biologyteacherorg.files.wordpress.com · Web view2021. 4. 5. · Lesson . Exam Question Marks. 1 DNA and the Chromosomes / 2 The Cell Cycle / Part 2 Non-Communicable Disease. Lesson

AQA Biology GCSEPart 1 Cell Division

Lesson Exam Question Marks

1 DNA and the Chromosomes /

2 The Cell Cycle /

Part 2 Non-Communicable Disease

Lesson Exam Question Marks

1 Interpreting Data/

2 Non-communicable disease/

3 Cancer /

4 Causal Mechanisms /

End of Topic Test /

Name: ______________________

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Paper 1 – Fact Sheet

1. What is a gene? A short section of DNA that codes for a protein/controls a characteristic

2. What are chromosomes? Structures in the nucleus that carry genes

To revise these facts, fold this sheet in half and try to write the answers down from memory. Repeat!

Fold page here

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3. How many chromosomes are in one human body cell?

46

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4. Chromosomes are arranged in ___ pairs in a human body cell.

23

5. What percent of your chromosomes have you inherited from your father?

50%

6. Briefly describe the cell cycle. Cell contents (including DNA) is replicated, mitosis occurs to make two genetically identical cells

7. Define 'mitosis'. Cell division that produces two genetically identical daughter cells

8. State 3 key uses of mitosis. Growth, repair, asexual reproduction

9. Briefly describe the first stage in the cell cycle. Cell size increase, DNA and organelle replication

10. Briefly describe the second stage (mitosis) in the cell cycle.

Nucleus divides - One set of chromosomes is pulled to each end of the dividing cell

11. Briefly describe the third stage in the cell cycle. Cytoplasm and cell membrane divides into two daughter cells

12. What has to happen to the cell before mitosis to ensure we can two genetically identical daughter cells?

DNA and organelles must replicate before division

13. What are non-communicable diseases? Non-infectious diseases14. Define 'carcinogens'. Cancer-causing substances

15. What is the difference between correlation and causal mechanism?

Correlation: A link between two; Causal: One thing leads to the other

16. State a risk factor for non-communicable diseases.

Lifestyle, substance present in body/environment

17. Define 'tumour'. A mass of cells grown abnormally (uncontrollable growth)

18. Define 'benign tumour'. Growth of abnormal cells contained in one area within a membrane, don't invade other tissues

19. Define 'malignant tumour'. Tumours that invade other tissues and can spread to other parts of the body through blood to form secondary tumours

20. Which tumour leads to cancer - benign or malignant?

Malignant

21. Name a risk factor of developing cancer. Smoking, obesity, common viruses, UV exposure, genetic factors

22. Name the two ways to treat cancer. Chemotherapy, radiotherapy

23. What is used in chemotherapy? Chemicals to kill cancer cells, but also healthy cells in the process

24. What is used in radiotherapy? Targeted doses of radiation

25. What is the effect of nicotine in tobacco smoke? Addictiveness

26. Name the carcinogen in tobacco smoke. Tar

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27. Briefly describe how tobacco smoke causes lung infection.

Stops cilia from working, excess mucus (trapping bacteria in lungs)

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28. Briefly describe how tobacco smoke causes cardiovascular diseases.

Increase heart rate, damage artery lining, increase risk of clot formation, increase blood pressure

29. State an effect of smoking on foetuses. Premature birth/Low birthweight/Stillbirth30. Name a risk factor for obesity. Poor/unbalanced diet; lack of exercise; High

cholesterol diet31. Name a risk factor for type 2 diabetes. Obesity; Unbalance diet (high sugar diet); Lack of

exercise32. How can a high fat diet lead to coronary heart

disease?Fat deposit in coronary arteries

33. Which organ breaks down alcohol before it causes permanent damage?

Liver

34. State one disease caused by long-term heavy drinking.

Liver cirrhosis/Liver cancer/Brain damage

35. State a risk of drinking alcohol during pregnancy.

Miscarriage/Stillbirths/Premature births/Low birthweight

36. Name the condition that babies may have if their mothers drink lots of alcohol during pregnancy.

Fetal alcohol syndrome

37. How do ionising radiation causes mutation? Penetrates cells and damage chromosomes

38. Name a source of ionising radiation. UV light from sun/Radioactive materials in soil, water, air/Medical and dental X-rays/Accidents in nuclear power stations

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Lesson 1: DNA and the Chromosome

CHECKLIST! – Have you…

Read the notes and completed the recall questions Marked your recall questions using the answers Completed the exam questions

Do Now: Complete the DO NOW:

Key Words:

DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid. The material inside the nucleus of cells, carrying the genetic information of a living being.

Chromosomes The structure made of DNA that codes for all the characteristics of an organism.Gene The basic unit of genetic material inherited from our parents. A gene is a section

of DNA codes for a protein. Mitosis A type of cell division which produces daughter cells identical to the parent.

Information: Read the following notes

The nucleus contains a chemical called deoxyribonucleic acid – commonly known as DNA.

DNA exists in a cell's nucleus within structures called chromosomes. Each section of a chromosome that contains the code to produce a particular protein is called a gene.

A human cell contains 23 pairs of chromosomes, 46 total chromosomes. Each chromosome in a pair carries the same types of genes.

DNA carries genetic information. It has all the instructions that a living organism needs to grow, reproduce, and function.

In each body cell, 50% of the DNA has been inherited from one parent, and 50% from the other.

Recall questions: Answer these in your book, use the information above to help you

1. What is gene?2. What are chromosomes?

DID YOU KNOWDifferent organisms have different numbers of

chromosomes! For example, fruit flies have only 8 chromosomes, while potatoes have 44. But they are

always arranged in pairs, with half inherited from one parent and half from the other.Page 7 of 51

3. How many chromosomes are in one human body cell?4. Chromosomes are arranged in ____ pairs in a human body cell.


Cells divide when:

an organism grows (increasing the cell number) an organism becomes damaged and needs to produce new cells to repair

A type of cell division called mitosis ensures that when a cell divides each new cell produced has the same genetic information.

The new cells produced during cell division are called “daughter cells”. Mitosis produces two genetically identical daughter cells.

During fertilisation, when a sperm cell fuses with an egg cell in human reproduction they produce a cell called a zygote. This cell divides by mitosis to form an embryo. As the embryo continues to grow, the cells divide by mitosis and differentiate to form different tissues and organs, forming a foetus.


5. Why must cells divide to make new cells?6. What name do we give to new cells produced during cell division?7. Define “mitosis”.


Cell division is carefully controlled.

The DNA is checked for mutations (errors) and if they are found, the cell will not divide. Growth factors also control cell division, telling the cells when to divide and when to rest.

Cancer occurs when cells do not respond to growth factors correctly or when errors in DNA are missed.

Cancer cells then divide in an uncontrolled way and can form a tumour.

Exam question practice: Answer these on this sheet, use the answers to your recall questions to help you

Q1. Diagram 1 shows an animal cell and some of the structures inside the cell.

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(a) Use words from the box to label structures A, B and C, on Diagram 1.

Characteristic Chromosome Gamete Gene Nucleus

(3)

Q2. DNA is the genetic material of human cells.

Figure 1 shows the structure of part of a DNA molecule.

(a) (i) Describe where DNA is found in a human cell.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________(2)

(ii) When a cell divides by mitosis the new cells are genetically identical.

What causes the cells to be genetically identical?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________(1)

Q5. (a) How many pairs of chromosomes are there in a body cell of a human baby?

___________________________________________________________________

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(1)

(b) Place the following in order of size, starting with the smallest, by writingnumbers 1 – 4 in the boxes underneath the words.

(1)

Q5. The table shows the number of chromosomes found in each body cell of some different organisms.

Animals Plants

Species Number of chromosomes in each body cell

Species Number of chromosomes in each body cell

Fruit fly 8 Tomato 24

Goat 60 Potato 44

Human 46 Rice 24

(a) Chromosomes contain DNA molecules.

Describe the function of DNA.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________(1)

(b) Body cells divide by mitosis.

(i) Why is the ability of body cells to divide important?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________(1)

(ii) When a body cell of a potato plant divides, how many chromosomes will each of the new cells contain?

______________________________________________________________(1)

Challenge:

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A burglar broke into a house. The burglar cut his hand on some broken glass. Scientists extracted DNA from the blood on the broken glass.

The scientists analysed the DNA from the glass and DNA from three suspects, A, B and C. The scientists used a method called DNA fingerprinting.

Figure 2 shows the scientists’ results.

Which suspect, A, B or C, is most likely to have been the burglar?

Tick ( ) one box.

A

B

C

Lesson 2: The Cell Cycle

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Video: Watch the video lesson here:

Key Words:

The cell cycle The series of stages that a cell goes through as it is growing and dividing.Growth phase The stage of the cell cycle when DNA is copied and cell size increases. Cytokinesis The process when the cytoplasm and cell membrane divides.Mitosis A type of cell division which produces daughter cells identical to the parent.


A growing and dividing cell goes through a series of stages called the cell cycle. Each stage of the cell cycle has

certain events that take place. We must remember these three important stages:

Stage Description Image

Growth

(interphase)

The DNA is doubled. Two copies of each chromosome are

produced.

The number of subcellular structures (such as ribosomes and

mitochondria) also increases.

The cell size increases.

Mitosis One chromosome from each pair is pulled to each end of the cell,

and a new nucleus forms around each group of chromosomes

Cytokinesis The cytoplasm and cell membranes divide in a process known

as cytokinesis. This results in the formation of two genetically

identical daughter cells.


1. Briefly describe the first stage of the cell cycle.2. Briefly describe the second stage (mitosis) of the cell cycle. 3. Briefly describe the third stage of the cell cycle. 4. What must happen to the cell before mitosis to ensure we can two genetically identical daughter cells?

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Task: Fill in the gaps.


We can show the stages of the cell cycle as a loop.

Once a cell has gone through the cell cycle and produced two genetically identical daughter cells, these new cells will begin to go through the cell cycle too. It is called a cycle as it repeats.

To calculate the time taken for a stage in the cell cycle there are two options:

This stage is called

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1. If you have a pie chart you need to calculate a % using the following sum:

% time of stageof cell cycle100

x total time of cell cycle

2. If you have a number of cells in each stage you need to use the following sum:


Q1. Cells divide in a series of stages called the cell cycle.

Stage 2 of the cycle is mitosis.

The diagram below shows a simplified cell cycle for a human body cell.

(a) Draw one line from each stage in the cell cycle to what happens during that stage.

Stage in the cell cycle What happens during

that stage

Stage 1 Nucleus divides

Stage 2 Cell divides into two

Stage 3 Copies of the DNA are made

(2)

Q2. This question is about the cell cycle.

Figure 1 shows information about the cell cycle.

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(c) Which stage of the cell cycle in Figure 1 takes the most time?

Tick one box.

Cell growth

Copying of chromosomes

Mitosis

(1)

(e) The cell cycle in Figure 1 takes two hours in total.The cell growth stage takes 45 minutes.

Calculate the time taken for mitosis.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Time = ____________________ minutes(2)

Q3. Mitosis is part of the cell cycle.

The diagram below shows the percentage of time taken by each stage of a cell cycle.

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(c) The cell cycle shown in the diagram above takes 21 hours in total.

Cell division takes 5% of the total time.

Calculate how many hours cell division takes.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Time taken = _______________ hours(2)

(d) What percentage of time is spent copying DNA in the cell cycle shown in the diagram above?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Percentage = _______________(2)

Q4. Diagram 1 shows the nucleus of a body cell as it begins to divide by mitosis.

Diagram 1

(a) Use a word from the box to label Diagram 1.

alleles chromosomes gametes

(1)

(b) Complete Diagram 2 to show what the nucleus of one of the cells produced by this mitosis would look like.

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Diagram 2

(Total 1 marks)Q5. Figure 1 shows photographs of some animal cells at different stages during the cell cycle.

(c) A student wanted to find out more about the cell cycle.

The student made a slide of an onion root tip.

She counted the number of cells in each stage of the cell cycle in one field of view.

The table below shows the results.

Stages in the cell cycle

Non-dividing cells Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Total

Number of cells 20 9 4 3 36

Each stage of the cell cycle takes a different amount of time.

Which stage is the fastest in the cell cycle?

Give a reason for your answer.

Stage _____________________

Reason ____________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________(2)

(d) The cell cycle in an onion root tip cell takes 16 hours.

Calculate the length of time Stage 2 lasts in a typical cell.

Give your answer to 2 significant figures.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Time in Stage 2 = ________________________ minutes (3)

Challenge Questions:

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Embryonic stem cells divide by mitosis.

Figure 1 represents a cell cycle for a human embryonic stem cell.

Figure 1

(c) The mass of DNA in the cell at the start of the cycle is 6 picograms.

A picogram is 10−3 nanograms.

Convert 6 picograms to grams.

Give your answer in standard form.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Mass = _____________________ g(1)

(d) The time taken for this complete cell cycle is 15 hours.

Calculate how many hours the cell spent in mitosis.

Give your answer to 3 significant figures.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Time spent in mitosis = _____________________ hours(2)

(e) Describe what happens in each of the three stages of the cell cycle.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________(5)

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Lesson 3 Interpreting Data


Part 1 Calculate a mean and percentage change

Calculating a mean

add all the values together divide by the total number of values

Calculating percentage change

calculate the difference divide by the original x100

Example: Calculate the percentage change in number of deaths between 2014 and 2016 for skin cancer

861−766766 x 100 = 12.4%

Task: Complete the table:

Type of cancer Number of deaths in 2014

Number of deaths in 2015

Number of deaths in 2016

Mean number of deaths

Calculating percentage change

Lung cancer 12,700 10,300 13,000

Prostate cancer

6478 7220 8001

Leukaemia 14,300 14,678 11,000

Bowel cancer 3678 3789 4352

Breast cancer 9,000 8423 8421

Skin cancer 766 798 861


Q1. Many strains of bacteria have developed resistance to antibiotics.

The table shows the number of people infected with a resistant strain of one species of bacterium in the UK.

Year 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Number of people infectedwith the resistant strain

3499 3553 3767 3809 4131

(a) Calculate the percentage increase in the number of people infected with the resistant strain between 2004 and 2008.

Show clearly how you work out your answer.

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Percentage increase = _________________________ (2)

Q2. A class of eight students measured the population of water fleas living at the edge of a large pond.

This is the method each student used.

1. Put some pond water in a white tray.2. Take a pond net and scoop at the edge of the pond a few times.3. Empty the pond net into the water in the tray.4. Count the number of water fleas in the tray.

The eight students then used a different method to obtain valid results.

Table 1

Student Number of water fleas per 1000 cm3 pond water

A 66

B 37

C 51

D 102

E 40

F 122

G 75

H 19

(b) Calculate the students’ mean value for the population of water fleas at the edge of the pond.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Mean population = ______________________ water fleas per 1000 cm3 pond water(1)

(c) What was the range of the students’ results?

Range = ___________________________________________________________(1)

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Scientists counted some different invertebrates living in a pond in 2014 and in 2016

Table 2

Invertebrate species

Number of invertebrates

2014 2016

Bloodworms 13 48

Freshwater shrimps 24 9

Mayfly nymphs 32 0

Water snails 19 24

(f) Calculate the change in the number of bloodworms between 2014 and 2016

___________________________________________________________________

Change = _______________________ bloodworms(1)

(g) Calculate the number of shrimps in the pond in 2016 as a percentage of the number of shrimps in the pond in 2014

___________________________________________________________________

Percentage = _______________________ %(1)

Q3. The diagram shows an animal cell.

(a) (i) Name structures A and B by choosing the correct words from the box.

cell membrane cell wall cytoplasm nucleus vacuole

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Structure A ___________________________________________________

Structure B ___________________________________________________(2)

(ii) Which structure named in the box controls the passage of substances in and out of the cell?

______________________________________________________________(1)

(b) Distance P to Q on the diagram is the diameter of the cell. This distance was measured on three cells using a microscope. The results were as follows:

cell 1: 63 micrometrescell 2: 78 micrometrescell 3: 69 micrometres

Calculate the average diameter of these cells. Show clearly how you work out your final answer.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Average diameter = ___________________ micrometres(2)

Q4. Measles is a serious disease. A person can die from measles.

The table below shows the number of medically confirmed cases of measles in England and Wales between 2012 and 2015

Year Number of medically confirmed cases of measles

2012 2030

2013 1843

2014 121

2015 91

(b) Calculate the percentage decrease in the number of medically confirmed cases of measles between 2012 and 2015

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Percentage decrease = _______________________ % (2)

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Part 2 Drawing and Interpreting Graphs

Scientists use graph to help analyse patterns of data related to disease. Data are often displayed in a graph.

Type of chart DescriptionBar Chart Bar charts show data collected for separate groups

(categoric or discrete data).

The height of the bar is equal to the measured number or frequency.

Bars in a bar chart are all the same width. They do not touch each other as they show distinct categories.

Histogram

Histograms look similar to bar charts but show how frequently data occurs within certain ranges. The data is continuous but is divided into sub-sections or classes. The bars of a histogram are next to each other. The area of each bar is equal to the frequency of each class interval. The bars of a histogram may not be the same width.

Line Graph Line graphs display data where both variables are continuous.With line graphs, you have a choice between connecting the plots point-to-point, or using a line of best fit.

Joining dots point to point is essential to show fluctuations in data but can only be done with data that shows a clear pattern with no outliers/anomalies.

Scatter Diagram Scatter graphs, or scatter diagrams, look at a possible correlation between two variables. Each data point represents a piece of data.

Scatter graphs enable correlations between disease and lifestyle choices, and correlations between disease and environmental conditions.

If one variable increases as the other increases the correlation is positive, (slopes up like the graph here).

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If one variable decreases as the other increases the correlation is negative (slopes down).

If a scatter graph does show a correlation between two sets of data, a line of best fit can be added to illustrate the trend.

Exam question practice: Answer these on this sheet, use the answers to your recall questions to help youQ1. A student carried out a survey of eye colour in her class. Her results are shown in the figure below.

Eye colour

(a) What type of variable is eye colour?

Draw a ring around the correct answer.

categoric continuous control

(1)

(b) (i) How many people in the class had blue eyes?

Number of people with blue eyes = _________________________ (1)

(ii) How many people were in the student’s class?

Number of people in the class = _________________________ (1)

(iii) Give one conclusion that can be made from the data in the figure above.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________ (1)

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Q2. Type 2 diabetes is common in obese people. Figure 2 shows information about abdominal fat and insulin sensitivity in body cells.

(f) What type of relationship is shown in Figure 2?Tick one box.

A negative correlation

No correlation

A positive correlation


Drawing Graphs

Task: For each of the following two sets of data, would you plot a bar graph or a line graph?

Surface Height of bounce (cm)

Wooden floor 14Sandpaper 11Trampoline 26Jumper 2Lab table 13

In tables the dependent variable is always in the left column and the independent variable is always in the right column. Use the Dairy Milk Ice Cream rule to help remember which is which!

Graph:

Reason:

Graph:

Reason:

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Concentration of acid (M) Time (s)

0.1 123

0.2 100

0.3 74

0.4 35

0.5 11

Rules Description

Presentation Sharp pencil and a ruler used to draw, pen for title and axes labels

Axes Labels Independent variable (what changed) is on the x axis and dependent variable (what was measured) is on the y axis

Axes Units The units are shown clearly on both axes e.g (s for seconds)

Size The graph fills more than half of the graph paper

Scales The scale numbers are equally spread along the axis

Points All points have been plotted correctly using a cross (x) shape

Title Title describes what the graph shows and is underlined

Bars All bars are the same width apart

123

Using the labelled axes above complete the table for the x axis below (Y has been done for you):


Q1. Metabolism is the sum of all the chemical reactions in the cells of the body.

Regular exercise can increase metabolic rate.

Two people did five minutes of gentle exercise from rest.

Table 2 shows the effect of the exercise on their heart rates.

Table 2

Time in minutes

Heart rate in beats per minute

Person R Person S

0 (at rest) 60 78

1 76 100

2 85 110

3 91 119

4 99 129

5 99 132

(d) Describe two differences in the response of person R and person S to the exercise.

Use information from Table 2.

1. _________________________________________________________________

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Instructions X axis: Y axis:

What is the biggest value in the column on the table? 5Count how many squares make up the axis? 30Divide your biggest value by the number of squares of the axis to find out what number each square will have

0.166

What is each square worth? (round to nearest whole number) 0.2

___________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________(2)

(e) Complete the line graph below for person S.

You should:

• add the scale to the x axis• label the x axis.

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(

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Q2. Some infections are caused by bacteria.

(b) Tuberculosis (TB) is an infection caused by bacteria.

The table below shows the number of cases of TB in different regions of southern England from 2000–2011.

Number of cases of TB per 100 000 people

Year London South East

South West

2000 37 5 3

2001 36 6 4

2002 42 6 6

2003 42 7 4

2004 42 7 5

2005 49 8 5

2006 44 8 3

2007 43 8 5

2008 44 8 5

2009 44 9 6

2010 42 9 5

2011 45 10 5

(i) How does the number of cases of TB for London compare with the rest of southern England?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________(1)

(ii) Describe the pattern in the data for cases of TB in the South East.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________(1)

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(c) (i) On the graph paper below:

• plot the number of cases of TB in London

• label both the axes on the graph

• draw a line of best fit.

(4)

(ii) Suggest why a student thought the value for 2005 in London was anomalous.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________(1)

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Lesson 2 Non-communicable Disease




Key Words:

Alcohol A depressant that can be found in wines, spirits and beers. Also known as ethanol.Asthma A disease caused by allergies that affects the respiratory system.Blood pressure The force of blood against the artery walls.Cancer A disease caused by normal cells changing so that they grow and divide in an uncontrolled way. Depression Depression is a condition which affects mental health and causes symptoms such as depressed

mood, loss of interest or pleasure and feelings of guilt or low self-worth.Diabetes The type and amount of food consumed by people.Disease Illness affecting plants and animals.Heart disease A wide range of conditions that affect the heart.Immune system The body's defence system. The role of the immune system is to prevent disease.Ionising radiation

Radiation that is able to remove electrons from atoms or molecules to produce positively charged particles called ions.

Lifestyle How people choose to live.Obesity The medical term for being very overweight, owing to the excessive accumulation of body fatRisk factor Something that increases a person's chances of developing a disease.Stress The body's response to mental or emotional pressure.


Part 1 Define “Non-communicable disease” and give examples

Health is defined as a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing. Things that can damage a person’s

health include disease, diet and stress.

Diseases are a cause of illness or ill health. They can be classed as communicable or non-communicable:

Communicable Diseases Non-Communicable Diseases

Can spread from person to person or between people

and animals. Sometimes called infectious or contagious

Cannot spread between people or between animals

and people.

Caused by microorganisms called pathogens e.g

bacteria and viruses. They normally spread fast and

make people sick quickly.

Lifestyle choices such as diet, drinking alcohol and

smoking can increase the risk of getting these

diseases. They last for a long time and get worse

slowly.

Examples include: Measles, malaria, and influenza Examples include: asthma, cancer, coronary heart

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disease

These diseases can interact to create unexpected consequences. Some examples are:

Viruses that infect cells can cause cancers e.g infection with HPV can cause cervical cancer

Immune reactions initially caused by a pathogen can trigger allergies such as skin rashes and asthma.

Severe physical ill health can lead to depression and other mental illness.


1. What is health? 2. What are non-communicable diseases?


Part 2 State risk factors for non-communicable diseases

A risk factor is something that can increase the chance of a consequence occurring. In the case of disease, risk

factors are linked to the increase the chance of a person developing a certain disease in their lifetime. They do not

guarantee that someone will get the disease. They are often aspects of a person’s lifestyle e.g diet, exercise, drug

use etc. Some risk factors have been shown to directly cause some diseases.

These can be found in the table:Risk Factor Disease it has been shown to causes

Smoking Heart diseaseLung DiseaseLung Cancer

Obesity (being overweight)

Type 2 diabetesHeart disease

Drinking too much alcohol

Liver diseaseDamage nerve cells in the brain

Exposure to Ionising Radiation

Cancer

Some risk factors haven’t been shown to directly cause disease but they are related to another risk factor that can

e.g a lack of exercise and a high fat diet can cause high blood pressure and high cholesterol levels, both of these are

risk factors that can cause heart disease.


3. What is a risk factor?4. State a risk factor for non-communicable diseases.5. Name a risk factor for type 2 diabetes.6. State one disease caused by long-term heavy drinking.

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7. How can a high fat diet lead to coronary heart disease?


Q1. Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a non-communicable disease.

CHD is caused when fatty material builds up in the coronary arteries.

(a) Explain what a non-communicable disease is.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________ (2)

The diagram below shows a coronary artery of someone with CHD.

(c) Explain how lifestyle and medical risk factors increase the chance of developing CHD.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________ (6)

Q2. (b) There are 5.4 million people with asthma in the UK.

What type of disease is asthma?

Tick one box.

An allergy

A bacterial infection

A cancer

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A viral infection

Q3. (a) Many people are obese (very overweight).

Obesity can lead to heart disease.

Other than heart disease, name two conditions which are linked to obesity.

1. _________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________ (2)

Q4. Coronary heart disease (CHD) can be caused by many factors.

The table below shows data related to CHD for five countries.

Country

Number of deaths from

CHDper 100 000

population per year

Percentage of the population

who smoke tobacco

Percentage of the population

who drink alcohol heavily

Amount of fruit and

vegetables eaten in kg per

person peryear

A 285 36 19 180

B 251 63 34 404

C 186 47 36 251

D 149 23 34 218

E 128 27 12 222

(a) Name one risk factor for CHD that is not shown in the table above.

___________________________________________________________________ (1)

(b) A student concludes that the main cause of CHD is not eating enough fruit and vegetables.

Give three reasons why the student’s conclusion is not correct.

Use information from the table above.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________ (3)

Q5. Obesity is a factor that affects Coronary Heart Disease (CHD).

(a) What is meant by obesity?

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___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________(1)

Challenge Question

(b) The graph shows how the percentages of obese men and women in the UK changed between 1994 and 2004.

(i) Describe how the percentage of obese women changed between 1994 and 2004.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________ (2)

(ii) The percentage of obese men changed between 1994 and 2004.

Suggest two reasons for this change.

1. ____________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

2. ____________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________(2)

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Lesson 3 Cancer




Key Words:

Benign tumour A tumour that is slow-growing and non-invasive, and is therefore not cancerous.Cancer A disease caused by normal cells changing so that they grow and divide in an uncontrolled way.

The uncontrolled growth causes a lump called a tumour to form.Carcinogen A chemical or other agent which causes cancer.Malignant tumour

A fast-growing tumour that is cancerous and can invade and spread to other areas of the body.

Mutation A random and spontaneous change in the structure of a gene or chromosomeTumour The lump of cells formed as a result of uncontrolled cell division.Ultraviolet A high energy part of the electromagnetic spectrum associated with sunburn and skin cancer.


Part 1 Define cancer

Cancer is a non-communicable disease caused by uncontrollable cell division. Once cells have divided enough to

repair or replace a piece of tissue they stop. Uncontrollable cell division causes the cells to keep on dividing and they

layer on top of each other forming a tumour – a mass of cells. Tumours that can spread and invade surrounding

tissues are called cancers.


1. Define cancer2. Define 'tumour'.


Part 2 Describe the differences between malignant and benign tumours

Non-cancerous

Slow growing

Do not spread but can put pressure on

organs or cause

Cancerous

Fast Growing

Cells can break off and spread around the body in the blood stream invading

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blockages

Cells have a normal shape

other tissues

May have abnormal shape.

Due to how it can spread throughout the body, cancer can be hard to treat. Examples of cancer treatments include:

Surgery is normally conducted where possible to remove a specific tumour if it hasn’t spread but this can lead to breakage and spreading of cells if not done carefully.

Chemotherapy uses chemical drugs which prevent DNA being copied. This stops the cell cycle, if DNA cannot be copied cells will not be able to divide so mitosis is stopped.

Radiotherapy uses targeted doses of radiation to damage DNA, if DNA is damaged this will force the cell to kill itself (apoptosis). Cells will not divide/mitosis is prevented

Survival rates of cancer have improved in recent years due to: improved treatment / drugs• earlier diagnosis• more cancer screenings• improved patient knowledge of risk factors


1. Define 'benign tumour'.2. Define 'malignant tumour'.3. Which tumour leads to cancer - benign or malignant?4. Name the two ways to treat cancer.5. Why have survival rates from cancer improved?


Part 3 Explain why risk factors increase the risk of cancer.

Anyone can develop cancer but risk factors can increase your chances of getting the disease. Mutations are changes

to DNA, these can be caused by ionising radiation (e.g Ultraviolet (UV) rays or X rays) or carcinogenic chemicals like

those found in cigarette smoke.

Smoking – the chemicals in cigarette smoke are carcinogens, it can cause lung cancer but also mouth, throat, bowel, stomach and cervical cancer.

UV Light Exposure – regular exposure to UV radiation from the sun or from sun beds have an increased chance of developing skin cancer.

Obesity – fat in the body can send signals to other cells telling them to divide more often. It has been linked to many different cancers including bowel, liver and kidney.

Viral Infection – Infection with hepatitis B and C viruses can increase the risk of developing liver cancer.

Genetics - a genetic mutation passed down from parents causes some breast cancers. e.g

mutations in the BRCA genes have been linked to increased chances of having breast cancer.

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3. Name a risk factor of developing cancer.4. How do ionising radiation causes mutation?5. Name a source of ionising radiation.


Q1. Complete the sentences. Choose the answers from the box.

ionising light sound transmitted waves

X-rays travel at the speed of ____________________ .

X-rays can cause cancer because they are ____________________ .(2)

Q2. When an organism grows, new cells are produced by cell division.

(b) Why can cancers grow very large?Tick one box.

Cancer cells are specialised

Cell division is slow

Cell division is uncontrolled

(1)

(c) Give one factor which increases the risk of getting cancer.

___________________________________________________________________(1)

(d) Survival rates for people with cancer have improved a lot.People who are alive 10 years after diagnosis are usually considered to be cured.The figure below shows data for people diagnosed with cancer in 1961 and 2001.

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78% of people diagnosed with breast cancer in 2001 were alive 10 years later.

Complete the figure above to show this information. (1)

(g) Suggest two reasons why the survival rates for all cancers have increased.

1. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________ (2)

Q3. Beta particles can cause cancer.

Complete the sentences.

Use words from the box.

benign controlled differentiated malignant slow uncontrolled

Tumours form when cell division is ______________________________________

Tumours that do not invade other tissues are called _________________________(2)

Q4. The number of people in the UK with tumours is increasing.

(a) (i) Describe how tumours form.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________(1)

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(ii) Tumours can be malignant or benign.

What is the difference between a malignant tumour and a benign tumour?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________ (1)

(b) Describe how some tumours may spread to other parts of the body.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________(1)

Challenge Question

(c) People from Northern Europe have fair skin and many people have malignant melanoma skin cancer.

The graph shows how the number of people in the UK with malignant melanoma changed between 1985 and 2008.

The bars on the graph show the number of people in the UK who travelled abroad and the number who took cheap holidays in the sun in 1985 and 2005.

Years

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Key

Mean for all areasMean for people from rich areasMean for people from poor areas

Total number of trips abroadNumber of cheap holidays in

the sun

(i) Describe the trends in the number of people with malignant melanoma skin cancer between 1985 and 2008.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________ (3)

(ii) Use the data about the number of trips abroad to suggest an explanation for the trends you have described in part (c)(i).

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________(2)Lesson 4 Causal Mechanisms




Key Words:

Alcohol A depressant that can be found in wines, spirits and beers. Also known as ethanol.Arteries Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart.Cirrhosis Scarring of the liver, which can be caused by alcoholism or hepatitisCOPD Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is the name to several lung diseases that restrict air flow

in the lungs and cause breathing difficulties Correlation A relationship between two sets of data, such that when one set changes you would expect the

other set to change as well.Coronary Referring to the heart and the blood vessels which serve the heart tissues.Diabetes A serious disease in which the body is unable to regulate blood sugarDiet The type and amount of food consumed by people.Emphysema Disease in which the walls of the alveoli break down, reducing the surface area for gas exchange

in the lungs.Heart attack A condition where the supply of blood to the heart is suddenly blocked, usually by the build up of

fatty material in one or more of the coronary arteries. Heart muscle is damaged in the process.Heart disease A wide range of conditions that affect the heart.Hepatitis Inflammation or swelling of the liver, for example because of infection by a virus or drinking too

much alcohol.

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Lifestyle How people choose to live.Liver The large organ, beside the stomach, which has many functions, including processing substances

absorbed by the digestive system and a role in the storage of the body's carbohydrate.Miscarriage The spontaneous or unplanned expulsion of a foetus from the womb before it is able to survive

independently.Nicotine The addictive substance found in tobacco and tobacco smokeObesity The medical term for being very overweight, owing to the excessive accumulation of body fat.Risk factor Something that increases a person's chances of developing a disease.Stroke Damage to the brain caused by bleeding or blood clots in the brain's blood vessels.Variable A quantity that can change or that may take on different values. Variable also refers to a letter or

symbol representing such a quantity.


Part 1 Define “correlation” and “causation”

While causation and correlation can exist at the same time, correlation does not imply causation.

Causation explicitly applies to cases where action A causes outcome B.

On the other hand, correlation is simply a relationship. Action A relates to Action B—but one doesn’t necessarily cause the other event to happen.

Correlation and causation are often confused because sometimes two variables appear to be closely associated as if one is dependent on the other. For example, look at the graph below:

Although it appears that as cheese consumption increases so does the number of people who died, it is unlikely that

increased cheese consumption actually caused people to die by getting tangled in their bedsheets! So, we cannot

simply assume causation even if we see two events happening, seemingly together.

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Scientists have established several causes for risk factors. Below is an example of how risk factors have been found.

This has come from studies on smoking cigarettes and lung cancer:

A pattern can be seen in the amount

of cigarette use and the cases of

lung cancer: As the number of

cigarettes smoked has increased

over the years, the cases of lung

cancer has increased also. There is a

clear correlation, between the

variables. Scientists have to find

evidence to show there is a causal

link between the two variables.

In the case of lung cancer, analyses of cigarette smoke have shown that at least 70 of the chemicals present in smoke

will cause cancer in laboratory animals which is enough evidence to say there is a causal link.


1. What is the difference between correlation and causal mechanism?


Part 2 Explain the correlation between different risk factors and diseases

Nicotine in cigarettes is a drug that makes them addictive. Smoking, especially long term, can directly cause diseases:

Disease caused by smoking How smoking is a risk factor for the diseaseCardiovascular Disease Smoking damages the lining of the arteries, including

the coronary arteries. The damage encourages the build-up of fatty material in the arteries. This can lead to a heart attack or a stroke.

Inhalation of carbon monoxide in cigarette smoke reduces the amount of oxygen that can be carried by the blood.

The nicotine in cigarette smoke increases the heart rate, putting strain on the heart.

Chemicals in cigarette smoke increase the likelihood of

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the blood clotting, resulting in a heart attack or stroke.

Lung Disease or Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

This condition includes the diseases chronic bronchitis and emphysema. The damage is permanent, cannot be cured and can result in death. In COPD:

chemicals in tobacco smoke can stop the cilia in the trachea and bronchi working and therefore they don’t move mucus, dirt or bacteria away from our lungs. The airways become swollen and mucus builds up.

the patient becomes breathless, and finds it more and more difficult to obtain the oxygen required for respiration

Lung Cancer The carcinogens in the tar of cigarettes and in cigarette smoke cause lung cancer by mutating cells.

Almost all cases of lung cancer are caused by smoking. The majority of cases of lung cancer lead to death.

Drinking lots of alcohol can lead to increased deaths. It is a risk factor as it can affect two major parts of the body:

Organ affected by alcohol How the organ is affected Disease/Symptoms CausedLiver Drinking excess alcohol can

damage the liver, the organ responsible for processing and breaking down alcohol.

alcohol causes fats to build up in the liver - fatty liver disease

alcohol damage leads to alcoholic hepatitis, which can lead to death

cirrhosis of the liver can develop – the liver becomes scarred and loses its ability to function

Brain Drinking excess alcohol can cause liver damage so that the alcohol can no longer be removed from the body. It travels to the brain where it can cause brain damage

causes brain shrinkage leads to memory problems leads to psychiatric problems may result in the patient requiring

long-term care


2. What is the effect of nicotine in tobacco smoke?3. Name the carcinogen in tobacco smoke.4. Briefly describe how tobacco smoke causes cardiovascular diseases.5. Which organ breaks down alcohol before it causes permanent damage?6. State one disease caused by long-term heavy drinking.


Part 3 Explain the effects of smoking and alcohol on unborn babies

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Smoking and drinking alcohol are also risk factors which can increase chances of negative effects on unborn babies

in the womb (foetus). This is why women are told not to drink alcohol during pregnancy and are encouraged to give

up smoking as soon as they find out they are pregnant.

Alcohol can lead to a variety of effects on the foetus. The most

serious is foetal alcohol syndrome – which is where the foetus:

is smaller in size/weight

has a smaller brain with fewer neurones

will have long-term learning and behavioural difficulties

For mothers who smoke during pregnancy:

smoking increases the risk of miscarriage

the babies and children are more likely to suffer from lung infections and an increased risk of asthma

the long-term physical growth and intellectual development of the baby/child is affected

there is an increased risk of birth defects

the birthweight of the baby is reduced. See graphs below:

Non-communicable diseases caused by obesity, smoking and drinking have a large financial impact on the NHS as

treating people for these long-term conditions costs a lot of money.

This is why the NHS run campaigns (often with charities) to encourage healthier living and encourage people to quit

smoking and reduce alcohol consumption, you may have seen the campaigns below:

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7. State an effect of smoking on foetuses.8. State a risk of drinking alcohol during pregnancy.9. Name the condition that babies may have if their mothers drink lots of alcohol during pregnancy.


Q1. Gases enter and leave the blood by diffusion.

(a) Define the term diffusion.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________(1)

(b) Name the main gases that diffuse into and out of the blood in the lungs.

Into the blood _________________________________

Out of the blood _______________________________(1)

(c) Smoking can cause emphysema. Look at Figure 1 below.

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Emphysema causes the walls of the air sacs in the lungs to break down

Explain how this will affect the diffusion of gases into and out of the blood.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________ (2)

Smoking during pregnancy can cause low birth mass in babies.

Table 1 shows the World Health Organisation categories for birth mass.

Table 1

Category Birth mass in g

Above normal birth mass > 4500

Normal birth mass 2500–4500

Low birth mass 1500–2499

Very low birth mass 1000–1499

Extremely low birth mass < 1000

(d) Complete Table 2.

Use information in Table 1.

Table 2

Baby Birth mass in g Category

A 2678 Normal birth mass

B 1345

C 991

(2)

Figure 2 shows data from a study about pregnancy and smoking in women in the UK.

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(f) Give three conclusions that can be made about smoking in pregnant women compared with non-pregnant women.

Use information from Figure 2.

1. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

3. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________ (3)

Other factors can also be linked to low birth mass.

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Figure 3 shows the relationship between four of these factors and the risk of low birth mass.

(g) What type of graph is shown in Figure 3?Tick one box.

Bar graph

Histogram

Line graph

Scatter graph

(h) Which of the graphs in Figure 3 shows a positive correlation?

Tick one box.

A B C D

(1)

(i) A student concluded that the longer a woman spends giving birth, the greater the risk of low birth mass.

Give one reason why the student’s conclusion is not correct.

Use evidence from Figure 3.

___________________________________________________________________ (1)Q6. The concentration of cholesterol in the blood affects people’s health.

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(a) Give two factors that affect the concentration of cholesterol in the blood.

1. _________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________(2)

(b) Doctors screened men for blood cholesterol concentration.

The doctors then compared death rates from heart disease with deaths from all causes in this screened group.

The graph shows the results.

(i) Which is the best conclusion that can be drawn from the data?Tick ( ) one box.

There is a positive correlation between blood cholesterol concentration and deaths from all causes.

There is a negative correlation between blood cholesterol concentration and deaths from all causes.

Blood cholesterol concentration is only one of several factors affecting death from all causes.

(1)

Q10. A man with breathing difficulties goes to hospital.

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The photographs below show his lung scan and chest X-ray.

(a) What is part A?

Tick one box.

Bronchus

Capillary

Trachea

Vein

(1)

(e) A health website contains the following advice:

Stop smoking and you will be healthier and live longer.

Explain why stopping smoking will improve a person’s health.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________(6)

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