tippletipsuk.weebly.comtippletipsuk.weebly.com/.../1/16319486/wset_level_3_-_… · Web viewGeisenheim: world famous wine research centre. Mosel/Bernkastel, Piesport. White

Wine (Region/Area) Colour Grape Varieties

Climatic & Soil influences Grapegrowing & Wine making influences

Style Price Notes (Similarities, specificities)

Bordeaux ACBordeaux Supérieur AC

Red Cab Franc, Cab Sauvignon, Merlot

Moderate maritime with: 1) warming effect from Gulfstream2) hi rainfall from AtlanticGravel

Mostly no oak DryMedium bodyBlackberry + cedar notes

** Bordeaux Supérieur = +0.5% min alcohol + mainly red

Bordeaux ACBordeaux Supérieur AC

White Sémillon, Sauvignon Blanc


No MLFCan be fermented and matured in new oak

Grassy elderflowerToasty if oak aged

**

Bordeaux/Haut Médoc AC

Red Cab Franc, Cab Sauvignon, Merlot


Top quality aged in new oak barriques

Very structured Hi tanninsHi acidityConcentrated blackcurrantToasted oakCan age for decades

*** 1855 classification with 5 rank system + cru bourgeois

Bordeaux/ Pauillac AC Red Cab Franc, Cab Sauvignon, Merlot

Moderate maritime with: 1) warming effect from Gulfstream2) hi rainfall from Atlantic

Gravel


Very structured Hi tanninsHi acidityConcentrated blackcurrantToasted oakCan age for decades

****+ Most powerful and structured of the Haud Medoc AC

St Julien AC Red Cab Franc, Cab Sauvignon, Merlot


Gravel


****+ Mid way between Pauillac and Margaux

Margaux AC Red Cab Franc, Cab Sauvignon, Merlot


Gravel


****+ More elegant

Pessac Léognan AC Red Cab Franc, Cab Sauvignon, Merlot


Gravelly soils well suited for Cab Sauv.

Lighter body vs. Haut MedocMore fragrant

****+ 1987 Cru Classé chateaux list

Graves AC Red Cab Franc, Cab Sauvignon, Merlot

Gravel Less complex vs. Pessac *** 1959 Cru Classé list of Châteaux

Saint Emilion ACSaint Emilion Grand Cru AC

Red Merlot, Cabernet Franc

1) well drained plateau with limestone and gravel (Grand Cru)2) escarpments with clay limestone soils (Grand Cru)3) sandy soils at foot of escarpment (lighter wines)

Lo yieldingAged in new French oak

Mod to hi tanninsSoft and rich mouthfeelComplex red berry fruit and plum aromasCan age for decades

********+

1955 Grand Cru system from Grd Cru Classé to 1er Grand Cru classé A & B

Bordeaux/Entre 2 mers AC


Sandier soil Best unoaked Dry **

Pessac Léognan AC White Sémillon, Sauvignon Blanc

Dry ****

Sauternes ACBarsac


Cooling influences of Garonne + CironMisty autumn conditions

Noble rot+Passerillage (drying grape on the vine)Late harvest with several triesLo yieldsGrape selectionFermented and aged in new oak barrels

SweetHi alcoholLusciously sweet vs. hi acidityRich textureOrange marmalade aromasNotes of apricot, honey and vanilla

**** Barsac can use Sauternes or Barsac

Others: 1eres cotes de Bordeaux AC, Loupiac AC

Cahors AC Red Malbec, Merlot, Tannat

Maritime climate but no cooling influences

Aged in oak for the best

Deep colourHi tanninsIntense dark berry fruitsCan age -> cedar, earth

*** Malbec min 70%

Madiran AC Red Tannat Maritime climate but no cooling influences

Deep colourHi tanninsConcentrated black fruit

***

Bergerac AC Red Cab Sauvignon, Cab Franc , Merlot


Bordeaux-style ** Also whites and rosés

Monbazillac AC White Sémillon, Sauvignon Blanc


Sweet **

Jurancon AC White Petit Manseng Maritime climate but no cooling influences

Sweet Hi acidity

*** Also dry white

Cotes de Gascogne IGP

White Ugni Blanc and others


Dry; Aromatic; Crisp ;LightGreen apples

*

Chablis AC1er cruGrand Cru

White Chardonnay Northern continental climateLimestone+kimmeridgian clayPortlandian clay (usually Petit Chablis)

1er cru: well exposed slopesGrand cru: hillside across the river

Hi acidityStony or smoky mineralityBasic: Austere with green plum fruit1er cru: riper fruit (lemon)Grd Cru: some oak flavoursCan age -> complex smoky flavours

*********+

1er cru (40): Montée de Tonnerre, Vaillons & Fourchaume

Grand crus (7): Les Clos, Grenouilles, La Moutonne

Cote de Nuits Villages AC

Red Pinot Noir Northern continental climateMostly on slopes facing south east or east maximising sun exposureLimestone+marlGuyot pruning

Traditional fermentation with sensitive use of oak maturation

Red fruit flavours: cherry, raspberry, strawberry) Usually full bodiedMed to hi tanninsMed to hi acidity

*** Also whites (Chardonnay)

Cote de Nuits 1er crus Grands Crus

Red Pinot Noir Northern continental climateMostly on slopes facing south east or east maximising sun exposureLimestone+marlGuyot pruning


Fullest bodied Pinot Noir in BurgundyMost longed-lived

****+ Most famous villages:Gevrey Chambertin ACVougeot AC Vosne Romanée ACNuits St Georges AC

Only 1 red grand crus in Cote de Beaune (Aloxe Corton)

Also in white (chardonnay)

Bourgogne Hautes Cotes de Nuit

Red Pinot Noir Northern continental climateMostly on slopes facing south east or east maximising sun exposureLimestone+marl // Guyot pruning


Lighter bodyless concentration vs. village

**

Cotes de Beaune Villages AC

Red Pinot Noir Northern continental climateMostly on slopes facing south east or east maximising sun exposureLimestone+marl // Guyot pruning


Red fruit flavours: cherry, raspberry, strawberry) Usually full bodiedMed to hi tannins & acidity

*** Only red. Blend from any villages except Volnay, Pommard, Aloxe, Beaune.

Cotes de Beaune1er Crus Grands Crus

White Chardonnay Northern continental climateBeaune

Traditional fermentation with sensitive use of oak maturationLo yields

****+ Most famous villages:Meursault ACPuligny Montrachet ACChassagne Montrachet ACBeaune ACPommard ACVolnay ACAloxe Corton AC whites

Bourgogne Hautes Cotes de Beaune

Reds Pinot Noir Northern continental climateMostly on slopes facing south east or east maximising sun exposureLimestone+marlGuyot pruning

Lighter bodyless concentration vs. village

** Also in whites (Chardonnay)

Bourgogne Cote Chalonnaise AC

Reds/Whites

Pinot NoirChardonnay

Northern continental climateMostly on slopes facing south east or east maximising sun exposureLimestone+marlGuyot pruning


Mature more quickly ** Less prestigious Rully AC - WGivry AC - RMercurey AC -RMontagny AC –W

Macon AC White Chardonnay MLF Good balance of fresh apple +citrusCrisp acidityMed to full body

* Macon Superieur AC = higher level of ripeness vs. Macon ACAlso reds (Pinot Noir or Gamay)

Macon villages ACMacon +village name AC

White Chardonnay Soft ChardonnayMore ripeness, body & character vs. Macon AC

** Can be a blend

Maconnais/Pouilly Fuissé AC

White Chardonnay Northern continental climateMostly on slopes facing south east or east maximising sun exposureLimestone+marlGuyot pruning Amphiteatre like slopes (natural suntrap)

Barrel ageing (new oak)

RichHi alcohol 14%Full bodiedRipe peach & melonSavoury nutty flavours from new oak

*** Communal appellation

Beaujolais AC Red Gamay Warm dry climateGranite soils

Wire trainingSpur pruned and shoots tied together to hold verticallyMainly Carbonic maceration

Lo tanninsLight bodyFruit-drivenKirsch, bananas, bubblegum and cinnamon

*

Beaujolais Villages AC10 Crus

Red Gamay Warm dry climateRolling hillsGranite soils

Free standing vinesGobelet trainingSome oak ageing (large VATs)

Lo to Med tanninsLight bodyRed fruit

*****

10 CrusChénas ACJuliénas ACMorgon ACFleurie ACChiroubles ACRégnié ACMoulin a vent ACSaint Amour ACCote de Brouilly ACBrouilly AC

Alsace AC WhiteReds

Pinot Gris, Riesling, Gewurtzraminer Muscat

SylvanerPinot BlancPinot NoirEdelzwicker

Cool, sunny dry climate with long dry autumnsVosges protection from winds & rainEast facing slopes = best sites

Slopes -> low training + orientation to maximise sun exposure + hand harvestingPlain -> high training to minimise spring frostDouble GuyotMinimal wine alteration/treatmentStainless steel or very old oak cask for fermentationNo MLF

Dry to off dryAromaticMed alcohol

Pinot Blanc:Dry, full bodied, spicy

Sylvaner:Best drunk young

Pinot Noir:Light fruity redFar less concentration and weight of Burgundy Pinot Noir

***

Alsace Grand Cru AC White Riesling, GewurtzraminerPinot GrisMuscat

Cool, sunny dry climate with long dry autumnsVosges protection from winds & rainEast facing slopes = best sites

Slopes -> low training + orientation to maximise sun exposure + hand harvestingPlain -> high training to minimise spring frostDouble GuyotMinimal wine alteration/treatmentStainless steel or very old oak cask for fermentationNo MLFUse of passerillage for VT and SGN

Riesling:Full bodied, dry, med alcohol, hi acidity, mineral character

Gewurtzraminer:Golden colourAromatic spicy nose of lychees, roses, baking spicesFull bodied with oily textureMed to Lo acidityHi alcoholGood with smoked fish, strong cheese+Asian dishes

Pinot Gris:Rich, full bodied, hi alcohol but less aromatic and colourful

Muscat: Grapey Muscat flavour, dry

**** Also in: VT:14% (Riesling/Musct) 15.5% (Gewurtz/PGris)

Selection Grains Nobles: 16.4% (Riesling/Musct)18.2% (Gewurtz/PGris)

Cousins:Auslese for VTBeerenAuslese for SGN

Muscadet ACMuscadet de Sevre et Maine ACMuscadet de Sevre et Maine sur Lie AC

White Melon Blanc Maritime climate with Atlantic ocean giving short mild winters and evenly rainfall. Warm summersMuscadet region on rolling slopes surrounding NantesMuscadet de Sevre -> Lac de GrandlieuMostly schist & gneissGood retention and drainage

Wire training growing to allow machine harvestingSpring debudding

Fermentation in large old casks

No ageingSur lie ageing for 3 months

Dry/AustereFresh Fine bubbles beading the rim of the glassMed- alcoholSur lie -> more yeasty characterDrink young with shellfish

*****

Anjou-Saumur/ Coteaux du Layon AC

White Chenin Blanc Sheltered valley by river layon Passerillage SweetFresh fruit Hi acidityMed+ alcoholBotrytised (orange marmalade & honey)

*** Quart de Chaume ACBonnezeaux AC

Anjou-Saumur/Savennieres AC

White Chenin Blanc North bank of LoireAir circulation + well exposed vineyards

Dry austere young due to hi acidityFull bodiedCan age -> honey + smokey mineral flavours

*** Close to Vouvray in style

Touraine/Vouvray AC White Chenin Blanc Northeast of ToursTuffeau chalky soil allows large root development + good drainage + hi acidity driven by hi calcium content for ripenin

Passerillage Fresh apple to exotic fruitRicher + rounder with ageBotrytis for sweet wines

*** Still, sparklingDry, medium dry or sweet

Central vineyards/Sancerre AC

White Sauvignon Blanc Cool continental (close to Burgundy)East side / West of LoireChalky well drained stony soilsLow south-east south-west facings hills

Fermented slowly in large wooden casks Pneumatic presses + temp controlled stainless steel VATs

Hi acidityDrink young (generally)

** Much more restrained vs. NZAlso reds (Pinot Noir)

Central Vineyards/Pouilly-Fumé AC

White Sauvignon Blanc Cool continental (close to Burgundy)East side / East side of LoireChalky well drained stony soils

DryHi acidity

** Close to Sancerre

N-Rhone/Cote Rotie AC

Red Syrah Continental: warm summersGranitic soilWinds prevent fungal diseasesBest: steep south-facing slopes

Strong sun exposure

Stakes/tepee growingHand harvest Co-fermentation with Viognier to stabilise colour and tannins+aromatic intensity and viscosity

Deep colourFull bodiedHi tanninsBlack fruit, black pepper, floral aromas Spicy, floral freshness and textural elegance

****+ If Viognier added, max. 20% allowed

N-Rhone/Condrieu AC White Viognier Continental: warm summersGranitic soilWinds prevent fungal diseasesSteep well exposed terrace vineyards

Best: lo yieldingNeeds careful handlingUse of new oak increasing

DryLo acidityHi alcoholRichExotic apricot, spice and floral aromas

****+ Chateau Grillet AC: single property

N-Rhone/Hermitage AC

Red Syrah Continental: warm summersGranitic soilWinds prevent fungal diseasesWell exposed steep slopes behind the town of Tain and along the Rhone

Possible to add Roussanne + Marsanne up to 15% for co fermentation

Deep colourFullest bodied Rhone wineHi tanninsBlack fruit, black pepper, floral aromasCan age very well

****+

N-Rhone/Crozes-Hermitage AC

Red Syrah Continental: warm summersGranitic soilWinds prevent fungal diseasesNorth-> slopesSouth -> Flat plain

> Possible to add Roussanne + Marsanne up to 15% for co fermentation> Carbonic maceration for less expensive light wines> Oak-ageing for expensive wines

Lighter machine harvested with carbonic maceration to full bodied complex concentrated wines

** Less prestigious higher volume region

S-Rhone/Cotes du RhoneCotes du Rhone village AC

Red Grenache,Syrah,Mourvedre,others

MediterraneanFlatter terrain vs. N-RhoneHi winds

> Grenache bush trained low to the ground to protect from wind & warmth from soil> Carbonic maceration frequentStorage in stainless steel> More stringent yields and minimum alcohol to reach for

Medium bodiedFruity Simple & soft

More body, structure and spiced red fruit flavours vs. generic

* 18 Villages: greater percentage of Grenache, Syrah, Mourvedre

Can be found in Northern rhone as well

S-Rhone/Chateauneuf du Pape AC

Red GrenacheSyrah,Mourvedre

Mediterranean

East bank of the RhoneReasonably flatWide range of soilsGalets soil that reflect and absorb heat during the day and redistribute it at night

Full bodiedHi alcoholConcentrated spiced red fruit flavours

**** 1st area to get ACRosé not permitted

Part of the 7 crus:Vacqueyras, Gigondas, Lirac, Tavel, Beaume de Venise, Vinsobres

S-Rhone/Lirac / Tavel Rosé Cinsault, Grenache

Mediterranean

West bank of Rhone

Full bodiedIntense flavour

** Tavel: only roséLirac: reds & whites too

Southern/Cotes du Roussillon

Reds Syrah, Grenach, Mourvedre, Carignan

Mediterranean

Rugged and mountainousLong sunlight hours, low rainfall + strong winds

Concentrated * Also rosé & whites

Rheingau/Rudesheim, Geisenheim, Johannesberg

White Riesling Cool continental with potentially wet summersNorthern bank of Rhein + Main riverModestly steep hills south facing+ protection of Taunus hills to the NorthRudesheim: steeper hills

Vineyards planted in rows up the slope or terracedHandworkStakes with canes tied at the top to maximise sun exposure

Minimal adjustments to the wine Stainless steel VATs or large oak vessels

Medium to full bodyHi acidityRipe peach flavour

** to ****+

Geisenheim: world famous wine research centre

Mosel/Bernkastel, Piesport

White Riesling Cool continental with potentially wet summersBernkastel/Piesport in middle Mosel along the Mosel river before it joins the Rhine up northSteep slopes with a south facing aspect and stony soil to maximise sun exposure and warmth

Vineyards planted in rows up the slope or terracedHandworkStakes with canes tied at the top to maximise sun exposure

Minimal adjustments to the wine Stainless steel VATs or large oak vessels

Light bodyLo alcoholHi acidityMedium sweetnessFloral green fruit character

** to ****+

Michelsberg – Grosslage from the flat area of Mosel

NiederOsterreich /Wachau

White Gruner Veltliner Moderate Cool continental with hi continentality and diurnal rangeCooling Northerly windsNorthern bank of the Danube river

Traditionally no oak ageing

Green grapes, salad, white pepper + mineral notes

*** Other reknowned areas: Kamptal, KremstalRiesling too

Hun/Tokaji White FurmintHarsleveluSarga Muscotaly (Muscat Blanc a petits grains

Continental climate with short, cold winters and long warm summersFoothills of the Carpathian mountainsSlopes + southerly exposures+long dry autumns+humidity from Bodrog and Tisza rivers

Grape selection while picking between aszu and szamorodni

Tokaji: berries macerated with base wine during/after fermentation for 36hoursPress+maturation for min 3 years with 2 in oak barrels

Deep amberHi acidityIntense aromas of orange marmalade, apricot & honey

**** Puttonyos system to express level of sweetness 0 to 5

Piemonte/Barolo DOCG + Barbaresco DOCG

Red Nebbiolo Mediterranean climate with cooling effect from altitude2 distinct soils:

1) Blue tortonian soils -> softer fruitier early maturing (Barolo)

2) Beiger Helvetian soil -> more structured and longer to mature (Monforte)

Best south facing sites

Vineyard: key to prevent disease + lo yielding grapeHail risks

Winery: keep to manage ripeness and tannins. Tradi: long macerationModern: use of rotary fermenters new oak barriquesMin 3 years ageing with 18mths in oakRiservas 5 years with 18mths in oak

Pale colourHi alcoholHi acidityHi tanninsStructural rigidityRed fruit, rose, liquorice, hay

**** Barbaresco DOCG = very similar, less structure, same price

Langhe DOC = best value Nebbiolo **

Veneto/Valpolicella DOC

Red Corvina,Rondinella,Molinara

Limestone+granite slopes Light FruitySour cherry characterHerbal notes with black fruitDrink young with duck, ham or salami

* Most red DOC after ChiantiBardolino similar style but from Lake garda areaValpolicella Classico zone: Illesi hills~ Good Beaujolais

Veneto/Valpolicella Amarone

Red Corvina,Rondinella,Molinara,

Limestone+granite slopes Passito: grapes dried after picking in special lodges

Full bodiedHi alcoholRichHi acidityNose of chocolate, dark rum and leather

****

Veneto/Valpolicella Recioto

White Corvina,Rondinella,Molinara

Limestone+granite slopes Passito: grapes dried after picking in special lodges

Sweet wineFull body; RichLighter in alcohol vs. amarone

****

Veneto/Soave DOC White Garganega East of Valpolicella areaVolcanic hills with basalt subsoil

Hi acidityPronounced floral notes of camomile and iris

* #1 wine in volumeClassico zone -> Soave Classico Superiore

Tuscany/Chianti DOCG/ Chianti Classico DOCG

Red Sangiovese MediterraneanAltitude 500m + Hi diurnal range => firm acidityRolling hills with clay over limestone

Min 80% Sangiovese

Use of oak botte or French barriques

Hi aciditySour cherry fruitEarthy dusty aromas

**

Tuscany/Brunello di Montalcino DOCG

Red Sangiovese (brunello)

Warmer drier climates vs. other Chianti zones + cool maritime breeze from south west for cool evenings/nightsClay over limestoneRolling hills

Barrique becoming standardMin 5 years ageing

Full bodyRichHi alcohol

****

Tuscany/Vino Nobile di Montepulciano DOCG

Red Sangiovese (prugnolo)

Clay over limestone with % of sand => lack of finesseEast to south east slopesWarmer eveningsBest sites: lower vineyards

Min 2 years ageing3 years for RiservaBotte replaced by new oak barriques

Full bodied > ChiantiHi alcohol > ChiantiLess finesse vs. Chianti/Brunello

***

Rioja/Rioja DOCa Red Tempranillo,Garnacha,MazueloGraciano

Northern spainAlong the Ebro riverSheltered by Cantabrian mountains3 sub-regions:1. Alavesa – 800m altitude+chalky soils+Atlantic influences lightest Riojas+finesse

2. Alta – 500-800m+limestone-based clay+Atlantic influences

3. Baja – warmer continental climate+heavy+lo rainfall great for Garnacha Tinta+Graciano

Low bush vines with gobelet systemWire training now allowed and growingTempranillo dominant for fruit (ripe strawberry/plum)Garnacha for body+alcoholGraciano to add powerful black fruit+ acidity+tannins+structure

Barrel maturation = keyTradi: long American oak barriques ageingNow: longer maceration+ French new oak shorter ageing

Deep colourHi tanninsLo acidityFull body Fruit+obvious oak characteristics

** to ***+

Mazuelo = Carignan = Carinena

Specific ageing reqs:Joven -> NoneCrianza -> 24 mths with 12mths in caskReserva -> 36 with 12 mths in caskGran Reserva -> 60mths with 24mths in cask

Rioja/Rioja DOCa White Viura,Malvasia,Garnacha Blanca

Northern spainAlong the Ebro riverSheltered by Cantabrian mountains3 sub-regions:1. Alavesa – 800m altitude+chalky soils+Atlantic influences 2. Alta – 500-800m+limestone-based clay+Atlantic influences3. Baja – warmer continental climate+heavy+lo rainfall

Viura main grape

Tradi: long American oak ageing golden colour, savoury flavoursNow: low temp fermentation, stainless steel for maximum fruit

*** Specific ageing reqs:Joven -> noneCrianza -> 18mthsReserva -> 18 with 6 mths in oakGran Reserva -> 48 mths with 12mths in oak

Catalunya/Priorat DOC

Red Grenache Carinena,Cab Sauvignon,others

Steeply terraced vineyards Good sun exposure+warmth from Llicorella soil (red slate+mica sparkling in the sun)Cooling effect of altitude especially at night Soil poor in nutrients but good water retention

Lo yieldsHandwork

Ageing in new French oak

Deep colourFull bodiedHI tanninsHi alcohol (min 13.5%)Fresh black fruit+toasty oak flavours

**** Also White and Rosé

Ribera del Duero DOC Red Tempranillo Continental climate mitigated by hi altitudeHi sunlight+Hi diurnal range perfect for Tempranillo

Long macerationShort ageing in new oak barrels (growingly French)

Dark colour > RiojaPowerful > RiojaAnstrigent tannins > RiojaDar fruit and plum character

**** Rosé as wellNo whites

Galicia/Rias Baixas DO White Albarino Maritime climate -> humid conditionsNorthwest of Spain

Pergola system to protect grapes from fungal diseases

Gentle handling and temperature control

DryDelicate, fragrant, fruityMed alcoholHi acidityDrink now

**

Douro Red Touriga Nacional,Touriga Franca,Tinta Roriz

Warm maritime (west) to hot continental (east)Steep hillsides terraces at 200 to 850m Schistose soil for good drainage/retention+reflecting heat during cool nights

Ripe fruitLively aciditySpicy + tannicFinesse + structure

** Tinta Roriz = Tempranillo

Barca Velha – most famous Portuguese red from Douro

Napa/Napa valley AVA

Red Cabernet Sauvignon/Merlot

California North Coast: btw Macamayas and the Vaca mountainsMediterranean climateHot and dry with cooling from fog from mountains (Davis II + III)Lo rainfall // Spring frosts: big issue

Irrigation needed (esp. In north)Long hang time of the fruit + hi tech winemakingUse new French oak

Extremely expressive Cab SauvignonOpulent complex ripe flavoursPowerful toasty

** to ****+

Napa/Rutherford AVA + Oakville AVA

Red Cabernet Sauvignon

California North Coast (Napa county)Volcanic soil, relatively fertile but free drainingBetween the Macamayas and the Vaca mountainsHot and dry with cooling from fog from mountains (Davis II)Rutherford: gravelly clay soilSpring frosts: big issue

Long hang time of the fruit + hi tech winemaking

Oil stoves + wind turbines vs. spring frost

Use new French oak

Med to hi alcoholSoft tanninsRipe dark cherry fruitPowerful

*** to ****+

Both part of Napa valley floorOpus I -> Oakville AVA

Napa/Mount Veeder AVA


California North Coast (Napa county)No cooling effect from fog but 800mVolcanic soilsMediterranean climate


Lo yields


Use new French oak

Hi alcoholFirm tanninsSpicyWell structuredRipe, dark fruit > Oakville/Rutherford

*** to ****+

Napa/Los Carneros AVA

Red Pinot Noir North Coast of CaliforniaCooling effect from ocean (Davis I) San Pablo bay’s fog in the morning blocking part of the sun


Ripe red fruit flavour (red cherry, strawberry)

*** to ****+

Also Chardonnay

Sonoma/Russian river valley

Red Pinot Noir North Coast of CaliforniaCool conditions; often foggySandy+gravellyAlong Russian River


ElegantRipe red fruit flavour (red cherry, strawberry)

*** to ****+

Also Chardonnay

Sonoma/Alexander Valley


North Coast of CaliforniaProximity to oceanic fog+wind ingress through coastal gapsSignificantly warmerFertile valley



Use new French oak

Soft textured Full bodied

*** to ****+

Sonoma/Dry Creek Valley

Red Zinfandel North Coast of California Proximity to oceanic fog+wind ingress through coastal gapsClayey, gravelly soils (stony hillsides)

Old vine ZinfandelOil stoves + wind turbines vs. spring frost

Vigorous reds ** to ****+

Zinfandel = PrimitivoAlso Sauvignon

US/Central valley/Lodi

Red Zinfandel / Cabernet Sauvignon

Central Valley of CaliforniaCooler vs. rest of Central valley (Davis III-IV) and similar to Napa thanks to cooling breezes from San Francisco bay

Hi yieldsOld vines

Full bodyHi alcoholConcentrated red berries

** to ****+

Reputation for Zinfandel

Chile/Aconcagua region/Casablanca sub region

White Chardonnay /Sauvignon Blanc

North of Chile (north of Santiago)Chile: warm Mediterranean climateCooling influences from Andes (east) and Pacific Ocean (west). Morning mists and afternoon winds from the ocean

Irrigation *****

Also Pinot Noir~San Antonio neighbouring subregion

Chile/Central Valley/Rapel/Colchagua zone + Cachapoal zone

Red Carmenere/Cab Sauvignon/Syrah

Just South of SantiagoChile: warm MediterraneanCachapoal: no ocean breezes -> warmColchagua: large and more varied, influence of Rapel river

Irrigation Full bodied reds *** to ****+

Arg/Mendoza/Uco Valley

Red Malbec/Cabernet SauvignonBonarda

Arg: continental climate with cooling effect from altitude + large diurnal rangeMendoza: True desert conditionsAltitude + snow-melt from Andes (west)Altitude key to cool temp and to increase diurnal rangeUco Valley: highest in Mendoza 1400mSummer hail: regular hazard

Drip+flood irrigationOrganic possible thanks to dry conditions

Hi acidityFreshCan age

*to*****

Mendoza: 70% of ARG wine productionBonarda:

Arg/Mendoza/Lujan de Cuyo

Red Malbec Arg: continental climate with cooling effect from altitude + large diurnal rangeMendoza: True desert conditionsAltitude + snow-melt from Andes (west)Altitude key to cool temp and to increase diurnal rangeLujan de cuyo: 1000m


Soft, round, sweet spice from old Malbec vines

** Mendoza: 70% of ARG wine production

Arg/Mendoza/Maipu Red Malbec/Syrah/Cabernet sauvignon

Arg: continental climate with cooling effect from altitude + large diurnal rangeMendoza: True desert conditionsAltitude + snow-melt from Andes (west)Altitude key to cool temp and to increase diurnal rangeMaipu: 700m hi


Large wineries + bulk wine

Elegant Fresh floral aromas

* Mendoza: 70% of ARG wine productionAlso Bonarda

SA/Coastal/Stellenbosch district

Red Cabernet SauvignonShiraz

Just inland from False bay and by mountainsGood sufficient rainfall in winter and Variety of soil, aspect and altitude -> terroirBest terroir: hillside wtih acid soils

Bordeaux style blends Cab+merlot

Dark, plummy * to***** to ***

AUS/South-eastern Australia

Red Shiraz+Cabernet Aus: predominantly mediterraneanMainly from Murray-Darling and RiverinaDry and Hot

Irrigation from Murrumbidgee River

Blends rather than co fermentation

Bulk wine * Also Semilllon sweet wines from long autumn (Botrytised)+ Cheap Chardonnay-Sémillon blends

AUS/South Australia/Barossa Valley

Red Shiraz AUS: Mediterranean climateBarossa: Hot dry climateIronstone+limestone soils

Old bush vines

American oak

Full bodiedSoft earthy spicyDark ripe fruitCan age -> leather, spice caramel notes

* to****

AUS/South Australia/Eden Valley

White Riesling AUS: Mediterranean climateEden valley: Moderate to warm climate with varying altitude. Cooler sites for Riesling

Unoaked Medium bodySlightly off dryHi acidityIntense lime citrus

** Also reds from ShirazAlso Chardonnay

AUS/South Australia/Adelaide Hills

White Chardonnay AUS: Mediterranean climateAdelaide Hills: Moderate climate+400m altitude+sandy loam with poor water retention+dry summers

Irrigation often necessary during growing season

Complex elegantHi acidityDistinct citrus + stone fruit

** to ****

Also Pinot Noir and sparklingAlso Sauvignon Blanc

AUS/South Australia/Clare valley

White Riesling AUS: Mediterranean climateClare: hot but cooled by afternoon breezes + cool nights. Up to 500m highVarious soils including terra rossa

Unoaked DryCitrus+LimeHI acidityCan age -> petrol, honey, toast

*** Also Shiraz

AUS/South Australia/McLaren Vale

Red Shiraz AUS: Mediterranean climateMcLaren Vale: Just south of AdelaideSea afternoon breezes tempering climate

Dark fruit aromasSoft ripe tannins

* to ****

AUS/Limestone Coast/Coonawarra

Red Cabernet Sauvignon,Shiraz

Part of South Australia/Limestone coastCold currents from the Antarctic -> cool to moderate maritime climate+Terra rossa soil

Cab: intense structured with cassis+eucalyptus/mintCan age

***

AUS/Yarra valley Red Pinot Noir Victoria/Port Phillip zoneBy MelbourneModerate maritime climateHi rainfallVarious soils

Rich in fruit (strawberries, raspberries, plums and dark cherries) Ripe and soft tanninsSome oak flavours

Also Chardonnay (melon fig and white peach) + Sparkling wines

AUS/Hunter valley Red Shiraz High cloud cover + ocen breezes reduce heat in summerHi rainfall in growing seasonWell draining soils

Canopy management to prevent rot

Red fruit flavours (raspberries and cherries)Soft tanninsEarthy undertone

*** Also dry Sémillon (lo sugar/hi acidity)

AUS/Margaret River Red Cabernet Sauvignon,Merlot

Warm maritime climate ~BordeauxHi rainfall but mainly winter

Elegant restrained to fruityPowerfulTannins slightly earthyStructure and complexity

AUS/Margaret River White Chardonnay Warm maritime climate ~BordeauxHi rainfall but mainly winter

Barrel ageing and MLF to add complexity

Concentrated stone fruit aromasHi acidity

Also Sauvignon Blanc

NZ/Marlborough White Sauvignon Blanc NZ: cool to moderate maritime climate1. Wairau: cool climate with hi diurnal range2. Awatere: drier, cooler and windier higher acidity wines with tomato character

Hi tech hygiene, temperature control, anaerobic winemaking and screwcaps purity of fruit

Risk of frost

Most wines blended

Intense aromas of capsicum, gooseberry but also herbal notes, passion fruit, tomato,Hi fruit concentrationHi acidityCan age -> asparagus

** Marlborough plantings: ¾ of Sauvignon BLc

Also Chardonnay *** and Pinot Noir ***

NZ/Hawke’s Bay Red Cabernet SauvignonMerlot

NZ: cool to moderate maritime climateWarmest area with longest sunshine hoursVaried soils, aspect & altitudes

Bordeaux type blends ***

NZ/Central Otago Red Pinot Noir Moderate to cool continental due to influence of Southern Alps foothillsLong periods of sunshineHot summersHi diurnal range in growing season

Hi alcohol ***

Documents

tippletipsuk.weebly.comtippletipsuk.weebly.com/.../1/16319486/wset_level_3_-_… · Web viewGeisenheim: world famous wine research centre. Mosel/Bernkastel, Piesport. White