Evolution NotesEvolution: The ________ of a population over a LONG, LONG, LONG time.

Lamarck’s Theory of Evolution: Get traits by use or disuse (“use it or lose it”) Was he correct? _______ – behavior does not affect the _______________ of traits

-Darwin traveled to the ____________ islands on the ship _______________.

Darwin's Theory of Evolution is the idea that all life is _______________ and descended from a ____________ ancestor. In other words, ants, apples, cats and cucumbers are all related in one way or another. Darwin's general theory presumes that complex creatures evolve from more simplistic ones naturally over a _______ period of time due to random genetic ___________ that occur within the genetic code of an organism. These changes are preserved because they facilitate survival (natural selection) and are then ___________ on from generation to generation until the end result is a completely _______________ and new organism.

Darwin’s Theory of Evolution:1. Individuals are ______________2. Organisms produce _____________ (usually more than needed) 3. Organisms ___________ for limited resources 4. Organisms are ___________ and so have advantages and disadvantages 5. Survival of the _____________ – pass traits onto offspring 6. Species change over time (___________) 7. Species today came from ______ ancestors 8. All organisms are united – since diverse species evolved from _____________ ancestors

Concept Map of Evolution:

Fossil: Preserved remains of ____________ organisms. Water carries small rock particles to lakes and seas. Dead organisms are buried by layers of sediment, which forms new rock. The preserved remains may later be discovered and ____________.

Who claimed that “Use or disuse” of traits lead to new species? Who claimed that species evolve over time? How do we know about species that lived millions of years ago?

Natural Variation: Differences in _______________ of a species. Dairy cow produces more milk than other cows. Zebras have different and unique stripes.

Natural Selection: ____________ of the fittest: Only the fittest animals survive and pass on their _________ to their offspring. Traits that are selected _____________ over time and help an organism ability to survive and reproduce.

Artificial Selection: Selective ___________. Humans select the traits that they want or find useful. Select individuals for the most _____________ qualities, such as speed in a racehorse, or cute ears in a dog.

Fitness: Ability of an organism to survive and ______________ in its environment. Fitness is the result of _______________.

Adaptation: Inherited characteristic/trait that helps an organism to _____________.

Common Descent: All things have common ____________. _____________ Distribution of Living Species.

What’s the diff. between Natural Variation & Natural Selection?

What causes Artificial Selection? How are Fitness and Adaptation related?

Homologous Body Structures: Have _________ mature forms but develop from the same _____________ tissue. Provide evidence for evolution. Embryos of different animals look similar in their early stages

Analogous Structures: Similar in purpose but arise from ____________ ancestors.

Vestigial Organs: Not used anymore, so are ___________ in size. Evolution does not get rid of unused structures.

What do some animals have in their bodies that are small and no longer used?

Humans, Horses, Dogs, and Rabbits all have the same types of bones in our bodies. These are called our…..?

Give 3 examples of Analogous Structures:Gene Pool: All the genetic information in a _______________. (Individuals from the same species in ______ area).

Trait– combination of all the __________ for all the members of a population.

Relative Frequencies of Alleles: Number of times an _________ occurs in a gene pool. (Percent of the population)-How often does the allele for black fur occur in a population of mice? ______ %

Natural variation drives evolutionary change! What are sources of genetic variation?-Sources of genetic variation:

1. _____________ 2. Gene shuffling during meiosis (_________________: crossing-over)

Polygenic Traits: traits controlled by _______ or more genes; ex: height (many types). Usually traits show a ________________,normal distribution = some tall, some short, most in the middle -range of phenotypes.Directional Selection: When one end of the curve has a higher “_________”The curve shifts to that side.

Stabilizing Selection: When the _________ of the curve is selected. The curve gets narrower.

-Ex: birth weight in babies is selected for so that most babies are born around the same weight.

Disruptive Selection: When the center is selected againstThis can result in one species becoming two different species.

How are “Gene Pool” and “Relative Frequency of Alleles” related?

What are two sources of genetic variation? Name the 3 types of bell curves for evolution.

Random events (________________________) can cause changes to populations!

Genetic Drift: Changes in gene _________________.

-Changes may occur by ___________.-Usually in __________ populations, caused by random events.-2 types of genetic drift:

1. Bottleneck: When a natural disaster makes a population smaller; leads to _______ genetic diversity (only the fittest survive).2. Founder Effect: Changes caused by ________________. Species from the ________ population look different due to shifts in the allele frequencies. Usually because of __________ habitats/foods: Darwin’s finches!

Genetic Equilibrium: Allele ___________ remain constant (same).If allele frequencies do not change, the population will not ______.

Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium: traits will stay the same unless __________________ pressures cause them to change.

Conditions for Equilibrium:1. very _________ population2. random __________3. no ____________ in or out of population4. no ______________5. no ______________ selection

Name the 2 types of Genetic Drift. o How are they different?

What is Genetic Equilibrium? o What does it prevent/stop from occurring?

Name three requirements for the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Principle.

Speciation: The process of one species becoming _____ species = Formation of _____ species.

Reproductive Isolation: As new species _________, populations become reproductively isolated from each other. 2 different _______________ develop. Can come from 3 Types of Isolation:

-Behavioral Isolation: Two populations can breed, but don’t, this is due to different mating ____________ (dances, songs, etc).

-Geographic Isolation: two populations are separated by a ______ barrier (land/water).

-Temporal Isolation: populations reproduce at ____________ times/seasons.

Ecological Competition: __________ different things. New species develop due to different food sources (Ex: finch beak shape).

Name the 3 mechanisms of Reproductive Isolation.

What causes a new species to develop just because it eats different foods.

Define “Speciation”:

How did it all begin: Evolution of Life – Concept Map:

Miller-Urey Experiment: An attempt to ____________ primitive earth conditions that were thought to have supported the start of life.

Microspheres: Believed to be the first type of ______. Formed from large organic molecules. ______________?

Endosymbiotic Theory: eukaryotes came from ______________: (mitochondria and chloroplasts contain DNA, have ribosomes: reproduce by binary fission).

4 Patterns Seen in Evolution:

Divergent Evolution: species _________ and become new species. -Results in _________________ structures.

Convergent Evolution: organisms with different ancestors evolve __________ characteristics.-Results in ______________ structures.

Adaptive Radiation: multiple branching of family tree. -Results from ______________ competition.

Coevolution: two species evolve in ___________ to one another.Ex. Bees and flowers!

Punctuated Evolution: There are periods of _________ change, then long/stable periods of _____________/no change. Evolution may not be a constant, gradual change.

What experiment tied to re-create early earth conditions that may have made life?

What theory says that eukaryotes came from prokaryotes?

Compare and Contrast between:o Convergent Evolution & Co-Evolution