“The year of the massacre at Wounded Knee, 1890, it was officially declared by the Bureau of the Census that the internal frontier was closed. The profit system, with its natural tendency for expansion, had already begun to look overseas. The severe depression that began in 1893 strengthened an idea developing with the political and financial elite of the country: that overseas markets for American goods might relieve the problem of under consumption at home and prevent the economic crises that in the 1890s brought class war.”

Howard Zinn, “A People’s History of the United States, 1492–Present,” 1995Howard Zinn, A People’s History of the United States (New York: Harper Perennial, 1995), 290.The following three questions refer to the excerpt above

1. Which of the following events in the late 19th and early 20th centuries resulted from the idea described in the passage above?a. The creation of a new banking systemb. America’s initial neutrality in World War Ic. President Wilson’s support for the League of Nationsd. The acquisition of island territories by the United States

2. What factor most influenced “the tendency for expansion” noted in Zinn’s passage above?a. The extension of public control over natural resourcesb. The migration of large numbers of European immigrants to the United States throughout

the 19th centuryc. The rise of Populism in the late 19th centuryd. The transition of the United States from a rural, agricultural society to an urban, industrial

one3. Which of the following ideas was NOT a reason for the "tendency of expansion"?

a. The need for bases for a strong navyb. Undeveloped nations need for the United States' helpc. Adherence to basic principle of self-governmentd. Opportunity to dominate trade

"... the Americans may reasonably look forward to a time when they will have produced a civilization grander than any the world bas known. Among the most striking features of the Anglo-Saxon is his money-making power. .. We have seen . . . that, although England is by far the richest nation of Europe, we have already outstripped her in the race after wealth.... [A] characteristic of the Anglo-Saxon is what may be called an instinct or genius for colonizing. His unequaled energy, his indomitable perseverance, and his personal independence, made him a pioneer. He excels all others in pushing his way into new countries. It was those in whom this tendency was strongest that came to America, and this inherited tendency has been further developed by the westward sweep of successive generations across the continent. So noticeable has this characteristic become that English visitors remark it. Charles Dickens once said that the typical American would hesitate to enter heaven unless assured that he could go farther west."

Josiah Strong, "Anglo-Saxon Predominance," 1891The following three questions refer to the excerpt above

4. Which earlier movement in America offers some proof to what is being asserted in the passage?a. Jacksonian democracyb. Market revolutionc. Great Awakeningd. Manifest Destiny

5. The arguments used by Strong reflect a philosophy of racial superiority calleda. Social Darwinismb. Enlightenmentc. Gospel of Wealthd. Transcendentalism

6. Strong's racial argument in favor of AngloSaxon superiority and his "genius for colonizing" statement was used to justify which imperialistic action that was taking place in the 1890s?a. Purchasing of Alaskab. Open Door Policyc. Taking the Philippinesd. Building the Panama Canal

The following three questions refer to the cartoon above

7. Individuals opposed to the concept in the cartoon would have most likely agreed with which of the following perspectives?a. America should avoid imperialist expansionb. America was morally obligated to spread Christianityc. America should maintain a position as a global interventionistd. American industry must expand to compete against Europe

8. Which of the following was an immediate cause of increased American influence in the Caribbean and Pacific Islands?a. American victory in the Spanish-American Warb. American victory in World War Ic. the closing of the American frontierd. the efforts of muckrakers to expose the ills of society

9. The ideas expressed in the cartoon best characterize which if the following periods in United States history?a. Imperialismb. Manifest Destinyc. Early Industrial Revolutiond. Federalist Era

We admit that in many places and in ordinary times the defendants in saying all that was said in the circular would have been within their constitutional rights. But the character of every act depends upon the circumstances in which it is done...The question in every case is whether the words used are used in such circumstances and are of such a nature as to create a clear and present danger that they will bring about the substantive evils that Congress has a right to prevent.

The majority opinion in Schenck v. U.S., 1917

The following three questions refer to the excerpt above10. The court decision above is a continuation of which of the following acts

a. Alien and Sedition Acts of 1790s that restricted civil libertiesb. Reconstruction Acts of the 1860s that dictated the post civil war process for Southern

statesc. Dawes Severalty Act of the 1890s that offered nominal citizenship to Native Americansd. Pendleton Act 1880s that provided civil service exams for Federal jobs

11. The decision excerpted most directly reflected a belief that the power of the federal government should be used toa. limit freedoms during wartimeb. expand rights of the accusedc. curtail religious freedomd. guarantee corporate contracts

12. Which of the following amendments of the Constitution is challenged by the decision in this case?a. the First Amendment, protecting freedom of speechb. the Fifth Amendment, guaranteeing due processc. the Fourth Amendment, protecting personal propertyd. the Fourteenth Amendment, guaranteeing equal treatment under the law

We younger Negro artists who create now intend to express our dark-skinned selves without fear or shame. If white people are pleased, we are glad. If they are not, it doesn’t matter. We know we are beautiful. And ugly too. The tom-tom cries and the tom-tom laughs. If colored people are pleased we are glad. If they are not, their displeasure doesn't matter either. We build our temples for tomorrow, strong as we know how, and we stand on top of the mountain, free within ourselves.”

Langston Hughes, “The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain,” 1926

The following two questions refer to the excerpt above13. The sentiments expressed in the quotation above are best understood in the context of the

a. existence of segregation laws in the South.b. Harlem Renaissance movementc. restrictions on free speech coming out of World War Id. rise of cinema in the 1920s.

14. The “Great Migration” out of the South by many African Americans during World War I was most immediately the result ofa. the first Red Scareb. their economic displacement due to the rising number of migrants from Mexico moving

into the Southc. the influence of the mass mediad. economic opportunities created by the demands of World War I

Whoever, when the United States, is at war, shall willfully make or convey false reports or false statements with intent to interfere with the operation or success of the military or naval forces of the United States or to promote the success of its enemies…and whoever, when the United States is at war, shall willfully cause or attempt to cause insubordination, disloyalty, mutiny, or refusal of duty, in the military or naval forces of the United States…and whoever, when the United States is at war, shall willfully obstruct the recruiting or enlistment service of the United States…shall be punished by a fine of not more than $10,000 or imprisonment for not more than twenty years, or both...

Source: Espionage Act, 1918The following three questions refer to the excerpt above

15. Which of the following was most likely prohibited during the WWI years as a result of the law above?a. peacefully supporting the Alliesb. writing a book that glorified Germanyc. discouraging someone from registering for the war draftd. traveling on British passenger ships

16. In 1919, the Supreme Court in Schenck vs. U.S. upheld the constitutionality of the Espionage Act establishing the____________doctrine as legal precedent.a. “separate but equal”b. “clear and present danger”c. “elastic clause”d. “eminent domain”

17. The constitutional debate surrounding the Espionage Act is most similar to the constitutional debate surrounding which of the following?a. the formation of the Anti-Imperialist League.b. the ratification of the 17th amendmentc. The Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798d. Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890

The following four questions refer to the image above

18. Which of the following early 20th-century cultural conflicts most directly contradicted the scene portrayed in the image above?a. Idealism versus disillusionmentb. Native-born versus new immigrantsc. Urban versus rurald. Fundamentalism versus modernism

19. Which of the following federal actions during World War I most directly undercut the message of the poster above?a. Restrictions on freedom of speechb. A ban on all immigration to the United Statesc. Limiting African American migration to northern citiesd. Outlawing labor union activities such as strikes

20. The overarching message of this piece of propaganda wasa. Spread propaganda to promote cultural harmonyb. convince young men to register for the draftc. defend humanitarian and democratic principlesd. raise money to pay for World War I

21. How did U.S. participation in World War I impact U.S. foreign policy in the decade right after the war? a. The United States became isolationist in its diplomatic and political relations. b. The United States used the military to acquire new territories. c. The United States joined the League of Nations. d. The United States strengthened its alliances in Latin America.

Cartoon by James P Alley 1919The following three questions refer to the image above

22. The concern illustrated in the cartoon above was most consistent with support fora. restrictive immigration quotasb. Progressive reformsc. U.S. entry into World War Id. labor unions

23. Which of the following events most directly contributed to the attitudes expressed in the cartoon above?a. The debate over the League of Nations in the United States following World War Ib. The expansion of freedom of speech during World War Ic. Labor strikes which disrupted society following World War Id. The shortage of an inexpensive supply of labor

24. The cartoon above is best understood in the context ofa. the Great Migrationb. the Red Scarec. American imperialismd. the Treaty of Versailles

"..frustrations felt …during the first World War and the subsequent disclosure by historians and journalist of the shoddy motives that had apparently been at the base of American intervention. Some were pacifist who felt vindicated by the failure of the Versailles Treaty. Other had supported the war and apparently felt guilty about the results of their actions. Still others examined the quickly opened diplomatic documents of Russia and the Central Powers and discovered evidence that Germany, the chief object of hatred during the war, was probably less guilty…that her ally Austria or.. America's allies Russia and France. The moral and religious fervor which the war had been conducted contrasted painfully with the story of sordid imperialistic intrigue, diplomatic conniving, deceitful secret treaties, peace initiatives squashed by America's allies, undemocratic methods used by leaders even as they mounted Wilson pieties…"

Robert M. Crunden, From Self to Society, 1919 - 1941, Prentice-Hall, c1972The following two questions refer to the excerpt above

25. The results of WWI caused which reformed minded group to become frustrated with America in the 1920sa. Progressivesb. Instrumentalistc. Pragmatistsd. Darwinians

26. A group of young people who succumbed to the disillusionment created by WWI and the end of many reforms were calleda. A selfish generationb. Lost generationc. Baby boomersd. Silent majority

Just as he was an Elk, a Booster, and a member of the Chamber of Commerce, just as the priests of the Presbyterian Church determined his every religious belief and the senators who controlled the Republican Party decided in little smoky rooms in Washington what he should think about disarmament, tariff, and Germany, so did the large national advertisers fix the surface of his life, fix what he believed to be his individuality. These standard advertised wares—toothpastes, socks, tires, cameras, instantaneous hot-water heaters—were his symbols and proofs of excellence; at first the signs, then the substitutes, for joy and passion and wisdom.

Sinclair Lewis "Babbitt"The following four questions refer to the excerpt above27. Which of the following most clearly represents what Sinclair Lewis is criticizing in the

selection from Babbitt?a. U.S. failure to join the League of nations following WWIb. The growth of big businessc. Control of the U.S. government by Protestant religious establishmentd. The shallow and superficial nature of American Society

28. A highly charges Tennessee court case in the 1920s reflected religious conflict betweena. Catholics and Protestantsb. creationist and "big bang" theoristsc. fundamentalist Christianity and scientific modernismd. adherents of Social Darwinism and adherent of the Social Gospel

29. The foreign policy of the 1920s reflected what change from the two preceding decades?a. An expansive role in international bodies like World Court and League of Nationsb. Movement toward a more isolationistic posturec. A more aggressive and jingoistic policy toward Latin Americad. A massive military buildup so the "preparedness for war" would never again be an issue

30. Which of the following best characterizes the stance of the writers associated with the literary movement of the 1920’s, such as Sinclair Lewis and F. Scott Fitzgerald?a. Sympathy for Protestant fundamentalismb. Nostalgia for the “good old days”c. Commitment to the cause of racial equalityd. Criticism of middle-class conformity and materialism

"Until four-thirty this morning I had hoped against hope that some miracle would prevent a devastating war in Europe and bring to an end the invasion of Poland by Germany.

"For four long years a succession of actual wars and constant crises have shaken the entire world and have threatened in each case to bring on the gigantic conflict which is today unhappily a fact…

"It is easy for you and for me to shrug our shoulders and to say that conflicts taking place thousands of miles from the continental United States, …do not seriously affect the Americas -- and that all the United States has to do is to ignore them and go about (our) its own business…

"This nation will remain a neutral nation, but I cannot ask that every American remain neutral in thought as well. Even a neutral has a right to take account of facts. Even a neutral cannot be asked to close his mind or close his conscience.

"I have said not once but many times that I have seen war and that I hate war. I say that again and again."

Franklin Roosevelt, Fireside Chat, September 3, 1939The following three questions refer to the excerpt above

31. The tone of FDR's fireside chat reflects his belief thata. the US should remain completely neutral in WWIIb. WWII will have little impact on the United Statesc. moral necessity would force the U.S. into ward. Japan posed the greatest threat to U.S. interests

32. FDR's foreign policy in the late 1930s reflected what change from the foreign policy of the 1920s?a. A return to the isolationism of the Gilded Ageb. A call for increased military invention in Latin Americac. More aggressive confrontation with the USSRd. Greater involvement in world affairs

33. By the time of U.S. entry into WWII in December 1941, the U.S. had done all of the following EXCEPTa. provide the Allies with much-needed suppliesb. move Japanese Americans to internment campsc. institute the first peacetime draft in U.S. historyd. meet with Allied leaders to agree on war aims

“The system of quotas . . . was the first major pillar of the Immigration Act of 1924. The second provided for the exclusion of persons ineligible to citizenship.... Ineligibility to citizenship and exclusion applied to the peoples of all the nations of East and South Asia. Nearly all Asians had already been excluded from immigration. . . . The exclusion of persons ineligible to citizenship in 1924... completed Asiatic exclusion. . . . Moreover, it codified the principle of racial exclusion into the main body of American immigration and naturalization law.” Mae M. Ngai, historian, Impossible Subjects: Illegal Aliens and the Making of Modern America,

2004The following two questions refer to the excerpt above

34. The Immigration Act of 1924 produced highly discriminatory results because ita. created a guest worker program that encouraged temporary immigration but denied

citizenship b. relied on a series of literacy tests and physical examinations to manage immigrationc. placed restrictions on immigration by national origin, ethnicity, and race d. encouraged immigration of people with highly sought after skills or family in the United

States

35. Which of the following evidence would best support Ngai’s argument in the excerpt?a. Census data showing the changing percentages of the foreign-born population from 1920

to 1930 b. Narratives describing the challenges of immigrant family life in the 1920s c. Diplomatic correspondence reflecting the increasing isolationism of United States foreign

policy in the 1920s and 1930s d. Census data revealing the Great Migration of African Americans to cities in the North

and West in the 1920s

The following three questions refer to the image above

36. The poster was intended to a. persuade women to enlist in the military b. promote the ideals of republican motherhood c. advocate for the elimination of sex discrimination in employment d. convince women that they had an essential role in the war effort

37. The poster most directly reflects the a. wartime mobilization of United States society b. emergence of the United States as a leading world power c. expanded access to consumer goods during wartime d. wartime repression of civil liberties

38. The famous image of "Rosie the Riveter" and other images of women working during WWIIa. symbolized the erosion of some of the prejudice against women working in traditionally

male jobsb. symbolized a permanent change in the status of working mothers in the American

economy.c. symbolized the continued categorization of women in jobs deemed appropriate for them

by male bosses.d. showed how women's work was analogized to their traditional roles in the home.

“The peace-loving nations must make a concerted effort in opposition to those violations of treaties and those ignorings of humane instincts which today are creating a state of international anarchy and instability from which there is no escape through mere isolation or neutrality.

“Those who cherish their freedom and recognize and respect the equal right of their neighbors to be free and live in peace, must work together for the triumph of law and moral principles in order that peace, justice and confidence may prevail in the world. There must be a return to a belief in the pledged word, in the value of a signed treaty. There must be recognition of the fact that national morality is as vital as private morality.”

President Franklin Roosevelt, Quarantine Speech, 1937

The following three questions refer to the excerpt above39. The ideas expressed in the excerpt differed from the prevailing United States approach to

foreign policy issues primarily in that Roosevelt was a. arguing to expand the role of the United States in the world b. encouraging the United States to avoid political entanglements in Europe c. seeking to promote United States influence throughout Latin America d. encouraging new laws that would give the United States international police power

40. The excerpt best reflects an effort by Roosevelt to a. encourage the ratification of the Treaty of Versailles b. promote the acquisition of new territories abroad c. contain the spread of Soviet-dominated communism d. overcome opposition to participation in the impending Second World War

41. Why did many U.S. congressional representatives dislike Franklin D. Roosevelt’s Quarantine Speech? a. They feared it would lead to United States involvement in World War II.b. They feared it would interfere with U.S. trade relations with China. c. They feared it would cause the United States to become more isolationist. d. The feared it would increase immigration problems.

“As the early years at Hull House show, female participation in that area of reform grew out of a set of needs and values peculiar to middle-class women in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. Settlement workers did not set out to become reformers. They were rather women trying to fulfill existing social expectations for self-sacrificing female service while at the same time satisfying their need for public recognition, authority, and independence. In the process of attempting to weave together a life of service and professional accomplishment, they became reformers as the wider world defined them.”

— Robyn Muncy, historian, Creating a Female Dominion in American Reform, 1890–1935, published in 1991

The following three questions refer to the excerpt above

42. Women working in settlement houses such as Hull House initially sought to helpa. formerly enslaved men and women adjust to life after slaveryb. immigrants adapt to American customs and languagec. farmers fight unfair banking practicesd. American Indians resist encroachment on their lands

43. Settlement house work as described by Muncy had the most in common with women’s activism during which of the following earlier periods?a. The Protestant evangelism of the mid-1700sb. The decade leading up to the American Revolutionc. The two decades following the American Revolutiond. The Second Great Awakening in the first half of the 1800s

44. Which of the following was the most direct effect of the trend described in the excerpt?a. The development of the Progressive movement to address social problems associated

with industrial societyb. The emergence of the Populist Party’s efforts to increase the role of government in the

economyc. The election of large numbers of women to political officesd. The increased participation of women in factory work

In one of its policies, the United States came close to direct duplication of Fascism. This was in its treatment of the Japanese-Americans living on the West Coast. After the Pearl Harbor attack, anti-Japanese hysteria spread in the government. One Congressman said: "I'm for catching every Japanese in America, Alaska and Hawaii now and putting them in concentration camps. ... Damn them! Let's get rid of them!"

Howard Zinn, A People’s History of the United States, 1980The following three questions refer to the excerpt above

45. Which of the following evidence would best support Zinn’s argument?a. the court ruling in Korematsu v. U.S.b. a personal account from an internment camp c. descriptions of Japanese contributions to military forcesd. census data documenting Asian immigration

46. The event from the excerpt above can be most directly linked to a. the attack on Pearl Harborb. a unilateral foreign policy that used international investmentc. the debate over the league of nationsd. the desire of the American public for neutrality

47. In the 1940’s, the views expressed by the many Americans directly led toa. the passing of Executive Order 9066, that interned Japanese-Americans living on the

West Coastb. the hiring of Japanese-Americans in defense-related jobs during World War IIc. the federal government freezing wages earned by Japanese-Americansd. the systematic execution of Japanese immigrants living in Hawaii