking curriculum do poorly on tests of

reasoning or problem-solving con1047297rming many peoples

original suspicions that they lack the talent for high-level

thinking

Two converging lines of research--one from cognitive

science one from social psychology--now give us reason

believe that we dont have to continue in this way We do

need to pit excellence against equity We can harness eff

to create ability and build a smarter America

Intelligence-in-Practice Habits of Mind

For more than 20 years psychologists and other student

the human mind have been experimenting with ways of

teaching the cognitive skills associated with intelligence

These include techniques as varied as generating analog

making logical deductions creating and using memory

and monitoring ones own state of knowledge (metacog

tion) Early experiments on teaching speci1047297c isolated co

ponents of intelligence yielded a common pattern of res

Most of the training was successful in producing immed

gains in performance but people typically ceased usingcognitive techniques they had been taught as soon as th

speci1047297c conditions of training were removed In other wo

they became capable of performing whatever skill was

taught but they acquired no general habit of using it or

capacity to judge for themselves when it was useful

As a result of these 1047297ndings cognitive researchers began

shift their attention to educational strategies that immer

students in demanding longterm intellectual environm

Now positive results are coming in In experimental

programs and in practical school reforms we are seeing

students who over an extended period of time are treatif they are intelligent actually become so If they are taug

demanding content and are expected to explain and 1047297n

connections as well as memorize and repeat they learn

and learn more quickly They think of themselves as lear

They are able to bounce back in the face of short-term

failures

This experience is giving rise to a new conceptualization

intelligence-inpractice Intelligence is the habit of persist

ly trying to understand things and make them function

better Intelligence is working to1047297

gure things out varyinstrategies until a workable solution is found Intelligence

knowing what one does (and doesnt) know seeking inf

mation and organizing that information so that it makes

sense and can be remembered In short ones intelligen

the sum of ones habits of mind

Lauren B Resnick

Education Week Century Series June 1999

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Being Smart and Getting Smart Two Popular Beliefs

About Intelligence

Here is where the research by social psychologists comes in

Two decades of studies have shown that what people

believe about the nature of talent and intelligence--about

what accounts for success and failure--is closely related tothe amount and kind of eff ort they put forth in situations of

learning or problem-solving

Some people believe that intelligence and other forms of

talent are 1047297xed and unchangeable Intelligence is a thing an

entity that is displayed in ones performance Doing well

means that one has ability doing poorly means that one

doesnt According to this belief people who are very talent-

ed perform easily they dont need to work hard to do well

Hence if you want to appear to be smart you should not

appear to be working very hard Any educator working withadolescents knows how this belief can drive some students

away from schoolwork

Other people believe that intelligence is something that

develops and grows These people view ability as a reper-

toire of skills that is continuously expandable through ones

eff orts Intelligence is incremental People can get smart

When people think this way they tend to invest energy to

learn something new or to increase their understanding and

mastery

But it is not just brute eff ort that distinguishes these learnersfrom people who think of intelligence as an entity Incremen-

tal thinkers are particularly likely to apply self-regulatory

metacognitive skills when they encounter task difficulties to

focus on analyzing the task and generating alternative

strategies Most important they seek out opportunities to

hone their skills and knowledge treating task difficulty (and

thus occasional setbacks) as part of the learning challenge

rather than as evidence that they lack intelligence They get

on an upward spiral in which their intelligence is actually

increasing Meanwhile their peers who think of intelligence

as1047297

xed try to avoid diffi

cult tasks for fear of displaying theirlack of intelligence They enter a downward spiral by avoid-

ing the very occasions in which they could learn smarter

ways of behaving

Eff ort-Based Education and Learnable Intelligence

Principles for Teaching and Learning

The good news is that peoples beliefs about intelligence

arent immutable They respond to the situations in which

people 1047297nd themselves

This means that it is possible to help students develop

learning-oriented goals and an incremental view of inte

gence and thus set them on the upward spiral by which

can become smarter and deliver the kinds of high-level

academic achievement everyone is hoping for To do thi

need to create eff ort based schools in which academic riand a thinking curriculum permeate the school day for e

student

For several years the Institute for Learning at the Univer

of Pittsburgh has been working with school systems acro

the country to set students--and whole school faculties-

the upward getting-smarter spiral A core set of principl

guides this work principles that educators have found b

inspiring and practical These principles which can be

illustrated in multiple examples of speci1047297c school and

classroom practice are based on cognitive research andresearch on learning organizations Here they are in a

nutshell

Organize for E ff ort

An eff ort-based school replaces the assumption that

aptitude determines what and how much students learn

with the assumption that sustained and directed eff ort c

yield high achievement for all students Everything is org

nized to evoke and support this eff ort High minimum

standards are set and all students curriculum is geared

these standards Some students will need extra time and

expert instruction to meet these expectations Providingtime and expertise helps send the message that eff ort is

expected and that tough problems yield to sustained wo

Clear Expectations

If we expect all students to learn at high levels then we n

to de1047297ne what we expect students to learn These expec

tions need to be clear--to school professionals to parent

the community and above all to students themselves W

visible accomplishment targets to aim toward at each sta

of learning students can participate in evaluating their o

work and setting goals for their own eff

ort

Recognition of Accomplishment

Clear recognition of authentic accomplishment is a hallm

of an eff ort-based school This recognition can take the f

of celebrations of work that meets standards or interme

expectations It can also be tied to opportunity to partic

in events that matter to students and their families Prog

points should be articulated so that regardless of their

entering abilities all students meet real accomplishmen

criteria often enough to be recognized frequently

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Fair and Credible Evaluations

Long-term eff ort by students calls for assessment practices

that students 1047297nd fair Most importantly tests exams and

classroom assessments must be aligned to the standards and

the curriculum being studied Fair assessment also means

using tests and exams that are graded against absolutestandards rather than on a curve so students can clearly see

the results of their learning eff orts

Academic Rigor in a Thinking Curriculum

Thinking and problem-solving will be the new basics of the

21st century but the common idea that we can teach

thinking without a solid foundation of knowledge must be

abandoned So must the idea that we can teach knowledge

without engaging students in thinking Knowledge and

thinking must be intimately joined This implies a curriculum

organized around major concepts in each discipline thatstudents are expected to know deeply Teaching must

engage students in active reasoning about these concepts

In every subject at every grade level the curriculum must

include commitment to a knowledge core high thinking

demand and active use of knowledge

Accountable Talk

Talking with others about ideas and work is fundamental to

learning But not all talk sustains learning or creates intelli-

gence For classroom talk to promote learning it must have

certain characteristics that make it accountable Account-

able talk seriously responds to and further develops whatothers in the group have said It puts forth and demands

knowledge that is accurate and relevant to the issue under

discussion Accountable talk uses evidence in ways appropri-

ate to the discipline (for example proofs in mathematics

data from investigations in science textual details in litera-

ture documentary sources in history) Finally it follows

established norms of good reasoning Accountable talk

sharpens students thinking by reinforcing their ability to use

knowledge appropriately As such it helps develop the skills

and the habits of mind that constitute intelligence-in-prac-

tice Teachers can intentionally create the norms and skills ofaccountable talk in their classrooms

Socializing Intelligence

Intelligent habits of mind are learned through the daily

expectations placed on the learner By calling on students to

use the skills of intelligent thinking and accountable talk

and by holding them responsible for doing so educators can

teach intelligence This is what teachers normally do with

students they expect much from it should be standard

practice with all students

Learning as Apprenticeship

For many centuries most people learned by working alo

side an expert who modeled skilled practice and guided

novices as they created authentic products or performan

This kind of apprenticeship learning allowed learners to

acquire the complex interdisciplinary knowledge practicabilities and appropriate forms of social behavior that w

with high levels of skilled performance Learners were

motivated to do the hard work that was involved by the

value placed on their products by people who bought

objects attended performances or requested that impo

community work be done Much of the power of appren

ship learning can be brought into schooling through ap

priate use of extended projects and presentations and b

organizing learning environments so that complex think

and production are modeled and analyzed

As we approach a new century it is increasingly evident

the educational methods we have been using for the pa

years no longer suffice They are based on scienti1047297c assu

tions about the nature of knowledge the learning proce

and diff erential aptitude for learning that have been ecli

by new discoveries Yet changing them has been slow

because the nature of educational reform in this country

largely one of tinkering with institutional arrangements

Rarely has reform penetrated the educational core

But now that is happening With the movement for stan-

dards-based education America has begun to explore thpotential of designing policy structures explicitly to link

testing curriculum textbooks teacher training and

accountability with clearly articulated ideas about what

should be taught and what students should be expected

learn Our hopes for breaking this centurys pattern of

disappointing cycles of reform--and of enabling our

children to function eff ectively in a complex new centu-

ry--rest with this vision of creating eff ort-based systems

grounded in knowledge-based constructivism-- systems

allow all students to reach high standards of achievemen

Lauren B Resnick is the director of the Learning Research an

Development Center at the University of Pittsburgh Details

the research described here appear in Learning Organizati

for Sustainable Education Reform an article co-written wit

Megan Williams Hall (Daedalus Fall 1998)

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MAKING AMERICA SMARTER

Standards tests and accountability programs are todays

favored tools for raising overall academic achievement

Testing policies are also meant to increase equity to give

poor and minority students a fairer chance by making

expectations clear and providing instruction geared to them

In practice though it is proving hard to meet the twin goalsof equity and higher achievement This is because our

schools are trapped in a set of beliefs about the nature of

ability and aptitude that makes it hard to evoke eff ective

academic eff ort from students and educators

What we learn is a function of both our aptitudes for particu-

lar kinds of learning and the eff ort we put forth Americans

mostly assume that aptitude largely determines what people

can learn in school although they allow that hard work can

compensate for lower doses of innate intelligence Our

schools are largely organized around this belief IQ tests ortheir surrogates are used to determine who has access to

enriched programs As a result some students never get the

chance to study a high-demand high-expectation curricu-

lum

Traditional achievement tests are normed to compare

students against one another rather than against a standard

of excellence This approach makes it difficult to see the

results of learning and thereby discourages eff ort (If one is

going to stay at about the same relative percentile rank no

matter how much one has learned what is the point of

trying hard) Similarly college entrance depends heavily onaptitude-like tests that have little to do with the curriculum

studied Like IQ tests they are designed to spread the

student population out on a statistical scale rather than to

de1047297ne what any particular individual has learned

These commonplace features of the American educational

landscape are institutionalized expressions of a persistent

belief in the importance of inherited aptitude The system

they are part of is self-sustaining Assumptions about

aptitude are continually reinforced by the results of practices

based on those assumptions Students who are held to lowexpectations do not try to break through that barrier

because they accept the judgment that inborn aptitude

matters most and that they have not inherited enough of

that capacity Not surprisingly their performance remains

low Children who have not been taught a demanding

challenging thinking curriculum do poorly on tests of

reasoning or problem-solving con1047297rming many peoples

original suspicions that they lack the talent for high-level

thinking

Two converging lines of research--one from cognitive

science one from social psychology--now give us reason

believe that we dont have to continue in this way We do

need to pit excellence against equity We can harness eff

to create ability and build a smarter America

Intelligence-in-Practice Habits of Mind

For more than 20 years psychologists and other student

the human mind have been experimenting with ways of

teaching the cognitive skills associated with intelligence

These include techniques as varied as generating analog

making logical deductions creating and using memory

and monitoring ones own state of knowledge (metacog

tion) Early experiments on teaching speci1047297c isolated co

ponents of intelligence yielded a common pattern of res

Most of the training was successful in producing immed

gains in performance but people typically ceased usingcognitive techniques they had been taught as soon as th

speci1047297c conditions of training were removed In other wo

they became capable of performing whatever skill was

taught but they acquired no general habit of using it or

capacity to judge for themselves when it was useful

As a result of these 1047297ndings cognitive researchers began

shift their attention to educational strategies that immer

students in demanding longterm intellectual environm

Now positive results are coming in In experimental

programs and in practical school reforms we are seeing

students who over an extended period of time are treatif they are intelligent actually become so If they are taug

demanding content and are expected to explain and 1047297n

connections as well as memorize and repeat they learn

and learn more quickly They think of themselves as lear

They are able to bounce back in the face of short-term

failures

This experience is giving rise to a new conceptualization

intelligence-inpractice Intelligence is the habit of persist

ly trying to understand things and make them function

better Intelligence is working to1047297

gure things out varyinstrategies until a workable solution is found Intelligence

knowing what one does (and doesnt) know seeking inf

mation and organizing that information so that it makes

sense and can be remembered In short ones intelligen

the sum of ones habits of mind

Lauren B Resnick

Education Week Century Series June 1999

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Being Smart and Getting Smart Two Popular Beliefs

About Intelligence

Here is where the research by social psychologists comes in

Two decades of studies have shown that what people

believe about the nature of talent and intelligence--about

what accounts for success and failure--is closely related tothe amount and kind of eff ort they put forth in situations of

learning or problem-solving

Some people believe that intelligence and other forms of

talent are 1047297xed and unchangeable Intelligence is a thing an

entity that is displayed in ones performance Doing well

means that one has ability doing poorly means that one

doesnt According to this belief people who are very talent-

ed perform easily they dont need to work hard to do well

Hence if you want to appear to be smart you should not

appear to be working very hard Any educator working withadolescents knows how this belief can drive some students

away from schoolwork

Other people believe that intelligence is something that

develops and grows These people view ability as a reper-

toire of skills that is continuously expandable through ones

eff orts Intelligence is incremental People can get smart

When people think this way they tend to invest energy to

learn something new or to increase their understanding and

mastery

But it is not just brute eff ort that distinguishes these learnersfrom people who think of intelligence as an entity Incremen-

tal thinkers are particularly likely to apply self-regulatory

metacognitive skills when they encounter task difficulties to

focus on analyzing the task and generating alternative

strategies Most important they seek out opportunities to

hone their skills and knowledge treating task difficulty (and

thus occasional setbacks) as part of the learning challenge

rather than as evidence that they lack intelligence They get

on an upward spiral in which their intelligence is actually

increasing Meanwhile their peers who think of intelligence

as1047297

xed try to avoid diffi

cult tasks for fear of displaying theirlack of intelligence They enter a downward spiral by avoid-

ing the very occasions in which they could learn smarter

ways of behaving

Eff ort-Based Education and Learnable Intelligence

Principles for Teaching and Learning

The good news is that peoples beliefs about intelligence

arent immutable They respond to the situations in which

people 1047297nd themselves

This means that it is possible to help students develop

learning-oriented goals and an incremental view of inte

gence and thus set them on the upward spiral by which

can become smarter and deliver the kinds of high-level

academic achievement everyone is hoping for To do thi

need to create eff ort based schools in which academic riand a thinking curriculum permeate the school day for e

student

For several years the Institute for Learning at the Univer

of Pittsburgh has been working with school systems acro

the country to set students--and whole school faculties-

the upward getting-smarter spiral A core set of principl

guides this work principles that educators have found b

inspiring and practical These principles which can be

illustrated in multiple examples of speci1047297c school and

classroom practice are based on cognitive research andresearch on learning organizations Here they are in a

nutshell

Organize for E ff ort

An eff ort-based school replaces the assumption that

aptitude determines what and how much students learn

with the assumption that sustained and directed eff ort c

yield high achievement for all students Everything is org

nized to evoke and support this eff ort High minimum

standards are set and all students curriculum is geared

these standards Some students will need extra time and

expert instruction to meet these expectations Providingtime and expertise helps send the message that eff ort is

expected and that tough problems yield to sustained wo

Clear Expectations

If we expect all students to learn at high levels then we n

to de1047297ne what we expect students to learn These expec

tions need to be clear--to school professionals to parent

the community and above all to students themselves W

visible accomplishment targets to aim toward at each sta

of learning students can participate in evaluating their o

work and setting goals for their own eff

ort

Recognition of Accomplishment

Clear recognition of authentic accomplishment is a hallm

of an eff ort-based school This recognition can take the f

of celebrations of work that meets standards or interme

expectations It can also be tied to opportunity to partic

in events that matter to students and their families Prog

points should be articulated so that regardless of their

entering abilities all students meet real accomplishmen

criteria often enough to be recognized frequently

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Fair and Credible Evaluations

Long-term eff ort by students calls for assessment practices

that students 1047297nd fair Most importantly tests exams and

classroom assessments must be aligned to the standards and

the curriculum being studied Fair assessment also means

using tests and exams that are graded against absolutestandards rather than on a curve so students can clearly see

the results of their learning eff orts

Academic Rigor in a Thinking Curriculum

Thinking and problem-solving will be the new basics of the

21st century but the common idea that we can teach

thinking without a solid foundation of knowledge must be

abandoned So must the idea that we can teach knowledge

without engaging students in thinking Knowledge and

thinking must be intimately joined This implies a curriculum

organized around major concepts in each discipline thatstudents are expected to know deeply Teaching must

engage students in active reasoning about these concepts

In every subject at every grade level the curriculum must

include commitment to a knowledge core high thinking

demand and active use of knowledge

Accountable Talk

Talking with others about ideas and work is fundamental to

learning But not all talk sustains learning or creates intelli-

gence For classroom talk to promote learning it must have

certain characteristics that make it accountable Account-

able talk seriously responds to and further develops whatothers in the group have said It puts forth and demands

knowledge that is accurate and relevant to the issue under

discussion Accountable talk uses evidence in ways appropri-

ate to the discipline (for example proofs in mathematics

data from investigations in science textual details in litera-

ture documentary sources in history) Finally it follows

established norms of good reasoning Accountable talk

sharpens students thinking by reinforcing their ability to use

knowledge appropriately As such it helps develop the skills

and the habits of mind that constitute intelligence-in-prac-

tice Teachers can intentionally create the norms and skills ofaccountable talk in their classrooms

Socializing Intelligence

Intelligent habits of mind are learned through the daily

expectations placed on the learner By calling on students to

use the skills of intelligent thinking and accountable talk

and by holding them responsible for doing so educators can

teach intelligence This is what teachers normally do with

students they expect much from it should be standard

practice with all students

Learning as Apprenticeship

For many centuries most people learned by working alo

side an expert who modeled skilled practice and guided

novices as they created authentic products or performan

This kind of apprenticeship learning allowed learners to

acquire the complex interdisciplinary knowledge practicabilities and appropriate forms of social behavior that w

with high levels of skilled performance Learners were

motivated to do the hard work that was involved by the

value placed on their products by people who bought

objects attended performances or requested that impo

community work be done Much of the power of appren

ship learning can be brought into schooling through ap

priate use of extended projects and presentations and b

organizing learning environments so that complex think

and production are modeled and analyzed

As we approach a new century it is increasingly evident

the educational methods we have been using for the pa

years no longer suffice They are based on scienti1047297c assu

tions about the nature of knowledge the learning proce

and diff erential aptitude for learning that have been ecli

by new discoveries Yet changing them has been slow

because the nature of educational reform in this country

largely one of tinkering with institutional arrangements

Rarely has reform penetrated the educational core

But now that is happening With the movement for stan-

dards-based education America has begun to explore thpotential of designing policy structures explicitly to link

testing curriculum textbooks teacher training and

accountability with clearly articulated ideas about what

should be taught and what students should be expected

learn Our hopes for breaking this centurys pattern of

disappointing cycles of reform--and of enabling our

children to function eff ectively in a complex new centu-

ry--rest with this vision of creating eff ort-based systems

grounded in knowledge-based constructivism-- systems

allow all students to reach high standards of achievemen

Lauren B Resnick is the director of the Learning Research an

Development Center at the University of Pittsburgh Details

the research described here appear in Learning Organizati

for Sustainable Education Reform an article co-written wit

Megan Williams Hall (Daedalus Fall 1998)

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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t Bi a s

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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N o t I m pl e m e n t i n g

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p t i mi z i n g

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MAKING AMERICA SMARTER

Standards tests and accountability programs are todays

favored tools for raising overall academic achievement

Testing policies are also meant to increase equity to give

poor and minority students a fairer chance by making

expectations clear and providing instruction geared to them

In practice though it is proving hard to meet the twin goalsof equity and higher achievement This is because our

schools are trapped in a set of beliefs about the nature of

ability and aptitude that makes it hard to evoke eff ective

academic eff ort from students and educators

What we learn is a function of both our aptitudes for particu-

lar kinds of learning and the eff ort we put forth Americans

mostly assume that aptitude largely determines what people

can learn in school although they allow that hard work can

compensate for lower doses of innate intelligence Our

schools are largely organized around this belief IQ tests ortheir surrogates are used to determine who has access to

enriched programs As a result some students never get the

chance to study a high-demand high-expectation curricu-

lum

Traditional achievement tests are normed to compare

students against one another rather than against a standard

of excellence This approach makes it difficult to see the

results of learning and thereby discourages eff ort (If one is

going to stay at about the same relative percentile rank no

matter how much one has learned what is the point of

trying hard) Similarly college entrance depends heavily onaptitude-like tests that have little to do with the curriculum

studied Like IQ tests they are designed to spread the

student population out on a statistical scale rather than to

de1047297ne what any particular individual has learned

These commonplace features of the American educational

landscape are institutionalized expressions of a persistent

belief in the importance of inherited aptitude The system

they are part of is self-sustaining Assumptions about

aptitude are continually reinforced by the results of practices

based on those assumptions Students who are held to lowexpectations do not try to break through that barrier

because they accept the judgment that inborn aptitude

matters most and that they have not inherited enough of

that capacity Not surprisingly their performance remains

low Children who have not been taught a demanding

challenging thinking curriculum do poorly on tests of

reasoning or problem-solving con1047297rming many peoples

original suspicions that they lack the talent for high-level

thinking

Two converging lines of research--one from cognitive

science one from social psychology--now give us reason

believe that we dont have to continue in this way We do

need to pit excellence against equity We can harness eff

to create ability and build a smarter America

Intelligence-in-Practice Habits of Mind

For more than 20 years psychologists and other student

the human mind have been experimenting with ways of

teaching the cognitive skills associated with intelligence

These include techniques as varied as generating analog

making logical deductions creating and using memory

and monitoring ones own state of knowledge (metacog

tion) Early experiments on teaching speci1047297c isolated co

ponents of intelligence yielded a common pattern of res

Most of the training was successful in producing immed

gains in performance but people typically ceased usingcognitive techniques they had been taught as soon as th

speci1047297c conditions of training were removed In other wo

they became capable of performing whatever skill was

taught but they acquired no general habit of using it or

capacity to judge for themselves when it was useful

As a result of these 1047297ndings cognitive researchers began

shift their attention to educational strategies that immer

students in demanding longterm intellectual environm

Now positive results are coming in In experimental

programs and in practical school reforms we are seeing

students who over an extended period of time are treatif they are intelligent actually become so If they are taug

demanding content and are expected to explain and 1047297n

connections as well as memorize and repeat they learn

and learn more quickly They think of themselves as lear

They are able to bounce back in the face of short-term

failures

This experience is giving rise to a new conceptualization

intelligence-inpractice Intelligence is the habit of persist

ly trying to understand things and make them function

better Intelligence is working to1047297

gure things out varyinstrategies until a workable solution is found Intelligence

knowing what one does (and doesnt) know seeking inf

mation and organizing that information so that it makes

sense and can be remembered In short ones intelligen

the sum of ones habits of mind

Lauren B Resnick

Education Week Century Series June 1999

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Being Smart and Getting Smart Two Popular Beliefs

About Intelligence

Here is where the research by social psychologists comes in

Two decades of studies have shown that what people

believe about the nature of talent and intelligence--about

what accounts for success and failure--is closely related tothe amount and kind of eff ort they put forth in situations of

learning or problem-solving

Some people believe that intelligence and other forms of

talent are 1047297xed and unchangeable Intelligence is a thing an

entity that is displayed in ones performance Doing well

means that one has ability doing poorly means that one

doesnt According to this belief people who are very talent-

ed perform easily they dont need to work hard to do well

Hence if you want to appear to be smart you should not

appear to be working very hard Any educator working withadolescents knows how this belief can drive some students

away from schoolwork

Other people believe that intelligence is something that

develops and grows These people view ability as a reper-

toire of skills that is continuously expandable through ones

eff orts Intelligence is incremental People can get smart

When people think this way they tend to invest energy to

learn something new or to increase their understanding and

mastery

But it is not just brute eff ort that distinguishes these learnersfrom people who think of intelligence as an entity Incremen-

tal thinkers are particularly likely to apply self-regulatory

metacognitive skills when they encounter task difficulties to

focus on analyzing the task and generating alternative

strategies Most important they seek out opportunities to

hone their skills and knowledge treating task difficulty (and

thus occasional setbacks) as part of the learning challenge

rather than as evidence that they lack intelligence They get

on an upward spiral in which their intelligence is actually

increasing Meanwhile their peers who think of intelligence

as1047297

xed try to avoid diffi

cult tasks for fear of displaying theirlack of intelligence They enter a downward spiral by avoid-

ing the very occasions in which they could learn smarter

ways of behaving

Eff ort-Based Education and Learnable Intelligence

Principles for Teaching and Learning

The good news is that peoples beliefs about intelligence

arent immutable They respond to the situations in which

people 1047297nd themselves

This means that it is possible to help students develop

learning-oriented goals and an incremental view of inte

gence and thus set them on the upward spiral by which

can become smarter and deliver the kinds of high-level

academic achievement everyone is hoping for To do thi

need to create eff ort based schools in which academic riand a thinking curriculum permeate the school day for e

student

For several years the Institute for Learning at the Univer

of Pittsburgh has been working with school systems acro

the country to set students--and whole school faculties-

the upward getting-smarter spiral A core set of principl

guides this work principles that educators have found b

inspiring and practical These principles which can be

illustrated in multiple examples of speci1047297c school and

classroom practice are based on cognitive research andresearch on learning organizations Here they are in a

nutshell

Organize for E ff ort

An eff ort-based school replaces the assumption that

aptitude determines what and how much students learn

with the assumption that sustained and directed eff ort c

yield high achievement for all students Everything is org

nized to evoke and support this eff ort High minimum

standards are set and all students curriculum is geared

these standards Some students will need extra time and

expert instruction to meet these expectations Providingtime and expertise helps send the message that eff ort is

expected and that tough problems yield to sustained wo

Clear Expectations

If we expect all students to learn at high levels then we n

to de1047297ne what we expect students to learn These expec

tions need to be clear--to school professionals to parent

the community and above all to students themselves W

visible accomplishment targets to aim toward at each sta

of learning students can participate in evaluating their o

work and setting goals for their own eff

ort

Recognition of Accomplishment

Clear recognition of authentic accomplishment is a hallm

of an eff ort-based school This recognition can take the f

of celebrations of work that meets standards or interme

expectations It can also be tied to opportunity to partic

in events that matter to students and their families Prog

points should be articulated so that regardless of their

entering abilities all students meet real accomplishmen

criteria often enough to be recognized frequently

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Fair and Credible Evaluations

Long-term eff ort by students calls for assessment practices

that students 1047297nd fair Most importantly tests exams and

classroom assessments must be aligned to the standards and

the curriculum being studied Fair assessment also means

using tests and exams that are graded against absolutestandards rather than on a curve so students can clearly see

the results of their learning eff orts

Academic Rigor in a Thinking Curriculum

Thinking and problem-solving will be the new basics of the

21st century but the common idea that we can teach

thinking without a solid foundation of knowledge must be

abandoned So must the idea that we can teach knowledge

without engaging students in thinking Knowledge and

thinking must be intimately joined This implies a curriculum

organized around major concepts in each discipline thatstudents are expected to know deeply Teaching must

engage students in active reasoning about these concepts

In every subject at every grade level the curriculum must

include commitment to a knowledge core high thinking

demand and active use of knowledge

Accountable Talk

Talking with others about ideas and work is fundamental to

learning But not all talk sustains learning or creates intelli-

gence For classroom talk to promote learning it must have

certain characteristics that make it accountable Account-

able talk seriously responds to and further develops whatothers in the group have said It puts forth and demands

knowledge that is accurate and relevant to the issue under

discussion Accountable talk uses evidence in ways appropri-

ate to the discipline (for example proofs in mathematics

data from investigations in science textual details in litera-

ture documentary sources in history) Finally it follows

established norms of good reasoning Accountable talk

sharpens students thinking by reinforcing their ability to use

knowledge appropriately As such it helps develop the skills

and the habits of mind that constitute intelligence-in-prac-

tice Teachers can intentionally create the norms and skills ofaccountable talk in their classrooms

Socializing Intelligence

Intelligent habits of mind are learned through the daily

expectations placed on the learner By calling on students to

use the skills of intelligent thinking and accountable talk

and by holding them responsible for doing so educators can

teach intelligence This is what teachers normally do with

students they expect much from it should be standard

practice with all students

Learning as Apprenticeship

For many centuries most people learned by working alo

side an expert who modeled skilled practice and guided

novices as they created authentic products or performan

This kind of apprenticeship learning allowed learners to

acquire the complex interdisciplinary knowledge practicabilities and appropriate forms of social behavior that w

with high levels of skilled performance Learners were

motivated to do the hard work that was involved by the

value placed on their products by people who bought

objects attended performances or requested that impo

community work be done Much of the power of appren

ship learning can be brought into schooling through ap

priate use of extended projects and presentations and b

organizing learning environments so that complex think

and production are modeled and analyzed

As we approach a new century it is increasingly evident

the educational methods we have been using for the pa

years no longer suffice They are based on scienti1047297c assu

tions about the nature of knowledge the learning proce

and diff erential aptitude for learning that have been ecli

by new discoveries Yet changing them has been slow

because the nature of educational reform in this country

largely one of tinkering with institutional arrangements

Rarely has reform penetrated the educational core

But now that is happening With the movement for stan-

dards-based education America has begun to explore thpotential of designing policy structures explicitly to link

testing curriculum textbooks teacher training and

accountability with clearly articulated ideas about what

should be taught and what students should be expected

learn Our hopes for breaking this centurys pattern of

disappointing cycles of reform--and of enabling our

children to function eff ectively in a complex new centu-

ry--rest with this vision of creating eff ort-based systems

grounded in knowledge-based constructivism-- systems

allow all students to reach high standards of achievemen

Lauren B Resnick is the director of the Learning Research an

Development Center at the University of Pittsburgh Details

the research described here appear in Learning Organizati

for Sustainable Education Reform an article co-written wit

Megan Williams Hall (Daedalus Fall 1998)

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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Being Smart and Getting Smart Two Popular Beliefs

About Intelligence

Here is where the research by social psychologists comes in

Two decades of studies have shown that what people

believe about the nature of talent and intelligence--about

what accounts for success and failure--is closely related tothe amount and kind of eff ort they put forth in situations of

learning or problem-solving

Some people believe that intelligence and other forms of

talent are 1047297xed and unchangeable Intelligence is a thing an

entity that is displayed in ones performance Doing well

means that one has ability doing poorly means that one

doesnt According to this belief people who are very talent-

ed perform easily they dont need to work hard to do well

Hence if you want to appear to be smart you should not

appear to be working very hard Any educator working withadolescents knows how this belief can drive some students

away from schoolwork

Other people believe that intelligence is something that

develops and grows These people view ability as a reper-

toire of skills that is continuously expandable through ones

eff orts Intelligence is incremental People can get smart

When people think this way they tend to invest energy to

learn something new or to increase their understanding and

mastery

But it is not just brute eff ort that distinguishes these learnersfrom people who think of intelligence as an entity Incremen-

tal thinkers are particularly likely to apply self-regulatory

metacognitive skills when they encounter task difficulties to

focus on analyzing the task and generating alternative

strategies Most important they seek out opportunities to

hone their skills and knowledge treating task difficulty (and

thus occasional setbacks) as part of the learning challenge

rather than as evidence that they lack intelligence They get

on an upward spiral in which their intelligence is actually

increasing Meanwhile their peers who think of intelligence

as1047297

xed try to avoid diffi

cult tasks for fear of displaying theirlack of intelligence They enter a downward spiral by avoid-

ing the very occasions in which they could learn smarter

ways of behaving

Eff ort-Based Education and Learnable Intelligence

Principles for Teaching and Learning

The good news is that peoples beliefs about intelligence

arent immutable They respond to the situations in which

people 1047297nd themselves

This means that it is possible to help students develop

learning-oriented goals and an incremental view of inte

gence and thus set them on the upward spiral by which

can become smarter and deliver the kinds of high-level

academic achievement everyone is hoping for To do thi

need to create eff ort based schools in which academic riand a thinking curriculum permeate the school day for e

student

For several years the Institute for Learning at the Univer

of Pittsburgh has been working with school systems acro

the country to set students--and whole school faculties-

the upward getting-smarter spiral A core set of principl

guides this work principles that educators have found b

inspiring and practical These principles which can be

illustrated in multiple examples of speci1047297c school and

classroom practice are based on cognitive research andresearch on learning organizations Here they are in a

nutshell

Organize for E ff ort

An eff ort-based school replaces the assumption that

aptitude determines what and how much students learn

with the assumption that sustained and directed eff ort c

yield high achievement for all students Everything is org

nized to evoke and support this eff ort High minimum

standards are set and all students curriculum is geared

these standards Some students will need extra time and

expert instruction to meet these expectations Providingtime and expertise helps send the message that eff ort is

expected and that tough problems yield to sustained wo

Clear Expectations

If we expect all students to learn at high levels then we n

to de1047297ne what we expect students to learn These expec

tions need to be clear--to school professionals to parent

the community and above all to students themselves W

visible accomplishment targets to aim toward at each sta

of learning students can participate in evaluating their o

work and setting goals for their own eff

ort

Recognition of Accomplishment

Clear recognition of authentic accomplishment is a hallm

of an eff ort-based school This recognition can take the f

of celebrations of work that meets standards or interme

expectations It can also be tied to opportunity to partic

in events that matter to students and their families Prog

points should be articulated so that regardless of their

entering abilities all students meet real accomplishmen

criteria often enough to be recognized frequently

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Fair and Credible Evaluations

Long-term eff ort by students calls for assessment practices

that students 1047297nd fair Most importantly tests exams and

classroom assessments must be aligned to the standards and

the curriculum being studied Fair assessment also means

using tests and exams that are graded against absolutestandards rather than on a curve so students can clearly see

the results of their learning eff orts

Academic Rigor in a Thinking Curriculum

Thinking and problem-solving will be the new basics of the

21st century but the common idea that we can teach

thinking without a solid foundation of knowledge must be

abandoned So must the idea that we can teach knowledge

without engaging students in thinking Knowledge and

thinking must be intimately joined This implies a curriculum

organized around major concepts in each discipline thatstudents are expected to know deeply Teaching must

engage students in active reasoning about these concepts

In every subject at every grade level the curriculum must

include commitment to a knowledge core high thinking

demand and active use of knowledge

Accountable Talk

Talking with others about ideas and work is fundamental to

learning But not all talk sustains learning or creates intelli-

gence For classroom talk to promote learning it must have

certain characteristics that make it accountable Account-

able talk seriously responds to and further develops whatothers in the group have said It puts forth and demands

knowledge that is accurate and relevant to the issue under

discussion Accountable talk uses evidence in ways appropri-

ate to the discipline (for example proofs in mathematics

data from investigations in science textual details in litera-

ture documentary sources in history) Finally it follows

established norms of good reasoning Accountable talk

sharpens students thinking by reinforcing their ability to use

knowledge appropriately As such it helps develop the skills

and the habits of mind that constitute intelligence-in-prac-

tice Teachers can intentionally create the norms and skills ofaccountable talk in their classrooms

Socializing Intelligence

Intelligent habits of mind are learned through the daily

expectations placed on the learner By calling on students to

use the skills of intelligent thinking and accountable talk

and by holding them responsible for doing so educators can

teach intelligence This is what teachers normally do with

students they expect much from it should be standard

practice with all students

Learning as Apprenticeship

For many centuries most people learned by working alo

side an expert who modeled skilled practice and guided

novices as they created authentic products or performan

This kind of apprenticeship learning allowed learners to

acquire the complex interdisciplinary knowledge practicabilities and appropriate forms of social behavior that w

with high levels of skilled performance Learners were

motivated to do the hard work that was involved by the

value placed on their products by people who bought

objects attended performances or requested that impo

community work be done Much of the power of appren

ship learning can be brought into schooling through ap

priate use of extended projects and presentations and b

organizing learning environments so that complex think

and production are modeled and analyzed

As we approach a new century it is increasingly evident

the educational methods we have been using for the pa

years no longer suffice They are based on scienti1047297c assu

tions about the nature of knowledge the learning proce

and diff erential aptitude for learning that have been ecli

by new discoveries Yet changing them has been slow

because the nature of educational reform in this country

largely one of tinkering with institutional arrangements

Rarely has reform penetrated the educational core

But now that is happening With the movement for stan-

dards-based education America has begun to explore thpotential of designing policy structures explicitly to link

testing curriculum textbooks teacher training and

accountability with clearly articulated ideas about what

should be taught and what students should be expected

learn Our hopes for breaking this centurys pattern of

disappointing cycles of reform--and of enabling our

children to function eff ectively in a complex new centu-

ry--rest with this vision of creating eff ort-based systems

grounded in knowledge-based constructivism-- systems

allow all students to reach high standards of achievemen

Lauren B Resnick is the director of the Learning Research an

Development Center at the University of Pittsburgh Details

the research described here appear in Learning Organizati

for Sustainable Education Reform an article co-written wit

Megan Williams Hall (Daedalus Fall 1998)

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Fair and Credible Evaluations

Long-term eff ort by students calls for assessment practices

that students 1047297nd fair Most importantly tests exams and

classroom assessments must be aligned to the standards and

the curriculum being studied Fair assessment also means

using tests and exams that are graded against absolutestandards rather than on a curve so students can clearly see

the results of their learning eff orts

Academic Rigor in a Thinking Curriculum

Thinking and problem-solving will be the new basics of the

21st century but the common idea that we can teach

thinking without a solid foundation of knowledge must be

abandoned So must the idea that we can teach knowledge

without engaging students in thinking Knowledge and

thinking must be intimately joined This implies a curriculum

organized around major concepts in each discipline thatstudents are expected to know deeply Teaching must

engage students in active reasoning about these concepts

In every subject at every grade level the curriculum must

include commitment to a knowledge core high thinking

demand and active use of knowledge

Accountable Talk

Talking with others about ideas and work is fundamental to

learning But not all talk sustains learning or creates intelli-

gence For classroom talk to promote learning it must have

certain characteristics that make it accountable Account-

able talk seriously responds to and further develops whatothers in the group have said It puts forth and demands

knowledge that is accurate and relevant to the issue under

discussion Accountable talk uses evidence in ways appropri-

ate to the discipline (for example proofs in mathematics

data from investigations in science textual details in litera-

ture documentary sources in history) Finally it follows

established norms of good reasoning Accountable talk

sharpens students thinking by reinforcing their ability to use

knowledge appropriately As such it helps develop the skills

and the habits of mind that constitute intelligence-in-prac-

tice Teachers can intentionally create the norms and skills ofaccountable talk in their classrooms

Socializing Intelligence

Intelligent habits of mind are learned through the daily

expectations placed on the learner By calling on students to

use the skills of intelligent thinking and accountable talk

and by holding them responsible for doing so educators can

teach intelligence This is what teachers normally do with

students they expect much from it should be standard

practice with all students

Learning as Apprenticeship

For many centuries most people learned by working alo

side an expert who modeled skilled practice and guided

novices as they created authentic products or performan

This kind of apprenticeship learning allowed learners to

acquire the complex interdisciplinary knowledge practicabilities and appropriate forms of social behavior that w

with high levels of skilled performance Learners were

motivated to do the hard work that was involved by the

value placed on their products by people who bought

objects attended performances or requested that impo

community work be done Much of the power of appren

ship learning can be brought into schooling through ap

priate use of extended projects and presentations and b

organizing learning environments so that complex think

and production are modeled and analyzed

As we approach a new century it is increasingly evident

the educational methods we have been using for the pa

years no longer suffice They are based on scienti1047297c assu

tions about the nature of knowledge the learning proce

and diff erential aptitude for learning that have been ecli

by new discoveries Yet changing them has been slow

because the nature of educational reform in this country

largely one of tinkering with institutional arrangements

Rarely has reform penetrated the educational core

But now that is happening With the movement for stan-

dards-based education America has begun to explore thpotential of designing policy structures explicitly to link

testing curriculum textbooks teacher training and

accountability with clearly articulated ideas about what

should be taught and what students should be expected

learn Our hopes for breaking this centurys pattern of

disappointing cycles of reform--and of enabling our

children to function eff ectively in a complex new centu-

ry--rest with this vision of creating eff ort-based systems

grounded in knowledge-based constructivism-- systems

allow all students to reach high standards of achievemen

Lauren B Resnick is the director of the Learning Research an

Development Center at the University of Pittsburgh Details

the research described here appear in Learning Organizati

for Sustainable Education Reform an article co-written wit

Megan Williams Hall (Daedalus Fall 1998)

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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t Bi a s

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N o t I m pl e m e n t i n g

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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T a b l e T al k

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g

t h e s

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g i n e er i n g a n d T e c h n o l o g yI n i t i a t i v e pr e s e n t a t i o n b yE H a i n e s a n d A M a g u i r e

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I m pl i c i

t Bi a s

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h e R ol e of I m p

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E v e r y on e i s s u s c e p t i b l e t oi m pl i c i t b i a s

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+

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vi s i t i n g t h

e B e l i e f S u

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+ S AM

( S e l f -A s s e s s m e n t

of MT S S I m

pl e m e n t a t i on )

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N o t I m pl e m e n t i n g

Em e r gi n g D e v e l o pi n g

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O

p t i mi z i n g

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+

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ur B ui l d i n gBl o c k

s t h a t S u p p or t

MT S S I m pl e m

e n t a t i on

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a c t i c e

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a c t s s t u d e n t

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f t s i nB e l i e f s i m p a c t s i m pl e m e n t a t i o

n of MT S S

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+

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gi t b a c k h om e hellip

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x t s t e p s

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om e hellip

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pl e m e n t a t i on of MT S

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P ar t i n gT

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+

Y e ar 2 D a y2

S e p t e m

b e r 2 0 1 5

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p t s

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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U

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M a i n t a i n a s t r on g s e

n s e of l e a d e r s h i p

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b e t w e e nB e l i e f s S AM a n d T I P s

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bull

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+

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+

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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ar ni n g O

u t c om e s

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t ar i s k

a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h

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n o t h i n g t o d o w i t h I Q n o t h i n g t o d o w i t h p o v er t y

n o t h i n g t o d o w i t h r a c e n o t h i n g t o d o w

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t r u l y w i l l t o

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R e f l e c t an

d s h ar e

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e a f e wmi n u t e s t oi n d i vi d u a l l yr e f l e c t on

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n s a n d

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En s ur i n g a

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C on s en

s u s I nf r a s t r u c t ur e

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ur B ui l d i n gBl o c k

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N o t I m pl e m e n t i n g

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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T a b l e

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T a b l e T al k

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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t Bi a s

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h e R ol e of I m p

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vi s i t i n g t h

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( S e l f -A s s e s s m e n t

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pl e m e n t a t i on )

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N o t I m pl e m e n t i n g

Em e r gi n g D e v e l o pi n g

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p t i mi z i n g

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ur B ui l d i n gBl o c k

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M a i n t a i n a s t r on g s e

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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R e f l e c t an

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C on s en

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N o t I m pl e m e n t i n g

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p t i mi z i n g

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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R e f l e c t an

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r e y o ur h y p o t h e s e s a s

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D a t a- b a s e d D e c i s i on

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F a c t or 4

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T a b l e

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s a T e a m d i s c u s s -

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T a b l e T al k

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f S ur v e y

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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e l i e v e o ur d e c i s i o n s a n d a

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s u a l s u s p e c t s

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t Bi a s

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h e R ol e of I m p

l i c i t Bi a s i n

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e f i ni n g

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t i v e s

I m pl i c i t b i a s r e f e r s t o t h e a t t i t u d e s or s t e r e o t y p e s

t h a t a f f e c t o u t un

d e r s t a n d i n g a c t i on s a n d

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E v e r y on e i s s u s c e p t i b l e t oi m pl i c i t b i a s

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

R e

vi s i t i n g t h

e B e l i e f S u

r v e y wi t h i n t h e

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+ S AM

( S e l f -A s s e s s m e n t

of MT S S I m

pl e m e n t a t i on )

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N o t I m pl e m e n t i n g

Em e r gi n g D e v e l o pi n g

O p e r a t i on al i z i n g

O

p t i mi z i n g

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+

F o

ur B ui l d i n gBl o c k

s t h a t S u p p or t

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e n t a t i on

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c t S k i l l s

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a c t i c e

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I m pr o v e d I m pl e m e n t a t i oni m p

a c t s s t u d e n t

o u t c om e s

B e t t e r

s t u d e n t o u t c om e s s h i f t B

e l i e f s

An d s h i

f t s i nB e l i e f s i m p a c t s i m pl e m e n t a t i o

n of MT S S

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+

T ak i n

gi t b a c k h om e hellip

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x t s t e p s

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om e hellip

C on t i n u e pr o b l e m

s ol vi n g u

s i n gT I P s t o d e v e l o p

a n d a l i gn pr of e s s i on a l l e a r ni n g t oi m p a

c t t h e s h i f t

of B e l i e f s a n d r e a

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pl e m e n t a t i on of MT S

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r e p ari n gF or th e

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a n d t h e i r i m p a c t on c ur r e n t pr a c t i c e s on a l l

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M a i n t a i n a s t r on g s e

n s e of l e a d e r s h i p

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e o ur d e v e l o

pm e n t of a c

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T S S

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un d e r s t a n d i n g of t h e r ol e f un c t i on a

n d p ur p o s e of

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e f S ur v e yi n

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T S S

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b e t w e e nB e l i e f s S AM a n d T I P s

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+ N or m s

bull

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+

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+

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ar ni n g O

u t c om e s

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1 9 9 3

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t ar i s k

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R e f l e c t an

d s h ar e

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e a f e wmi n u t e s t oi n d i vi d u a l l yr e f l e c t on

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En s ur i n g a

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l t i -Ti e r e

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C on s en

s u s I nf r a s t r u c t ur e

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+

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ur B ui l d i n gBl o c k

s t h a t S u p p or t

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e n t a t i on

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pr o v e t h e

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ym or e S a r a s on 1 9 9 6

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Th i s i s n o

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

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( S e l f -A s s e s s m e n t

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pl e m e n t a t i on )

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N o t I m pl e m e n t i n g

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R e f l e c t an

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En s ur i n g a

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l t i -Ti e r e

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C on s en

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ur B ui l d i n gBl o c k

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c t S k i l l s

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f t s i nB e l i e f s i m p a c t s i m pl e m e n t a t i o

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ym or e S a r a s on 1 9 9 6

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l e T al k

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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F a c t or 4

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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s a T e a m d i s c u s s -

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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I m pl i c i

t Bi a s

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h e R ol e of I m p

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e f i ni n g

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vi s i t i n g t h

e B e l i e f S u

r v e y wi t h i n t h e

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( S e l f -A s s e s s m e n t

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N o t I m pl e m e n t i n g

Em e r gi n g D e v e l o pi n g

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p t i mi z i n g

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ur B ui l d i n gBl o c k

s t h a t S u p p or t

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e n t a t i on

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c t S k i l l s

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a c t s s t u d e n t

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f t s i nB e l i e f s i m p a c t s i m pl e m e n t a t i o

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x t s t e p s

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om e hellip

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s i n gT I P s t o d e v e l o p

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c t t h e s h i f t

of B e l i e f s a n d r e a

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pl e m e n t a t i on of MT S

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r e p ari n gF or th e

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i ni n gT i e r s 2 a n d 3

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a n d t h e i r i m p a c t on c ur r e n t pr a c t i c e s on a l l

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P ar t i n gT

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D e e p o wn e r s h i p c om e

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a t

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1 9 9 3

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g e

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R e f l e c t an

d s h ar e

( S e e H an d o u t )

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e a f e wmi n u t e s t oi n d i vi d u a l l yr e f l e c t on

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En s ur i n g a

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C on s en

s u s I nf r a s t r u c t ur e

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+

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ur B ui l d i n gBl o c k

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e n t a t i on

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c t S k i l l s

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ym or e S a r a s on 1 9 9 6

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Th i s i s n o

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R e f l e c t an

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R e f l e c t an

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t Bi a s

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

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+

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+

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t Bi a s

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t Bi a s

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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p t i mi z i n g

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+

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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f S ur v e y

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l rsquo s B e l i e f

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v e y ( B OY

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a t a r e t h e a

r e a s t h a t a r e a s u p p or t t o t h e

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l e m e n t a t i o

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i c h a r e a r e a s t h a t a r e p o t e n t i a l b a r r i e r s t o t h

e

i m p

l e m e n t a t i o

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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t h e s

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P h y s i c i s t T h e u

s u a l s u s p e c t s

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h y s i c i s t Th e u s u a l s u s p e c t s

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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I m pl i c i

t Bi a s

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h e R ol e of I m p

l i c i t Bi a s i n

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e f i ni n g

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t i v e s

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t h a t a f f e c t o u t un

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n c on s c i o u s

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i n g t o

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wi l l s i n g

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l p y o um a k e t h e d e s e r t b e a r f r ui t

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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R e

vi s i t i n g t h

e B e l i e f S u

r v e y wi t h i n t h e

c on t e x t of t h e S

AM an d y

o ur D e s i r e d S t a t e

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r e vi e w y o ur S AM d a t a w

i t h t h e c ur r e n t l e n s of

B e l i e f s ur v e y e q ui t y a n d y o ur D e s i r e d S t a t e

Wh a t t

r e n d s a n d p a

t t e r n s d o y o u s e e

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f a c t or s d om ai n s a n d s p e c i f i c i t e m s

r e f l e c t t h e

gr e a t e s t g a p s b e t w

e e n c ur r e n t a n d o p t i m a l MT S S

i m pl e m

e n t a t i on

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ui t y a n d a c c

e s s wh i c h wi l l

c h a n g e

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e n t o u t c om e

s

P ul l i n g t h e pi e c e s

t o g e t h e r

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+ S AM

( S e l f -A s s e s s m e n t

of MT S S I m

pl e m e n t a t i on )

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N o t I m pl e m e n t i n g

Em e r gi n g D e v e l o pi n g

O p e r a t i on al i z i n g

O

p t i mi z i n g

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

F o

ur B ui l d i n gBl o c k

s t h a t S u p p or t

MT S S I m pl e m

e n t a t i on

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e n t a t i on

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c t S k i l l s

S k i l l s t oi m p a c t P r

a c t i c e

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i m pr o v e s I m pl e m e n t a t i on

I m pr o v e d I m pl e m e n t a t i oni m p

a c t s s t u d e n t

o u t c om e s

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s t u d e n t o u t c om e s s h i f t B

e l i e f s

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f t s i nB e l i e f s i m p a c t s i m pl e m e n t a t i o

n of MT S S

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

T ak i n

gi t b a c k h om e hellip

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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x t s t e p s

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om e hellip

C on t i n u e pr o b l e m

s ol vi n g u

s i n gT I P s t o d e v e l o p

a n d a l i gn pr of e s s i on a l l e a r ni n g t oi m p a

c t t h e s h i f t

of B e l i e f s a n d r e a

l i z a t i on of

y o ur D e s i r

e d S t a t e

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Wh a t n e e d s t o b e d o

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pl e m e n t a t i on of MT S

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o e s y o ur D

e s i r e d S t a t e a l i gn wi t h y o ur

r e s ul t s

onB e l i e f s S AM a n d

y o ur S I P

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r e p ari n gF or th e

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on hellip

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T i e r s

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a v e t o c on s t a n t l y c h a l l e n g e o ur a s s um p t i on s

a n d b

i a s e s w e b

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B e l i e f S u

r v e y

A s s e s s e s b e l i e f s a c r o s s f o u

r b r o a d d o

m a i n s

F un c t i on s of C or e a n d S u p pl e m e n t a l I n s t r u c t i on

D a t a

- b a s e d D e c i s i onM a k i n g

A c a d e mi c A b i l i t i e s a n d P e r f o

r m a n c e of S

t u d e n t s wi t h

Di s a

b i l i t i e s

C ul t ur a l P r of i c i e

n c y

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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B e l i e f s a r e n o t a b s ol u t e v a l u e s T h e y a r e a b

o u t c h a n g e

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o t h e y t r e n d

or s h i f t i n t h e lsquo r i gh t rsquo d i r

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l i e f s ur v e y a

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l e a r ni n g o p p or t uni t i e s

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e n c e s t r e n d s a n d g a p s i nB e l i e f s c r e a t e e q ui t yi s s u e s

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r Ex am pl e --I f s om e gr a d e l e v e l s d e p a r t m e n t s a n d

s c h o ol s p e r f or m

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+

F a c t or 1

A c a d e mi c A

b i l i t y an d

P e r f or m an c e of S t u d e n t s

wi t h Di s a b i l i t i e s

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An t i c i p

a t or y

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n g hellip

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s w e l o ok a

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h a n g e d

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r e y o ur h y p o t h e s e s a s

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+

F a c t or 2

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M ak i n g

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+

F a c t or 3

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of C or e

an d S u p pl e m e n t al

I n s t r u c t i on

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+

F a c t or 4

C ul t ur al P r of i c i e n c y

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T a b l e

T al k

A

s a T e a m d i s c u s s -

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h a n g e d wi t h i n or a c r o

s s t h e f o ur

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r e y o ur h y p o t h e s e s a s

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T a b l e T al k

S c h o ol B e l i e

f S ur v e y

R e vi e w t h e 4 F a c t or s of y o ur S c h o o

l rsquo s B e l i e f

S ur

v e y ( B OY

O c t 2 0 1 4 )

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a t a r e t h e a

r e a s t h a t a r e a s u p p or t t o t h e

i m p

l e m e n t a t i o

n of MT S S

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i c h a r e a r e a s t h a t a r e p o t e n t i a l b a r r i e r s t o t h

e

i m p

l e m e n t a t i o

n of MT S S

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+

B e l i e f s ampA c t i on

s

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e l i e v e o ur d e c i s i o n s a n d a

c t i o n s ar e

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o ur u n c o n s c i o u s i s r u n n i n

g

t h e s

h o w

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

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s u a l s u s p e c t s

Wh i c h on e i s t h e

ph y s i c i s t

A d a p

t e d f r o m W o m e n i n S c i e n c e E n

g i n e er i n g a n d T e c h n o l o g yI n i t i a t i v e pr e s e n t a t i o n b yE H a i n e s a n d A M a g u i r e

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

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h y s i c i s t Th e u s u a l s u s p e c t s

9 8 o

f t h e p u b l i c c o

u l d nrsquo t t e l l w h i c h o n e w a s t h e

p h y s i c i s t

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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I m pl i c i

t Bi a s

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+

T

h e R ol e of I m p

l i c i t Bi a s i n

D

e f i ni n g

S t u d e n

t N ar r a

t i v e s

I m pl i c i t b i a s r e f e r s t o t h e a t t i t u d e s or s t e r e o t y p e s

t h a t a f f e c t o u t un

d e r s t a n d i n g a c t i on s a n d

d e c i s i on s i n a n u

n c on s c i o u s

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E x p o

s ur e t o c om

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m e d i a e x p

o s ur e

p a s s i v

e o b s e r v a t i on e t c )

E v e r y on e i s s u s c e p t i b l e t oi m pl i c i t b i a s

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+ I f y o u c a n s h o wm e h o wI c a n c l

i n g t o

t h a t

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wh i l e t e a c h i n g

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wi l l s i n g

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

R e

vi s i t i n g t h

e B e l i e f S u

r v e y wi t h i n t h e

c on t e x t of t h e S

AM an d y

o ur D e s i r e d S t a t e

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i t h t h e c ur r e n t l e n s of

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r e n d s a n d p a

t t e r n s d o y o u s e e

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f a c t or s d om ai n s a n d s p e c i f i c i t e m s

r e f l e c t t h e

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e e n c ur r e n t a n d o p t i m a l MT S S

i m pl e m

e n t a t i on

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i s t h e v e h i c l e t o a l i gn e q

ui t y a n d a c c

e s s wh i c h wi l l

c h a n g e

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e n t o u t c om e

s

P ul l i n g t h e pi e c e s

t o g e t h e r

hellip

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+ S AM

( S e l f -A s s e s s m e n t

of MT S S I m

pl e m e n t a t i on )

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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N o t I m pl e m e n t i n g

Em e r gi n g D e v e l o pi n g

O p e r a t i on al i z i n g

O

p t i mi z i n g

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

F o

ur B ui l d i n gBl o c k

s t h a t S u p p or t

MT S S I m pl e m

e n t a t i on

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e n t a t i on

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c t S k i l l s

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a c t i c e

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i m pr o v e s I m pl e m e n t a t i on

I m pr o v e d I m pl e m e n t a t i oni m p

a c t s s t u d e n t

o u t c om e s

B e t t e r

s t u d e n t o u t c om e s s h i f t B

e l i e f s

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f t s i nB e l i e f s i m p a c t s i m pl e m e n t a t i o

n of MT S S

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+

T ak i n

gi t b a c k h om e hellip

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+ N e

x t s t e p s

b a c k h

om e hellip

C on t i n u e pr o b l e m

s ol vi n g u

s i n gT I P s t o d e v e l o p

a n d a l i gn pr of e s s i on a l l e a r ni n g t oi m p a

c t t h e s h i f t

of B e l i e f s a n d r e a

l i z a t i on of

y o ur D e s i r

e d S t a t e

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r e s ul t s

onB e l i e f s S AM a n d

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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F a c t or 1

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b i l i t y an d

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An t i c i p

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n g hellip

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s w e l o ok a

c r o s s e a c h

of t h e f o ur F a c t or s f o

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S BL T s t h i nk

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h a n g e d

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

F a c t or 2

D a t a- b a s e d D e c i s i on

M ak i n g

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

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of C or e

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

F a c t or 4

C ul t ur al P r of i c i e n c y

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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T a b l e

T al k

A

s a T e a m d i s c u s s -

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h a n g e d wi t h i n or a c r o

s s t h e f o ur

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r e y o ur h y p o t h e s e s a s

t o wh y t h e

r e

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T a b l e T al k

S c h o ol B e l i e

f S ur v e y

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l rsquo s B e l i e f

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v e y ( B OY

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a t a r e t h e a

r e a s t h a t a r e a s u p p or t t o t h e

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l e m e n t a t i o

n of MT S S

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i c h a r e a r e a s t h a t a r e p o t e n t i a l b a r r i e r s t o t h

e

i m p

l e m e n t a t i o

n of MT S S

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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s

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e l i e v e o ur d e c i s i o n s a n d a

c t i o n s ar e

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n s c i o u s b e l i e f s

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o ur u n c o n s c i o u s i s r u n n i n

g

t h e s

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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P h y s i c i s t T h e u

s u a l s u s p e c t s

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g i n e er i n g a n d T e c h n o l o g yI n i t i a t i v e pr e s e n t a t i o n b yE H a i n e s a n d A M a g u i r e

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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h y s i c i s t Th e u s u a l s u s p e c t s

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f t h e p u b l i c c o

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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I m pl i c i

t Bi a s

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T

h e R ol e of I m p

l i c i t Bi a s i n

D

e f i ni n g

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t N ar r a

t i v e s

I m pl i c i t b i a s r e f e r s t o t h e a t t i t u d e s or s t e r e o t y p e s

t h a t a f f e c t o u t un

d e r s t a n d i n g a c t i on s a n d

d e c i s i on s i n a n u

n c on s c i o u s

m a nn e r

E x p o

s ur e t o c om

m onl yh e l d a t t i t u d e s

a b o u t s o c i a l

gr o u p

s p e r m e a t e

o ur mi n d s

e v e n t wi t h

o u t o ur

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c on s e n t ( i e h e a r s a y

m e d i a e x p

o s ur e

p a s s i v

e o b s e r v a t i on e t c )

E v e r y on e i s s u s c e p t i b l e t oi m pl i c i t b i a s

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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i n g t o

t h a t

wh i c h i s r e a l t om e

wh i l e t e a c h i n g

m e a

w a yi n t o t h e l a r g e r

s o c i e t y t h e n a n d

onl y t h e n wi l l I d r o pm

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s a n d

h o s t i

l i t y a n d I

wi l l s i n g

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h e

l p y o um a k e t h e d e s e r t b e a r f r ui t

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

R e

vi s i t i n g t h

e B e l i e f S u

r v e y wi t h i n t h e

c on t e x t of t h e S

AM an d y

o ur D e s i r e d S t a t e

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i t h t h e c ur r e n t l e n s of

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r e n d s a n d p a

t t e r n s d o y o u s e e

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f a c t or s d om ai n s a n d s p e c i f i c i t e m s

r e f l e c t t h e

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e e n c ur r e n t a n d o p t i m a l MT S S

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e n t a t i on

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i s t h e v e h i c l e t o a l i gn e q

ui t y a n d a c c

e s s wh i c h wi l l

c h a n g e

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e n t o u t c om e

s

P ul l i n g t h e pi e c e s

t o g e t h e r

hellip

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+ S AM

( S e l f -A s s e s s m e n t

of MT S S I m

pl e m e n t a t i on )

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N o t I m pl e m e n t i n g

Em e r gi n g D e v e l o pi n g

O p e r a t i on al i z i n g

O

p t i mi z i n g

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

F o

ur B ui l d i n gBl o c k

s t h a t S u p p or t

MT S S I m pl e m

e n t a t i on

- S k i l l s

-P r a c t i c e s

-B e l i e f s

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e n t a t i on

P r of e s s i on a l D e v e l o pm e n t T r a i ni n g t oi m p a

c t S k i l l s

S k i l l s t oi m p a c t P r

a c t i c e

I m pr o v e d P r a c t i c e

i m pr o v e s I m pl e m e n t a t i on

I m pr o v e d I m pl e m e n t a t i oni m p

a c t s s t u d e n t

o u t c om e s

B e t t e r

s t u d e n t o u t c om e s s h i f t B

e l i e f s

An d s h i

f t s i nB e l i e f s i m p a c t s i m pl e m e n t a t i o

n of MT S S

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

T ak i n

gi t b a c k h om e hellip

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+ N e

x t s t e p s

b a c k h

om e hellip

C on t i n u e pr o b l e m

s ol vi n g u

s i n gT I P s t o d e v e l o p

a n d a l i gn pr of e s s i on a l l e a r ni n g t oi m p a

c t t h e s h i f t

of B e l i e f s a n d r e a

l i z a t i on of

y o ur D e s i r

e d S t a t e

R e vi e w y o ur S I P

Wh a t n e e d s t o b e d o

n e t o

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o ur S I P a r o un d S k i l l s P r a c t i c e s

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a n d I m

pl e m e n t a t i on of MT S

S i n y o ur S

I P

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o e s y o ur D

e s i r e d S t a t e a l i gn wi t h y o ur

r e s ul t s

onB e l i e f s S AM a n d

y o ur S I P

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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P

r e p ari n gF or th e

Af t ern o

on hellip

E x a m

i ni n gT i e r s 2 a n d 3

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e y e xi t

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s i onr ul e s a r e u s e d

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B e l i e f s a n d

S AM

a n d t h e i r i m p a c t on c ur r e n t pr a c t i c e s on a l l

T i e r s

W e h

a v e t o c on s t a n t l y c h a l l e n g e o ur a s s um p t i on s

a n d b

i a s e s w e b

r i n g t o o ur

w or k

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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P ar t i n gT

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Ar e y o uh

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i t h y o

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+

F a c t or 1

A c a d e mi c A

b i l i t y an d

P e r f or m an c e of S t u d e n t s

wi t h Di s a b i l i t i e s

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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An t i c i p

a t or y

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n g hellip

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s w e l o ok a

c r o s s e a c h

of t h e f o ur F a c t or s f o

r

S BL T s t h i nk

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h a n g e d

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

F a c t or 2

D a t a- b a s e d D e c i s i on

M ak i n g

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

F a c t or 3

F un c t i on s

of C or e

an d S u p pl e m e n t al

I n s t r u c t i on

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

F a c t or 4

C ul t ur al P r of i c i e n c y

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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T a b l e

T al k

A

s a T e a m d i s c u s s -

Wh a t c

h a n g e d wi t h i n or a c r o

s s t h e f o ur

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r e y o ur h y p o t h e s e s a s

t o wh y t h e

r e

w a s gr o w t h Wh y

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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T a b l e T al k

S c h o ol B e l i e

f S ur v e y

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l rsquo s B e l i e f

S ur

v e y ( B OY

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a t a r e t h e a

r e a s t h a t a r e a s u p p or t t o t h e

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l e m e n t a t i o

n of MT S S

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i c h a r e a r e a s t h a t a r e p o t e n t i a l b a r r i e r s t o t h

e

i m p

l e m e n t a t i o

n of MT S S

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

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s

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e l i e v e o ur d e c i s i o n s a n d a

c t i o n s ar e

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i s t e n t w i t h o ur c o

n s c i o u s b e l i e f s

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o ur u n c o n s c i o u s i s r u n n i n

g

t h e s

h o w

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

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s u a l s u s p e c t s

Wh i c h on e i s t h e

ph y s i c i s t

A d a p

t e d f r o m W o m e n i n S c i e n c e E n

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

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h y s i c i s t Th e u s u a l s u s p e c t s

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p h y s i c i s t

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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I m pl i c i

t Bi a s

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+

T

h e R ol e of I m p

l i c i t Bi a s i n

D

e f i ni n g

S t u d e n

t N ar r a

t i v e s

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t h a t a f f e c t o u t un

d e r s t a n d i n g a c t i on s a n d

d e c i s i on s i n a n u

n c on s c i o u s

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E x p o

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+ I f y o u c a n s h o wm e h o wI c a n c l

i n g t o

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wi l l s i n g

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 102111

+

R e

vi s i t i n g t h

e B e l i e f S u

r v e y wi t h i n t h e

c on t e x t of t h e S

AM an d y

o ur D e s i r e d S t a t e

Q ui c k

r e vi e w y o ur S AM d a t a w

i t h t h e c ur r e n t l e n s of

B e l i e f s ur v e y e q ui t y a n d y o ur D e s i r e d S t a t e

Wh a t t

r e n d s a n d p a

t t e r n s d o y o u s e e

Wh i c h

f a c t or s d om ai n s a n d s p e c i f i c i t e m s

r e f l e c t t h e

gr e a t e s t g a p s b e t w

e e n c ur r e n t a n d o p t i m a l MT S S

i m pl e m

e n t a t i on

T I P s ndash

i s t h e v e h i c l e t o a l i gn e q

ui t y a n d a c c

e s s wh i c h wi l l

c h a n g e

i m p a c t s t u d

e n t o u t c om e

s

P ul l i n g t h e pi e c e s

t o g e t h e r

hellip

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+ S AM

( S e l f -A s s e s s m e n t

of MT S S I m

pl e m e n t a t i on )

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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N o t I m pl e m e n t i n g

Em e r gi n g D e v e l o pi n g

O p e r a t i on al i z i n g

O

p t i mi z i n g

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

F o

ur B ui l d i n gBl o c k

s t h a t S u p p or t

MT S S I m pl e m

e n t a t i on

- S k i l l s

-P r a c t i c e s

-B e l i e f s

-I m pl e m

e n t a t i on

P r of e s s i on a l D e v e l o pm e n t T r a i ni n g t oi m p a

c t S k i l l s

S k i l l s t oi m p a c t P r

a c t i c e

I m pr o v e d P r a c t i c e

i m pr o v e s I m pl e m e n t a t i on

I m pr o v e d I m pl e m e n t a t i oni m p

a c t s s t u d e n t

o u t c om e s

B e t t e r

s t u d e n t o u t c om e s s h i f t B

e l i e f s

An d s h i

f t s i nB e l i e f s i m p a c t s i m pl e m e n t a t i o

n of MT S S

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

T ak i n

gi t b a c k h om e hellip

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+ N e

x t s t e p s

b a c k h

om e hellip

C on t i n u e pr o b l e m

s ol vi n g u

s i n gT I P s t o d e v e l o p

a n d a l i gn pr of e s s i on a l l e a r ni n g t oi m p a

c t t h e s h i f t

of B e l i e f s a n d r e a

l i z a t i on of

y o ur D e s i r

e d S t a t e

R e vi e w y o ur S I P

Wh a t n e e d s t o b e d o

n e t o

a l i gn y

o ur S I P a r o un d S k i l l s P r a c t i c e s

B e l i e f s

a n d I m

pl e m e n t a t i on of MT S

S i n y o ur S

I P

H o w d

o e s y o ur D

e s i r e d S t a t e a l i gn wi t h y o ur

r e s ul t s

onB e l i e f s S AM a n d

y o ur S I P

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

P

r e p ari n gF or th e

Af t ern o

on hellip

E x a m

i ni n gT i e r s 2 a n d 3

Wh orsquo s i n

Wh y

H o w d o t h

e y e xi t

Wh a t d e c i

s i onr ul e s a r e u s e d

Ur g e n c y R e a l i z e y o ur D e s i r e d S t a t e

B e l i e f s a n d

S AM

a n d t h e i r i m p a c t on c ur r e n t pr a c t i c e s on a l l

T i e r s

W e h

a v e t o c on s t a n t l y c h a l l e n g e o ur a s s um p t i on s

a n d b

i a s e s w e b

r i n g t o o ur

w or k

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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P ar t i n gT

w oB a s i c Q u

Ar e y o uh

a p p y w

i t h y o

I s

e v e r y c

l a s s r o om on e

w o ul d p u

t y o ur o

wnf l

b l o o d

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An t i c i p

a t or y

Th i nk i

n g hellip

A

s w e l o ok a

c r o s s e a c h

of t h e f o ur F a c t or s f o

r

S BL T s t h i nk

a b o u t hellip

Wh a t c

h a n g e d

Wh a t a

r e y o ur h y p o t h e s e s a s

t o wh y t h e

r e

w a s gr o w t h Wh y

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

F a c t or 2

D a t a- b a s e d D e c i s i on

M ak i n g

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

F a c t or 3

F un c t i on s

of C or e

an d S u p pl e m e n t al

I n s t r u c t i on

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

F a c t or 4

C ul t ur al P r of i c i e n c y

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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T a b l e

T al k

A

s a T e a m d i s c u s s -

Wh a t c

h a n g e d wi t h i n or a c r o

s s t h e f o ur

F a c t or s

Wh a t a

r e y o ur h y p o t h e s e s a s

t o wh y t h e

r e

w a s gr o w t h Wh y

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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T a b l e T al k

S c h o ol B e l i e

f S ur v e y

R e vi e w t h e 4 F a c t or s of y o ur S c h o o

l rsquo s B e l i e f

S ur

v e y ( B OY

O c t 2 0 1 4 )

Wh

a t a r e t h e a

r e a s t h a t a r e a s u p p or t t o t h e

i m p

l e m e n t a t i o

n of MT S S

Wh

i c h a r e a r e a s t h a t a r e p o t e n t i a l b a r r i e r s t o t h

e

i m p

l e m e n t a t i o

n of MT S S

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

B e l i e f s ampA c t i on

s

W e b

e l i e v e o ur d e c i s i o n s a n d a

c t i o n s ar e

c o n s

i s t e n t w i t h o ur c o

n s c i o u s b e l i e f s

w h e n i n f a c t

o ur u n c o n s c i o u s i s r u n n i n

g

t h e s

h o w

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

P h y s i c i s t T h e u

s u a l s u s p e c t s

Wh i c h on e i s t h e

ph y s i c i s t

A d a p

t e d f r o m W o m e n i n S c i e n c e E n

g i n e er i n g a n d T e c h n o l o g yI n i t i a t i v e pr e s e n t a t i o n b yE H a i n e s a n d A M a g u i r e

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

P

h y s i c i s t Th e u s u a l s u s p e c t s

9 8 o

f t h e p u b l i c c o

u l d nrsquo t t e l l w h i c h o n e w a s t h e

p h y s i c i s t

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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I m pl i c i

t Bi a s

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

T

h e R ol e of I m p

l i c i t Bi a s i n

D

e f i ni n g

S t u d e n

t N ar r a

t i v e s

I m pl i c i t b i a s r e f e r s t o t h e a t t i t u d e s or s t e r e o t y p e s

t h a t a f f e c t o u t un

d e r s t a n d i n g a c t i on s a n d

d e c i s i on s i n a n u

n c on s c i o u s

m a nn e r

E x p o

s ur e t o c om

m onl yh e l d a t t i t u d e s

a b o u t s o c i a l

gr o u p

s p e r m e a t e

o ur mi n d s

e v e n t wi t h

o u t o ur

a c t i v e

c on s e n t ( i e h e a r s a y

m e d i a e x p

o s ur e

p a s s i v

e o b s e r v a t i on e t c )

E v e r y on e i s s u s c e p t i b l e t oi m pl i c i t b i a s

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+ I f y o u c a n s h o wm e h o wI c a n c l

i n g t o

t h a t

wh i c h i s r e a l t om e

wh i l e t e a c h i n g

m e a

w a yi n t o t h e l a r g e r

s o c i e t y t h e n a n d

onl y t h e n wi l l I d r o pm

y d e f e n s e

s a n d

h o s t i

l i t y a n d I

wi l l s i n g

y o ur pr a i s e s a n d

h e

l p y o um a k e t h e d e s e r t b e a r f r ui t

-R a l ph E l l i s on

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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amp ( amp ) amp +

) -

) - ( 0 amp ( 1

$

amp ) $

$ + amp )

+

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 101111

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 102111

+

R e

vi s i t i n g t h

e B e l i e f S u

r v e y wi t h i n t h e

c on t e x t of t h e S

AM an d y

o ur D e s i r e d S t a t e

Q ui c k

r e vi e w y o ur S AM d a t a w

i t h t h e c ur r e n t l e n s of

B e l i e f s ur v e y e q ui t y a n d y o ur D e s i r e d S t a t e

Wh a t t

r e n d s a n d p a

t t e r n s d o y o u s e e

Wh i c h

f a c t or s d om ai n s a n d s p e c i f i c i t e m s

r e f l e c t t h e

gr e a t e s t g a p s b e t w

e e n c ur r e n t a n d o p t i m a l MT S S

i m pl e m

e n t a t i on

T I P s ndash

i s t h e v e h i c l e t o a l i gn e q

ui t y a n d a c c

e s s wh i c h wi l l

c h a n g e

i m p a c t s t u d

e n t o u t c om e

s

P ul l i n g t h e pi e c e s

t o g e t h e r

hellip

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 103111

+ S AM

( S e l f -A s s e s s m e n t

of MT S S I m

pl e m e n t a t i on )

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 104111

N o t I m pl e m e n t i n g

Em e r gi n g D e v e l o pi n g

O p e r a t i on al i z i n g

O

p t i mi z i n g

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 106111

+

F o

ur B ui l d i n gBl o c k

s t h a t S u p p or t

MT S S I m pl e m

e n t a t i on

- S k i l l s

-P r a c t i c e s

-B e l i e f s

-I m pl e m

e n t a t i on

P r of e s s i on a l D e v e l o pm e n t T r a i ni n g t oi m p a

c t S k i l l s

S k i l l s t oi m p a c t P r

a c t i c e

I m pr o v e d P r a c t i c e

i m pr o v e s I m pl e m e n t a t i on

I m pr o v e d I m pl e m e n t a t i oni m p

a c t s s t u d e n t

o u t c om e s

B e t t e r

s t u d e n t o u t c om e s s h i f t B

e l i e f s

An d s h i

f t s i nB e l i e f s i m p a c t s i m pl e m e n t a t i o

n of MT S S

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 107111

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 108111

+

T ak i n

gi t b a c k h om e hellip

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 109111

+ N e

x t s t e p s

b a c k h

om e hellip

C on t i n u e pr o b l e m

s ol vi n g u

s i n gT I P s t o d e v e l o p

a n d a l i gn pr of e s s i on a l l e a r ni n g t oi m p a

c t t h e s h i f t

of B e l i e f s a n d r e a

l i z a t i on of

y o ur D e s i r

e d S t a t e

R e vi e w y o ur S I P

Wh a t n e e d s t o b e d o

n e t o

a l i gn y

o ur S I P a r o un d S k i l l s P r a c t i c e s

B e l i e f s

a n d I m

pl e m e n t a t i on of MT S

S i n y o ur S

I P

H o w d

o e s y o ur D

e s i r e d S t a t e a l i gn wi t h y o ur

r e s ul t s

onB e l i e f s S AM a n d

y o ur S I P

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 110111

+

P

r e p ari n gF or th e

Af t ern o

on hellip

E x a m

i ni n gT i e r s 2 a n d 3

Wh orsquo s i n

Wh y

H o w d o t h

e y e xi t

Wh a t d e c i

s i onr ul e s a r e u s e d

Ur g e n c y R e a l i z e y o ur D e s i r e d S t a t e

B e l i e f s a n d

S AM

a n d t h e i r i m p a c t on c ur r e n t pr a c t i c e s on a l l

T i e r s

W e h

a v e t o c on s t a n t l y c h a l l e n g e o ur a s s um p t i on s

a n d b

i a s e s w e b

r i n g t o o ur

w or k

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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P ar t i n gT

w oB a s i c Q u

Ar e y o uh

a p p y w

i t h y o

I s

e v e r y c

l a s s r o om on e

w o ul d p u

t y o ur o

wnf l

b l o o d

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

F a c t or 2

D a t a- b a s e d D e c i s i on

M ak i n g

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 84111

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 85111

+

F a c t or 3

F un c t i on s

of C or e

an d S u p pl e m e n t al

I n s t r u c t i on

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 86111

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 87111

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

F a c t or 4

C ul t ur al P r of i c i e n c y

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 89111

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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T a b l e

T al k

A

s a T e a m d i s c u s s -

Wh a t c

h a n g e d wi t h i n or a c r o

s s t h e f o ur

F a c t or s

Wh a t a

r e y o ur h y p o t h e s e s a s

t o wh y t h e

r e

w a s gr o w t h Wh y

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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T a b l e T al k

S c h o ol B e l i e

f S ur v e y

R e vi e w t h e 4 F a c t or s of y o ur S c h o o

l rsquo s B e l i e f

S ur

v e y ( B OY

O c t 2 0 1 4 )

Wh

a t a r e t h e a

r e a s t h a t a r e a s u p p or t t o t h e

i m p

l e m e n t a t i o

n of MT S S

Wh

i c h a r e a r e a s t h a t a r e p o t e n t i a l b a r r i e r s t o t h

e

i m p

l e m e n t a t i o

n of MT S S

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

B e l i e f s ampA c t i on

s

W e b

e l i e v e o ur d e c i s i o n s a n d a

c t i o n s ar e

c o n s

i s t e n t w i t h o ur c o

n s c i o u s b e l i e f s

w h e n i n f a c t

o ur u n c o n s c i o u s i s r u n n i n

g

t h e s

h o w

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

P h y s i c i s t T h e u

s u a l s u s p e c t s

Wh i c h on e i s t h e

ph y s i c i s t

A d a p

t e d f r o m W o m e n i n S c i e n c e E n

g i n e er i n g a n d T e c h n o l o g yI n i t i a t i v e pr e s e n t a t i o n b yE H a i n e s a n d A M a g u i r e

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

P

h y s i c i s t Th e u s u a l s u s p e c t s

9 8 o

f t h e p u b l i c c o

u l d nrsquo t t e l l w h i c h o n e w a s t h e

p h y s i c i s t

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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I m pl i c i

t Bi a s

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

T

h e R ol e of I m p

l i c i t Bi a s i n

D

e f i ni n g

S t u d e n

t N ar r a

t i v e s

I m pl i c i t b i a s r e f e r s t o t h e a t t i t u d e s or s t e r e o t y p e s

t h a t a f f e c t o u t un

d e r s t a n d i n g a c t i on s a n d

d e c i s i on s i n a n u

n c on s c i o u s

m a nn e r

E x p o

s ur e t o c om

m onl yh e l d a t t i t u d e s

a b o u t s o c i a l

gr o u p

s p e r m e a t e

o ur mi n d s

e v e n t wi t h

o u t o ur

a c t i v e

c on s e n t ( i e h e a r s a y

m e d i a e x p

o s ur e

p a s s i v

e o b s e r v a t i on e t c )

E v e r y on e i s s u s c e p t i b l e t oi m pl i c i t b i a s

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+ I f y o u c a n s h o wm e h o wI c a n c l

i n g t o

t h a t

wh i c h i s r e a l t om e

wh i l e t e a c h i n g

m e a

w a yi n t o t h e l a r g e r

s o c i e t y t h e n a n d

onl y t h e n wi l l I d r o pm

y d e f e n s e

s a n d

h o s t i

l i t y a n d I

wi l l s i n g

y o ur pr a i s e s a n d

h e

l p y o um a k e t h e d e s e r t b e a r f r ui t

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 101111

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

R e

vi s i t i n g t h

e B e l i e f S u

r v e y wi t h i n t h e

c on t e x t of t h e S

AM an d y

o ur D e s i r e d S t a t e

Q ui c k

r e vi e w y o ur S AM d a t a w

i t h t h e c ur r e n t l e n s of

B e l i e f s ur v e y e q ui t y a n d y o ur D e s i r e d S t a t e

Wh a t t

r e n d s a n d p a

t t e r n s d o y o u s e e

Wh i c h

f a c t or s d om ai n s a n d s p e c i f i c i t e m s

r e f l e c t t h e

gr e a t e s t g a p s b e t w

e e n c ur r e n t a n d o p t i m a l MT S S

i m pl e m

e n t a t i on

T I P s ndash

i s t h e v e h i c l e t o a l i gn e q

ui t y a n d a c c

e s s wh i c h wi l l

c h a n g e

i m p a c t s t u d

e n t o u t c om e

s

P ul l i n g t h e pi e c e s

t o g e t h e r

hellip

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+ S AM

( S e l f -A s s e s s m e n t

of MT S S I m

pl e m e n t a t i on )

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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N o t I m pl e m e n t i n g

Em e r gi n g D e v e l o pi n g

O p e r a t i on al i z i n g

O

p t i mi z i n g

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

F o

ur B ui l d i n gBl o c k

s t h a t S u p p or t

MT S S I m pl e m

e n t a t i on

- S k i l l s

-P r a c t i c e s

-B e l i e f s

-I m pl e m

e n t a t i on

P r of e s s i on a l D e v e l o pm e n t T r a i ni n g t oi m p a

c t S k i l l s

S k i l l s t oi m p a c t P r

a c t i c e

I m pr o v e d P r a c t i c e

i m pr o v e s I m pl e m e n t a t i on

I m pr o v e d I m pl e m e n t a t i oni m p

a c t s s t u d e n t

o u t c om e s

B e t t e r

s t u d e n t o u t c om e s s h i f t B

e l i e f s

An d s h i

f t s i nB e l i e f s i m p a c t s i m pl e m e n t a t i o

n of MT S S

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

T ak i n

gi t b a c k h om e hellip

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+ N e

x t s t e p s

b a c k h

om e hellip

C on t i n u e pr o b l e m

s ol vi n g u

s i n gT I P s t o d e v e l o p

a n d a l i gn pr of e s s i on a l l e a r ni n g t oi m p a

c t t h e s h i f t

of B e l i e f s a n d r e a

l i z a t i on of

y o ur D e s i r

e d S t a t e

R e vi e w y o ur S I P

Wh a t n e e d s t o b e d o

n e t o

a l i gn y

o ur S I P a r o un d S k i l l s P r a c t i c e s

B e l i e f s

a n d I m

pl e m e n t a t i on of MT S

S i n y o ur S

I P

H o w d

o e s y o ur D

e s i r e d S t a t e a l i gn wi t h y o ur

r e s ul t s

onB e l i e f s S AM a n d

y o ur S I P

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

P

r e p ari n gF or th e

Af t ern o

on hellip

E x a m

i ni n gT i e r s 2 a n d 3

Wh orsquo s i n

Wh y

H o w d o t h

e y e xi t

Wh a t d e c i

s i onr ul e s a r e u s e d

Ur g e n c y R e a l i z e y o ur D e s i r e d S t a t e

B e l i e f s a n d

S AM

a n d t h e i r i m p a c t on c ur r e n t pr a c t i c e s on a l l

T i e r s

W e h

a v e t o c on s t a n t l y c h a l l e n g e o ur a s s um p t i on s

a n d b

i a s e s w e b

r i n g t o o ur

w or k

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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P ar t i n gT

w oB a s i c Q u

Ar e y o uh

a p p y w

i t h y o

I s

e v e r y c

l a s s r o om on e

w o ul d p u

t y o ur o

wnf l

b l o o d

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+

F a c t or 2

D a t a- b a s e d D e c i s i on

M ak i n g

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

F a c t or 3

F un c t i on s

of C or e

an d S u p pl e m e n t al

I n s t r u c t i on

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 87111

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

F a c t or 4

C ul t ur al P r of i c i e n c y

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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T a b l e

T al k

A

s a T e a m d i s c u s s -

Wh a t c

h a n g e d wi t h i n or a c r o

s s t h e f o ur

F a c t or s

Wh a t a

r e y o ur h y p o t h e s e s a s

t o wh y t h e

r e

w a s gr o w t h Wh y

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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T a b l e T al k

S c h o ol B e l i e

f S ur v e y

R e vi e w t h e 4 F a c t or s of y o ur S c h o o

l rsquo s B e l i e f

S ur

v e y ( B OY

O c t 2 0 1 4 )

Wh

a t a r e t h e a

r e a s t h a t a r e a s u p p or t t o t h e

i m p

l e m e n t a t i o

n of MT S S

Wh

i c h a r e a r e a s t h a t a r e p o t e n t i a l b a r r i e r s t o t h

e

i m p

l e m e n t a t i o

n of MT S S

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 93111

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

B e l i e f s ampA c t i on

s

W e b

e l i e v e o ur d e c i s i o n s a n d a

c t i o n s ar e

c o n s

i s t e n t w i t h o ur c o

n s c i o u s b e l i e f s

w h e n i n f a c t

o ur u n c o n s c i o u s i s r u n n i n

g

t h e s

h o w

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

P h y s i c i s t T h e u

s u a l s u s p e c t s

Wh i c h on e i s t h e

ph y s i c i s t

A d a p

t e d f r o m W o m e n i n S c i e n c e E n

g i n e er i n g a n d T e c h n o l o g yI n i t i a t i v e pr e s e n t a t i o n b yE H a i n e s a n d A M a g u i r e

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

P

h y s i c i s t Th e u s u a l s u s p e c t s

9 8 o

f t h e p u b l i c c o

u l d nrsquo t t e l l w h i c h o n e w a s t h e

p h y s i c i s t

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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I m pl i c i

t Bi a s

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

T

h e R ol e of I m p

l i c i t Bi a s i n

D

e f i ni n g

S t u d e n

t N ar r a

t i v e s

I m pl i c i t b i a s r e f e r s t o t h e a t t i t u d e s or s t e r e o t y p e s

t h a t a f f e c t o u t un

d e r s t a n d i n g a c t i on s a n d

d e c i s i on s i n a n u

n c on s c i o u s

m a nn e r

E x p o

s ur e t o c om

m onl yh e l d a t t i t u d e s

a b o u t s o c i a l

gr o u p

s p e r m e a t e

o ur mi n d s

e v e n t wi t h

o u t o ur

a c t i v e

c on s e n t ( i e h e a r s a y

m e d i a e x p

o s ur e

p a s s i v

e o b s e r v a t i on e t c )

E v e r y on e i s s u s c e p t i b l e t oi m pl i c i t b i a s

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+ I f y o u c a n s h o wm e h o wI c a n c l

i n g t o

t h a t

wh i c h i s r e a l t om e

wh i l e t e a c h i n g

m e a

w a yi n t o t h e l a r g e r

s o c i e t y t h e n a n d

onl y t h e n wi l l I d r o pm

y d e f e n s e

s a n d

h o s t i

l i t y a n d I

wi l l s i n g

y o ur pr a i s e s a n d

h e

l p y o um a k e t h e d e s e r t b e a r f r ui t

-R a l ph E l l i s on

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 100111

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amp ( amp ) amp +

) -

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$

amp ) $

$ + amp )

+

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 101111

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 102111

+

R e

vi s i t i n g t h

e B e l i e f S u

r v e y wi t h i n t h e

c on t e x t of t h e S

AM an d y

o ur D e s i r e d S t a t e

Q ui c k

r e vi e w y o ur S AM d a t a w

i t h t h e c ur r e n t l e n s of

B e l i e f s ur v e y e q ui t y a n d y o ur D e s i r e d S t a t e

Wh a t t

r e n d s a n d p a

t t e r n s d o y o u s e e

Wh i c h

f a c t or s d om ai n s a n d s p e c i f i c i t e m s

r e f l e c t t h e

gr e a t e s t g a p s b e t w

e e n c ur r e n t a n d o p t i m a l MT S S

i m pl e m

e n t a t i on

T I P s ndash

i s t h e v e h i c l e t o a l i gn e q

ui t y a n d a c c

e s s wh i c h wi l l

c h a n g e

i m p a c t s t u d

e n t o u t c om e

s

P ul l i n g t h e pi e c e s

t o g e t h e r

hellip

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 103111

+ S AM

( S e l f -A s s e s s m e n t

of MT S S I m

pl e m e n t a t i on )

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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N o t I m pl e m e n t i n g

Em e r gi n g D e v e l o pi n g

O p e r a t i on al i z i n g

O

p t i mi z i n g

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 106111

+

F o

ur B ui l d i n gBl o c k

s t h a t S u p p or t

MT S S I m pl e m

e n t a t i on

- S k i l l s

-P r a c t i c e s

-B e l i e f s

-I m pl e m

e n t a t i on

P r of e s s i on a l D e v e l o pm e n t T r a i ni n g t oi m p a

c t S k i l l s

S k i l l s t oi m p a c t P r

a c t i c e

I m pr o v e d P r a c t i c e

i m pr o v e s I m pl e m e n t a t i on

I m pr o v e d I m pl e m e n t a t i oni m p

a c t s s t u d e n t

o u t c om e s

B e t t e r

s t u d e n t o u t c om e s s h i f t B

e l i e f s

An d s h i

f t s i nB e l i e f s i m p a c t s i m pl e m e n t a t i o

n of MT S S

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 107111

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

T ak i n

gi t b a c k h om e hellip

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 109111

+ N e

x t s t e p s

b a c k h

om e hellip

C on t i n u e pr o b l e m

s ol vi n g u

s i n gT I P s t o d e v e l o p

a n d a l i gn pr of e s s i on a l l e a r ni n g t oi m p a

c t t h e s h i f t

of B e l i e f s a n d r e a

l i z a t i on of

y o ur D e s i r

e d S t a t e

R e vi e w y o ur S I P

Wh a t n e e d s t o b e d o

n e t o

a l i gn y

o ur S I P a r o un d S k i l l s P r a c t i c e s

B e l i e f s

a n d I m

pl e m e n t a t i on of MT S

S i n y o ur S

I P

H o w d

o e s y o ur D

e s i r e d S t a t e a l i gn wi t h y o ur

r e s ul t s

onB e l i e f s S AM a n d

y o ur S I P

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 110111

+

P

r e p ari n gF or th e

Af t ern o

on hellip

E x a m

i ni n gT i e r s 2 a n d 3

Wh orsquo s i n

Wh y

H o w d o t h

e y e xi t

Wh a t d e c i

s i onr ul e s a r e u s e d

Ur g e n c y R e a l i z e y o ur D e s i r e d S t a t e

B e l i e f s a n d

S AM

a n d t h e i r i m p a c t on c ur r e n t pr a c t i c e s on a l l

T i e r s

W e h

a v e t o c on s t a n t l y c h a l l e n g e o ur a s s um p t i on s

a n d b

i a s e s w e b

r i n g t o o ur

w or k

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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P ar t i n gT

w oB a s i c Q u

Ar e y o uh

a p p y w

i t h y o

I s

e v e r y c

l a s s r o om on e

w o ul d p u

t y o ur o

wnf l

b l o o d

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+

F a c t or 2

D a t a- b a s e d D e c i s i on

M ak i n g

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 84111

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

F a c t or 3

F un c t i on s

of C or e

an d S u p pl e m e n t al

I n s t r u c t i on

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 87111

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

F a c t or 4

C ul t ur al P r of i c i e n c y

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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T a b l e

T al k

A

s a T e a m d i s c u s s -

Wh a t c

h a n g e d wi t h i n or a c r o

s s t h e f o ur

F a c t or s

Wh a t a

r e y o ur h y p o t h e s e s a s

t o wh y t h e

r e

w a s gr o w t h Wh y

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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T a b l e T al k

S c h o ol B e l i e

f S ur v e y

R e vi e w t h e 4 F a c t or s of y o ur S c h o o

l rsquo s B e l i e f

S ur

v e y ( B OY

O c t 2 0 1 4 )

Wh

a t a r e t h e a

r e a s t h a t a r e a s u p p or t t o t h e

i m p

l e m e n t a t i o

n of MT S S

Wh

i c h a r e a r e a s t h a t a r e p o t e n t i a l b a r r i e r s t o t h

e

i m p

l e m e n t a t i o

n of MT S S

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 93111

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

B e l i e f s ampA c t i on

s

W e b

e l i e v e o ur d e c i s i o n s a n d a

c t i o n s ar e

c o n s

i s t e n t w i t h o ur c o

n s c i o u s b e l i e f s

w h e n i n f a c t

o ur u n c o n s c i o u s i s r u n n i n

g

t h e s

h o w

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

P h y s i c i s t T h e u

s u a l s u s p e c t s

Wh i c h on e i s t h e

ph y s i c i s t

A d a p

t e d f r o m W o m e n i n S c i e n c e E n

g i n e er i n g a n d T e c h n o l o g yI n i t i a t i v e pr e s e n t a t i o n b yE H a i n e s a n d A M a g u i r e

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

P

h y s i c i s t Th e u s u a l s u s p e c t s

9 8 o

f t h e p u b l i c c o

u l d nrsquo t t e l l w h i c h o n e w a s t h e

p h y s i c i s t

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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I m pl i c i

t Bi a s

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+

T

h e R ol e of I m p

l i c i t Bi a s i n

D

e f i ni n g

S t u d e n

t N ar r a

t i v e s

I m pl i c i t b i a s r e f e r s t o t h e a t t i t u d e s or s t e r e o t y p e s

t h a t a f f e c t o u t un

d e r s t a n d i n g a c t i on s a n d

d e c i s i on s i n a n u

n c on s c i o u s

m a nn e r

E x p o

s ur e t o c om

m onl yh e l d a t t i t u d e s

a b o u t s o c i a l

gr o u p

s p e r m e a t e

o ur mi n d s

e v e n t wi t h

o u t o ur

a c t i v e

c on s e n t ( i e h e a r s a y

m e d i a e x p

o s ur e

p a s s i v

e o b s e r v a t i on e t c )

E v e r y on e i s s u s c e p t i b l e t oi m pl i c i t b i a s

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+ I f y o u c a n s h o wm e h o wI c a n c l

i n g t o

t h a t

wh i c h i s r e a l t om e

wh i l e t e a c h i n g

m e a

w a yi n t o t h e l a r g e r

s o c i e t y t h e n a n d

onl y t h e n wi l l I d r o pm

y d e f e n s e

s a n d

h o s t i

l i t y a n d I

wi l l s i n g

y o ur pr a i s e s a n d

h e

l p y o um a k e t h e d e s e r t b e a r f r ui t

-R a l ph E l l i s on

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 100111

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amp ( amp ) amp +

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 101111

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

R e

vi s i t i n g t h

e B e l i e f S u

r v e y wi t h i n t h e

c on t e x t of t h e S

AM an d y

o ur D e s i r e d S t a t e

Q ui c k

r e vi e w y o ur S AM d a t a w

i t h t h e c ur r e n t l e n s of

B e l i e f s ur v e y e q ui t y a n d y o ur D e s i r e d S t a t e

Wh a t t

r e n d s a n d p a

t t e r n s d o y o u s e e

Wh i c h

f a c t or s d om ai n s a n d s p e c i f i c i t e m s

r e f l e c t t h e

gr e a t e s t g a p s b e t w

e e n c ur r e n t a n d o p t i m a l MT S S

i m pl e m

e n t a t i on

T I P s ndash

i s t h e v e h i c l e t o a l i gn e q

ui t y a n d a c c

e s s wh i c h wi l l

c h a n g e

i m p a c t s t u d

e n t o u t c om e

s

P ul l i n g t h e pi e c e s

t o g e t h e r

hellip

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+ S AM

( S e l f -A s s e s s m e n t

of MT S S I m

pl e m e n t a t i on )

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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N o t I m pl e m e n t i n g

Em e r gi n g D e v e l o pi n g

O p e r a t i on al i z i n g

O

p t i mi z i n g

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

F o

ur B ui l d i n gBl o c k

s t h a t S u p p or t

MT S S I m pl e m

e n t a t i on

- S k i l l s

-P r a c t i c e s

-B e l i e f s

-I m pl e m

e n t a t i on

P r of e s s i on a l D e v e l o pm e n t T r a i ni n g t oi m p a

c t S k i l l s

S k i l l s t oi m p a c t P r

a c t i c e

I m pr o v e d P r a c t i c e

i m pr o v e s I m pl e m e n t a t i on

I m pr o v e d I m pl e m e n t a t i oni m p

a c t s s t u d e n t

o u t c om e s

B e t t e r

s t u d e n t o u t c om e s s h i f t B

e l i e f s

An d s h i

f t s i nB e l i e f s i m p a c t s i m pl e m e n t a t i o

n of MT S S

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

T ak i n

gi t b a c k h om e hellip

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+ N e

x t s t e p s

b a c k h

om e hellip

C on t i n u e pr o b l e m

s ol vi n g u

s i n gT I P s t o d e v e l o p

a n d a l i gn pr of e s s i on a l l e a r ni n g t oi m p a

c t t h e s h i f t

of B e l i e f s a n d r e a

l i z a t i on of

y o ur D e s i r

e d S t a t e

R e vi e w y o ur S I P

Wh a t n e e d s t o b e d o

n e t o

a l i gn y

o ur S I P a r o un d S k i l l s P r a c t i c e s

B e l i e f s

a n d I m

pl e m e n t a t i on of MT S

S i n y o ur S

I P

H o w d

o e s y o ur D

e s i r e d S t a t e a l i gn wi t h y o ur

r e s ul t s

onB e l i e f s S AM a n d

y o ur S I P

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

P

r e p ari n gF or th e

Af t ern o

on hellip

E x a m

i ni n gT i e r s 2 a n d 3

Wh orsquo s i n

Wh y

H o w d o t h

e y e xi t

Wh a t d e c i

s i onr ul e s a r e u s e d

Ur g e n c y R e a l i z e y o ur D e s i r e d S t a t e

B e l i e f s a n d

S AM

a n d t h e i r i m p a c t on c ur r e n t pr a c t i c e s on a l l

T i e r s

W e h

a v e t o c on s t a n t l y c h a l l e n g e o ur a s s um p t i on s

a n d b

i a s e s w e b

r i n g t o o ur

w or k

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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P ar t i n gT

w oB a s i c Q u

Ar e y o uh

a p p y w

i t h y o

I s

e v e r y c

l a s s r o om on e

w o ul d p u

t y o ur o

wnf l

b l o o d

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

F a c t or 3

F un c t i on s

of C or e

an d S u p pl e m e n t al

I n s t r u c t i on

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

F a c t or 4

C ul t ur al P r of i c i e n c y

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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T a b l e

T al k

A

s a T e a m d i s c u s s -

Wh a t c

h a n g e d wi t h i n or a c r o

s s t h e f o ur

F a c t or s

Wh a t a

r e y o ur h y p o t h e s e s a s

t o wh y t h e

r e

w a s gr o w t h Wh y

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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T a b l e T al k

S c h o ol B e l i e

f S ur v e y

R e vi e w t h e 4 F a c t or s of y o ur S c h o o

l rsquo s B e l i e f

S ur

v e y ( B OY

O c t 2 0 1 4 )

Wh

a t a r e t h e a

r e a s t h a t a r e a s u p p or t t o t h e

i m p

l e m e n t a t i o

n of MT S S

Wh

i c h a r e a r e a s t h a t a r e p o t e n t i a l b a r r i e r s t o t h

e

i m p

l e m e n t a t i o

n of MT S S

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

B e l i e f s ampA c t i on

s

W e b

e l i e v e o ur d e c i s i o n s a n d a

c t i o n s ar e

c o n s

i s t e n t w i t h o ur c o

n s c i o u s b e l i e f s

w h e n i n f a c t

o ur u n c o n s c i o u s i s r u n n i n

g

t h e s

h o w

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

P h y s i c i s t T h e u

s u a l s u s p e c t s

Wh i c h on e i s t h e

ph y s i c i s t

A d a p

t e d f r o m W o m e n i n S c i e n c e E n

g i n e er i n g a n d T e c h n o l o g yI n i t i a t i v e pr e s e n t a t i o n b yE H a i n e s a n d A M a g u i r e

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

P

h y s i c i s t Th e u s u a l s u s p e c t s

9 8 o

f t h e p u b l i c c o

u l d nrsquo t t e l l w h i c h o n e w a s t h e

p h y s i c i s t

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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I m pl i c i

t Bi a s

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

T

h e R ol e of I m p

l i c i t Bi a s i n

D

e f i ni n g

S t u d e n

t N ar r a

t i v e s

I m pl i c i t b i a s r e f e r s t o t h e a t t i t u d e s or s t e r e o t y p e s

t h a t a f f e c t o u t un

d e r s t a n d i n g a c t i on s a n d

d e c i s i on s i n a n u

n c on s c i o u s

m a nn e r

E x p o

s ur e t o c om

m onl yh e l d a t t i t u d e s

a b o u t s o c i a l

gr o u p

s p e r m e a t e

o ur mi n d s

e v e n t wi t h

o u t o ur

a c t i v e

c on s e n t ( i e h e a r s a y

m e d i a e x p

o s ur e

p a s s i v

e o b s e r v a t i on e t c )

E v e r y on e i s s u s c e p t i b l e t oi m pl i c i t b i a s

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+ I f y o u c a n s h o wm e h o wI c a n c l

i n g t o

t h a t

wh i c h i s r e a l t om e

wh i l e t e a c h i n g

m e a

w a yi n t o t h e l a r g e r

s o c i e t y t h e n a n d

onl y t h e n wi l l I d r o pm

y d e f e n s e

s a n d

h o s t i

l i t y a n d I

wi l l s i n g

y o ur pr a i s e s a n d

h e

l p y o um a k e t h e d e s e r t b e a r f r ui t

-R a l ph E l l i s on

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 100111

amp

amp ( amp ) amp +

) -

) - ( 0 amp ( 1

$

amp ) $

$ + amp )

+

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 101111

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 102111

+

R e

vi s i t i n g t h

e B e l i e f S u

r v e y wi t h i n t h e

c on t e x t of t h e S

AM an d y

o ur D e s i r e d S t a t e

Q ui c k

r e vi e w y o ur S AM d a t a w

i t h t h e c ur r e n t l e n s of

B e l i e f s ur v e y e q ui t y a n d y o ur D e s i r e d S t a t e

Wh a t t

r e n d s a n d p a

t t e r n s d o y o u s e e

Wh i c h

f a c t or s d om ai n s a n d s p e c i f i c i t e m s

r e f l e c t t h e

gr e a t e s t g a p s b e t w

e e n c ur r e n t a n d o p t i m a l MT S S

i m pl e m

e n t a t i on

T I P s ndash

i s t h e v e h i c l e t o a l i gn e q

ui t y a n d a c c

e s s wh i c h wi l l

c h a n g e

i m p a c t s t u d

e n t o u t c om e

s

P ul l i n g t h e pi e c e s

t o g e t h e r

hellip

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 103111

+ S AM

( S e l f -A s s e s s m e n t

of MT S S I m

pl e m e n t a t i on )

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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N o t I m pl e m e n t i n g

Em e r gi n g D e v e l o pi n g

O p e r a t i on al i z i n g

O

p t i mi z i n g

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 106111

+

F o

ur B ui l d i n gBl o c k

s t h a t S u p p or t

MT S S I m pl e m

e n t a t i on

- S k i l l s

-P r a c t i c e s

-B e l i e f s

-I m pl e m

e n t a t i on

P r of e s s i on a l D e v e l o pm e n t T r a i ni n g t oi m p a

c t S k i l l s

S k i l l s t oi m p a c t P r

a c t i c e

I m pr o v e d P r a c t i c e

i m pr o v e s I m pl e m e n t a t i on

I m pr o v e d I m pl e m e n t a t i oni m p

a c t s s t u d e n t

o u t c om e s

B e t t e r

s t u d e n t o u t c om e s s h i f t B

e l i e f s

An d s h i

f t s i nB e l i e f s i m p a c t s i m pl e m e n t a t i o

n of MT S S

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 107111

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 108111

+

T ak i n

gi t b a c k h om e hellip

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 109111

+ N e

x t s t e p s

b a c k h

om e hellip

C on t i n u e pr o b l e m

s ol vi n g u

s i n gT I P s t o d e v e l o p

a n d a l i gn pr of e s s i on a l l e a r ni n g t oi m p a

c t t h e s h i f t

of B e l i e f s a n d r e a

l i z a t i on of

y o ur D e s i r

e d S t a t e

R e vi e w y o ur S I P

Wh a t n e e d s t o b e d o

n e t o

a l i gn y

o ur S I P a r o un d S k i l l s P r a c t i c e s

B e l i e f s

a n d I m

pl e m e n t a t i on of MT S

S i n y o ur S

I P

H o w d

o e s y o ur D

e s i r e d S t a t e a l i gn wi t h y o ur

r e s ul t s

onB e l i e f s S AM a n d

y o ur S I P

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 110111

+

P

r e p ari n gF or th e

Af t ern o

on hellip

E x a m

i ni n gT i e r s 2 a n d 3

Wh orsquo s i n

Wh y

H o w d o t h

e y e xi t

Wh a t d e c i

s i onr ul e s a r e u s e d

Ur g e n c y R e a l i z e y o ur D e s i r e d S t a t e

B e l i e f s a n d

S AM

a n d t h e i r i m p a c t on c ur r e n t pr a c t i c e s on a l l

T i e r s

W e h

a v e t o c on s t a n t l y c h a l l e n g e o ur a s s um p t i on s

a n d b

i a s e s w e b

r i n g t o o ur

w or k

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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P ar t i n gT

w oB a s i c Q u

Ar e y o uh

a p p y w

i t h y o

I s

e v e r y c

l a s s r o om on e

w o ul d p u

t y o ur o

wnf l

b l o o d

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+

F a c t or 3

F un c t i on s

of C or e

an d S u p pl e m e n t al

I n s t r u c t i on

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

F a c t or 4

C ul t ur al P r of i c i e n c y

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 90111

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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T a b l e

T al k

A

s a T e a m d i s c u s s -

Wh a t c

h a n g e d wi t h i n or a c r o

s s t h e f o ur

F a c t or s

Wh a t a

r e y o ur h y p o t h e s e s a s

t o wh y t h e

r e

w a s gr o w t h Wh y

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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T a b l e T al k

S c h o ol B e l i e

f S ur v e y

R e vi e w t h e 4 F a c t or s of y o ur S c h o o

l rsquo s B e l i e f

S ur

v e y ( B OY

O c t 2 0 1 4 )

Wh

a t a r e t h e a

r e a s t h a t a r e a s u p p or t t o t h e

i m p

l e m e n t a t i o

n of MT S S

Wh

i c h a r e a r e a s t h a t a r e p o t e n t i a l b a r r i e r s t o t h

e

i m p

l e m e n t a t i o

n of MT S S

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 93111

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

B e l i e f s ampA c t i on

s

W e b

e l i e v e o ur d e c i s i o n s a n d a

c t i o n s ar e

c o n s

i s t e n t w i t h o ur c o

n s c i o u s b e l i e f s

w h e n i n f a c t

o ur u n c o n s c i o u s i s r u n n i n

g

t h e s

h o w

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

P h y s i c i s t T h e u

s u a l s u s p e c t s

Wh i c h on e i s t h e

ph y s i c i s t

A d a p

t e d f r o m W o m e n i n S c i e n c e E n

g i n e er i n g a n d T e c h n o l o g yI n i t i a t i v e pr e s e n t a t i o n b yE H a i n e s a n d A M a g u i r e

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

P

h y s i c i s t Th e u s u a l s u s p e c t s

9 8 o

f t h e p u b l i c c o

u l d nrsquo t t e l l w h i c h o n e w a s t h e

p h y s i c i s t

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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I m pl i c i

t Bi a s

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

T

h e R ol e of I m p

l i c i t Bi a s i n

D

e f i ni n g

S t u d e n

t N ar r a

t i v e s

I m pl i c i t b i a s r e f e r s t o t h e a t t i t u d e s or s t e r e o t y p e s

t h a t a f f e c t o u t un

d e r s t a n d i n g a c t i on s a n d

d e c i s i on s i n a n u

n c on s c i o u s

m a nn e r

E x p o

s ur e t o c om

m onl yh e l d a t t i t u d e s

a b o u t s o c i a l

gr o u p

s p e r m e a t e

o ur mi n d s

e v e n t wi t h

o u t o ur

a c t i v e

c on s e n t ( i e h e a r s a y

m e d i a e x p

o s ur e

p a s s i v

e o b s e r v a t i on e t c )

E v e r y on e i s s u s c e p t i b l e t oi m pl i c i t b i a s

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+ I f y o u c a n s h o wm e h o wI c a n c l

i n g t o

t h a t

wh i c h i s r e a l t om e

wh i l e t e a c h i n g

m e a

w a yi n t o t h e l a r g e r

s o c i e t y t h e n a n d

onl y t h e n wi l l I d r o pm

y d e f e n s e

s a n d

h o s t i

l i t y a n d I

wi l l s i n g

y o ur pr a i s e s a n d

h e

l p y o um a k e t h e d e s e r t b e a r f r ui t

-R a l ph E l l i s on

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 101111

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

R e

vi s i t i n g t h

e B e l i e f S u

r v e y wi t h i n t h e

c on t e x t of t h e S

AM an d y

o ur D e s i r e d S t a t e

Q ui c k

r e vi e w y o ur S AM d a t a w

i t h t h e c ur r e n t l e n s of

B e l i e f s ur v e y e q ui t y a n d y o ur D e s i r e d S t a t e

Wh a t t

r e n d s a n d p a

t t e r n s d o y o u s e e

Wh i c h

f a c t or s d om ai n s a n d s p e c i f i c i t e m s

r e f l e c t t h e

gr e a t e s t g a p s b e t w

e e n c ur r e n t a n d o p t i m a l MT S S

i m pl e m

e n t a t i on

T I P s ndash

i s t h e v e h i c l e t o a l i gn e q

ui t y a n d a c c

e s s wh i c h wi l l

c h a n g e

i m p a c t s t u d

e n t o u t c om e

s

P ul l i n g t h e pi e c e s

t o g e t h e r

hellip

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+ S AM

( S e l f -A s s e s s m e n t

of MT S S I m

pl e m e n t a t i on )

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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N o t I m pl e m e n t i n g

Em e r gi n g D e v e l o pi n g

O p e r a t i on al i z i n g

O

p t i mi z i n g

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

F o

ur B ui l d i n gBl o c k

s t h a t S u p p or t

MT S S I m pl e m

e n t a t i on

- S k i l l s

-P r a c t i c e s

-B e l i e f s

-I m pl e m

e n t a t i on

P r of e s s i on a l D e v e l o pm e n t T r a i ni n g t oi m p a

c t S k i l l s

S k i l l s t oi m p a c t P r

a c t i c e

I m pr o v e d P r a c t i c e

i m pr o v e s I m pl e m e n t a t i on

I m pr o v e d I m pl e m e n t a t i oni m p

a c t s s t u d e n t

o u t c om e s

B e t t e r

s t u d e n t o u t c om e s s h i f t B

e l i e f s

An d s h i

f t s i nB e l i e f s i m p a c t s i m pl e m e n t a t i o

n of MT S S

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

T ak i n

gi t b a c k h om e hellip

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+ N e

x t s t e p s

b a c k h

om e hellip

C on t i n u e pr o b l e m

s ol vi n g u

s i n gT I P s t o d e v e l o p

a n d a l i gn pr of e s s i on a l l e a r ni n g t oi m p a

c t t h e s h i f t

of B e l i e f s a n d r e a

l i z a t i on of

y o ur D e s i r

e d S t a t e

R e vi e w y o ur S I P

Wh a t n e e d s t o b e d o

n e t o

a l i gn y

o ur S I P a r o un d S k i l l s P r a c t i c e s

B e l i e f s

a n d I m

pl e m e n t a t i on of MT S

S i n y o ur S

I P

H o w d

o e s y o ur D

e s i r e d S t a t e a l i gn wi t h y o ur

r e s ul t s

onB e l i e f s S AM a n d

y o ur S I P

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

P

r e p ari n gF or th e

Af t ern o

on hellip

E x a m

i ni n gT i e r s 2 a n d 3

Wh orsquo s i n

Wh y

H o w d o t h

e y e xi t

Wh a t d e c i

s i onr ul e s a r e u s e d

Ur g e n c y R e a l i z e y o ur D e s i r e d S t a t e

B e l i e f s a n d

S AM

a n d t h e i r i m p a c t on c ur r e n t pr a c t i c e s on a l l

T i e r s

W e h

a v e t o c on s t a n t l y c h a l l e n g e o ur a s s um p t i on s

a n d b

i a s e s w e b

r i n g t o o ur

w or k

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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P ar t i n gT

w oB a s i c Q u

Ar e y o uh

a p p y w

i t h y o

I s

e v e r y c

l a s s r o om on e

w o ul d p u

t y o ur o

wnf l

b l o o d

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+

F a c t or 3

F un c t i on s

of C or e

an d S u p pl e m e n t al

I n s t r u c t i on

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

F a c t or 4

C ul t ur al P r of i c i e n c y

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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T a b l e

T al k

A

s a T e a m d i s c u s s -

Wh a t c

h a n g e d wi t h i n or a c r o

s s t h e f o ur

F a c t or s

Wh a t a

r e y o ur h y p o t h e s e s a s

t o wh y t h e

r e

w a s gr o w t h Wh y

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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T a b l e T al k

S c h o ol B e l i e

f S ur v e y

R e vi e w t h e 4 F a c t or s of y o ur S c h o o

l rsquo s B e l i e f

S ur

v e y ( B OY

O c t 2 0 1 4 )

Wh

a t a r e t h e a

r e a s t h a t a r e a s u p p or t t o t h e

i m p

l e m e n t a t i o

n of MT S S

Wh

i c h a r e a r e a s t h a t a r e p o t e n t i a l b a r r i e r s t o t h

e

i m p

l e m e n t a t i o

n of MT S S

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

B e l i e f s ampA c t i on

s

W e b

e l i e v e o ur d e c i s i o n s a n d a

c t i o n s ar e

c o n s

i s t e n t w i t h o ur c o

n s c i o u s b e l i e f s

w h e n i n f a c t

o ur u n c o n s c i o u s i s r u n n i n

g

t h e s

h o w

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

P h y s i c i s t T h e u

s u a l s u s p e c t s

Wh i c h on e i s t h e

ph y s i c i s t

A d a p

t e d f r o m W o m e n i n S c i e n c e E n

g i n e er i n g a n d T e c h n o l o g yI n i t i a t i v e pr e s e n t a t i o n b yE H a i n e s a n d A M a g u i r e

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

P

h y s i c i s t Th e u s u a l s u s p e c t s

9 8 o

f t h e p u b l i c c o

u l d nrsquo t t e l l w h i c h o n e w a s t h e

p h y s i c i s t

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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I m pl i c i

t Bi a s

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

T

h e R ol e of I m p

l i c i t Bi a s i n

D

e f i ni n g

S t u d e n

t N ar r a

t i v e s

I m pl i c i t b i a s r e f e r s t o t h e a t t i t u d e s or s t e r e o t y p e s

t h a t a f f e c t o u t un

d e r s t a n d i n g a c t i on s a n d

d e c i s i on s i n a n u

n c on s c i o u s

m a nn e r

E x p o

s ur e t o c om

m onl yh e l d a t t i t u d e s

a b o u t s o c i a l

gr o u p

s p e r m e a t e

o ur mi n d s

e v e n t wi t h

o u t o ur

a c t i v e

c on s e n t ( i e h e a r s a y

m e d i a e x p

o s ur e

p a s s i v

e o b s e r v a t i on e t c )

E v e r y on e i s s u s c e p t i b l e t oi m pl i c i t b i a s

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+ I f y o u c a n s h o wm e h o wI c a n c l

i n g t o

t h a t

wh i c h i s r e a l t om e

wh i l e t e a c h i n g

m e a

w a yi n t o t h e l a r g e r

s o c i e t y t h e n a n d

onl y t h e n wi l l I d r o pm

y d e f e n s e

s a n d

h o s t i

l i t y a n d I

wi l l s i n g

y o ur pr a i s e s a n d

h e

l p y o um a k e t h e d e s e r t b e a r f r ui t

-R a l ph E l l i s on

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 100111

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amp ( amp ) amp +

) -

) - ( 0 amp ( 1

$

amp ) $

$ + amp )

+

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 101111

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

R e

vi s i t i n g t h

e B e l i e f S u

r v e y wi t h i n t h e

c on t e x t of t h e S

AM an d y

o ur D e s i r e d S t a t e

Q ui c k

r e vi e w y o ur S AM d a t a w

i t h t h e c ur r e n t l e n s of

B e l i e f s ur v e y e q ui t y a n d y o ur D e s i r e d S t a t e

Wh a t t

r e n d s a n d p a

t t e r n s d o y o u s e e

Wh i c h

f a c t or s d om ai n s a n d s p e c i f i c i t e m s

r e f l e c t t h e

gr e a t e s t g a p s b e t w

e e n c ur r e n t a n d o p t i m a l MT S S

i m pl e m

e n t a t i on

T I P s ndash

i s t h e v e h i c l e t o a l i gn e q

ui t y a n d a c c

e s s wh i c h wi l l

c h a n g e

i m p a c t s t u d

e n t o u t c om e

s

P ul l i n g t h e pi e c e s

t o g e t h e r

hellip

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 103111

+ S AM

( S e l f -A s s e s s m e n t

of MT S S I m

pl e m e n t a t i on )

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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N o t I m pl e m e n t i n g

Em e r gi n g D e v e l o pi n g

O p e r a t i on al i z i n g

O

p t i mi z i n g

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

F o

ur B ui l d i n gBl o c k

s t h a t S u p p or t

MT S S I m pl e m

e n t a t i on

- S k i l l s

-P r a c t i c e s

-B e l i e f s

-I m pl e m

e n t a t i on

P r of e s s i on a l D e v e l o pm e n t T r a i ni n g t oi m p a

c t S k i l l s

S k i l l s t oi m p a c t P r

a c t i c e

I m pr o v e d P r a c t i c e

i m pr o v e s I m pl e m e n t a t i on

I m pr o v e d I m pl e m e n t a t i oni m p

a c t s s t u d e n t

o u t c om e s

B e t t e r

s t u d e n t o u t c om e s s h i f t B

e l i e f s

An d s h i

f t s i nB e l i e f s i m p a c t s i m pl e m e n t a t i o

n of MT S S

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

T ak i n

gi t b a c k h om e hellip

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+ N e

x t s t e p s

b a c k h

om e hellip

C on t i n u e pr o b l e m

s ol vi n g u

s i n gT I P s t o d e v e l o p

a n d a l i gn pr of e s s i on a l l e a r ni n g t oi m p a

c t t h e s h i f t

of B e l i e f s a n d r e a

l i z a t i on of

y o ur D e s i r

e d S t a t e

R e vi e w y o ur S I P

Wh a t n e e d s t o b e d o

n e t o

a l i gn y

o ur S I P a r o un d S k i l l s P r a c t i c e s

B e l i e f s

a n d I m

pl e m e n t a t i on of MT S

S i n y o ur S

I P

H o w d

o e s y o ur D

e s i r e d S t a t e a l i gn wi t h y o ur

r e s ul t s

onB e l i e f s S AM a n d

y o ur S I P

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

P

r e p ari n gF or th e

Af t ern o

on hellip

E x a m

i ni n gT i e r s 2 a n d 3

Wh orsquo s i n

Wh y

H o w d o t h

e y e xi t

Wh a t d e c i

s i onr ul e s a r e u s e d

Ur g e n c y R e a l i z e y o ur D e s i r e d S t a t e

B e l i e f s a n d

S AM

a n d t h e i r i m p a c t on c ur r e n t pr a c t i c e s on a l l

T i e r s

W e h

a v e t o c on s t a n t l y c h a l l e n g e o ur a s s um p t i on s

a n d b

i a s e s w e b

r i n g t o o ur

w or k

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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P ar t i n gT

w oB a s i c Q u

Ar e y o uh

a p p y w

i t h y o

I s

e v e r y c

l a s s r o om on e

w o ul d p u

t y o ur o

wnf l

b l o o d

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

F a c t or 4

C ul t ur al P r of i c i e n c y

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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T a b l e

T al k

A

s a T e a m d i s c u s s -

Wh a t c

h a n g e d wi t h i n or a c r o

s s t h e f o ur

F a c t or s

Wh a t a

r e y o ur h y p o t h e s e s a s

t o wh y t h e

r e

w a s gr o w t h Wh y

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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T a b l e T al k

S c h o ol B e l i e

f S ur v e y

R e vi e w t h e 4 F a c t or s of y o ur S c h o o

l rsquo s B e l i e f

S ur

v e y ( B OY

O c t 2 0 1 4 )

Wh

a t a r e t h e a

r e a s t h a t a r e a s u p p or t t o t h e

i m p

l e m e n t a t i o

n of MT S S

Wh

i c h a r e a r e a s t h a t a r e p o t e n t i a l b a r r i e r s t o t h

e

i m p

l e m e n t a t i o

n of MT S S

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

B e l i e f s ampA c t i on

s

W e b

e l i e v e o ur d e c i s i o n s a n d a

c t i o n s ar e

c o n s

i s t e n t w i t h o ur c o

n s c i o u s b e l i e f s

w h e n i n f a c t

o ur u n c o n s c i o u s i s r u n n i n

g

t h e s

h o w

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

P h y s i c i s t T h e u

s u a l s u s p e c t s

Wh i c h on e i s t h e

ph y s i c i s t

A d a p

t e d f r o m W o m e n i n S c i e n c e E n

g i n e er i n g a n d T e c h n o l o g yI n i t i a t i v e pr e s e n t a t i o n b yE H a i n e s a n d A M a g u i r e

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

P

h y s i c i s t Th e u s u a l s u s p e c t s

9 8 o

f t h e p u b l i c c o

u l d nrsquo t t e l l w h i c h o n e w a s t h e

p h y s i c i s t

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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I m pl i c i

t Bi a s

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

T

h e R ol e of I m p

l i c i t Bi a s i n

D

e f i ni n g

S t u d e n

t N ar r a

t i v e s

I m pl i c i t b i a s r e f e r s t o t h e a t t i t u d e s or s t e r e o t y p e s

t h a t a f f e c t o u t un

d e r s t a n d i n g a c t i on s a n d

d e c i s i on s i n a n u

n c on s c i o u s

m a nn e r

E x p o

s ur e t o c om

m onl yh e l d a t t i t u d e s

a b o u t s o c i a l

gr o u p

s p e r m e a t e

o ur mi n d s

e v e n t wi t h

o u t o ur

a c t i v e

c on s e n t ( i e h e a r s a y

m e d i a e x p

o s ur e

p a s s i v

e o b s e r v a t i on e t c )

E v e r y on e i s s u s c e p t i b l e t oi m pl i c i t b i a s

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+ I f y o u c a n s h o wm e h o wI c a n c l

i n g t o

t h a t

wh i c h i s r e a l t om e

wh i l e t e a c h i n g

m e a

w a yi n t o t h e l a r g e r

s o c i e t y t h e n a n d

onl y t h e n wi l l I d r o pm

y d e f e n s e

s a n d

h o s t i

l i t y a n d I

wi l l s i n g

y o ur pr a i s e s a n d

h e

l p y o um a k e t h e d e s e r t b e a r f r ui t

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

R e

vi s i t i n g t h

e B e l i e f S u

r v e y wi t h i n t h e

c on t e x t of t h e S

AM an d y

o ur D e s i r e d S t a t e

Q ui c k

r e vi e w y o ur S AM d a t a w

i t h t h e c ur r e n t l e n s of

B e l i e f s ur v e y e q ui t y a n d y o ur D e s i r e d S t a t e

Wh a t t

r e n d s a n d p a

t t e r n s d o y o u s e e

Wh i c h

f a c t or s d om ai n s a n d s p e c i f i c i t e m s

r e f l e c t t h e

gr e a t e s t g a p s b e t w

e e n c ur r e n t a n d o p t i m a l MT S S

i m pl e m

e n t a t i on

T I P s ndash

i s t h e v e h i c l e t o a l i gn e q

ui t y a n d a c c

e s s wh i c h wi l l

c h a n g e

i m p a c t s t u d

e n t o u t c om e

s

P ul l i n g t h e pi e c e s

t o g e t h e r

hellip

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+ S AM

( S e l f -A s s e s s m e n t

of MT S S I m

pl e m e n t a t i on )

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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N o t I m pl e m e n t i n g

Em e r gi n g D e v e l o pi n g

O p e r a t i on al i z i n g

O

p t i mi z i n g

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

F o

ur B ui l d i n gBl o c k

s t h a t S u p p or t

MT S S I m pl e m

e n t a t i on

- S k i l l s

-P r a c t i c e s

-B e l i e f s

-I m pl e m

e n t a t i on

P r of e s s i on a l D e v e l o pm e n t T r a i ni n g t oi m p a

c t S k i l l s

S k i l l s t oi m p a c t P r

a c t i c e

I m pr o v e d P r a c t i c e

i m pr o v e s I m pl e m e n t a t i on

I m pr o v e d I m pl e m e n t a t i oni m p

a c t s s t u d e n t

o u t c om e s

B e t t e r

s t u d e n t o u t c om e s s h i f t B

e l i e f s

An d s h i

f t s i nB e l i e f s i m p a c t s i m pl e m e n t a t i o

n of MT S S

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

T ak i n

gi t b a c k h om e hellip

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+ N e

x t s t e p s

b a c k h

om e hellip

C on t i n u e pr o b l e m

s ol vi n g u

s i n gT I P s t o d e v e l o p

a n d a l i gn pr of e s s i on a l l e a r ni n g t oi m p a

c t t h e s h i f t

of B e l i e f s a n d r e a

l i z a t i on of

y o ur D e s i r

e d S t a t e

R e vi e w y o ur S I P

Wh a t n e e d s t o b e d o

n e t o

a l i gn y

o ur S I P a r o un d S k i l l s P r a c t i c e s

B e l i e f s

a n d I m

pl e m e n t a t i on of MT S

S i n y o ur S

I P

H o w d

o e s y o ur D

e s i r e d S t a t e a l i gn wi t h y o ur

r e s ul t s

onB e l i e f s S AM a n d

y o ur S I P

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

P

r e p ari n gF or th e

Af t ern o

on hellip

E x a m

i ni n gT i e r s 2 a n d 3

Wh orsquo s i n

Wh y

H o w d o t h

e y e xi t

Wh a t d e c i

s i onr ul e s a r e u s e d

Ur g e n c y R e a l i z e y o ur D e s i r e d S t a t e

B e l i e f s a n d

S AM

a n d t h e i r i m p a c t on c ur r e n t pr a c t i c e s on a l l

T i e r s

W e h

a v e t o c on s t a n t l y c h a l l e n g e o ur a s s um p t i on s

a n d b

i a s e s w e b

r i n g t o o ur

w or k

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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P ar t i n gT

w oB a s i c Q u

Ar e y o uh

a p p y w

i t h y o

I s

e v e r y c

l a s s r o om on e

w o ul d p u

t y o ur o

wnf l

b l o o d

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+

F a c t or 4

C ul t ur al P r of i c i e n c y

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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T a b l e

T al k

A

s a T e a m d i s c u s s -

Wh a t c

h a n g e d wi t h i n or a c r o

s s t h e f o ur

F a c t or s

Wh a t a

r e y o ur h y p o t h e s e s a s

t o wh y t h e

r e

w a s gr o w t h Wh y

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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T a b l e T al k

S c h o ol B e l i e

f S ur v e y

R e vi e w t h e 4 F a c t or s of y o ur S c h o o

l rsquo s B e l i e f

S ur

v e y ( B OY

O c t 2 0 1 4 )

Wh

a t a r e t h e a

r e a s t h a t a r e a s u p p or t t o t h e

i m p

l e m e n t a t i o

n of MT S S

Wh

i c h a r e a r e a s t h a t a r e p o t e n t i a l b a r r i e r s t o t h

e

i m p

l e m e n t a t i o

n of MT S S

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

B e l i e f s ampA c t i on

s

W e b

e l i e v e o ur d e c i s i o n s a n d a

c t i o n s ar e

c o n s

i s t e n t w i t h o ur c o

n s c i o u s b e l i e f s

w h e n i n f a c t

o ur u n c o n s c i o u s i s r u n n i n

g

t h e s

h o w

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

P h y s i c i s t T h e u

s u a l s u s p e c t s

Wh i c h on e i s t h e

ph y s i c i s t

A d a p

t e d f r o m W o m e n i n S c i e n c e E n

g i n e er i n g a n d T e c h n o l o g yI n i t i a t i v e pr e s e n t a t i o n b yE H a i n e s a n d A M a g u i r e

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

P

h y s i c i s t Th e u s u a l s u s p e c t s

9 8 o

f t h e p u b l i c c o

u l d nrsquo t t e l l w h i c h o n e w a s t h e

p h y s i c i s t

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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I m pl i c i

t Bi a s

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

T

h e R ol e of I m p

l i c i t Bi a s i n

D

e f i ni n g

S t u d e n

t N ar r a

t i v e s

I m pl i c i t b i a s r e f e r s t o t h e a t t i t u d e s or s t e r e o t y p e s

t h a t a f f e c t o u t un

d e r s t a n d i n g a c t i on s a n d

d e c i s i on s i n a n u

n c on s c i o u s

m a nn e r

E x p o

s ur e t o c om

m onl yh e l d a t t i t u d e s

a b o u t s o c i a l

gr o u p

s p e r m e a t e

o ur mi n d s

e v e n t wi t h

o u t o ur

a c t i v e

c on s e n t ( i e h e a r s a y

m e d i a e x p

o s ur e

p a s s i v

e o b s e r v a t i on e t c )

E v e r y on e i s s u s c e p t i b l e t oi m pl i c i t b i a s

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+ I f y o u c a n s h o wm e h o wI c a n c l

i n g t o

t h a t

wh i c h i s r e a l t om e

wh i l e t e a c h i n g

m e a

w a yi n t o t h e l a r g e r

s o c i e t y t h e n a n d

onl y t h e n wi l l I d r o pm

y d e f e n s e

s a n d

h o s t i

l i t y a n d I

wi l l s i n g

y o ur pr a i s e s a n d

h e

l p y o um a k e t h e d e s e r t b e a r f r ui t

-R a l ph E l l i s on

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 100111

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amp ( amp ) amp +

) -

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$

amp ) $

$ + amp )

+

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 101111

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

R e

vi s i t i n g t h

e B e l i e f S u

r v e y wi t h i n t h e

c on t e x t of t h e S

AM an d y

o ur D e s i r e d S t a t e

Q ui c k

r e vi e w y o ur S AM d a t a w

i t h t h e c ur r e n t l e n s of

B e l i e f s ur v e y e q ui t y a n d y o ur D e s i r e d S t a t e

Wh a t t

r e n d s a n d p a

t t e r n s d o y o u s e e

Wh i c h

f a c t or s d om ai n s a n d s p e c i f i c i t e m s

r e f l e c t t h e

gr e a t e s t g a p s b e t w

e e n c ur r e n t a n d o p t i m a l MT S S

i m pl e m

e n t a t i on

T I P s ndash

i s t h e v e h i c l e t o a l i gn e q

ui t y a n d a c c

e s s wh i c h wi l l

c h a n g e

i m p a c t s t u d

e n t o u t c om e

s

P ul l i n g t h e pi e c e s

t o g e t h e r

hellip

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 103111

+ S AM

( S e l f -A s s e s s m e n t

of MT S S I m

pl e m e n t a t i on )

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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N o t I m pl e m e n t i n g

Em e r gi n g D e v e l o pi n g

O p e r a t i on al i z i n g

O

p t i mi z i n g

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

F o

ur B ui l d i n gBl o c k

s t h a t S u p p or t

MT S S I m pl e m

e n t a t i on

- S k i l l s

-P r a c t i c e s

-B e l i e f s

-I m pl e m

e n t a t i on

P r of e s s i on a l D e v e l o pm e n t T r a i ni n g t oi m p a

c t S k i l l s

S k i l l s t oi m p a c t P r

a c t i c e

I m pr o v e d P r a c t i c e

i m pr o v e s I m pl e m e n t a t i on

I m pr o v e d I m pl e m e n t a t i oni m p

a c t s s t u d e n t

o u t c om e s

B e t t e r

s t u d e n t o u t c om e s s h i f t B

e l i e f s

An d s h i

f t s i nB e l i e f s i m p a c t s i m pl e m e n t a t i o

n of MT S S

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

T ak i n

gi t b a c k h om e hellip

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+ N e

x t s t e p s

b a c k h

om e hellip

C on t i n u e pr o b l e m

s ol vi n g u

s i n gT I P s t o d e v e l o p

a n d a l i gn pr of e s s i on a l l e a r ni n g t oi m p a

c t t h e s h i f t

of B e l i e f s a n d r e a

l i z a t i on of

y o ur D e s i r

e d S t a t e

R e vi e w y o ur S I P

Wh a t n e e d s t o b e d o

n e t o

a l i gn y

o ur S I P a r o un d S k i l l s P r a c t i c e s

B e l i e f s

a n d I m

pl e m e n t a t i on of MT S

S i n y o ur S

I P

H o w d

o e s y o ur D

e s i r e d S t a t e a l i gn wi t h y o ur

r e s ul t s

onB e l i e f s S AM a n d

y o ur S I P

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

P

r e p ari n gF or th e

Af t ern o

on hellip

E x a m

i ni n gT i e r s 2 a n d 3

Wh orsquo s i n

Wh y

H o w d o t h

e y e xi t

Wh a t d e c i

s i onr ul e s a r e u s e d

Ur g e n c y R e a l i z e y o ur D e s i r e d S t a t e

B e l i e f s a n d

S AM

a n d t h e i r i m p a c t on c ur r e n t pr a c t i c e s on a l l

T i e r s

W e h

a v e t o c on s t a n t l y c h a l l e n g e o ur a s s um p t i on s

a n d b

i a s e s w e b

r i n g t o o ur

w or k

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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P ar t i n gT

w oB a s i c Q u

Ar e y o uh

a p p y w

i t h y o

I s

e v e r y c

l a s s r o om on e

w o ul d p u

t y o ur o

wnf l

b l o o d

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+

F a c t or 4

C ul t ur al P r of i c i e n c y

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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T a b l e

T al k

A

s a T e a m d i s c u s s -

Wh a t c

h a n g e d wi t h i n or a c r o

s s t h e f o ur

F a c t or s

Wh a t a

r e y o ur h y p o t h e s e s a s

t o wh y t h e

r e

w a s gr o w t h Wh y

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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T a b l e T al k

S c h o ol B e l i e

f S ur v e y

R e vi e w t h e 4 F a c t or s of y o ur S c h o o

l rsquo s B e l i e f

S ur

v e y ( B OY

O c t 2 0 1 4 )

Wh

a t a r e t h e a

r e a s t h a t a r e a s u p p or t t o t h e

i m p

l e m e n t a t i o

n of MT S S

Wh

i c h a r e a r e a s t h a t a r e p o t e n t i a l b a r r i e r s t o t h

e

i m p

l e m e n t a t i o

n of MT S S

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

B e l i e f s ampA c t i on

s

W e b

e l i e v e o ur d e c i s i o n s a n d a

c t i o n s ar e

c o n s

i s t e n t w i t h o ur c o

n s c i o u s b e l i e f s

w h e n i n f a c t

o ur u n c o n s c i o u s i s r u n n i n

g

t h e s

h o w

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

P h y s i c i s t T h e u

s u a l s u s p e c t s

Wh i c h on e i s t h e

ph y s i c i s t

A d a p

t e d f r o m W o m e n i n S c i e n c e E n

g i n e er i n g a n d T e c h n o l o g yI n i t i a t i v e pr e s e n t a t i o n b yE H a i n e s a n d A M a g u i r e

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

P

h y s i c i s t Th e u s u a l s u s p e c t s

9 8 o

f t h e p u b l i c c o

u l d nrsquo t t e l l w h i c h o n e w a s t h e

p h y s i c i s t

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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I m pl i c i

t Bi a s

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

T

h e R ol e of I m p

l i c i t Bi a s i n

D

e f i ni n g

S t u d e n

t N ar r a

t i v e s

I m pl i c i t b i a s r e f e r s t o t h e a t t i t u d e s or s t e r e o t y p e s

t h a t a f f e c t o u t un

d e r s t a n d i n g a c t i on s a n d

d e c i s i on s i n a n u

n c on s c i o u s

m a nn e r

E x p o

s ur e t o c om

m onl yh e l d a t t i t u d e s

a b o u t s o c i a l

gr o u p

s p e r m e a t e

o ur mi n d s

e v e n t wi t h

o u t o ur

a c t i v e

c on s e n t ( i e h e a r s a y

m e d i a e x p

o s ur e

p a s s i v

e o b s e r v a t i on e t c )

E v e r y on e i s s u s c e p t i b l e t oi m pl i c i t b i a s

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+ I f y o u c a n s h o wm e h o wI c a n c l

i n g t o

t h a t

wh i c h i s r e a l t om e

wh i l e t e a c h i n g

m e a

w a yi n t o t h e l a r g e r

s o c i e t y t h e n a n d

onl y t h e n wi l l I d r o pm

y d e f e n s e

s a n d

h o s t i

l i t y a n d I

wi l l s i n g

y o ur pr a i s e s a n d

h e

l p y o um a k e t h e d e s e r t b e a r f r ui t

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

R e

vi s i t i n g t h

e B e l i e f S u

r v e y wi t h i n t h e

c on t e x t of t h e S

AM an d y

o ur D e s i r e d S t a t e

Q ui c k

r e vi e w y o ur S AM d a t a w

i t h t h e c ur r e n t l e n s of

B e l i e f s ur v e y e q ui t y a n d y o ur D e s i r e d S t a t e

Wh a t t

r e n d s a n d p a

t t e r n s d o y o u s e e

Wh i c h

f a c t or s d om ai n s a n d s p e c i f i c i t e m s

r e f l e c t t h e

gr e a t e s t g a p s b e t w

e e n c ur r e n t a n d o p t i m a l MT S S

i m pl e m

e n t a t i on

T I P s ndash

i s t h e v e h i c l e t o a l i gn e q

ui t y a n d a c c

e s s wh i c h wi l l

c h a n g e

i m p a c t s t u d

e n t o u t c om e

s

P ul l i n g t h e pi e c e s

t o g e t h e r

hellip

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+ S AM

( S e l f -A s s e s s m e n t

of MT S S I m

pl e m e n t a t i on )

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N o t I m pl e m e n t i n g

Em e r gi n g D e v e l o pi n g

O p e r a t i on al i z i n g

O

p t i mi z i n g

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

F o

ur B ui l d i n gBl o c k

s t h a t S u p p or t

MT S S I m pl e m

e n t a t i on

- S k i l l s

-P r a c t i c e s

-B e l i e f s

-I m pl e m

e n t a t i on

P r of e s s i on a l D e v e l o pm e n t T r a i ni n g t oi m p a

c t S k i l l s

S k i l l s t oi m p a c t P r

a c t i c e

I m pr o v e d P r a c t i c e

i m pr o v e s I m pl e m e n t a t i on

I m pr o v e d I m pl e m e n t a t i oni m p

a c t s s t u d e n t

o u t c om e s

B e t t e r

s t u d e n t o u t c om e s s h i f t B

e l i e f s

An d s h i

f t s i nB e l i e f s i m p a c t s i m pl e m e n t a t i o

n of MT S S

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

T ak i n

gi t b a c k h om e hellip

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+ N e

x t s t e p s

b a c k h

om e hellip

C on t i n u e pr o b l e m

s ol vi n g u

s i n gT I P s t o d e v e l o p

a n d a l i gn pr of e s s i on a l l e a r ni n g t oi m p a

c t t h e s h i f t

of B e l i e f s a n d r e a

l i z a t i on of

y o ur D e s i r

e d S t a t e

R e vi e w y o ur S I P

Wh a t n e e d s t o b e d o

n e t o

a l i gn y

o ur S I P a r o un d S k i l l s P r a c t i c e s

B e l i e f s

a n d I m

pl e m e n t a t i on of MT S

S i n y o ur S

I P

H o w d

o e s y o ur D

e s i r e d S t a t e a l i gn wi t h y o ur

r e s ul t s

onB e l i e f s S AM a n d

y o ur S I P

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

P

r e p ari n gF or th e

Af t ern o

on hellip

E x a m

i ni n gT i e r s 2 a n d 3

Wh orsquo s i n

Wh y

H o w d o t h

e y e xi t

Wh a t d e c i

s i onr ul e s a r e u s e d

Ur g e n c y R e a l i z e y o ur D e s i r e d S t a t e

B e l i e f s a n d

S AM

a n d t h e i r i m p a c t on c ur r e n t pr a c t i c e s on a l l

T i e r s

W e h

a v e t o c on s t a n t l y c h a l l e n g e o ur a s s um p t i on s

a n d b

i a s e s w e b

r i n g t o o ur

w or k

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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P ar t i n gT

w oB a s i c Q u

Ar e y o uh

a p p y w

i t h y o

I s

e v e r y c

l a s s r o om on e

w o ul d p u

t y o ur o

wnf l

b l o o d

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T a b l e

T al k

A

s a T e a m d i s c u s s -

Wh a t c

h a n g e d wi t h i n or a c r o

s s t h e f o ur

F a c t or s

Wh a t a

r e y o ur h y p o t h e s e s a s

t o wh y t h e

r e

w a s gr o w t h Wh y

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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T a b l e T al k

S c h o ol B e l i e

f S ur v e y

R e vi e w t h e 4 F a c t or s of y o ur S c h o o

l rsquo s B e l i e f

S ur

v e y ( B OY

O c t 2 0 1 4 )

Wh

a t a r e t h e a

r e a s t h a t a r e a s u p p or t t o t h e

i m p

l e m e n t a t i o

n of MT S S

Wh

i c h a r e a r e a s t h a t a r e p o t e n t i a l b a r r i e r s t o t h

e

i m p

l e m e n t a t i o

n of MT S S

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

B e l i e f s ampA c t i on

s

W e b

e l i e v e o ur d e c i s i o n s a n d a

c t i o n s ar e

c o n s

i s t e n t w i t h o ur c o

n s c i o u s b e l i e f s

w h e n i n f a c t

o ur u n c o n s c i o u s i s r u n n i n

g

t h e s

h o w

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

P h y s i c i s t T h e u

s u a l s u s p e c t s

Wh i c h on e i s t h e

ph y s i c i s t

A d a p

t e d f r o m W o m e n i n S c i e n c e E n

g i n e er i n g a n d T e c h n o l o g yI n i t i a t i v e pr e s e n t a t i o n b yE H a i n e s a n d A M a g u i r e

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

P

h y s i c i s t Th e u s u a l s u s p e c t s

9 8 o

f t h e p u b l i c c o

u l d nrsquo t t e l l w h i c h o n e w a s t h e

p h y s i c i s t

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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I m pl i c i

t Bi a s

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+

T

h e R ol e of I m p

l i c i t Bi a s i n

D

e f i ni n g

S t u d e n

t N ar r a

t i v e s

I m pl i c i t b i a s r e f e r s t o t h e a t t i t u d e s or s t e r e o t y p e s

t h a t a f f e c t o u t un

d e r s t a n d i n g a c t i on s a n d

d e c i s i on s i n a n u

n c on s c i o u s

m a nn e r

E x p o

s ur e t o c om

m onl yh e l d a t t i t u d e s

a b o u t s o c i a l

gr o u p

s p e r m e a t e

o ur mi n d s

e v e n t wi t h

o u t o ur

a c t i v e

c on s e n t ( i e h e a r s a y

m e d i a e x p

o s ur e

p a s s i v

e o b s e r v a t i on e t c )

E v e r y on e i s s u s c e p t i b l e t oi m pl i c i t b i a s

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+ I f y o u c a n s h o wm e h o wI c a n c l

i n g t o

t h a t

wh i c h i s r e a l t om e

wh i l e t e a c h i n g

m e a

w a yi n t o t h e l a r g e r

s o c i e t y t h e n a n d

onl y t h e n wi l l I d r o pm

y d e f e n s e

s a n d

h o s t i

l i t y a n d I

wi l l s i n g

y o ur pr a i s e s a n d

h e

l p y o um a k e t h e d e s e r t b e a r f r ui t

-R a l ph E l l i s on

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 100111

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amp ( amp ) amp +

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$ + amp )

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 101111

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

R e

vi s i t i n g t h

e B e l i e f S u

r v e y wi t h i n t h e

c on t e x t of t h e S

AM an d y

o ur D e s i r e d S t a t e

Q ui c k

r e vi e w y o ur S AM d a t a w

i t h t h e c ur r e n t l e n s of

B e l i e f s ur v e y e q ui t y a n d y o ur D e s i r e d S t a t e

Wh a t t

r e n d s a n d p a

t t e r n s d o y o u s e e

Wh i c h

f a c t or s d om ai n s a n d s p e c i f i c i t e m s

r e f l e c t t h e

gr e a t e s t g a p s b e t w

e e n c ur r e n t a n d o p t i m a l MT S S

i m pl e m

e n t a t i on

T I P s ndash

i s t h e v e h i c l e t o a l i gn e q

ui t y a n d a c c

e s s wh i c h wi l l

c h a n g e

i m p a c t s t u d

e n t o u t c om e

s

P ul l i n g t h e pi e c e s

t o g e t h e r

hellip

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+ S AM

( S e l f -A s s e s s m e n t

of MT S S I m

pl e m e n t a t i on )

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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N o t I m pl e m e n t i n g

Em e r gi n g D e v e l o pi n g

O p e r a t i on al i z i n g

O

p t i mi z i n g

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

F o

ur B ui l d i n gBl o c k

s t h a t S u p p or t

MT S S I m pl e m

e n t a t i on

- S k i l l s

-P r a c t i c e s

-B e l i e f s

-I m pl e m

e n t a t i on

P r of e s s i on a l D e v e l o pm e n t T r a i ni n g t oi m p a

c t S k i l l s

S k i l l s t oi m p a c t P r

a c t i c e

I m pr o v e d P r a c t i c e

i m pr o v e s I m pl e m e n t a t i on

I m pr o v e d I m pl e m e n t a t i oni m p

a c t s s t u d e n t

o u t c om e s

B e t t e r

s t u d e n t o u t c om e s s h i f t B

e l i e f s

An d s h i

f t s i nB e l i e f s i m p a c t s i m pl e m e n t a t i o

n of MT S S

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

T ak i n

gi t b a c k h om e hellip

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+ N e

x t s t e p s

b a c k h

om e hellip

C on t i n u e pr o b l e m

s ol vi n g u

s i n gT I P s t o d e v e l o p

a n d a l i gn pr of e s s i on a l l e a r ni n g t oi m p a

c t t h e s h i f t

of B e l i e f s a n d r e a

l i z a t i on of

y o ur D e s i r

e d S t a t e

R e vi e w y o ur S I P

Wh a t n e e d s t o b e d o

n e t o

a l i gn y

o ur S I P a r o un d S k i l l s P r a c t i c e s

B e l i e f s

a n d I m

pl e m e n t a t i on of MT S

S i n y o ur S

I P

H o w d

o e s y o ur D

e s i r e d S t a t e a l i gn wi t h y o ur

r e s ul t s

onB e l i e f s S AM a n d

y o ur S I P

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

P

r e p ari n gF or th e

Af t ern o

on hellip

E x a m

i ni n gT i e r s 2 a n d 3

Wh orsquo s i n

Wh y

H o w d o t h

e y e xi t

Wh a t d e c i

s i onr ul e s a r e u s e d

Ur g e n c y R e a l i z e y o ur D e s i r e d S t a t e

B e l i e f s a n d

S AM

a n d t h e i r i m p a c t on c ur r e n t pr a c t i c e s on a l l

T i e r s

W e h

a v e t o c on s t a n t l y c h a l l e n g e o ur a s s um p t i on s

a n d b

i a s e s w e b

r i n g t o o ur

w or k

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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P ar t i n gT

w oB a s i c Q u

Ar e y o uh

a p p y w

i t h y o

I s

e v e r y c

l a s s r o om on e

w o ul d p u

t y o ur o

wnf l

b l o o d

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T a b l e

T al k

A

s a T e a m d i s c u s s -

Wh a t c

h a n g e d wi t h i n or a c r o

s s t h e f o ur

F a c t or s

Wh a t a

r e y o ur h y p o t h e s e s a s

t o wh y t h e

r e

w a s gr o w t h Wh y

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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T a b l e T al k

S c h o ol B e l i e

f S ur v e y

R e vi e w t h e 4 F a c t or s of y o ur S c h o o

l rsquo s B e l i e f

S ur

v e y ( B OY

O c t 2 0 1 4 )

Wh

a t a r e t h e a

r e a s t h a t a r e a s u p p or t t o t h e

i m p

l e m e n t a t i o

n of MT S S

Wh

i c h a r e a r e a s t h a t a r e p o t e n t i a l b a r r i e r s t o t h

e

i m p

l e m e n t a t i o

n of MT S S

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

B e l i e f s ampA c t i on

s

W e b

e l i e v e o ur d e c i s i o n s a n d a

c t i o n s ar e

c o n s

i s t e n t w i t h o ur c o

n s c i o u s b e l i e f s

w h e n i n f a c t

o ur u n c o n s c i o u s i s r u n n i n

g

t h e s

h o w

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

P h y s i c i s t T h e u

s u a l s u s p e c t s

Wh i c h on e i s t h e

ph y s i c i s t

A d a p

t e d f r o m W o m e n i n S c i e n c e E n

g i n e er i n g a n d T e c h n o l o g yI n i t i a t i v e pr e s e n t a t i o n b yE H a i n e s a n d A M a g u i r e

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

P

h y s i c i s t Th e u s u a l s u s p e c t s

9 8 o

f t h e p u b l i c c o

u l d nrsquo t t e l l w h i c h o n e w a s t h e

p h y s i c i s t

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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I m pl i c i

t Bi a s

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+

T

h e R ol e of I m p

l i c i t Bi a s i n

D

e f i ni n g

S t u d e n

t N ar r a

t i v e s

I m pl i c i t b i a s r e f e r s t o t h e a t t i t u d e s or s t e r e o t y p e s

t h a t a f f e c t o u t un

d e r s t a n d i n g a c t i on s a n d

d e c i s i on s i n a n u

n c on s c i o u s

m a nn e r

E x p o

s ur e t o c om

m onl yh e l d a t t i t u d e s

a b o u t s o c i a l

gr o u p

s p e r m e a t e

o ur mi n d s

e v e n t wi t h

o u t o ur

a c t i v e

c on s e n t ( i e h e a r s a y

m e d i a e x p

o s ur e

p a s s i v

e o b s e r v a t i on e t c )

E v e r y on e i s s u s c e p t i b l e t oi m pl i c i t b i a s

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+ I f y o u c a n s h o wm e h o wI c a n c l

i n g t o

t h a t

wh i c h i s r e a l t om e

wh i l e t e a c h i n g

m e a

w a yi n t o t h e l a r g e r

s o c i e t y t h e n a n d

onl y t h e n wi l l I d r o pm

y d e f e n s e

s a n d

h o s t i

l i t y a n d I

wi l l s i n g

y o ur pr a i s e s a n d

h e

l p y o um a k e t h e d e s e r t b e a r f r ui t

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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amp ( amp ) amp +

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 101111

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 102111

+

R e

vi s i t i n g t h

e B e l i e f S u

r v e y wi t h i n t h e

c on t e x t of t h e S

AM an d y

o ur D e s i r e d S t a t e

Q ui c k

r e vi e w y o ur S AM d a t a w

i t h t h e c ur r e n t l e n s of

B e l i e f s ur v e y e q ui t y a n d y o ur D e s i r e d S t a t e

Wh a t t

r e n d s a n d p a

t t e r n s d o y o u s e e

Wh i c h

f a c t or s d om ai n s a n d s p e c i f i c i t e m s

r e f l e c t t h e

gr e a t e s t g a p s b e t w

e e n c ur r e n t a n d o p t i m a l MT S S

i m pl e m

e n t a t i on

T I P s ndash

i s t h e v e h i c l e t o a l i gn e q

ui t y a n d a c c

e s s wh i c h wi l l

c h a n g e

i m p a c t s t u d

e n t o u t c om e

s

P ul l i n g t h e pi e c e s

t o g e t h e r

hellip

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+ S AM

( S e l f -A s s e s s m e n t

of MT S S I m

pl e m e n t a t i on )

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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N o t I m pl e m e n t i n g

Em e r gi n g D e v e l o pi n g

O p e r a t i on al i z i n g

O

p t i mi z i n g

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

F o

ur B ui l d i n gBl o c k

s t h a t S u p p or t

MT S S I m pl e m

e n t a t i on

- S k i l l s

-P r a c t i c e s

-B e l i e f s

-I m pl e m

e n t a t i on

P r of e s s i on a l D e v e l o pm e n t T r a i ni n g t oi m p a

c t S k i l l s

S k i l l s t oi m p a c t P r

a c t i c e

I m pr o v e d P r a c t i c e

i m pr o v e s I m pl e m e n t a t i on

I m pr o v e d I m pl e m e n t a t i oni m p

a c t s s t u d e n t

o u t c om e s

B e t t e r

s t u d e n t o u t c om e s s h i f t B

e l i e f s

An d s h i

f t s i nB e l i e f s i m p a c t s i m pl e m e n t a t i o

n of MT S S

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

T ak i n

gi t b a c k h om e hellip

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+ N e

x t s t e p s

b a c k h

om e hellip

C on t i n u e pr o b l e m

s ol vi n g u

s i n gT I P s t o d e v e l o p

a n d a l i gn pr of e s s i on a l l e a r ni n g t oi m p a

c t t h e s h i f t

of B e l i e f s a n d r e a

l i z a t i on of

y o ur D e s i r

e d S t a t e

R e vi e w y o ur S I P

Wh a t n e e d s t o b e d o

n e t o

a l i gn y

o ur S I P a r o un d S k i l l s P r a c t i c e s

B e l i e f s

a n d I m

pl e m e n t a t i on of MT S

S i n y o ur S

I P

H o w d

o e s y o ur D

e s i r e d S t a t e a l i gn wi t h y o ur

r e s ul t s

onB e l i e f s S AM a n d

y o ur S I P

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+

P

r e p ari n gF or th e

Af t ern o

on hellip

E x a m

i ni n gT i e r s 2 a n d 3

Wh orsquo s i n

Wh y

H o w d o t h

e y e xi t

Wh a t d e c i

s i onr ul e s a r e u s e d

Ur g e n c y R e a l i z e y o ur D e s i r e d S t a t e

B e l i e f s a n d

S AM

a n d t h e i r i m p a c t on c ur r e n t pr a c t i c e s on a l l

T i e r s

W e h

a v e t o c on s t a n t l y c h a l l e n g e o ur a s s um p t i on s

a n d b

i a s e s w e b

r i n g t o o ur

w or k

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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P ar t i n gT

w oB a s i c Q u

Ar e y o uh

a p p y w

i t h y o

I s

e v e r y c

l a s s r o om on e

w o ul d p u

t y o ur o

wnf l

b l o o d

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T a b l e

T al k

A

s a T e a m d i s c u s s -

Wh a t c

h a n g e d wi t h i n or a c r o

s s t h e f o ur

F a c t or s

Wh a t a

r e y o ur h y p o t h e s e s a s

t o wh y t h e

r e

w a s gr o w t h Wh y

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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T a b l e T al k

S c h o ol B e l i e

f S ur v e y

R e vi e w t h e 4 F a c t or s of y o ur S c h o o

l rsquo s B e l i e f

S ur

v e y ( B OY

O c t 2 0 1 4 )

Wh

a t a r e t h e a

r e a s t h a t a r e a s u p p or t t o t h e

i m p

l e m e n t a t i o

n of MT S S

Wh

i c h a r e a r e a s t h a t a r e p o t e n t i a l b a r r i e r s t o t h

e

i m p

l e m e n t a t i o

n of MT S S

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

B e l i e f s ampA c t i on

s

W e b

e l i e v e o ur d e c i s i o n s a n d a

c t i o n s ar e

c o n s

i s t e n t w i t h o ur c o

n s c i o u s b e l i e f s

w h e n i n f a c t

o ur u n c o n s c i o u s i s r u n n i n

g

t h e s

h o w

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

P h y s i c i s t T h e u

s u a l s u s p e c t s

Wh i c h on e i s t h e

ph y s i c i s t

A d a p

t e d f r o m W o m e n i n S c i e n c e E n

g i n e er i n g a n d T e c h n o l o g yI n i t i a t i v e pr e s e n t a t i o n b yE H a i n e s a n d A M a g u i r e

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

P

h y s i c i s t Th e u s u a l s u s p e c t s

9 8 o

f t h e p u b l i c c o

u l d nrsquo t t e l l w h i c h o n e w a s t h e

p h y s i c i s t

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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I m pl i c i

t Bi a s

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

T

h e R ol e of I m p

l i c i t Bi a s i n

D

e f i ni n g

S t u d e n

t N ar r a

t i v e s

I m pl i c i t b i a s r e f e r s t o t h e a t t i t u d e s or s t e r e o t y p e s

t h a t a f f e c t o u t un

d e r s t a n d i n g a c t i on s a n d

d e c i s i on s i n a n u

n c on s c i o u s

m a nn e r

E x p o

s ur e t o c om

m onl yh e l d a t t i t u d e s

a b o u t s o c i a l

gr o u p

s p e r m e a t e

o ur mi n d s

e v e n t wi t h

o u t o ur

a c t i v e

c on s e n t ( i e h e a r s a y

m e d i a e x p

o s ur e

p a s s i v

e o b s e r v a t i on e t c )

E v e r y on e i s s u s c e p t i b l e t oi m pl i c i t b i a s

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+ I f y o u c a n s h o wm e h o wI c a n c l

i n g t o

t h a t

wh i c h i s r e a l t om e

wh i l e t e a c h i n g

m e a

w a yi n t o t h e l a r g e r

s o c i e t y t h e n a n d

onl y t h e n wi l l I d r o pm

y d e f e n s e

s a n d

h o s t i

l i t y a n d I

wi l l s i n g

y o ur pr a i s e s a n d

h e

l p y o um a k e t h e d e s e r t b e a r f r ui t

-R a l ph E l l i s on

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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amp ( amp ) amp +

) -

) - ( 0 amp ( 1

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amp ) $

$ + amp )

+

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 101111

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

R e

vi s i t i n g t h

e B e l i e f S u

r v e y wi t h i n t h e

c on t e x t of t h e S

AM an d y

o ur D e s i r e d S t a t e

Q ui c k

r e vi e w y o ur S AM d a t a w

i t h t h e c ur r e n t l e n s of

B e l i e f s ur v e y e q ui t y a n d y o ur D e s i r e d S t a t e

Wh a t t

r e n d s a n d p a

t t e r n s d o y o u s e e

Wh i c h

f a c t or s d om ai n s a n d s p e c i f i c i t e m s

r e f l e c t t h e

gr e a t e s t g a p s b e t w

e e n c ur r e n t a n d o p t i m a l MT S S

i m pl e m

e n t a t i on

T I P s ndash

i s t h e v e h i c l e t o a l i gn e q

ui t y a n d a c c

e s s wh i c h wi l l

c h a n g e

i m p a c t s t u d

e n t o u t c om e

s

P ul l i n g t h e pi e c e s

t o g e t h e r

hellip

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+ S AM

( S e l f -A s s e s s m e n t

of MT S S I m

pl e m e n t a t i on )

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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N o t I m pl e m e n t i n g

Em e r gi n g D e v e l o pi n g

O p e r a t i on al i z i n g

O

p t i mi z i n g

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

F o

ur B ui l d i n gBl o c k

s t h a t S u p p or t

MT S S I m pl e m

e n t a t i on

- S k i l l s

-P r a c t i c e s

-B e l i e f s

-I m pl e m

e n t a t i on

P r of e s s i on a l D e v e l o pm e n t T r a i ni n g t oi m p a

c t S k i l l s

S k i l l s t oi m p a c t P r

a c t i c e

I m pr o v e d P r a c t i c e

i m pr o v e s I m pl e m e n t a t i on

I m pr o v e d I m pl e m e n t a t i oni m p

a c t s s t u d e n t

o u t c om e s

B e t t e r

s t u d e n t o u t c om e s s h i f t B

e l i e f s

An d s h i

f t s i nB e l i e f s i m p a c t s i m pl e m e n t a t i o

n of MT S S

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

T ak i n

gi t b a c k h om e hellip

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 109111

+ N e

x t s t e p s

b a c k h

om e hellip

C on t i n u e pr o b l e m

s ol vi n g u

s i n gT I P s t o d e v e l o p

a n d a l i gn pr of e s s i on a l l e a r ni n g t oi m p a

c t t h e s h i f t

of B e l i e f s a n d r e a

l i z a t i on of

y o ur D e s i r

e d S t a t e

R e vi e w y o ur S I P

Wh a t n e e d s t o b e d o

n e t o

a l i gn y

o ur S I P a r o un d S k i l l s P r a c t i c e s

B e l i e f s

a n d I m

pl e m e n t a t i on of MT S

S i n y o ur S

I P

H o w d

o e s y o ur D

e s i r e d S t a t e a l i gn wi t h y o ur

r e s ul t s

onB e l i e f s S AM a n d

y o ur S I P

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

P

r e p ari n gF or th e

Af t ern o

on hellip

E x a m

i ni n gT i e r s 2 a n d 3

Wh orsquo s i n

Wh y

H o w d o t h

e y e xi t

Wh a t d e c i

s i onr ul e s a r e u s e d

Ur g e n c y R e a l i z e y o ur D e s i r e d S t a t e

B e l i e f s a n d

S AM

a n d t h e i r i m p a c t on c ur r e n t pr a c t i c e s on a l l

T i e r s

W e h

a v e t o c on s t a n t l y c h a l l e n g e o ur a s s um p t i on s

a n d b

i a s e s w e b

r i n g t o o ur

w or k

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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P ar t i n gT

w oB a s i c Q u

Ar e y o uh

a p p y w

i t h y o

I s

e v e r y c

l a s s r o om on e

w o ul d p u

t y o ur o

wnf l

b l o o d

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T a b l e T al k

S c h o ol B e l i e

f S ur v e y

R e vi e w t h e 4 F a c t or s of y o ur S c h o o

l rsquo s B e l i e f

S ur

v e y ( B OY

O c t 2 0 1 4 )

Wh

a t a r e t h e a

r e a s t h a t a r e a s u p p or t t o t h e

i m p

l e m e n t a t i o

n of MT S S

Wh

i c h a r e a r e a s t h a t a r e p o t e n t i a l b a r r i e r s t o t h

e

i m p

l e m e n t a t i o

n of MT S S

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

B e l i e f s ampA c t i on

s

W e b

e l i e v e o ur d e c i s i o n s a n d a

c t i o n s ar e

c o n s

i s t e n t w i t h o ur c o

n s c i o u s b e l i e f s

w h e n i n f a c t

o ur u n c o n s c i o u s i s r u n n i n

g

t h e s

h o w

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

P h y s i c i s t T h e u

s u a l s u s p e c t s

Wh i c h on e i s t h e

ph y s i c i s t

A d a p

t e d f r o m W o m e n i n S c i e n c e E n

g i n e er i n g a n d T e c h n o l o g yI n i t i a t i v e pr e s e n t a t i o n b yE H a i n e s a n d A M a g u i r e

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

P

h y s i c i s t Th e u s u a l s u s p e c t s

9 8 o

f t h e p u b l i c c o

u l d nrsquo t t e l l w h i c h o n e w a s t h e

p h y s i c i s t

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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I m pl i c i

t Bi a s

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

T

h e R ol e of I m p

l i c i t Bi a s i n

D

e f i ni n g

S t u d e n

t N ar r a

t i v e s

I m pl i c i t b i a s r e f e r s t o t h e a t t i t u d e s or s t e r e o t y p e s

t h a t a f f e c t o u t un

d e r s t a n d i n g a c t i on s a n d

d e c i s i on s i n a n u

n c on s c i o u s

m a nn e r

E x p o

s ur e t o c om

m onl yh e l d a t t i t u d e s

a b o u t s o c i a l

gr o u p

s p e r m e a t e

o ur mi n d s

e v e n t wi t h

o u t o ur

a c t i v e

c on s e n t ( i e h e a r s a y

m e d i a e x p

o s ur e

p a s s i v

e o b s e r v a t i on e t c )

E v e r y on e i s s u s c e p t i b l e t oi m pl i c i t b i a s

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+ I f y o u c a n s h o wm e h o wI c a n c l

i n g t o

t h a t

wh i c h i s r e a l t om e

wh i l e t e a c h i n g

m e a

w a yi n t o t h e l a r g e r

s o c i e t y t h e n a n d

onl y t h e n wi l l I d r o pm

y d e f e n s e

s a n d

h o s t i

l i t y a n d I

wi l l s i n g

y o ur pr a i s e s a n d

h e

l p y o um a k e t h e d e s e r t b e a r f r ui t

-R a l ph E l l i s on

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 100111

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amp ( amp ) amp +

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 101111

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 102111

+

R e

vi s i t i n g t h

e B e l i e f S u

r v e y wi t h i n t h e

c on t e x t of t h e S

AM an d y

o ur D e s i r e d S t a t e

Q ui c k

r e vi e w y o ur S AM d a t a w

i t h t h e c ur r e n t l e n s of

B e l i e f s ur v e y e q ui t y a n d y o ur D e s i r e d S t a t e

Wh a t t

r e n d s a n d p a

t t e r n s d o y o u s e e

Wh i c h

f a c t or s d om ai n s a n d s p e c i f i c i t e m s

r e f l e c t t h e

gr e a t e s t g a p s b e t w

e e n c ur r e n t a n d o p t i m a l MT S S

i m pl e m

e n t a t i on

T I P s ndash

i s t h e v e h i c l e t o a l i gn e q

ui t y a n d a c c

e s s wh i c h wi l l

c h a n g e

i m p a c t s t u d

e n t o u t c om e

s

P ul l i n g t h e pi e c e s

t o g e t h e r

hellip

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 103111

+ S AM

( S e l f -A s s e s s m e n t

of MT S S I m

pl e m e n t a t i on )

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 104111

N o t I m pl e m e n t i n g

Em e r gi n g D e v e l o pi n g

O p e r a t i on al i z i n g

O

p t i mi z i n g

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

F o

ur B ui l d i n gBl o c k

s t h a t S u p p or t

MT S S I m pl e m

e n t a t i on

- S k i l l s

-P r a c t i c e s

-B e l i e f s

-I m pl e m

e n t a t i on

P r of e s s i on a l D e v e l o pm e n t T r a i ni n g t oi m p a

c t S k i l l s

S k i l l s t oi m p a c t P r

a c t i c e

I m pr o v e d P r a c t i c e

i m pr o v e s I m pl e m e n t a t i on

I m pr o v e d I m pl e m e n t a t i oni m p

a c t s s t u d e n t

o u t c om e s

B e t t e r

s t u d e n t o u t c om e s s h i f t B

e l i e f s

An d s h i

f t s i nB e l i e f s i m p a c t s i m pl e m e n t a t i o

n of MT S S

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

T ak i n

gi t b a c k h om e hellip

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 109111

+ N e

x t s t e p s

b a c k h

om e hellip

C on t i n u e pr o b l e m

s ol vi n g u

s i n gT I P s t o d e v e l o p

a n d a l i gn pr of e s s i on a l l e a r ni n g t oi m p a

c t t h e s h i f t

of B e l i e f s a n d r e a

l i z a t i on of

y o ur D e s i r

e d S t a t e

R e vi e w y o ur S I P

Wh a t n e e d s t o b e d o

n e t o

a l i gn y

o ur S I P a r o un d S k i l l s P r a c t i c e s

B e l i e f s

a n d I m

pl e m e n t a t i on of MT S

S i n y o ur S

I P

H o w d

o e s y o ur D

e s i r e d S t a t e a l i gn wi t h y o ur

r e s ul t s

onB e l i e f s S AM a n d

y o ur S I P

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

P

r e p ari n gF or th e

Af t ern o

on hellip

E x a m

i ni n gT i e r s 2 a n d 3

Wh orsquo s i n

Wh y

H o w d o t h

e y e xi t

Wh a t d e c i

s i onr ul e s a r e u s e d

Ur g e n c y R e a l i z e y o ur D e s i r e d S t a t e

B e l i e f s a n d

S AM

a n d t h e i r i m p a c t on c ur r e n t pr a c t i c e s on a l l

T i e r s

W e h

a v e t o c on s t a n t l y c h a l l e n g e o ur a s s um p t i on s

a n d b

i a s e s w e b

r i n g t o o ur

w or k

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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P ar t i n gT

w oB a s i c Q u

Ar e y o uh

a p p y w

i t h y o

I s

e v e r y c

l a s s r o om on e

w o ul d p u

t y o ur o

wnf l

b l o o d

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+

B e l i e f s ampA c t i on

s

W e b

e l i e v e o ur d e c i s i o n s a n d a

c t i o n s ar e

c o n s

i s t e n t w i t h o ur c o

n s c i o u s b e l i e f s

w h e n i n f a c t

o ur u n c o n s c i o u s i s r u n n i n

g

t h e s

h o w

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

P h y s i c i s t T h e u

s u a l s u s p e c t s

Wh i c h on e i s t h e

ph y s i c i s t

A d a p

t e d f r o m W o m e n i n S c i e n c e E n

g i n e er i n g a n d T e c h n o l o g yI n i t i a t i v e pr e s e n t a t i o n b yE H a i n e s a n d A M a g u i r e

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

P

h y s i c i s t Th e u s u a l s u s p e c t s

9 8 o

f t h e p u b l i c c o

u l d nrsquo t t e l l w h i c h o n e w a s t h e

p h y s i c i s t

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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I m pl i c i

t Bi a s

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

T

h e R ol e of I m p

l i c i t Bi a s i n

D

e f i ni n g

S t u d e n

t N ar r a

t i v e s

I m pl i c i t b i a s r e f e r s t o t h e a t t i t u d e s or s t e r e o t y p e s

t h a t a f f e c t o u t un

d e r s t a n d i n g a c t i on s a n d

d e c i s i on s i n a n u

n c on s c i o u s

m a nn e r

E x p o

s ur e t o c om

m onl yh e l d a t t i t u d e s

a b o u t s o c i a l

gr o u p

s p e r m e a t e

o ur mi n d s

e v e n t wi t h

o u t o ur

a c t i v e

c on s e n t ( i e h e a r s a y

m e d i a e x p

o s ur e

p a s s i v

e o b s e r v a t i on e t c )

E v e r y on e i s s u s c e p t i b l e t oi m pl i c i t b i a s

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+ I f y o u c a n s h o wm e h o wI c a n c l

i n g t o

t h a t

wh i c h i s r e a l t om e

wh i l e t e a c h i n g

m e a

w a yi n t o t h e l a r g e r

s o c i e t y t h e n a n d

onl y t h e n wi l l I d r o pm

y d e f e n s e

s a n d

h o s t i

l i t y a n d I

wi l l s i n g

y o ur pr a i s e s a n d

h e

l p y o um a k e t h e d e s e r t b e a r f r ui t

-R a l ph E l l i s on

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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amp ( amp ) amp +

) -

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$ + amp )

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httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 101111

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

R e

vi s i t i n g t h

e B e l i e f S u

r v e y wi t h i n t h e

c on t e x t of t h e S

AM an d y

o ur D e s i r e d S t a t e

Q ui c k

r e vi e w y o ur S AM d a t a w

i t h t h e c ur r e n t l e n s of

B e l i e f s ur v e y e q ui t y a n d y o ur D e s i r e d S t a t e

Wh a t t

r e n d s a n d p a

t t e r n s d o y o u s e e

Wh i c h

f a c t or s d om ai n s a n d s p e c i f i c i t e m s

r e f l e c t t h e

gr e a t e s t g a p s b e t w

e e n c ur r e n t a n d o p t i m a l MT S S

i m pl e m

e n t a t i on

T I P s ndash

i s t h e v e h i c l e t o a l i gn e q

ui t y a n d a c c

e s s wh i c h wi l l

c h a n g e

i m p a c t s t u d

e n t o u t c om e

s

P ul l i n g t h e pi e c e s

t o g e t h e r

hellip

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+ S AM

( S e l f -A s s e s s m e n t

of MT S S I m

pl e m e n t a t i on )

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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N o t I m pl e m e n t i n g

Em e r gi n g D e v e l o pi n g

O p e r a t i on al i z i n g

O

p t i mi z i n g

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

F o

ur B ui l d i n gBl o c k

s t h a t S u p p or t

MT S S I m pl e m

e n t a t i on

- S k i l l s

-P r a c t i c e s

-B e l i e f s

-I m pl e m

e n t a t i on

P r of e s s i on a l D e v e l o pm e n t T r a i ni n g t oi m p a

c t S k i l l s

S k i l l s t oi m p a c t P r

a c t i c e

I m pr o v e d P r a c t i c e

i m pr o v e s I m pl e m e n t a t i on

I m pr o v e d I m pl e m e n t a t i oni m p

a c t s s t u d e n t

o u t c om e s

B e t t e r

s t u d e n t o u t c om e s s h i f t B

e l i e f s

An d s h i

f t s i nB e l i e f s i m p a c t s i m pl e m e n t a t i o

n of MT S S

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

T ak i n

gi t b a c k h om e hellip

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+ N e

x t s t e p s

b a c k h

om e hellip

C on t i n u e pr o b l e m

s ol vi n g u

s i n gT I P s t o d e v e l o p

a n d a l i gn pr of e s s i on a l l e a r ni n g t oi m p a

c t t h e s h i f t

of B e l i e f s a n d r e a

l i z a t i on of

y o ur D e s i r

e d S t a t e

R e vi e w y o ur S I P

Wh a t n e e d s t o b e d o

n e t o

a l i gn y

o ur S I P a r o un d S k i l l s P r a c t i c e s

B e l i e f s

a n d I m

pl e m e n t a t i on of MT S

S i n y o ur S

I P

H o w d

o e s y o ur D

e s i r e d S t a t e a l i gn wi t h y o ur

r e s ul t s

onB e l i e f s S AM a n d

y o ur S I P

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

P

r e p ari n gF or th e

Af t ern o

on hellip

E x a m

i ni n gT i e r s 2 a n d 3

Wh orsquo s i n

Wh y

H o w d o t h

e y e xi t

Wh a t d e c i

s i onr ul e s a r e u s e d

Ur g e n c y R e a l i z e y o ur D e s i r e d S t a t e

B e l i e f s a n d

S AM

a n d t h e i r i m p a c t on c ur r e n t pr a c t i c e s on a l l

T i e r s

W e h

a v e t o c on s t a n t l y c h a l l e n g e o ur a s s um p t i on s

a n d b

i a s e s w e b

r i n g t o o ur

w or k

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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P ar t i n gT

w oB a s i c Q u

Ar e y o uh

a p p y w

i t h y o

I s

e v e r y c

l a s s r o om on e

w o ul d p u

t y o ur o

wnf l

b l o o d

Page 94: WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

B e l i e f s ampA c t i on

s

W e b

e l i e v e o ur d e c i s i o n s a n d a

c t i o n s ar e

c o n s

i s t e n t w i t h o ur c o

n s c i o u s b e l i e f s

w h e n i n f a c t

o ur u n c o n s c i o u s i s r u n n i n

g

t h e s

h o w

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

P h y s i c i s t T h e u

s u a l s u s p e c t s

Wh i c h on e i s t h e

ph y s i c i s t

A d a p

t e d f r o m W o m e n i n S c i e n c e E n

g i n e er i n g a n d T e c h n o l o g yI n i t i a t i v e pr e s e n t a t i o n b yE H a i n e s a n d A M a g u i r e

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

P

h y s i c i s t Th e u s u a l s u s p e c t s

9 8 o

f t h e p u b l i c c o

u l d nrsquo t t e l l w h i c h o n e w a s t h e

p h y s i c i s t

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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I m pl i c i

t Bi a s

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

T

h e R ol e of I m p

l i c i t Bi a s i n

D

e f i ni n g

S t u d e n

t N ar r a

t i v e s

I m pl i c i t b i a s r e f e r s t o t h e a t t i t u d e s or s t e r e o t y p e s

t h a t a f f e c t o u t un

d e r s t a n d i n g a c t i on s a n d

d e c i s i on s i n a n u

n c on s c i o u s

m a nn e r

E x p o

s ur e t o c om

m onl yh e l d a t t i t u d e s

a b o u t s o c i a l

gr o u p

s p e r m e a t e

o ur mi n d s

e v e n t wi t h

o u t o ur

a c t i v e

c on s e n t ( i e h e a r s a y

m e d i a e x p

o s ur e

p a s s i v

e o b s e r v a t i on e t c )

E v e r y on e i s s u s c e p t i b l e t oi m pl i c i t b i a s

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 99111

+ I f y o u c a n s h o wm e h o wI c a n c l

i n g t o

t h a t

wh i c h i s r e a l t om e

wh i l e t e a c h i n g

m e a

w a yi n t o t h e l a r g e r

s o c i e t y t h e n a n d

onl y t h e n wi l l I d r o pm

y d e f e n s e

s a n d

h o s t i

l i t y a n d I

wi l l s i n g

y o ur pr a i s e s a n d

h e

l p y o um a k e t h e d e s e r t b e a r f r ui t

-R a l ph E l l i s on

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 100111

amp

amp ( amp ) amp +

) -

) - ( 0 amp ( 1

$

amp ) $

$ + amp )

+

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 101111

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 102111

+

R e

vi s i t i n g t h

e B e l i e f S u

r v e y wi t h i n t h e

c on t e x t of t h e S

AM an d y

o ur D e s i r e d S t a t e

Q ui c k

r e vi e w y o ur S AM d a t a w

i t h t h e c ur r e n t l e n s of

B e l i e f s ur v e y e q ui t y a n d y o ur D e s i r e d S t a t e

Wh a t t

r e n d s a n d p a

t t e r n s d o y o u s e e

Wh i c h

f a c t or s d om ai n s a n d s p e c i f i c i t e m s

r e f l e c t t h e

gr e a t e s t g a p s b e t w

e e n c ur r e n t a n d o p t i m a l MT S S

i m pl e m

e n t a t i on

T I P s ndash

i s t h e v e h i c l e t o a l i gn e q

ui t y a n d a c c

e s s wh i c h wi l l

c h a n g e

i m p a c t s t u d

e n t o u t c om e

s

P ul l i n g t h e pi e c e s

t o g e t h e r

hellip

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 103111

+ S AM

( S e l f -A s s e s s m e n t

of MT S S I m

pl e m e n t a t i on )

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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N o t I m pl e m e n t i n g

Em e r gi n g D e v e l o pi n g

O p e r a t i on al i z i n g

O

p t i mi z i n g

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 106111

+

F o

ur B ui l d i n gBl o c k

s t h a t S u p p or t

MT S S I m pl e m

e n t a t i on

- S k i l l s

-P r a c t i c e s

-B e l i e f s

-I m pl e m

e n t a t i on

P r of e s s i on a l D e v e l o pm e n t T r a i ni n g t oi m p a

c t S k i l l s

S k i l l s t oi m p a c t P r

a c t i c e

I m pr o v e d P r a c t i c e

i m pr o v e s I m pl e m e n t a t i on

I m pr o v e d I m pl e m e n t a t i oni m p

a c t s s t u d e n t

o u t c om e s

B e t t e r

s t u d e n t o u t c om e s s h i f t B

e l i e f s

An d s h i

f t s i nB e l i e f s i m p a c t s i m pl e m e n t a t i o

n of MT S S

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 108111

+

T ak i n

gi t b a c k h om e hellip

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 109111

+ N e

x t s t e p s

b a c k h

om e hellip

C on t i n u e pr o b l e m

s ol vi n g u

s i n gT I P s t o d e v e l o p

a n d a l i gn pr of e s s i on a l l e a r ni n g t oi m p a

c t t h e s h i f t

of B e l i e f s a n d r e a

l i z a t i on of

y o ur D e s i r

e d S t a t e

R e vi e w y o ur S I P

Wh a t n e e d s t o b e d o

n e t o

a l i gn y

o ur S I P a r o un d S k i l l s P r a c t i c e s

B e l i e f s

a n d I m

pl e m e n t a t i on of MT S

S i n y o ur S

I P

H o w d

o e s y o ur D

e s i r e d S t a t e a l i gn wi t h y o ur

r e s ul t s

onB e l i e f s S AM a n d

y o ur S I P

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

P

r e p ari n gF or th e

Af t ern o

on hellip

E x a m

i ni n gT i e r s 2 a n d 3

Wh orsquo s i n

Wh y

H o w d o t h

e y e xi t

Wh a t d e c i

s i onr ul e s a r e u s e d

Ur g e n c y R e a l i z e y o ur D e s i r e d S t a t e

B e l i e f s a n d

S AM

a n d t h e i r i m p a c t on c ur r e n t pr a c t i c e s on a l l

T i e r s

W e h

a v e t o c on s t a n t l y c h a l l e n g e o ur a s s um p t i on s

a n d b

i a s e s w e b

r i n g t o o ur

w or k

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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P ar t i n gT

w oB a s i c Q u

Ar e y o uh

a p p y w

i t h y o

I s

e v e r y c

l a s s r o om on e

w o ul d p u

t y o ur o

wnf l

b l o o d

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+

P h y s i c i s t T h e u

s u a l s u s p e c t s

Wh i c h on e i s t h e

ph y s i c i s t

A d a p

t e d f r o m W o m e n i n S c i e n c e E n

g i n e er i n g a n d T e c h n o l o g yI n i t i a t i v e pr e s e n t a t i o n b yE H a i n e s a n d A M a g u i r e

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 96111

+

P

h y s i c i s t Th e u s u a l s u s p e c t s

9 8 o

f t h e p u b l i c c o

u l d nrsquo t t e l l w h i c h o n e w a s t h e

p h y s i c i s t

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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I m pl i c i

t Bi a s

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

T

h e R ol e of I m p

l i c i t Bi a s i n

D

e f i ni n g

S t u d e n

t N ar r a

t i v e s

I m pl i c i t b i a s r e f e r s t o t h e a t t i t u d e s or s t e r e o t y p e s

t h a t a f f e c t o u t un

d e r s t a n d i n g a c t i on s a n d

d e c i s i on s i n a n u

n c on s c i o u s

m a nn e r

E x p o

s ur e t o c om

m onl yh e l d a t t i t u d e s

a b o u t s o c i a l

gr o u p

s p e r m e a t e

o ur mi n d s

e v e n t wi t h

o u t o ur

a c t i v e

c on s e n t ( i e h e a r s a y

m e d i a e x p

o s ur e

p a s s i v

e o b s e r v a t i on e t c )

E v e r y on e i s s u s c e p t i b l e t oi m pl i c i t b i a s

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 99111

+ I f y o u c a n s h o wm e h o wI c a n c l

i n g t o

t h a t

wh i c h i s r e a l t om e

wh i l e t e a c h i n g

m e a

w a yi n t o t h e l a r g e r

s o c i e t y t h e n a n d

onl y t h e n wi l l I d r o pm

y d e f e n s e

s a n d

h o s t i

l i t y a n d I

wi l l s i n g

y o ur pr a i s e s a n d

h e

l p y o um a k e t h e d e s e r t b e a r f r ui t

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

R e

vi s i t i n g t h

e B e l i e f S u

r v e y wi t h i n t h e

c on t e x t of t h e S

AM an d y

o ur D e s i r e d S t a t e

Q ui c k

r e vi e w y o ur S AM d a t a w

i t h t h e c ur r e n t l e n s of

B e l i e f s ur v e y e q ui t y a n d y o ur D e s i r e d S t a t e

Wh a t t

r e n d s a n d p a

t t e r n s d o y o u s e e

Wh i c h

f a c t or s d om ai n s a n d s p e c i f i c i t e m s

r e f l e c t t h e

gr e a t e s t g a p s b e t w

e e n c ur r e n t a n d o p t i m a l MT S S

i m pl e m

e n t a t i on

T I P s ndash

i s t h e v e h i c l e t o a l i gn e q

ui t y a n d a c c

e s s wh i c h wi l l

c h a n g e

i m p a c t s t u d

e n t o u t c om e

s

P ul l i n g t h e pi e c e s

t o g e t h e r

hellip

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+ S AM

( S e l f -A s s e s s m e n t

of MT S S I m

pl e m e n t a t i on )

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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N o t I m pl e m e n t i n g

Em e r gi n g D e v e l o pi n g

O p e r a t i on al i z i n g

O

p t i mi z i n g

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

F o

ur B ui l d i n gBl o c k

s t h a t S u p p or t

MT S S I m pl e m

e n t a t i on

- S k i l l s

-P r a c t i c e s

-B e l i e f s

-I m pl e m

e n t a t i on

P r of e s s i on a l D e v e l o pm e n t T r a i ni n g t oi m p a

c t S k i l l s

S k i l l s t oi m p a c t P r

a c t i c e

I m pr o v e d P r a c t i c e

i m pr o v e s I m pl e m e n t a t i on

I m pr o v e d I m pl e m e n t a t i oni m p

a c t s s t u d e n t

o u t c om e s

B e t t e r

s t u d e n t o u t c om e s s h i f t B

e l i e f s

An d s h i

f t s i nB e l i e f s i m p a c t s i m pl e m e n t a t i o

n of MT S S

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

T ak i n

gi t b a c k h om e hellip

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 109111

+ N e

x t s t e p s

b a c k h

om e hellip

C on t i n u e pr o b l e m

s ol vi n g u

s i n gT I P s t o d e v e l o p

a n d a l i gn pr of e s s i on a l l e a r ni n g t oi m p a

c t t h e s h i f t

of B e l i e f s a n d r e a

l i z a t i on of

y o ur D e s i r

e d S t a t e

R e vi e w y o ur S I P

Wh a t n e e d s t o b e d o

n e t o

a l i gn y

o ur S I P a r o un d S k i l l s P r a c t i c e s

B e l i e f s

a n d I m

pl e m e n t a t i on of MT S

S i n y o ur S

I P

H o w d

o e s y o ur D

e s i r e d S t a t e a l i gn wi t h y o ur

r e s ul t s

onB e l i e f s S AM a n d

y o ur S I P

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

P

r e p ari n gF or th e

Af t ern o

on hellip

E x a m

i ni n gT i e r s 2 a n d 3

Wh orsquo s i n

Wh y

H o w d o t h

e y e xi t

Wh a t d e c i

s i onr ul e s a r e u s e d

Ur g e n c y R e a l i z e y o ur D e s i r e d S t a t e

B e l i e f s a n d

S AM

a n d t h e i r i m p a c t on c ur r e n t pr a c t i c e s on a l l

T i e r s

W e h

a v e t o c on s t a n t l y c h a l l e n g e o ur a s s um p t i on s

a n d b

i a s e s w e b

r i n g t o o ur

w or k

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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P ar t i n gT

w oB a s i c Q u

Ar e y o uh

a p p y w

i t h y o

I s

e v e r y c

l a s s r o om on e

w o ul d p u

t y o ur o

wnf l

b l o o d

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+

P

h y s i c i s t Th e u s u a l s u s p e c t s

9 8 o

f t h e p u b l i c c o

u l d nrsquo t t e l l w h i c h o n e w a s t h e

p h y s i c i s t

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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I m pl i c i

t Bi a s

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

T

h e R ol e of I m p

l i c i t Bi a s i n

D

e f i ni n g

S t u d e n

t N ar r a

t i v e s

I m pl i c i t b i a s r e f e r s t o t h e a t t i t u d e s or s t e r e o t y p e s

t h a t a f f e c t o u t un

d e r s t a n d i n g a c t i on s a n d

d e c i s i on s i n a n u

n c on s c i o u s

m a nn e r

E x p o

s ur e t o c om

m onl yh e l d a t t i t u d e s

a b o u t s o c i a l

gr o u p

s p e r m e a t e

o ur mi n d s

e v e n t wi t h

o u t o ur

a c t i v e

c on s e n t ( i e h e a r s a y

m e d i a e x p

o s ur e

p a s s i v

e o b s e r v a t i on e t c )

E v e r y on e i s s u s c e p t i b l e t oi m pl i c i t b i a s

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 99111

+ I f y o u c a n s h o wm e h o wI c a n c l

i n g t o

t h a t

wh i c h i s r e a l t om e

wh i l e t e a c h i n g

m e a

w a yi n t o t h e l a r g e r

s o c i e t y t h e n a n d

onl y t h e n wi l l I d r o pm

y d e f e n s e

s a n d

h o s t i

l i t y a n d I

wi l l s i n g

y o ur pr a i s e s a n d

h e

l p y o um a k e t h e d e s e r t b e a r f r ui t

-R a l ph E l l i s on

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 100111

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 101111

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 102111

+

R e

vi s i t i n g t h

e B e l i e f S u

r v e y wi t h i n t h e

c on t e x t of t h e S

AM an d y

o ur D e s i r e d S t a t e

Q ui c k

r e vi e w y o ur S AM d a t a w

i t h t h e c ur r e n t l e n s of

B e l i e f s ur v e y e q ui t y a n d y o ur D e s i r e d S t a t e

Wh a t t

r e n d s a n d p a

t t e r n s d o y o u s e e

Wh i c h

f a c t or s d om ai n s a n d s p e c i f i c i t e m s

r e f l e c t t h e

gr e a t e s t g a p s b e t w

e e n c ur r e n t a n d o p t i m a l MT S S

i m pl e m

e n t a t i on

T I P s ndash

i s t h e v e h i c l e t o a l i gn e q

ui t y a n d a c c

e s s wh i c h wi l l

c h a n g e

i m p a c t s t u d

e n t o u t c om e

s

P ul l i n g t h e pi e c e s

t o g e t h e r

hellip

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 103111

+ S AM

( S e l f -A s s e s s m e n t

of MT S S I m

pl e m e n t a t i on )

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 104111

N o t I m pl e m e n t i n g

Em e r gi n g D e v e l o pi n g

O p e r a t i on al i z i n g

O

p t i mi z i n g

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 105111

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 106111

+

F o

ur B ui l d i n gBl o c k

s t h a t S u p p or t

MT S S I m pl e m

e n t a t i on

- S k i l l s

-P r a c t i c e s

-B e l i e f s

-I m pl e m

e n t a t i on

P r of e s s i on a l D e v e l o pm e n t T r a i ni n g t oi m p a

c t S k i l l s

S k i l l s t oi m p a c t P r

a c t i c e

I m pr o v e d P r a c t i c e

i m pr o v e s I m pl e m e n t a t i on

I m pr o v e d I m pl e m e n t a t i oni m p

a c t s s t u d e n t

o u t c om e s

B e t t e r

s t u d e n t o u t c om e s s h i f t B

e l i e f s

An d s h i

f t s i nB e l i e f s i m p a c t s i m pl e m e n t a t i o

n of MT S S

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 107111

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 108111

+

T ak i n

gi t b a c k h om e hellip

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 109111

+ N e

x t s t e p s

b a c k h

om e hellip

C on t i n u e pr o b l e m

s ol vi n g u

s i n gT I P s t o d e v e l o p

a n d a l i gn pr of e s s i on a l l e a r ni n g t oi m p a

c t t h e s h i f t

of B e l i e f s a n d r e a

l i z a t i on of

y o ur D e s i r

e d S t a t e

R e vi e w y o ur S I P

Wh a t n e e d s t o b e d o

n e t o

a l i gn y

o ur S I P a r o un d S k i l l s P r a c t i c e s

B e l i e f s

a n d I m

pl e m e n t a t i on of MT S

S i n y o ur S

I P

H o w d

o e s y o ur D

e s i r e d S t a t e a l i gn wi t h y o ur

r e s ul t s

onB e l i e f s S AM a n d

y o ur S I P

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 110111

+

P

r e p ari n gF or th e

Af t ern o

on hellip

E x a m

i ni n gT i e r s 2 a n d 3

Wh orsquo s i n

Wh y

H o w d o t h

e y e xi t

Wh a t d e c i

s i onr ul e s a r e u s e d

Ur g e n c y R e a l i z e y o ur D e s i r e d S t a t e

B e l i e f s a n d

S AM

a n d t h e i r i m p a c t on c ur r e n t pr a c t i c e s on a l l

T i e r s

W e h

a v e t o c on s t a n t l y c h a l l e n g e o ur a s s um p t i on s

a n d b

i a s e s w e b

r i n g t o o ur

w or k

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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P ar t i n gT

w oB a s i c Q u

Ar e y o uh

a p p y w

i t h y o

I s

e v e r y c

l a s s r o om on e

w o ul d p u

t y o ur o

wnf l

b l o o d

Page 97: WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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I m pl i c i

t Bi a s

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

T

h e R ol e of I m p

l i c i t Bi a s i n

D

e f i ni n g

S t u d e n

t N ar r a

t i v e s

I m pl i c i t b i a s r e f e r s t o t h e a t t i t u d e s or s t e r e o t y p e s

t h a t a f f e c t o u t un

d e r s t a n d i n g a c t i on s a n d

d e c i s i on s i n a n u

n c on s c i o u s

m a nn e r

E x p o

s ur e t o c om

m onl yh e l d a t t i t u d e s

a b o u t s o c i a l

gr o u p

s p e r m e a t e

o ur mi n d s

e v e n t wi t h

o u t o ur

a c t i v e

c on s e n t ( i e h e a r s a y

m e d i a e x p

o s ur e

p a s s i v

e o b s e r v a t i on e t c )

E v e r y on e i s s u s c e p t i b l e t oi m pl i c i t b i a s

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 99111

+ I f y o u c a n s h o wm e h o wI c a n c l

i n g t o

t h a t

wh i c h i s r e a l t om e

wh i l e t e a c h i n g

m e a

w a yi n t o t h e l a r g e r

s o c i e t y t h e n a n d

onl y t h e n wi l l I d r o pm

y d e f e n s e

s a n d

h o s t i

l i t y a n d I

wi l l s i n g

y o ur pr a i s e s a n d

h e

l p y o um a k e t h e d e s e r t b e a r f r ui t

-R a l ph E l l i s on

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 100111

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amp ( amp ) amp +

) -

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$ + amp )

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 101111

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 102111

+

R e

vi s i t i n g t h

e B e l i e f S u

r v e y wi t h i n t h e

c on t e x t of t h e S

AM an d y

o ur D e s i r e d S t a t e

Q ui c k

r e vi e w y o ur S AM d a t a w

i t h t h e c ur r e n t l e n s of

B e l i e f s ur v e y e q ui t y a n d y o ur D e s i r e d S t a t e

Wh a t t

r e n d s a n d p a

t t e r n s d o y o u s e e

Wh i c h

f a c t or s d om ai n s a n d s p e c i f i c i t e m s

r e f l e c t t h e

gr e a t e s t g a p s b e t w

e e n c ur r e n t a n d o p t i m a l MT S S

i m pl e m

e n t a t i on

T I P s ndash

i s t h e v e h i c l e t o a l i gn e q

ui t y a n d a c c

e s s wh i c h wi l l

c h a n g e

i m p a c t s t u d

e n t o u t c om e

s

P ul l i n g t h e pi e c e s

t o g e t h e r

hellip

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 103111

+ S AM

( S e l f -A s s e s s m e n t

of MT S S I m

pl e m e n t a t i on )

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 104111

N o t I m pl e m e n t i n g

Em e r gi n g D e v e l o pi n g

O p e r a t i on al i z i n g

O

p t i mi z i n g

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 105111

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 106111

+

F o

ur B ui l d i n gBl o c k

s t h a t S u p p or t

MT S S I m pl e m

e n t a t i on

- S k i l l s

-P r a c t i c e s

-B e l i e f s

-I m pl e m

e n t a t i on

P r of e s s i on a l D e v e l o pm e n t T r a i ni n g t oi m p a

c t S k i l l s

S k i l l s t oi m p a c t P r

a c t i c e

I m pr o v e d P r a c t i c e

i m pr o v e s I m pl e m e n t a t i on

I m pr o v e d I m pl e m e n t a t i oni m p

a c t s s t u d e n t

o u t c om e s

B e t t e r

s t u d e n t o u t c om e s s h i f t B

e l i e f s

An d s h i

f t s i nB e l i e f s i m p a c t s i m pl e m e n t a t i o

n of MT S S

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 107111

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 108111

+

T ak i n

gi t b a c k h om e hellip

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 109111

+ N e

x t s t e p s

b a c k h

om e hellip

C on t i n u e pr o b l e m

s ol vi n g u

s i n gT I P s t o d e v e l o p

a n d a l i gn pr of e s s i on a l l e a r ni n g t oi m p a

c t t h e s h i f t

of B e l i e f s a n d r e a

l i z a t i on of

y o ur D e s i r

e d S t a t e

R e vi e w y o ur S I P

Wh a t n e e d s t o b e d o

n e t o

a l i gn y

o ur S I P a r o un d S k i l l s P r a c t i c e s

B e l i e f s

a n d I m

pl e m e n t a t i on of MT S

S i n y o ur S

I P

H o w d

o e s y o ur D

e s i r e d S t a t e a l i gn wi t h y o ur

r e s ul t s

onB e l i e f s S AM a n d

y o ur S I P

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 110111

+

P

r e p ari n gF or th e

Af t ern o

on hellip

E x a m

i ni n gT i e r s 2 a n d 3

Wh orsquo s i n

Wh y

H o w d o t h

e y e xi t

Wh a t d e c i

s i onr ul e s a r e u s e d

Ur g e n c y R e a l i z e y o ur D e s i r e d S t a t e

B e l i e f s a n d

S AM

a n d t h e i r i m p a c t on c ur r e n t pr a c t i c e s on a l l

T i e r s

W e h

a v e t o c on s t a n t l y c h a l l e n g e o ur a s s um p t i on s

a n d b

i a s e s w e b

r i n g t o o ur

w or k

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 111111

P ar t i n gT

w oB a s i c Q u

Ar e y o uh

a p p y w

i t h y o

I s

e v e r y c

l a s s r o om on e

w o ul d p u

t y o ur o

wnf l

b l o o d

Page 98: WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

T

h e R ol e of I m p

l i c i t Bi a s i n

D

e f i ni n g

S t u d e n

t N ar r a

t i v e s

I m pl i c i t b i a s r e f e r s t o t h e a t t i t u d e s or s t e r e o t y p e s

t h a t a f f e c t o u t un

d e r s t a n d i n g a c t i on s a n d

d e c i s i on s i n a n u

n c on s c i o u s

m a nn e r

E x p o

s ur e t o c om

m onl yh e l d a t t i t u d e s

a b o u t s o c i a l

gr o u p

s p e r m e a t e

o ur mi n d s

e v e n t wi t h

o u t o ur

a c t i v e

c on s e n t ( i e h e a r s a y

m e d i a e x p

o s ur e

p a s s i v

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+ I f y o u c a n s h o wm e h o wI c a n c l

i n g t o

t h a t

wh i c h i s r e a l t om e

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w a yi n t o t h e l a r g e r

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onl y t h e n wi l l I d r o pm

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h o s t i

l i t y a n d I

wi l l s i n g

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h e

l p y o um a k e t h e d e s e r t b e a r f r ui t

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 102111

+

R e

vi s i t i n g t h

e B e l i e f S u

r v e y wi t h i n t h e

c on t e x t of t h e S

AM an d y

o ur D e s i r e d S t a t e

Q ui c k

r e vi e w y o ur S AM d a t a w

i t h t h e c ur r e n t l e n s of

B e l i e f s ur v e y e q ui t y a n d y o ur D e s i r e d S t a t e

Wh a t t

r e n d s a n d p a

t t e r n s d o y o u s e e

Wh i c h

f a c t or s d om ai n s a n d s p e c i f i c i t e m s

r e f l e c t t h e

gr e a t e s t g a p s b e t w

e e n c ur r e n t a n d o p t i m a l MT S S

i m pl e m

e n t a t i on

T I P s ndash

i s t h e v e h i c l e t o a l i gn e q

ui t y a n d a c c

e s s wh i c h wi l l

c h a n g e

i m p a c t s t u d

e n t o u t c om e

s

P ul l i n g t h e pi e c e s

t o g e t h e r

hellip

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 103111

+ S AM

( S e l f -A s s e s s m e n t

of MT S S I m

pl e m e n t a t i on )

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 104111

N o t I m pl e m e n t i n g

Em e r gi n g D e v e l o pi n g

O p e r a t i on al i z i n g

O

p t i mi z i n g

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 105111

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 106111

+

F o

ur B ui l d i n gBl o c k

s t h a t S u p p or t

MT S S I m pl e m

e n t a t i on

- S k i l l s

-P r a c t i c e s

-B e l i e f s

-I m pl e m

e n t a t i on

P r of e s s i on a l D e v e l o pm e n t T r a i ni n g t oi m p a

c t S k i l l s

S k i l l s t oi m p a c t P r

a c t i c e

I m pr o v e d P r a c t i c e

i m pr o v e s I m pl e m e n t a t i on

I m pr o v e d I m pl e m e n t a t i oni m p

a c t s s t u d e n t

o u t c om e s

B e t t e r

s t u d e n t o u t c om e s s h i f t B

e l i e f s

An d s h i

f t s i nB e l i e f s i m p a c t s i m pl e m e n t a t i o

n of MT S S

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 107111

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 108111

+

T ak i n

gi t b a c k h om e hellip

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 109111

+ N e

x t s t e p s

b a c k h

om e hellip

C on t i n u e pr o b l e m

s ol vi n g u

s i n gT I P s t o d e v e l o p

a n d a l i gn pr of e s s i on a l l e a r ni n g t oi m p a

c t t h e s h i f t

of B e l i e f s a n d r e a

l i z a t i on of

y o ur D e s i r

e d S t a t e

R e vi e w y o ur S I P

Wh a t n e e d s t o b e d o

n e t o

a l i gn y

o ur S I P a r o un d S k i l l s P r a c t i c e s

B e l i e f s

a n d I m

pl e m e n t a t i on of MT S

S i n y o ur S

I P

H o w d

o e s y o ur D

e s i r e d S t a t e a l i gn wi t h y o ur

r e s ul t s

onB e l i e f s S AM a n d

y o ur S I P

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 110111

+

P

r e p ari n gF or th e

Af t ern o

on hellip

E x a m

i ni n gT i e r s 2 a n d 3

Wh orsquo s i n

Wh y

H o w d o t h

e y e xi t

Wh a t d e c i

s i onr ul e s a r e u s e d

Ur g e n c y R e a l i z e y o ur D e s i r e d S t a t e

B e l i e f s a n d

S AM

a n d t h e i r i m p a c t on c ur r e n t pr a c t i c e s on a l l

T i e r s

W e h

a v e t o c on s t a n t l y c h a l l e n g e o ur a s s um p t i on s

a n d b

i a s e s w e b

r i n g t o o ur

w or k

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 111111

P ar t i n gT

w oB a s i c Q u

Ar e y o uh

a p p y w

i t h y o

I s

e v e r y c

l a s s r o om on e

w o ul d p u

t y o ur o

wnf l

b l o o d

Page 99: WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+ I f y o u c a n s h o wm e h o wI c a n c l

i n g t o

t h a t

wh i c h i s r e a l t om e

wh i l e t e a c h i n g

m e a

w a yi n t o t h e l a r g e r

s o c i e t y t h e n a n d

onl y t h e n wi l l I d r o pm

y d e f e n s e

s a n d

h o s t i

l i t y a n d I

wi l l s i n g

y o ur pr a i s e s a n d

h e

l p y o um a k e t h e d e s e r t b e a r f r ui t

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httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 100111

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httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 101111

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 102111

+

R e

vi s i t i n g t h

e B e l i e f S u

r v e y wi t h i n t h e

c on t e x t of t h e S

AM an d y

o ur D e s i r e d S t a t e

Q ui c k

r e vi e w y o ur S AM d a t a w

i t h t h e c ur r e n t l e n s of

B e l i e f s ur v e y e q ui t y a n d y o ur D e s i r e d S t a t e

Wh a t t

r e n d s a n d p a

t t e r n s d o y o u s e e

Wh i c h

f a c t or s d om ai n s a n d s p e c i f i c i t e m s

r e f l e c t t h e

gr e a t e s t g a p s b e t w

e e n c ur r e n t a n d o p t i m a l MT S S

i m pl e m

e n t a t i on

T I P s ndash

i s t h e v e h i c l e t o a l i gn e q

ui t y a n d a c c

e s s wh i c h wi l l

c h a n g e

i m p a c t s t u d

e n t o u t c om e

s

P ul l i n g t h e pi e c e s

t o g e t h e r

hellip

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 103111

+ S AM

( S e l f -A s s e s s m e n t

of MT S S I m

pl e m e n t a t i on )

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 104111

N o t I m pl e m e n t i n g

Em e r gi n g D e v e l o pi n g

O p e r a t i on al i z i n g

O

p t i mi z i n g

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 105111

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 106111

+

F o

ur B ui l d i n gBl o c k

s t h a t S u p p or t

MT S S I m pl e m

e n t a t i on

- S k i l l s

-P r a c t i c e s

-B e l i e f s

-I m pl e m

e n t a t i on

P r of e s s i on a l D e v e l o pm e n t T r a i ni n g t oi m p a

c t S k i l l s

S k i l l s t oi m p a c t P r

a c t i c e

I m pr o v e d P r a c t i c e

i m pr o v e s I m pl e m e n t a t i on

I m pr o v e d I m pl e m e n t a t i oni m p

a c t s s t u d e n t

o u t c om e s

B e t t e r

s t u d e n t o u t c om e s s h i f t B

e l i e f s

An d s h i

f t s i nB e l i e f s i m p a c t s i m pl e m e n t a t i o

n of MT S S

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 107111

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 108111

+

T ak i n

gi t b a c k h om e hellip

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 109111

+ N e

x t s t e p s

b a c k h

om e hellip

C on t i n u e pr o b l e m

s ol vi n g u

s i n gT I P s t o d e v e l o p

a n d a l i gn pr of e s s i on a l l e a r ni n g t oi m p a

c t t h e s h i f t

of B e l i e f s a n d r e a

l i z a t i on of

y o ur D e s i r

e d S t a t e

R e vi e w y o ur S I P

Wh a t n e e d s t o b e d o

n e t o

a l i gn y

o ur S I P a r o un d S k i l l s P r a c t i c e s

B e l i e f s

a n d I m

pl e m e n t a t i on of MT S

S i n y o ur S

I P

H o w d

o e s y o ur D

e s i r e d S t a t e a l i gn wi t h y o ur

r e s ul t s

onB e l i e f s S AM a n d

y o ur S I P

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 110111

+

P

r e p ari n gF or th e

Af t ern o

on hellip

E x a m

i ni n gT i e r s 2 a n d 3

Wh orsquo s i n

Wh y

H o w d o t h

e y e xi t

Wh a t d e c i

s i onr ul e s a r e u s e d

Ur g e n c y R e a l i z e y o ur D e s i r e d S t a t e

B e l i e f s a n d

S AM

a n d t h e i r i m p a c t on c ur r e n t pr a c t i c e s on a l l

T i e r s

W e h

a v e t o c on s t a n t l y c h a l l e n g e o ur a s s um p t i on s

a n d b

i a s e s w e b

r i n g t o o ur

w or k

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 111111

P ar t i n gT

w oB a s i c Q u

Ar e y o uh

a p p y w

i t h y o

I s

e v e r y c

l a s s r o om on e

w o ul d p u

t y o ur o

wnf l

b l o o d

Page 100: WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 100111

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 101111

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 102111

+

R e

vi s i t i n g t h

e B e l i e f S u

r v e y wi t h i n t h e

c on t e x t of t h e S

AM an d y

o ur D e s i r e d S t a t e

Q ui c k

r e vi e w y o ur S AM d a t a w

i t h t h e c ur r e n t l e n s of

B e l i e f s ur v e y e q ui t y a n d y o ur D e s i r e d S t a t e

Wh a t t

r e n d s a n d p a

t t e r n s d o y o u s e e

Wh i c h

f a c t or s d om ai n s a n d s p e c i f i c i t e m s

r e f l e c t t h e

gr e a t e s t g a p s b e t w

e e n c ur r e n t a n d o p t i m a l MT S S

i m pl e m

e n t a t i on

T I P s ndash

i s t h e v e h i c l e t o a l i gn e q

ui t y a n d a c c

e s s wh i c h wi l l

c h a n g e

i m p a c t s t u d

e n t o u t c om e

s

P ul l i n g t h e pi e c e s

t o g e t h e r

hellip

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 103111

+ S AM

( S e l f -A s s e s s m e n t

of MT S S I m

pl e m e n t a t i on )

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 104111

N o t I m pl e m e n t i n g

Em e r gi n g D e v e l o pi n g

O p e r a t i on al i z i n g

O

p t i mi z i n g

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 105111

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 106111

+

F o

ur B ui l d i n gBl o c k

s t h a t S u p p or t

MT S S I m pl e m

e n t a t i on

- S k i l l s

-P r a c t i c e s

-B e l i e f s

-I m pl e m

e n t a t i on

P r of e s s i on a l D e v e l o pm e n t T r a i ni n g t oi m p a

c t S k i l l s

S k i l l s t oi m p a c t P r

a c t i c e

I m pr o v e d P r a c t i c e

i m pr o v e s I m pl e m e n t a t i on

I m pr o v e d I m pl e m e n t a t i oni m p

a c t s s t u d e n t

o u t c om e s

B e t t e r

s t u d e n t o u t c om e s s h i f t B

e l i e f s

An d s h i

f t s i nB e l i e f s i m p a c t s i m pl e m e n t a t i o

n of MT S S

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 107111

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 108111

+

T ak i n

gi t b a c k h om e hellip

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 109111

+ N e

x t s t e p s

b a c k h

om e hellip

C on t i n u e pr o b l e m

s ol vi n g u

s i n gT I P s t o d e v e l o p

a n d a l i gn pr of e s s i on a l l e a r ni n g t oi m p a

c t t h e s h i f t

of B e l i e f s a n d r e a

l i z a t i on of

y o ur D e s i r

e d S t a t e

R e vi e w y o ur S I P

Wh a t n e e d s t o b e d o

n e t o

a l i gn y

o ur S I P a r o un d S k i l l s P r a c t i c e s

B e l i e f s

a n d I m

pl e m e n t a t i on of MT S

S i n y o ur S

I P

H o w d

o e s y o ur D

e s i r e d S t a t e a l i gn wi t h y o ur

r e s ul t s

onB e l i e f s S AM a n d

y o ur S I P

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 110111

+

P

r e p ari n gF or th e

Af t ern o

on hellip

E x a m

i ni n gT i e r s 2 a n d 3

Wh orsquo s i n

Wh y

H o w d o t h

e y e xi t

Wh a t d e c i

s i onr ul e s a r e u s e d

Ur g e n c y R e a l i z e y o ur D e s i r e d S t a t e

B e l i e f s a n d

S AM

a n d t h e i r i m p a c t on c ur r e n t pr a c t i c e s on a l l

T i e r s

W e h

a v e t o c on s t a n t l y c h a l l e n g e o ur a s s um p t i on s

a n d b

i a s e s w e b

r i n g t o o ur

w or k

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 111111

P ar t i n gT

w oB a s i c Q u

Ar e y o uh

a p p y w

i t h y o

I s

e v e r y c

l a s s r o om on e

w o ul d p u

t y o ur o

wnf l

b l o o d

Page 101: WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 101111

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 102111

+

R e

vi s i t i n g t h

e B e l i e f S u

r v e y wi t h i n t h e

c on t e x t of t h e S

AM an d y

o ur D e s i r e d S t a t e

Q ui c k

r e vi e w y o ur S AM d a t a w

i t h t h e c ur r e n t l e n s of

B e l i e f s ur v e y e q ui t y a n d y o ur D e s i r e d S t a t e

Wh a t t

r e n d s a n d p a

t t e r n s d o y o u s e e

Wh i c h

f a c t or s d om ai n s a n d s p e c i f i c i t e m s

r e f l e c t t h e

gr e a t e s t g a p s b e t w

e e n c ur r e n t a n d o p t i m a l MT S S

i m pl e m

e n t a t i on

T I P s ndash

i s t h e v e h i c l e t o a l i gn e q

ui t y a n d a c c

e s s wh i c h wi l l

c h a n g e

i m p a c t s t u d

e n t o u t c om e

s

P ul l i n g t h e pi e c e s

t o g e t h e r

hellip

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 103111

+ S AM

( S e l f -A s s e s s m e n t

of MT S S I m

pl e m e n t a t i on )

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 104111

N o t I m pl e m e n t i n g

Em e r gi n g D e v e l o pi n g

O p e r a t i on al i z i n g

O

p t i mi z i n g

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 105111

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 106111

+

F o

ur B ui l d i n gBl o c k

s t h a t S u p p or t

MT S S I m pl e m

e n t a t i on

- S k i l l s

-P r a c t i c e s

-B e l i e f s

-I m pl e m

e n t a t i on

P r of e s s i on a l D e v e l o pm e n t T r a i ni n g t oi m p a

c t S k i l l s

S k i l l s t oi m p a c t P r

a c t i c e

I m pr o v e d P r a c t i c e

i m pr o v e s I m pl e m e n t a t i on

I m pr o v e d I m pl e m e n t a t i oni m p

a c t s s t u d e n t

o u t c om e s

B e t t e r

s t u d e n t o u t c om e s s h i f t B

e l i e f s

An d s h i

f t s i nB e l i e f s i m p a c t s i m pl e m e n t a t i o

n of MT S S

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 107111

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 108111

+

T ak i n

gi t b a c k h om e hellip

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 109111

+ N e

x t s t e p s

b a c k h

om e hellip

C on t i n u e pr o b l e m

s ol vi n g u

s i n gT I P s t o d e v e l o p

a n d a l i gn pr of e s s i on a l l e a r ni n g t oi m p a

c t t h e s h i f t

of B e l i e f s a n d r e a

l i z a t i on of

y o ur D e s i r

e d S t a t e

R e vi e w y o ur S I P

Wh a t n e e d s t o b e d o

n e t o

a l i gn y

o ur S I P a r o un d S k i l l s P r a c t i c e s

B e l i e f s

a n d I m

pl e m e n t a t i on of MT S

S i n y o ur S

I P

H o w d

o e s y o ur D

e s i r e d S t a t e a l i gn wi t h y o ur

r e s ul t s

onB e l i e f s S AM a n d

y o ur S I P

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

P

r e p ari n gF or th e

Af t ern o

on hellip

E x a m

i ni n gT i e r s 2 a n d 3

Wh orsquo s i n

Wh y

H o w d o t h

e y e xi t

Wh a t d e c i

s i onr ul e s a r e u s e d

Ur g e n c y R e a l i z e y o ur D e s i r e d S t a t e

B e l i e f s a n d

S AM

a n d t h e i r i m p a c t on c ur r e n t pr a c t i c e s on a l l

T i e r s

W e h

a v e t o c on s t a n t l y c h a l l e n g e o ur a s s um p t i on s

a n d b

i a s e s w e b

r i n g t o o ur

w or k

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 111111

P ar t i n gT

w oB a s i c Q u

Ar e y o uh

a p p y w

i t h y o

I s

e v e r y c

l a s s r o om on e

w o ul d p u

t y o ur o

wnf l

b l o o d

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+

R e

vi s i t i n g t h

e B e l i e f S u

r v e y wi t h i n t h e

c on t e x t of t h e S

AM an d y

o ur D e s i r e d S t a t e

Q ui c k

r e vi e w y o ur S AM d a t a w

i t h t h e c ur r e n t l e n s of

B e l i e f s ur v e y e q ui t y a n d y o ur D e s i r e d S t a t e

Wh a t t

r e n d s a n d p a

t t e r n s d o y o u s e e

Wh i c h

f a c t or s d om ai n s a n d s p e c i f i c i t e m s

r e f l e c t t h e

gr e a t e s t g a p s b e t w

e e n c ur r e n t a n d o p t i m a l MT S S

i m pl e m

e n t a t i on

T I P s ndash

i s t h e v e h i c l e t o a l i gn e q

ui t y a n d a c c

e s s wh i c h wi l l

c h a n g e

i m p a c t s t u d

e n t o u t c om e

s

P ul l i n g t h e pi e c e s

t o g e t h e r

hellip

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 103111

+ S AM

( S e l f -A s s e s s m e n t

of MT S S I m

pl e m e n t a t i on )

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 104111

N o t I m pl e m e n t i n g

Em e r gi n g D e v e l o pi n g

O p e r a t i on al i z i n g

O

p t i mi z i n g

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 105111

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 106111

+

F o

ur B ui l d i n gBl o c k

s t h a t S u p p or t

MT S S I m pl e m

e n t a t i on

- S k i l l s

-P r a c t i c e s

-B e l i e f s

-I m pl e m

e n t a t i on

P r of e s s i on a l D e v e l o pm e n t T r a i ni n g t oi m p a

c t S k i l l s

S k i l l s t oi m p a c t P r

a c t i c e

I m pr o v e d P r a c t i c e

i m pr o v e s I m pl e m e n t a t i on

I m pr o v e d I m pl e m e n t a t i oni m p

a c t s s t u d e n t

o u t c om e s

B e t t e r

s t u d e n t o u t c om e s s h i f t B

e l i e f s

An d s h i

f t s i nB e l i e f s i m p a c t s i m pl e m e n t a t i o

n of MT S S

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 107111

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 108111

+

T ak i n

gi t b a c k h om e hellip

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 109111

+ N e

x t s t e p s

b a c k h

om e hellip

C on t i n u e pr o b l e m

s ol vi n g u

s i n gT I P s t o d e v e l o p

a n d a l i gn pr of e s s i on a l l e a r ni n g t oi m p a

c t t h e s h i f t

of B e l i e f s a n d r e a

l i z a t i on of

y o ur D e s i r

e d S t a t e

R e vi e w y o ur S I P

Wh a t n e e d s t o b e d o

n e t o

a l i gn y

o ur S I P a r o un d S k i l l s P r a c t i c e s

B e l i e f s

a n d I m

pl e m e n t a t i on of MT S

S i n y o ur S

I P

H o w d

o e s y o ur D

e s i r e d S t a t e a l i gn wi t h y o ur

r e s ul t s

onB e l i e f s S AM a n d

y o ur S I P

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 110111

+

P

r e p ari n gF or th e

Af t ern o

on hellip

E x a m

i ni n gT i e r s 2 a n d 3

Wh orsquo s i n

Wh y

H o w d o t h

e y e xi t

Wh a t d e c i

s i onr ul e s a r e u s e d

Ur g e n c y R e a l i z e y o ur D e s i r e d S t a t e

B e l i e f s a n d

S AM

a n d t h e i r i m p a c t on c ur r e n t pr a c t i c e s on a l l

T i e r s

W e h

a v e t o c on s t a n t l y c h a l l e n g e o ur a s s um p t i on s

a n d b

i a s e s w e b

r i n g t o o ur

w or k

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 111111

P ar t i n gT

w oB a s i c Q u

Ar e y o uh

a p p y w

i t h y o

I s

e v e r y c

l a s s r o om on e

w o ul d p u

t y o ur o

wnf l

b l o o d

Page 103: WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+ S AM

( S e l f -A s s e s s m e n t

of MT S S I m

pl e m e n t a t i on )

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 104111

N o t I m pl e m e n t i n g

Em e r gi n g D e v e l o pi n g

O p e r a t i on al i z i n g

O

p t i mi z i n g

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 105111

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 106111

+

F o

ur B ui l d i n gBl o c k

s t h a t S u p p or t

MT S S I m pl e m

e n t a t i on

- S k i l l s

-P r a c t i c e s

-B e l i e f s

-I m pl e m

e n t a t i on

P r of e s s i on a l D e v e l o pm e n t T r a i ni n g t oi m p a

c t S k i l l s

S k i l l s t oi m p a c t P r

a c t i c e

I m pr o v e d P r a c t i c e

i m pr o v e s I m pl e m e n t a t i on

I m pr o v e d I m pl e m e n t a t i oni m p

a c t s s t u d e n t

o u t c om e s

B e t t e r

s t u d e n t o u t c om e s s h i f t B

e l i e f s

An d s h i

f t s i nB e l i e f s i m p a c t s i m pl e m e n t a t i o

n of MT S S

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 107111

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 108111

+

T ak i n

gi t b a c k h om e hellip

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 109111

+ N e

x t s t e p s

b a c k h

om e hellip

C on t i n u e pr o b l e m

s ol vi n g u

s i n gT I P s t o d e v e l o p

a n d a l i gn pr of e s s i on a l l e a r ni n g t oi m p a

c t t h e s h i f t

of B e l i e f s a n d r e a

l i z a t i on of

y o ur D e s i r

e d S t a t e

R e vi e w y o ur S I P

Wh a t n e e d s t o b e d o

n e t o

a l i gn y

o ur S I P a r o un d S k i l l s P r a c t i c e s

B e l i e f s

a n d I m

pl e m e n t a t i on of MT S

S i n y o ur S

I P

H o w d

o e s y o ur D

e s i r e d S t a t e a l i gn wi t h y o ur

r e s ul t s

onB e l i e f s S AM a n d

y o ur S I P

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 110111

+

P

r e p ari n gF or th e

Af t ern o

on hellip

E x a m

i ni n gT i e r s 2 a n d 3

Wh orsquo s i n

Wh y

H o w d o t h

e y e xi t

Wh a t d e c i

s i onr ul e s a r e u s e d

Ur g e n c y R e a l i z e y o ur D e s i r e d S t a t e

B e l i e f s a n d

S AM

a n d t h e i r i m p a c t on c ur r e n t pr a c t i c e s on a l l

T i e r s

W e h

a v e t o c on s t a n t l y c h a l l e n g e o ur a s s um p t i on s

a n d b

i a s e s w e b

r i n g t o o ur

w or k

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 111111

P ar t i n gT

w oB a s i c Q u

Ar e y o uh

a p p y w

i t h y o

I s

e v e r y c

l a s s r o om on e

w o ul d p u

t y o ur o

wnf l

b l o o d

Page 104: WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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N o t I m pl e m e n t i n g

Em e r gi n g D e v e l o pi n g

O p e r a t i on al i z i n g

O

p t i mi z i n g

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 105111

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 106111

+

F o

ur B ui l d i n gBl o c k

s t h a t S u p p or t

MT S S I m pl e m

e n t a t i on

- S k i l l s

-P r a c t i c e s

-B e l i e f s

-I m pl e m

e n t a t i on

P r of e s s i on a l D e v e l o pm e n t T r a i ni n g t oi m p a

c t S k i l l s

S k i l l s t oi m p a c t P r

a c t i c e

I m pr o v e d P r a c t i c e

i m pr o v e s I m pl e m e n t a t i on

I m pr o v e d I m pl e m e n t a t i oni m p

a c t s s t u d e n t

o u t c om e s

B e t t e r

s t u d e n t o u t c om e s s h i f t B

e l i e f s

An d s h i

f t s i nB e l i e f s i m p a c t s i m pl e m e n t a t i o

n of MT S S

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 107111

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 108111

+

T ak i n

gi t b a c k h om e hellip

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 109111

+ N e

x t s t e p s

b a c k h

om e hellip

C on t i n u e pr o b l e m

s ol vi n g u

s i n gT I P s t o d e v e l o p

a n d a l i gn pr of e s s i on a l l e a r ni n g t oi m p a

c t t h e s h i f t

of B e l i e f s a n d r e a

l i z a t i on of

y o ur D e s i r

e d S t a t e

R e vi e w y o ur S I P

Wh a t n e e d s t o b e d o

n e t o

a l i gn y

o ur S I P a r o un d S k i l l s P r a c t i c e s

B e l i e f s

a n d I m

pl e m e n t a t i on of MT S

S i n y o ur S

I P

H o w d

o e s y o ur D

e s i r e d S t a t e a l i gn wi t h y o ur

r e s ul t s

onB e l i e f s S AM a n d

y o ur S I P

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 110111

+

P

r e p ari n gF or th e

Af t ern o

on hellip

E x a m

i ni n gT i e r s 2 a n d 3

Wh orsquo s i n

Wh y

H o w d o t h

e y e xi t

Wh a t d e c i

s i onr ul e s a r e u s e d

Ur g e n c y R e a l i z e y o ur D e s i r e d S t a t e

B e l i e f s a n d

S AM

a n d t h e i r i m p a c t on c ur r e n t pr a c t i c e s on a l l

T i e r s

W e h

a v e t o c on s t a n t l y c h a l l e n g e o ur a s s um p t i on s

a n d b

i a s e s w e b

r i n g t o o ur

w or k

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 111111

P ar t i n gT

w oB a s i c Q u

Ar e y o uh

a p p y w

i t h y o

I s

e v e r y c

l a s s r o om on e

w o ul d p u

t y o ur o

wnf l

b l o o d

Page 105: WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 106111

+

F o

ur B ui l d i n gBl o c k

s t h a t S u p p or t

MT S S I m pl e m

e n t a t i on

- S k i l l s

-P r a c t i c e s

-B e l i e f s

-I m pl e m

e n t a t i on

P r of e s s i on a l D e v e l o pm e n t T r a i ni n g t oi m p a

c t S k i l l s

S k i l l s t oi m p a c t P r

a c t i c e

I m pr o v e d P r a c t i c e

i m pr o v e s I m pl e m e n t a t i on

I m pr o v e d I m pl e m e n t a t i oni m p

a c t s s t u d e n t

o u t c om e s

B e t t e r

s t u d e n t o u t c om e s s h i f t B

e l i e f s

An d s h i

f t s i nB e l i e f s i m p a c t s i m pl e m e n t a t i o

n of MT S S

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 107111

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 108111

+

T ak i n

gi t b a c k h om e hellip

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 109111

+ N e

x t s t e p s

b a c k h

om e hellip

C on t i n u e pr o b l e m

s ol vi n g u

s i n gT I P s t o d e v e l o p

a n d a l i gn pr of e s s i on a l l e a r ni n g t oi m p a

c t t h e s h i f t

of B e l i e f s a n d r e a

l i z a t i on of

y o ur D e s i r

e d S t a t e

R e vi e w y o ur S I P

Wh a t n e e d s t o b e d o

n e t o

a l i gn y

o ur S I P a r o un d S k i l l s P r a c t i c e s

B e l i e f s

a n d I m

pl e m e n t a t i on of MT S

S i n y o ur S

I P

H o w d

o e s y o ur D

e s i r e d S t a t e a l i gn wi t h y o ur

r e s ul t s

onB e l i e f s S AM a n d

y o ur S I P

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 110111

+

P

r e p ari n gF or th e

Af t ern o

on hellip

E x a m

i ni n gT i e r s 2 a n d 3

Wh orsquo s i n

Wh y

H o w d o t h

e y e xi t

Wh a t d e c i

s i onr ul e s a r e u s e d

Ur g e n c y R e a l i z e y o ur D e s i r e d S t a t e

B e l i e f s a n d

S AM

a n d t h e i r i m p a c t on c ur r e n t pr a c t i c e s on a l l

T i e r s

W e h

a v e t o c on s t a n t l y c h a l l e n g e o ur a s s um p t i on s

a n d b

i a s e s w e b

r i n g t o o ur

w or k

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 111111

P ar t i n gT

w oB a s i c Q u

Ar e y o uh

a p p y w

i t h y o

I s

e v e r y c

l a s s r o om on e

w o ul d p u

t y o ur o

wnf l

b l o o d

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+

F o

ur B ui l d i n gBl o c k

s t h a t S u p p or t

MT S S I m pl e m

e n t a t i on

- S k i l l s

-P r a c t i c e s

-B e l i e f s

-I m pl e m

e n t a t i on

P r of e s s i on a l D e v e l o pm e n t T r a i ni n g t oi m p a

c t S k i l l s

S k i l l s t oi m p a c t P r

a c t i c e

I m pr o v e d P r a c t i c e

i m pr o v e s I m pl e m e n t a t i on

I m pr o v e d I m pl e m e n t a t i oni m p

a c t s s t u d e n t

o u t c om e s

B e t t e r

s t u d e n t o u t c om e s s h i f t B

e l i e f s

An d s h i

f t s i nB e l i e f s i m p a c t s i m pl e m e n t a t i o

n of MT S S

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 107111

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 108111

+

T ak i n

gi t b a c k h om e hellip

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 109111

+ N e

x t s t e p s

b a c k h

om e hellip

C on t i n u e pr o b l e m

s ol vi n g u

s i n gT I P s t o d e v e l o p

a n d a l i gn pr of e s s i on a l l e a r ni n g t oi m p a

c t t h e s h i f t

of B e l i e f s a n d r e a

l i z a t i on of

y o ur D e s i r

e d S t a t e

R e vi e w y o ur S I P

Wh a t n e e d s t o b e d o

n e t o

a l i gn y

o ur S I P a r o un d S k i l l s P r a c t i c e s

B e l i e f s

a n d I m

pl e m e n t a t i on of MT S

S i n y o ur S

I P

H o w d

o e s y o ur D

e s i r e d S t a t e a l i gn wi t h y o ur

r e s ul t s

onB e l i e f s S AM a n d

y o ur S I P

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 110111

+

P

r e p ari n gF or th e

Af t ern o

on hellip

E x a m

i ni n gT i e r s 2 a n d 3

Wh orsquo s i n

Wh y

H o w d o t h

e y e xi t

Wh a t d e c i

s i onr ul e s a r e u s e d

Ur g e n c y R e a l i z e y o ur D e s i r e d S t a t e

B e l i e f s a n d

S AM

a n d t h e i r i m p a c t on c ur r e n t pr a c t i c e s on a l l

T i e r s

W e h

a v e t o c on s t a n t l y c h a l l e n g e o ur a s s um p t i on s

a n d b

i a s e s w e b

r i n g t o o ur

w or k

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 111111

P ar t i n gT

w oB a s i c Q u

Ar e y o uh

a p p y w

i t h y o

I s

e v e r y c

l a s s r o om on e

w o ul d p u

t y o ur o

wnf l

b l o o d

Page 107: WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

T ak i n

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P ar t i n gT

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+

T ak i n

gi t b a c k h om e hellip

7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwcpss-office-of-equity-affairs 109111

+ N e

x t s t e p s

b a c k h

om e hellip

C on t i n u e pr o b l e m

s ol vi n g u

s i n gT I P s t o d e v e l o p

a n d a l i gn pr of e s s i on a l l e a r ni n g t oi m p a

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onB e l i e f s S AM a n d

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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P ar t i n gT

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Page 109: WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+ N e

x t s t e p s

b a c k h

om e hellip

C on t i n u e pr o b l e m

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s i n gT I P s t o d e v e l o p

a n d a l i gn pr of e s s i on a l l e a r ni n g t oi m p a

c t t h e s h i f t

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7252019 WCPSS - Office of Equity Affairs

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+

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P ar t i n gT

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P ar t i n gT

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