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Realidades 3: La salud Capítulo 3-1: La alimentación By the end of this chapter section, students will be able to… ESCUCHAR Comprehend spoken information and advice about food, diet, and nutrition LEER (GCA) Comprehend written information about food, diet, and nutrition HABLAR (GCA – Interactive Speaking) Give spoken advice to a friend or family member about food, diet, and nutrition ESCRIBIR Give written advice to a friend or family member about food, diet, and nutrition By the end of this chapter, students will… Know… Understand… Vocabulary related to: foods, diet, and nutrition giving advice Gramática: Review of infinitive constructions Review of direct object The characteristics of a healthy and balanced diet based on the food pyramid Nutritional value of specific foods How a typical diet in

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Realidades 3: La saludCapítulo 3-1: La

alimentación

By the end of this chapter section, students will be able to…ESCUCHARComprehend spoken information and advice about food, diet, and nutrition

LEER (GCA)Comprehend written information about food, diet, and nutrition

HABLAR(GCA – Interactive Speaking)Give spoken advice to a friend or family member about food, diet, and nutrition

ESCRIBIRGive written advice to a friend or family member about food, diet, and nutrition

By the end of this chapter, students will…Know… Understand…Vocabulary related to: foods, diet, and nutrition giving advice

Gramática: Review of infinitive

constructions Review of direct object

pronouns Review of indirect object

pronouns Formation and uses of

affirmative tú commands (regular and irregular)

Formation and uses of negative tú commands (regular and irregular)

The characteristics of a healthy and balanced diet based on the food pyramid

Nutritional value of specific foods

How a typical diet in Spanish-speaking countries compares to a typical diet in the United States.

How a healthy diet compares to an unhealthy diet.

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Atracciones futuras: Cap. 3-2: Las enfermedades – las causas, los síntomas, y la prevención Cap. 3-3: La actividad física y el estrés

Vocabulario – Capítulo 3-1La dieta y la alimentación

los alimentoslos alimentosel guía pirámide de alimentoslos grupos de alimentos

las verduraslas verduras vegetableslas legumbres (los frijoles, los guisantes, los cacahuates)

legumes / vegetables in pods

el aguacateel maízlas espinacas

las frutasla piñala sandía

los productos lácteosla leche de soyala leche descremadala leche enterael quesolos alimentos ricos en (calcio)

los granosel arroz integralel pan integrallos granos enteros

las carnes y frijoleslas carneslas carnes magras (el pollo, el pavo, la carne molida baja en grasa)los frijoleslos mariscoslos camarones (las gambas, España)el pescado

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el atúnlos huevosla nuez; las nueces

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aceites, dulces, y otros alimentosel aceiteel aderezolas grasas

la alimentaciónel calciola cantidadel hábito alimenticioel hierroel nivel (alto nivel, bajo nivel)el peso apropiadoel planel sodiola alimentaciónla comida basurala comida grasosala dietala edadla energíala estaturala fibrala mitadla proteínala variedadlas etiquetasla vitaminalos carbohidratoslos consejos (el consejo)una buena fuente de (proteína, vitamina C)sin azúcarsin grasa / descremado,-abajo,-a en grasa

actividades relacionadas con la nutriciónañadirbajar de pesocambiarconsumircontener [i.e.]enfocar

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elegir [i]evitarincluirmantenermantenerse (sano)medir [i]planearprobar [ue]saltar (una comida)seguir (Yo sigo)tomarvariar (pres. varío, varías, varía, variamos, varían)

vigilar

la moderaciónla onzala porciónla tazamedia taza

congelado, -afresco, -afrito, -aseco,-a

equilibrado, -aligero,-anutritivo, -apesado,-asaludable (adj.; See vocabulary note)sano,-a (adj. o adv.; See vocab note)

otras palabras importantesaunqueen vez dedemasiado,-a (See vocabulary note)la manera

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Demasiado,-aDemasiado can be used as an adjective or an adverb. When used as an adjective, there are multiple forms to agree with the noun it describes.

Used as an adjective (description of a noun): Forms change.Él come demasiada comid a grasosa.He eats too much greasy food.Debes evitar demasiados dulce s en la dieta.You should avoid too many sweets in your diet.

Used as an adverb (description of an adjective): Form doesn’t change.A menudo los restaurantes sirven porciones demasiado grandes.Restaurants often serve portions that are too large.Las papas fritas son demasiado grasosas.French fries are too greasy.

Demasiado is NOT interchangeable with también, meaning too or also.

Used as an adverb (description of a verb): Form doesn’t change.Desafortunadamente, comemos demasiado durante las Fiestas Navideñas.Unfortunately, we eat too much during the Christmas holidays.Es importante no comer demasiado.It’s important not to eat too much.

Mucho works like demasiado.Es importante comer muchas verdur as . Used as adjective.La Sra. Martínez tiene una dieta con mucha variedad. Used as adjective.Me gusta mucho las frutas cítricas. Used as adverb.

No comí mucho ayer. Used as adverb.Sano vs. Saludable

Sano describes healthy people and animals.José es una persona sana.Los gatitos son sanos.

Sano refers to healthy in terms of free of illness.Luis y Lupe tienen una relación sana. (not a disfunctional relationship)Afortunadamente, mis abuelitos son sanos. (They’re not ill.)

Only sano can be used as an adverb. (to describe a verb)Debemos comer sano. Describes comer.Es importante vivir sano. Describes vivir.

Both saludable and sano can be used in the sense of beneficial to health – healthy living, healthy diet.Fumar no es sano. Fumar no es saludable.Es sano hacer deporte. Es saludable hacer deporte.Come una dieta sana. Come una dieta saludable.Vive de una manera sana. Vive de una manera saludable.

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Debemos comer las meriendas sanas. Debemos comer las meriendas saludables.

A ver si recuerdas: Capítulo 3-1 – La alimentaciónlas verduras

la cebollala ensaladalos guisanteslas judías verdesla lechugala papa (la patata España)la sopa de verdurasel tomatela zanahoria

las frutaslas frutas cítricasel jugo de naranja (el zumo España)el melónel plátano / el bananola manzanalas fresaslas uvas

las carnes y frijolesel bistecel jamónel pavoel pescadoel polloel puercoel tocinola carne de reslas salchichas

los granosel arrozel cerealel panel pan tostadolos espaguetis

productos lácteosel heladoel yogur (el yogurt) both spellings are usedla lechela leche de chocolate

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dulces y aceitesel azúcarel pastelel postrela galletala mantequilla

comiendocomerbebertomardesayunaralmorzar [ue]cenarmerendar [ie]la comidael desayunoel almuerzola cenala merienda; el bocadillo

actividadescocinarcortarescogerprepararservir [i]

descripcionesbueno, -a / malo, -a para la saludcalientefrío,-apicantehorrible¡Qué asco!delicioso, -arico, -asabroso, -ael sabor / los sabores

otras frases y expresionescada díadeber + infinitivodiario,-apara + infinitivopor eso

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tener que + infinitivoVocabulario Suplementario: Más Alimentos y Palabras Adicionales

las verdurasel apio celeryel brócoli broccoliel puré de papas mashed potatoesla calabaza pumpkinla calabacita zucchini squashla coliflor cauliflowerla papa dulce sweet potato

las frutasel limón limeel melocotón; el durazno peachel puré de manzana applesaucela mandarina tangerinela pera pearla toronja grapefruitlas pasas raisins

las carnes y frijolesel bacalao codla mantequilla de maní; la mantequilla de cacahuete (España); la crema de cacahuate (México)

peanut butter

las albóndigas meatballslos garbanzos chickpeaslos huevos revueltos scrambled eggsla chuleta de cerdo pork chop

los granosel pan árabe pita breadel panecillo (bread) rollla avena oatmealla matecada muffinlas galletas de trigo integral whole-wheat crackerslas palomitas de maíz popcornlos fideos noodleslos macarrones macaroni

alimentos adicionalesel emparedado / el sándwich sandwichel pudín puddingla canela cinnamonla gelatina Jello

aparatos eléctricos en la cocinael horno ovenel microondas microwavela estufa stovela arrocera rice cookerla licuadora blender

en el supermercadolos alimentos congelados frozen foodsel estante rackla escala scalela canasta de compras shopping basketel pasillo aisle

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las bebidas beverageslos artículos de hogar household goods

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Vocabulario suplementario para cocinarLas porciones

la cucharada (cda – abreviación) tablespoonla cucharadita (cdita – abreviación) teaspoonla libra poundla onza ouncela porción portion; servingla rebanada slice (of bread, of pineapple)la taza (measuring or coffee) cupmedia taza ½ cupcuarta taza ¼ cuplos pedazos / los pedacitos pieces / small pieceslos trozos / los trocitos pieces / small pieces

Tipos de preparacionesa la parilla grilled (outdoors)a la plancha grilled (indoors)

agregar to addaplastar aplastado,-a to crushasar asado,-a to roastcalentar [ie] calentado-a to heatcocer al vapor cocido,-a al vapor to steamcolocar to put or placecombinar combinado-a to combinecortar to cutcubrir to coverdevolver devuelto-a to returndisolver disuelto-a to dissolvedorar to brown; to toastenjuagar to rinseenrollar enrollado-a to rollenvolver envuelto-a to wrapescurrir escurrido-a to drainespolvorear to sprinklefreír [i] to fryhervir [ie] to boilhornear horneado,-a to bakemedir [i] medido.-a to measuremezclar to mixpicar to dice or choprepartir to splitsofreír sofrito,-a to stir-fry

otros adjetivoscocido,-a cookedcrudo,-a rawcrujiente crunchyenlatado,-a canned

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Gramática: A ver si recuerdasInfinitive constructions

An infinitive is a verb that is not conjugated. In Spanish, infinitives always end in –ar, -er, or –ir. To express obligation, these verbs are often followed infinitives:

deber = to ought to; shouldnecesitar = to need

tener que = to have to (do something)

Debes incluir pan integral en tu dieta. You should include whole grain bread in your diet.

Tengo que comer más frutas y verduras.

I have to eat more fruits and vegetables.

Los niños necesitan tomar dieciséis onzas de leche cada día.

Children need to drink sixteen onces of milk each day.

In impersonal expressions. These expressions are often followed infinitives:

Es bueno = It’s goodEs mejor = It’s betterEs malo = It’s badEs divertido = It’s fun

Es importante = It’s importantEs interesante = It’s interestingEs necesario = It’s necessaryHay que = One must

Es bueno consumir alimentos que son nutritivos.

It’s good to consume foods that are nutritious.

Es importante beber agua cuando tienes sed.

It’s important to drink water when you are thirsty.

Es necesario beber leche para tener huesos fuertes.

It’s necessary to drink milk to have strong bones.

Hay que visitar el sitio de Web www.mypyramid.gov.

One must visit the website www.mypyramid.gov. .

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Gramática: A ver si recuerdas

Para describir la comida: Ser vs. EstarTo describe the general characteristics of a type of food, use SER. La sopa es caliente. (Soup is hot.) El helado es congelado. (Ice cream is frozen.) La paella es un plato español hecho de arroz, azafrán, mariscos, y verduras. (Paella is a Spanish dish made of rice, saffron, shellfish, and vegetables.)

To describe how a particular food tastes, use ESTAR. Esta sopa está deliciosa. (This soup is delicious.) ¡Qué asco! La sopa está fría. (Yuck! The soup is cold.) Estas galletas están ricas. (These cookies are delicious.)

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Gramática: A ver si recuerdasbien vs. bueno (buen, buena, buenos, buenas)

bien = well adverb bueno, buen, buena, buenos, buenas = good All forms of the same adjective.

Adjectives (bueno/ -a / -os / -as) Adverbs (bien) Adjectives describe nouns. Adjectives agree in gender &

number with the nouns they modify.

Adverbs describe verbs (how something is/was done), adjectives, and other adverbs.

Adverbs do not change forms.bueno, buen, buena, buenos, buenas = good

1. The adjective bueno (buena, buenos, buenas) can be placed either before or after the noun it modifies, but its placement affects the meaning.

2. Buen is a shortened form of the masculine, singular form bueno. It is used ONLY in front of a masculine, singular noun.

Carlitos es un buen estudiante. Carlitos is a good student. The emphasis is on what kind of student he is. He works hard and gets good grades. The shortened form buen is used because it goes before estudiante, a masculine, singular

noun. Buen is an adjective describing estudiante.

Carlitos es un estudiante bueno. Carlitos is a good person who is a student. The emphasis is that he is a GOOD and noble person. Bueno is NOT shortened because is it placed after the noun. Bueno is an adjective describing estudiante.

3. Do not overuse the word bueno and its forms. Use better, more descriptive adjectives.

4. Especially don’t use bueno to describe food. Instead, use rico, sabroso, or delicioso.

o La ensalada está sabrosa. (not buena)o Las naranjas están ricas. (not buenas)

5. But you can say, …o Las frutas y verduras son muy buenas para la salud.o Fruits and vegetables are very good for your health.

bien = well1. Bien is an adverb, not an adjective. Adverbs do NOT describe nouns; they

describe verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs.2. The most common use of bien is to describe a verb.

Adela no come bien porque come mucho azúcar y grasas en su dieta.Adela doesn’t eat well because she eats a lot of sugar and fats in her diet.

Bien describes how she eats (or doesn’t eat). It describes the verb come.

Bien = answers HOW, Bueno = answers WHAT KIND?14

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Gramática: A ver si recuerdas

mucho vs. muy vs. más muy = very (Estoy muy cansado. La leche es muy nutritiva.) mucho = a lot (No como mucho. Él corre mucho. mucho / mucha / muchos / muchas + noun = a lot of… (No como muchas

frutas. Compramos mucha carne.) más = more, anymore (Necesito comprar más pan. No como la comida

basura más.)

Las frutas tienes muchas vitaminas. Fruits have a lot of vitamins.Muchas is an adjective used to describe the vitaminas. It is feminine, plural in form to agree with vitaminas.

La leche tiene mucho calcio. Milk has a lot of calcium.Mucho is an adjective used to describe the calcio. It is masculine, singular in form to agree with calcio.

Comimos mucho. We ate a lot.Mucho is an adverb, describing the verb comimos.

Tengo mucha hambre. I’m very hungry. Literally, I have a lot of hunger.Mucha is an adjective used to describe the hambre. It is feminine, singular in form to agree with hambre.

La sopa estaba muy sabrosa. The soup was very delicious.Muy is an adverb describing the adjective sabrosa.

¡Esta salsa es muy picante! This salsa is very hot!Muy is an adverb describing the adjective picante.

¿Quieres más postre? Do you want more dessert?Más is an adjective describing the noun postre.

No, gracias. No debo comer más. No, thank you. I shouldn’t eat (any)more.Más is an adverb describing the verb comer.

Estas fresas son las más ricas de la estación. These strawberries are the most delicious Más is an adverb describing the adjective ricas. ones of the season.

Este helado de chocolate es más rico que ese helado de fresa.This chocolate ice cream is more delicious than that strawberry ice cream. Más is an adverb describing the adjective rico.

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Gramática nueva

Mandatos – CommandsTelling people what to do (and what not to do)

Tú affirmative Use the 3rd person singular form of

the present tense (él, ella, Ud. form) Irregular verbs = di (decir), ve (ir),

sé (ser), sal (salir), haz (hacer), ten (tener), ven (venir), pon (poner) and mantén (mantener)

caminar caminajugar juegaabrir abrepedir pidetomar tomacomer comeescoger escogeir veseguir sigue

Tú negative Start with the “yo,” Take off

the “o,” Opposite ending and No! No! No! (Opposite ending for –ar verbs = -es, -er/-ir verbs = -as)

Irregular verbs = No des (dar), No estés (estar), No vayas (ir), No seas (ser)

Verbs ending in –car, -gar, and –zar have spelling changes (sacar no saques, llegar no llegues, cruzar no cruces)

hablar no hablessubir no subassalir no salgasescoger no escojascomer no comassaltar no saltesir no vayasseguir no sigas

Tú affirmative commands are easy – just use the “tú” form, minus the “s.”Compare:

Watch out for verbs with irregular “yo” forms!

comes = you eat

escribes = you write consumes = you

consume investigas = you

investigate tomas = you take eliges = you select escoges = you

choose sirves = you serve

come = eat! escribe = write! consume =

consume! investiga =

investigate! toma = take! elige = select! escoge = choose!

sirve = serve!

-go tengo, pongo, salgo, vengo, traigo, hago, caigo, sigo, valgo

-cer / -cir -zco conozco, ofrezco, pertenezco, conduzco, traduzco, crezco, establezco, parezco

-ger, -gir -jo recojo, escojo, protejo, dirijo, exijo, emerjo, elijo

otros = caber quepo, ver veo

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Completa las tablas con los mandatos familiares irregulares.

Infinitivo en español Mandatos afirmativos irregulares

Significado en inglés

mantener mantén

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Mandatos afirmativos y negativos con tú

verbo meaning aff. tú (+) neg. tú (-)bajar to lower, go down baja no bajesbeber to drink bebe no bebascambiar to change; to exchange cambia no cambiescomer to eat come no comascomprar to buy compra no compresconsumir to consume consume no consumascortar to cut corta no cortesdar to give da no deselegir to select, choose elige no elijasenfocar to focus enfoca no enfoquesescoger to choose escoge no escojasestar to be está no estésevitar to avoid evita no eviteshacer to make; to do haz no hagasincluir to include incluye no incluyasir to go ve no vayasleer to read lee no leasmantener to maintain mantén no mantengasponer to put, to place pon no pongaspreparar to prepare prepara no preparesprestar to pay (attention) presta no prestessalir to leave, to go out sal no salgasseguir to follow sigue no sigassaltar to skip (a meal) salta no saltesservir to serve sirve no sirvastener to have ten no tengastomar to take toma no tomesvariar to vary varía no varíesvenir to come ven no vengasvigilar to watch (out for) vigila no vigiles

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Direct Object PronounsPronombres de complemento directo

me noste os

lo, la los, las Tell who or what receives the action of the verb. (Paul bought some flowers. Bought

what? Flowers) They are used to replace a noun in order to avoid repetition. (Paul bought some flowers.

He gave the flowers to his wife. He gave them to his wife.)

Indirect Object PronounsPronombres de complemento indirecto

me noste osle les

Tell to whom or for whom the action is performed.(Paul bought some flowers for his wife. For whom? His wife)

Because le and les can be ambiguous, sometimes a + Ud. / él / ella / or a noun is used to clarify.

1. El medico le dio una inyección a ella.2. ¿Quién les trajo las medicinas a ustedes?3. La enfermera le trajo la radiografía al medico.

Indirect Object Pronouns are used with the verbs gustar, encantar, and doler. Me gusta ir al cine. Nos encantan los dulces. A Jorge le duele la pierna.

Indirect Object Pronouns are used with the verbs gustar, encantar, and doler.1. Me duele el brazo. (My arm hurts me.)2. A los niños no les gustan las inyecciones. (Shots are not pleasing to children.)

More on Indirect Object Pronouns and how they are different from Direct Object Pronouns

Direct Objects are what the verb directly acts upon. The Indirect Object is the person or thing in a sentence that the Direct Object is intended for. Indirect Objects indicate to whom or for whom an action is performed.

Bill hit the ball. (the ball = D.O.)Bill hit the ball to Sherry. (Sherry = I.O.)I wrote a letter. (a letter = D.O.)I wrote a letter to my friend Sharon. (my friend Sharon = I.O.)

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Pronoun placementWhere are these pronouns placed (positioned) in a sentence?

Reflexive pronouns Direct Object pronouns

Indirect object pronouns

me nos me nos me nos

te os te os te os

se se lo, la los, las le les

With a conjugated verb or with a negative command (but NOT with an affirmative command): The pronoun goes immediately before the conjugated verb.

-- Do you have the book today? --¿Tienes el libro hoy?-- No, I don’t have it. -- No, no lo tengo.

Don’t tell her. No le digas.Don’t eat it. No lo comas.

In the following cases, there is a choice of where to place the pronoun.o With Infinitivos (hacer, comer, hablar)o With Present participles (haciendo, comiendo, hablando) The pronouns may be placed either before the conjugated verb OR attached to the end of the infinitive or the present participle.

I have to do it. Tengo que hacerlo. / Lo tengo que hacer.I’m going to speak to her. Voy a hablarle. / Le voy a hablar.I’m doing it. Estoy haciéndolo. / Lo estoy haciendo.I’m speaking to her. Estoy hablándole. / Le estoy hablando.

With Affirmative CommandsThese pronouns (reflexive, direct object, & indirect object) MUST be attached to the end of the verb form. It is necessary to add an accent if the word has more than 2 syllables.

Do it. (la tarea) Hazla.Speak with her. Háblale.Eat them. (peas) Cómelos.Tell me. Dime.Give me it. (el lápiz) Dámelo.Stay healthy. Mantente sano. (Does not add accent when the pronoun in

added because the stress is on the middle syllable in this word – Mantente.)

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