UNIT 3 REVIEW Ch 5CULTURAL PROCESSES

Part II: Language

Language is a culture trait, learned from one generation to another.

The Language Tree

•Language Families•Language Branches

•Language Groups •Languages

•Dialects

Definition Classification of EnglishLanguage Family

Language Branch

Language Group

Language Family Approximate # of languages in this family

% of World’s Speakers Approximate # of speakers

Indo-European 430 48% 5.9 billionSino-Tibetan 399 22% 1.2 billionNiger-Congo 1,495 6% 358 millionAfro-Asiatic 353 6% 339 millionAustronesian 1,246 5% 311 millionDravidian 73 4% 221 million

*instead of focusing on facts or numbers, think about spatial organization of these languages. Where different languages exist, how they have diffused, and how language is a factor in power, conflict, human-environment interaction

Top 10 Native Languages1. Mandarin Chinese 6. Portuguese2. Spanish 7. Russian3. English 8. Japanese4. Bengali 9. German5. Hindi 10. Wu Chinese

MAJOR LANGUAGE FAMILIES

INDO-EUROPEAN 4 MAJOR LANGUAGE BRANCHESBranch Group Language Major LocationIndo-Iranian *most speakers

Eastern Indic Hindi (India)Urdu (Pakistan)

South Asia

Western Iranian Persian/Farsi (E. Afghanistan)Pashto (E. Afghanistan, W. Pakistan)Kurdish (W. Iran, N. Iraq, E. Turkey)

Romance*evolved from Vulgar Latin spoken by Romans

Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian, Romanian Southwest Europe,Latin America

Germanic West Germanic English, Dutch, Flemish, Afrikaans Northwest Europe,North America

North Germanic Swedish, Danish, Norwegian, Icelandic

Balto-Slavic East Slavic Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Eastern Europe

West Slavic Polish, Czech, Slovak

South Slavic Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin, Serbian

SINO-TIBETAN MAJOR LANGUAGESBranch Major Languages LocationSinitic Mandarin China, Taiwan

Austro-Thai Thai Laos, Thailand, Vietnam

Tibetan-Burman Burmese Myanmar (Burma)

Other Language FamiliesFamily Important NotesJapaneseKoreanAustro-Asiatic SE Asia, VietnamAfro-Asiatic N. Africa, SW Asia (Hebrew, ArabicUralic Estonia, Hungary, Finland *only European countries not

Indo-EuropeanNiger-Congo Sub-Sahara AfricaNilo-Saharan North-central AfricaAustronesian Indonesia (Javanese, Indonesian) many dialects

ORIGIN AND DIFFUSION OF LANGUAGE

Origin and Diffusion of Indo-European

Nomadic Warrior/Conquest Theory:

Agriculture/Sedentary Farmer Theory:

Origin and Diffusion of English

History of English in England History of English around the WorldInvading Tribes: Where did English diffuse to and why?

Standard Language:

BRP = British Received Pronunciation = standard British speech

Dialect:

Three ways English differs depending on place:o Vocabularyo Spellingo Pronunciation

Dialect Differences

Vocabulary Spelling Pronunciation

Explain Reasoning

Give an Example

US DialectsNew England Middle Atlantic Southern

Puritans from SE England

Quakers, Scots, Irish, German,

Dutch, Swedish

SE England, diverse social

classes

ISOGLOSS:

GLOBAL DOMINANCE OF ENGLISH

Lingua Franca:

Examples of the Dominance of English

Ebonics Franglais Spanglish

Language Terms Definition ExampleOfficial language

Standard Language

Lingua Franca

Pidgin Language

Creolization

Language divergence :

Language convergence:

Troubles in the face of English dominance Notes/DetailsExtinct

Revived

Preserving EndangeredIsolated

Factors that Preserve LanguagesGovernment Policies:

Nationalism:

Promoting Unity:

Electronic Communications:

Community groups:

Resistance to globalization:

Internet and Media:

Tourism:

MULTILINGUAL PLACES

Multilingual states:

Monolingual states:

Some recent conflicts related to language (language may not be only reason for conflict)Place Languages ConflictCanada

Belgium

Cyprus

Nigeria

India

Switzerland Peacefully coexist- key is decentralized government