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ORGANISATION - ANIMAL TISSUES; ORGANS AND ORGAN SYSTEMS - STANDARD DEMAND - QUESTIONS
Q1. Diagram 1 shows a section through the heart.
Diagram 1
(a) Use words from the box to name the structures labelled A and B on Diagram 1.
aorta atrium pulmonary artery ventricle
A ___________________________________________________________
B ___________________________________________________________(2)
(b) The tissue in the wall of the heart contracts.
(i) What type of tissue is this?
Tick ( ) one box.
muscular
glandular
epithelial
(1)
(ii) What does the heart do when this tissue contracts?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________(1)
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(c) Draw arrows on Diagram 2 to complete the route taken by deoxygenated blood through the heart.
Diagram 2
(2)
(d) The graph shows the percentage (%) of adults in the UK who have coronary heart disease.
Age group
(i) Look at the graph.
Which group of people is most at risk of having coronary heart disease in the UK?
______________________________________________________________(2)
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(ii) Explain what happens to the heart in coronary heart disease.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________(3)
(Total 11 marks)
Q2. The graph shows the rate of blood flow through different organs at rest and during exercise.
(a) Determine the total volume of blood that flows through the brain in 1 hour.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
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Volume = ____________________ cm3
(1)
(b) Look at the blood flow through the skeletal muscle.
Calculate how many times the blood flow increases by during exercise compared to at rest.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Answer = ____________________ (2)
(c) Explain why the blood flow to the skeletal muscles increases during exercise.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________(3)
(d) Arteries and veins have different structures and different functions.
Explain how the different structure of arteries and veins relates to their different functions.
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___________________________________________________________________(6)
(Total 12 marks)
Q3. Proteins are broken down by protease enzymes.
(a) Which organs in the digestive system produce protease enzymes?
Tick one box.
Mouth and liver
Mouth and stomach
Pancreas and liver
Stomach and pancreas
(1)
A student used a colorimeter to investigate the rate of protein digestion of an insoluble protein.
A colorimeter measures the percentage of light that passes through a liquid.
The student measured the percentage of light passing through different concentrations of protein suspension.
The student used the results to produce a concentration curve.
The table shows the results.
Concentration of protein in g/dm3
Percentage of light passing through the
suspension
0.0 100
0.5 93
2.0 75
10.0 38
(b) Plot the data from the table on Figure 1.
Draw a line of best fit.
Figure 1
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(3)
(c) Explain the change in the percentage of light passing through the suspension.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________(2)
(d) Suggest how the student could improve their investigation to draw a more accurate concentration curve.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________(1)
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The student then investigated the rate of protein digestion with protease obtained from two different organs.
This is the method used.
1. Put 5 cm3 of protease from each organ into separate test tubes.
2. Put 10 cm3 of protein suspension into two other test tubes.
3. Put all four tubes into a water bath at 37 °C for 10 minutes.
4. Mix each 5 cm3 of protease into a tube of protein suspension.
5. Take a sample of each mixture every 2 minutes.
6. Measure the percentage of light passing through each sample using a colorimeter.(e) Suggest why the protease and the protein suspension were put into a water bath
before being mixed.___________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________ (1)
Figure 2 shows the student’s results.
Figure 2
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(f) Determine the concentration of protein at the start of the reaction with protease from organ A.
Use Figure 2 and your graph in Figure 1.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Concentration = ____________________ g/dm3
(1)
(g) Calculate the rate of protein digestion with protease from organ A over the first 12 minutes.
Use Figure 2 and your graph in Figure 1.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Rate = ____________________ g/dm3 per minute(1)
(h) Describe how the activity of protease from organ B is different from the activity of protease from organ A.
Suggest one reason for the difference.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________(2)
(Total 13 marks)
Q4. Amylase is an enzyme that digests starch.
A student investigated the effect of pH on the activity of amylase.
This is the method used.
1. Mix amylase solution and starch suspension in a boiling tube.
2. Put the boiling tube into a water bath at 25 °C.
3. Remove a drop of the mixture every 30 seconds and test it for the presence of starch.
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4. Repeat the investigation at different pH values.
The table below shows the students’ results.
pH Time when no starch was detected in minutes
5.0 7.0
5.5 4.5
6.0 3.0
6.5 2.0
7.0 1.5
7.5 1.5
8.0 2.0
(a) The student concluded pH 7.25 was the optimum pH for the amylase enzyme.
This is not a valid conclusion.
Suggest two reasons why.
1. _________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________(2)
(b) The student did another investigation.
This is the method used.
1. Put amylase solution and starch suspension into a boiling tube.
2. Make the pH 7.25.
3. Put the boiling tube into a water bath at 25 °C.
4. Measure the amount of sugar produced every 30 seconds.
The results are shown in the figure below.
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Calculate the mean rate of sugar produced per minute during the first 5 minutes.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Mean rate = ________________ units per minute(2)
(c) Iodine solution is added to a sample taken from the boiling tube after 10 minutes and 60 minutes.
Suggest what you would see in these samples.
After 10 minutes _____________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
.After 60 minutes _____________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________(2)
(d) The scientist repeated the investigation at 37 °C.
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Draw a line on the figure above to show the predicted results.(2)
(Total 8 marks)
Q5. Statins are drugs used to treat coronary heart disease (CHD).
New drugs must be trialled before they can be licensed for use.
Some scientists trialled two different types of statin.
The scientists:
• conducted the trial on 325 patients with a history of CHD in their family
• used a double-blind trial method
• measured the change in blood cholesterol levels over two years
• measured the change in thickness of an artery wall over two years.
(a) During the trials the statins are tested for side effects.
Give two other reasons why the statins are trialled before use.
1. _________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________(2)
(b) Describe how the double-blind method is used in this trial.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________(2)
(c) The results of drug trials are peer reviewed before they are published.
Why are peer reviews important in drug trials?
Tick one box.
To calculate the best dose
To check the drug works
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To make sure the scientist gets credit
To prevent false claims
(1)
(d) The table below shows the results of the trial.
Drug A Drug B
Number of patients who died during the trial 1 2
Number of patients who reported aching muscles 16 17
Number of patients who reported mild abdominal cramps
18 16
Change in blood cholesterol level in percentage
–50.5 –41.2
Change in thickness of artery wall in mm –0.0033 +0.032
Drug A is more effective than Drug B.
Give two reasons that support this conclusion.
Use information from the table above.
1. _________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________(2)
(e) A scientist concludes that Drug A is a safer drug than Drug B.
Give two reasons why this is not a valid conclusion.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________(2)
(Total 9 marks)
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Q6. An athlete ran as fast as he could until he was exhausted.
(a) Figure 1 shows the concentrations of glucose and of lactic acid in the athlete’s blood at the start and at the end of the run.
(i) Lactic acid is made during anaerobic respiration.
What does anaerobic mean?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________(1)
(ii) Give evidence from Figure 1 that the athlete respired anaerobically during the run.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________(1)
(b) Figure 2 shows the effect of running on the rate of blood flow through the athlete’s muscles.
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(i) For how many minutes did the athlete run?
Time = ______________________ minutes(1)
(ii) Describe what happens to the rate of blood flow through the athlete’s muscles during the run.
Use data from Figure 2 in your answer.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________(2)
(iii) Explain how the change in blood flow to the athlete’s muscles helps him to run.
______________________________________________________________
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______________________________________________________________
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______________________________________________________________(4)
(Total 9 marks)Q7. Enzymes are made and used in all living organisms.
(a) What is an enzyme?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________(2)
(b) Many enzymes work inside cells.
In which part of a cell will most enzymes work?
Draw a ring around the correct answer.
cell membrane cytoplasm nucleus(1)
(c) We can also use enzymes in industry.
Hydrogen peroxide is a chemical that can be used to preserve milk.
Adding a small amount of hydrogen peroxide to the milk kills the bacteria that cause decay. Hydrogen peroxide does not kill all disease-causing bacteria.
The enzyme catalase can be added later to break down the hydrogen peroxide to oxygen and water.
A different way of preserving the milk is by heating it in large machines to 138 °C for a few seconds.
Suggest one advantage and one disadvantage of using hydrogen peroxide and catalase to preserve milk instead of using heat treatment.
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Advantage of hydrogen peroxide and catalase ______________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Disadvantage of hydrogen peroxide and catalase ___________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________(2)
(Total 5 marks)Q8. Emphysema is a disease affecting the lungs. People with emphysema are often short of breath and find exercise difficult.
The diagram below shows an alveolus from a person without emphysema and an alveolus from a person with emphysema.
(a) Describe one difference between the alveolus from a person without emphysema and the alveolus from a person with emphysema.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________(1)
(b) Explain how the difference you described in part (a) causes the person with emphysema to find exercise difficult.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________(3)
(Total 4 marks)
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Q9. The parts of the blood can be separated from each other by spinning the blood in a centrifuge.
The image below shows the separated parts of a 10 cm3 blood sample.
(a) Calculate the percentage of the blood that is made up of plasma.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Answer = _______________ %(2)
(b) Name three chemical substances transported by the plasma.
1. _________________________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________________________
3. _________________________________________________________________(3)
(c) In this question you will be assessed on using good English, organising information clearly and using specialist terms where appropriate.
White blood cells are part of the immune system. White blood cells help the body to defend itself against pathogens.
Describe how pathogens cause infections and describe how the immune system defends the body against these pathogens.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________(6)
(Total 11 marks)Q10. Catalase is an enzyme found in many different tissues in plants and animals. It speeds up the rate of the following reaction.
hydrogen peroxide water + oxygen
Figure 1 shows a 25-day-old broad bean seedling.
Some students investigated whether different parts of bean seedlings contained different amounts of catalase.
The students:• put hydrogen peroxide into five test tubes
• added a different part of a bean seedling to each tube
• recorded the results after half a minute.
If there was catalase in part of the seedling, oxygen gas was given off.When oxygen gas is given off, foam is produced in the tubes.
Figure 2 shows the results.
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The students made the following conclusions:• most parts of a bean seedling contain catalase
• the seed contains a lot of catalase
• stems and roots have quite a lot of catalase
• the leaves have a little bit of catalase
• the seed coat has hardly any catalase.
The students’ teacher said that the students needed to improve their investigation in order to make valid conclusions.
(a) In this question you will be assessed on using good English, organising information clearly and using specialist terms where appropriate.
Describe how you would carry out an investigation to compare the amounts of catalase in different parts of bean seedlings.
You should include details of how you would make sure your results give a valid comparison of the amounts of catalase.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________(6)
(b) Scientists investigated the effect of pH on the activity of the enzyme catalase in a fungus.
The table below shows the scientists’ results.
pHEnzyme activity in arbitrary units
Test 1 Test 2 Test 3 Test 4 Test 5 Mean
3.0 0 0 0 0 0 0
4.0 6 5 8 4 7 6
5.0 38 65 41 42 39
5.5 80 86 82 84 88 84
6.0 100 99 96 103 102 100
6.5 94 92 90 93 91 92
7.0 61 63 61 62 63 62
8.0 22 22 21 24 21 22
(i) Calculate the mean enzyme activity at pH 5.0.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Mean = _____________ arbitrary units(2)
(ii) On the graph paper in Figure 3, draw a graph to show the scientists’ results.
Remember to:• add a label to the vertical axis
• plot the mean values of enzyme activity
• draw a line of best fit.
Figure 3
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(4)
(iii) At what pH does the enzyme work best?
____________________(1)
(iv) Predict the activity of the enzyme at pH 9.0.
____________________ arbitrary units(1)
(v) Suggest why the enzyme’s activity at pH 3.0 is zero.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________(1)
(Total 15 marks)Q11. Lipase is an enzyme that digests fat.
(a) (i) Complete the equation to show the digestion of fat.
Use the correct answer from the box.
glucose glycerol glycogen
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fat fatty acids + ___________________(1)
(ii) Name one organ that makes lipase.
______________________________________________________________(1)
(b) Some students investigated the effect of bile on the digestion of fat by lipase.
The students:1 mixed milk and bile in a beaker2 put the pH sensor of a pH meter into the beaker3 added lipase solution4 recorded the pH at 2-minute intervals5 repeated steps 1 to 4, but used water instead of bile.
Suggest two variables that the students should have controlled in this investigation.
1. _________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________(2)
(c) The graph shows the students’ results.
(i) Why did the pH decrease in both investigations?
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______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________(1)
(ii) Bile helps lipase to digest fat.
What evidence is there in the graph to support this conclusion?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________(1)
(iii) Suggest one reason why the contents of both beakers had the same pH at the end of the investigations.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________(1)
(Total 7 marks)
Q12. The circulatory system transports substances such as glucose and oxygen around the body.
(a) Name two other substances that the circulatory system transports around the body.
1. _________________________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________________________(2)
(b) (i) Blood is a tissue. Blood contains red blood cells and white blood cells.
Name two other components of blood.
1. ____________________________________________________________
2. ____________________________________________________________(2)
(ii) The heart is part of the circulatory system.
What type of tissue is the wall of the heart made of?
______________________________________________________________(1)
(c) In this question you will be assessed on using good English, organising information clearly and using specialist terms where appropriate.
Every year, many patients need to have heart valve replacements.
The table gives information about two types of heart valve.
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Living human heart valve Cow tissue heart valve
• It has been used for transplants for more than 12 years.
• It has been used since 2011.
• It can take many years to find a suitable human donor.
• It is made from the artery tissue of a cow.
• It is transplanted during an operation after a donor has been found.
• It is attached to a stent and inserted inside the existing faulty valve.
• During the operation, the patient's chest is opened and the old valve is removed before the new valve is transplanted.
• A doctor inserts the stent into a blood vessel in the leg and pushes it through the blood vessel to the heart.
A patient needs a heart valve replacement. A doctor recommends the use of a cow tissue heart valve.
Give the advantages and disadvantages of using a cow tissue heart valve compared with using a living human heart valve.
Use information from the table and your own knowledge in your answer.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________(6)
(Total 11 marks)Q13. The diagram below shows the human digestive system.
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(a) (i) What is Organ A?
Draw a ring around the correct answer.
gall bladder liver stomach(1)
(ii) What is Organ B?
Draw a ring around the correct answer.
large intestine pancreas small intestine(1)
(b) Digestive enzymes are made by different organs in the digestive system.
Complete the table below putting a tick (✓) or cross (✕) in the boxes.
The first row has been done for you.
Organ producing enzyme
salivary glands stomach pancreas small
intestine
Enzyme
amylase ✓ ✕ ✓ ✓
lipase
protease
(2)
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(c) The stomach also makes hydrochloric acid.
How does the acid help digestion?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________(1)
(d) Draw one line from each digestive enzyme to the correct breakdown product.
Digestive enzyme Breakdown products
amino acids.
Amylase breaks down starch into……
bases.
Lipase breaks down fats into…
fatty acids and glycerol.
Protease breaks down proteins into…
sugars.
(3)(Total 8 marks)
Q14. Some students investigated the effect of pH on the digestion of boiled egg white by an enzyme called pepsin. Egg white contains protein.
The students:
• put a glass tube containing boiled egg white into a test tube
• added a solution containing pepsin at pH 7
• set up six more tubes with solutions of pepsin at different pH values
• left the test tubes for 24 hours at room temperature.
The image below shows one of the test tubes, at the start and at the end of the 24 hours.
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At start 24 hours later
(a) (i) Name the product of protein digestion.
______________________________________________________________(1)
(ii) What type of enzyme digests protein?
Tick ( ) one box.
amylase
lipase
protease
(1)
(b) The egg white in each tube was 50 mm long at the start of the investigation. The table below shows the students’ results.
pH Length in mm of boiled egg white after 24 hours
1 38
2 20
3 34
4 45
5 50
6 50
7 50
(i) At which pH did the pepsin work best?
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pH _________________(1)
(ii) The answer you gave in part (b)(i) may not be the exact pH at which pepsin works best.
What could the students do to find a more accurate value for this pH?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________(2)
(iii) There was no change in the length of the egg white from pH 5 to pH 7.
Explain why.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________(2)
(c) Pepsin is made by the stomach.
Name the acid made by the stomach which allows pepsin to work well.
___________________________________________________________________(1)
(Total 8 marks)
Q15. The heart pumps the blood around the body. This causes blood to leave the heart at high pressure.
The graph shows blood pressure measurements for a person at rest.The blood pressure was measured in an artery and in a vein.
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Time in seconds
(a) Which blood vessel, A or B, is the artery?
Blood vessel ________
Give two reasons for your answer.
Reason 1 ___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Reason 2 ___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________(2)
(b) Use information from the graph to answer these questions.
(i) How many times did the heart beat in 15 seconds? ___________(1)
(ii) Use your answer from part (b)(i) to calculate the person’s heart rate per
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minute.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Heart rate = __________ beats per minute(1)
(c) During exercise, the heart rate increases.
The increased heart rate supplies useful substances to the muscles at a faster rate.
Name two useful substances that must be supplied to the muscles at a faster rate during exercise.
1. _________________________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________________________(2)
(Total 6 marks)
Q16. The diagram shows part of the human digestive system.
(a) Name the parts of the digestive system labelled A, B, C and D.
A ________________________________________
B ________________________________________
C ________________________________________
D ________________________________________(4)
(b) A student has eaten a steak for dinner. The steak contains protein and fat.
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(i) Describe how the protein is digested.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________(3)
(ii) Explain two ways in which bile helps the body to digest fat.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________(4)
(c) A group of students investigated the action of salivary amylase.The students:
• collected a sample of salivary amylase
• put a different pH solution and 5 cm3 of a food substance in each of 6 test tubes
• added 1 cm3 of salivary amylase to each of the 6 test tubes
• recorded the amylase activity after 10 minutes.
The results are shown in the table.
pH 7 6 5 4 3 2
Amylase activity inarbitrary units 12 10 3 0 0 0
(i) Name the food substance that amylase breaks down.
______________________________________________________________(1)
(ii) Suggest what happens to the breakdown of this substance when food reaches the stomach.
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Use information from the table to help you to answer this question.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________ (3)
(Total 15 marks)
Q17. Scientists investigated the effectiveness of three slimming programmes, A, B and C.
The scientists recorded the body mass of four groups of volunteers each month for 6 months. Three of the groups were each given a different slimming programme.The fourth group was a control group.
The graph shows the mean change of body mass each month for all four groups.
Time in months
(a) (i) What should the control group eat?
______________________________________________________________
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______________________________________________________________(1)
(ii) Why did the scientists include a control group in this study?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________(1)
(b) (i) The three groups of volunteers using the slimming programmes each showed a similar pattern of body mass loss over the 6 months.
Describe this pattern.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________(2)
(ii) All the slimming programmes seemed to be effective.
How does the information in the graph show this?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________(1)
(Total 5 marks)
Q18. One factor that may affect body mass is metabolic rate.
(a) (i) What is meant by metabolic rate ?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________(1)
(ii) Metabolic rate is affected by the amount of activity a person does.
Give two other factors that may affect a person’s metabolic rate.
1. ____________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
2. ____________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________(2)
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(b) Predicted early death is the number of years that a person will die before the mean age of death for the whole population. The predicted early death of a person is affected by their body mass.
Scientists have calculated the effect of body mass on predicted early death.
The graph shows the results of the scientists’ calculations.
Ideal body mass
The number of times above or below ideal body mass is given by the equation:
In the UK the mean age of death for women is 82.
A woman has a body mass of 70 kg. The woman’s ideal body mass is 56 kg.
(i) Use the information from the graph to predict the age of this woman when she dies.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Age at death = ___________ years(2)
(ii) The woman could live longer by changing her lifestyle.
Give two changes she should make.
1. ____________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
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2. ____________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________(2)
(Total 7 marks)
Q19. (a) The graph shows the effect of pH on the activities of three enzymes, X, Y and Z.These enzymes help to digest food in the human digestive system.Each enzyme is produced by a different part of the digestive system.
pH
(i) What is the optimum (best) pH for the action of enzyme Z?
__________________(1)
(ii) The stomach makes a substance that gives the correct pH for enzyme action in the human stomach.
Name this substance. ____________________________________________(1)
(iii) Which enzyme, X, Y or Z, will work best in the human stomach?
__________________(1)
(b) In this question you will be assessed on using good English, organising information clearly and using specialist terms where appropriate.
Different parts of the human digestive system help to break down molecules of fat so that they can be absorbed into the body.
Describe how.
To gain full marks you should refer to:
• the enzyme and where the enzyme is produced
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• the products of digestion
• any other chemicals involved.
___________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________(6)
(Total 9 marks)
Q20. Diagram 1 shows a section through the heart.
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(a) On the diagram, name the parts labelled A, B, C and D.(4)
(b) Diagram 2 shows the blood vessels that supply the heart muscle.
Part of one of the blood vessels has become narrower.
© Peter Gardiner/Science Photo Library
(i) Name blood vessel E.
______________________________________________________________(1)
(ii) Give one method of treating the narrowed part of blood vessel E.
______________________________________________________________(1)
(iii) Explain how the method of treatment works.
______________________________________________________________
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______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________(2)
(c) Diagram 3 shows part of the blood supply in the lungs.
(i) Name the types of blood vessel labelled F, G and H.
F ____________________________________________________________
G ____________________________________________________________
H ____________________________________________________________(3)
(ii) Give one way in which the composition of the blood in vessel F is different from the composition of the blood in vessel H.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________(1)
(Total 12 marks)
Q21. Scientists at a drug company developed a new pain-killing drug, drug X.
(a) Painkillers do not cure infectious diseases.
Why?
___________________________________________________________________(1)
(b) The scientists compared drug X with two other pain-killing drugs, drug A and drug B.In their investigation the scientists: • chose 600 volunteers. The volunteers were all in pain
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• gave 200 of the volunteers a standard dose of drug A • gave 200 of the volunteers a standard dose of drug B • gave 200 of the volunteers a standard dose of drug X.
Over the next seven hours the volunteers recorded how much pain they felt.
To get valid results the three groups of volunteers should be matched for as many factors as possible.
Suggest two of the factors that should be matched.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________(2)
(c) The graph shows the results of the investigation.
(i) How much pain did the volunteers still feel, four hours after taking drug A?
______________________________ percent(1)
(ii) Give one advantage of taking drug A and not drug B.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________(1)
(iii) Give two advantages of taking drug B and not drug A.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
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______________________________________________________________(2)
(d) Drug X is much more expensive than both drug A and drug B.
A pharmacist advised a customer that it would be just as good to take drug A and drug B together instead of drug X.
Do you agree with the pharmacist’s advice?
Give reasons for your answer.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________(3)
(Total 10 marks)
Q22. A patient has a disease. The disease damages his pancreas.
A doctor prescribes a course of treatment for the patient:‘Take one capsule with each meal.’
Each capsule contains hundreds of small, dry beads.
The beads are made of enzymes. The pancreas normally produces these enzymes.
The outer coating of the capsule is made of lipid.
(a) One enzyme in the beads is lipase.
In a healthy person, lipase is made in the pancreas.
Name two other enzymes made in the pancreas of a healthy person.
1. _________________________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________________________
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(2)
(b) The lipid coating on the capsule makes sure that the enzymes are not released until the capsule reaches the small intestine.
Explain how.
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(c) The lipase in the beads does not digest the lipid coating around the capsule.
Suggest why.
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(Total 5 marks)
Q23. The table shows the volume of blood flowing through different organs at three levels of exercise.
Organ(s) Volume of blood flowing through organ(s)in cm3 per minute
Lightexercise
Moderateexercise
Heavyexercise
Gut 1 100 600 300
Kidneys 900 600 250
Brain 750 750 750
Heart muscles 350 750 1 000
Skeletal muscles 4 500 12 500 22 000
Skin 1 500 1 900 600
Other 400 500 100
Total 9 500 17 600 25 000
(a) (i) Which organ has a constant flow of blood through it?
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(ii) Which organ has the greatest reduction in the volume of blood supplied during heavy exercise compared with light exercise?
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(iii) What proportion of the blood flows through the heart muscle during heavy exercise?
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(b) The volume of blood flowing through the skeletal muscles increases greatly during exercise.
Give two ways in which the body brings about this increase.
1. _________________________________________________________________
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2. _________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________(2)
(c) During exercise, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood increases.
Explain what causes this increase.
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(Total 8 marks)
Q24. A group of students investigated the effect of temperature on the action of the enzyme lipase.
The students:
• put 1 cm3 of lipase solution into a test tube
• put 5 cm3 of lipid into a different test tube
• put both tubes in a water bath at 5 °C for 3 minutes
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• mixed the lipid with the lipase solution.
Every five minutes the students tested a sample of the mixture for lipid, until no lipid remained.The students repeated the experiment at different temperatures.
(a) To make their investigation fair the students needed to control some variables.
Give one variable the students controlled in their investigation.
___________________________________________________________________(1)
(b) The tubes of lipase solution and lipid were kept separately in the water bath for 3 minutes before mixing. Why?
Tick ( ) one box.
So that the lipase broke down the lipid quickly
So that the lipase and the lipid reached the right temperature
To give enough time for the lipase to break down the lipid
To give enough time for the water bath to heat up
(1)
The table shows the students’ results.
Temperaturein C
Time taken until no lipid remainedin minutes
5 40
20 15
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35 5
50 30
95 lipid still there after 120 minutes
(c) Describe the effect on the breakdown of the lipid of increasing the temperature from 5 °C to 50 °C.
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(d) Suggest two ways in which the students could have improved their investigation.
Use information from the students’ method and the results table to help you.
1. _________________________________________________________________
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2. _________________________________________________________________
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(e) (i) The lipase did not break down the lipid at 95 °C.
Why?
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(ii) At 35 °C the lipase broke down the lipid after 5 minutes.
What new substances will be in the tube?
Draw a ring around one answer.
amino acids fatty acids and glycerol sugars
(1)(Total 8 marks)
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Q25. The diagram shows the human circulation system.
(a) (i) Give the letter of one blood vessel that is an artery.
(1)
(ii) Give the letter of one blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood.
(1)
(b) During exercise, the heart rate increases.
Explain, as fully as you can, why this increase is necessary.
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___________________________________________________________________(4)
(Total 6 marks)
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