A Time to Review # 4 ~ Imperialism & War

The Granger Movement: In 1867, the Grange Movement was organized by farmers Most Grangers blamed the railroads for their difficulties Of course, there were several reasons for farmers’ economic

problems- Overproduction of crops due to

increased farmland in the West and productive machinery meant that farmers produced more and thus food prices fell more

- Farmers were also constantly in debt, borrowing money to make improvements and to buy machinery, or even to get by during a poor harvest

- Finally, farmers had to ship their crops to market

Railroads used the lack of competition on local routes to charge higher rates for short distances

- In several Midwestern states, the Grangers elected candidates to state legislatures who promised to regulate the railroads

- These states passed laws regulating railroad and grain storage rates

The Interstate Commerce Act: In 1887, Congress

passed the Interstate Commerce Act, which prohibited railroads from charging different rates to customers shipping goods an equal distance, and other unfair practices

- The Interstate Commerce Act

“When the farmer comes to townWith his wagon broken down,Oh, the farmer is the manWho feeds them all. . . .The farmer is the man,The farmer is the man,Lives on credit till the fall;Then they take him by the handAnd they lead him from the land,And the middleman’s the manWho gets it all. . . .

1. In the 1870s, the Granger movement was organized to promote the interests of

A. suffragistsB. farmersC. factory workersD. recent immigrants

2. During the 1890s, many American farmers tried to resolve their economic problems by

A. joining the Populist PartyB. staging violent protests against

the railroadsC. supporting government aid to

railroadsD. asking Congress to end

agricultural subsidies

3. Interstate Commerce Commission, the Federal Trade Commission, and the Food and Drug Administration?A. Business activity must sometimes be

regulated in the public interest.B. Workers should be allowed to bargain

with owners for working conditions.C. Domestic industry should be protected

from foreign competition.D. The economy works best without

government regulation.

Munn v. Illinois (1877) Wabash v. Illinois (1886)1- A case in which the U.S. Supreme

Court upheld the power of government to regulate private industries

2- Illinois legislature had set the maximum rates that private companies could charge for the storage and transport of agricultural products (due to pressure from Granger Movement)

3- The Chicago grain warehouse firm of Munn and Scott was subsequently found guilty of violating the law but appealed the conviction on the grounds that the Illinois regulation represented an unconstitutional deprivation of property without due process of law

4- Court ruled grain storage facilities were devoted to public use; thus their rates were subject to public regulation

~ Britannica

1- The Wabash, St. Louis and Pacific Railway Company challenged the intervention of the state of Illinois in its business

2- The state of Illinois had passed a law penalizing railroads if they charged the same or more for shipping freight for shorter distances than for longer distances

3- The Supreme Court declared that states could not regulate commerce that went beyond their boundaries

4- The Court ruled that only Congress could regulate rates on interstate commerce

5- In 1887, Congress passed the Interstate Commerce Act; prohibiting railroads for charging different rates to customers shipping goods the same distance; also banned the charging of more for short hauls than for long hauls over the same route

addressed the problem of railroad monopolies by setting guidelines for how the railroads could do business

- Applying only to railroads, the law required “just and reasonable” rate changes; prohibited special rates or rebates for individual shippers; prohibited “preference” in rates for any particular localities, shippers, or products; forbade long-haul/short-haul discrimination; prohibited pooling of traffic or markets; and most important, established a five-member Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)

An Interstate Commerce Commission was created to investigate complaints and to enforce the act

The Populist Party: The People’s party, more commonly known as the

Populist party, was organized in St. Louis in 1892 to represent the common folk – especially farmers – against the interests of railroads, bankers, processers, corporations, and the politicians in league with such interests

The Populist Party represented laborers, farmers and industrial workers in their battle against banking and railroad interests

Populists believed rich industrialists and bankers had a stranglehold on government

In 1892, the Populists held a national convention to choose a Presidential candidate

Their party platform had several innovative proposals:

- unlimited coinage of silver to raise farm prices and make loan repayments easier

- direct election of Senators instead of by state legislatures

- term limits for President permitting only a single term in office

- a graduated income tax or taxing wealthy individuals at a higher rate

- Immigration quotas to restrict the influx of newcomers

- A shorter work day of eight hours Many ideas of the Populists eventually became laws A third party (not Republican/not Democrat) can

change Americans’ views and lead to changes in government

The Cross of Gold Speech: The most famous speech in American political history

was delivered by William Jennings Bryan on July 9, 1896, at the Democratic National Convention in Chicago

The issue was whether to endorse the free coinage of silver at a ratio of silver to gold of 16 to 1

1. RESOLVED, That we demand a free ballot and a fair count in all elections and pledge ourselves to secure it to every legal voter without Federal Intervention, through the adoption by the States of the unperverted Australian or secret ballot system. ~ Populist Party

2. RESOLVED, That the revenue derived from a graduated income tax should be applied to the reduction of the burden of taxation now levied upon the domestic industries of this country.

6. During the late 1800s, many United Statesfarmers believed their economic problems would be solved if the federal government wouldA. raise interest ratesB. outlaw strikes by labor unionsC. put more money into circulationD. regulate the amount of grain that was

Produced

4. After the Civil War, one way business leaders tried to eliminate competition was byA. forming monopolies or trusts B. developing overseas markets C. increasing the prices of their products D. paying high wages to their workers

5. In the late 1800s, supporters of laissez-faire capitalism claimed that government regulation of business would beA. essential to protect the rights of consumers B. necessary to provide jobs for the unemployed C. useful in competing with foreign nations D. harmful to economic growth

- Populists originally supported the Silver Standards which would have made money even cheaper and more available

- This would have created inflationary pressure and raised prices thus aiding cash-poor and debt-burdened farmers

- Eventually populists endorsed bimetallism- Bimetallism is the government use of both gold and silver- This too would have made money cheaper and more available- Ultimately, bimetallism was not accepted either and the gold standard remained After speeches on the subject by several U.S. Senators, Bryan rose to speak

- His dramatic speaking style and rhetoric roused the crowd to a frenzy

- “You shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold” However, Republican William McKinley defeated

William Jennings Bryan for president in the election of 1896

The Sixteenth Amendment: 1913 Created a progressive or graduated income tax

- A tax which rises as income rises- Thus, individuals having the highest income paying the

highest percentage of tax “The Congress shall have power to lay and collect

taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several states, and without regard to any census or enumeration.”

It is important to remember that the Populist Party encouraged a progressive income tax for the nation

The Seventeenth Amendment: 1913; an amendment calling for the direct

election of Senators- Before this amendment, senators were to be chosen

by the legislatures of their respective states.

The Progressive Party: Early decades of the 20th century

“You come to us and tell us that the great cities are in favor of the gold standard. I tell you that the great cities rest upon these broad and fertile prairies. Burn down your cities and leave our farms, and your cities will spring up again as if by magic. But destroy our farms and the grass will grow in the streets of every city in the country.” ~ William Jennings Bryan

Democracy was expanding. In addition, some states allowed individuals to petition a state legislature to introduce a bill (initiative). Some states allowed people to vote on laws (referendum) and some states allowed voters to remove incompetent elected officials (recall). There were even direct primaries where citizens select canditates for Presidential elections.

10.The Progressive movement supported the idea that the federal government shouldA. regulate big businessB. reduce immigrationC. build an overseas empireD. reduce the number of farms

11. Theodore Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson,

8. Which argument was used by Progressive Era reformers to support the use of a graduated income tax?A. Imports should be taxed to make foreign goods more expensive than

domestic goods.B. Taxes on corporations should be reduced so jobs can be created.C. People who earn more money should pay taxes at higher rates.D. All citizens should be taxed at the same rate to treat all people equally.

“A suggestion for the 53-cent dollar.”

7. This cartoon from the 1896 presidential election campaign attacked William Jennings Bryan’s proposal for

A. free coinage of silverB. lower tariffs on farm goodsC. strengthening the gold standardD. government regulation of the railroads

9. Which action was necessary to change from the indirect to the direct election of United States Senators?A. ratification of a constitutional amendment B. passage of a Federal law C. a Supreme Court decision D. a national referendum

Wanted to reform government and to use government to advance human welfare Their goal was to correct political and economic injustices that had resulted from industrialization Opposed to the abuse of power by political machines and monopolies Wanted to apply scientific management to government and to use it to solve urban problems Flourished between 1900 and the start of World War I Were mostly middle-class city dwellers rather than farmers and workers Their activities reflected the rising influence of the middle class

The Muckrakers: Among the most influential Progressives were investigative

reporters, writers, and social scientists These writers exposed government corruption and the abuses of

industry They became known as muckrakers Muckrakers examined the rise of industry and the abuses that

often led to the accumulation of large fortunes They also examined business practices affecting consumers and

the lives of the poor The muckrakers provided detailed, accurate journalistic

accounts of the political and economic corruption and social hardships caused by the power of big business in a rapidly industrializing United States

Important Muckrakers: Upton Sinclair- Wrote The Jungle- Revealed the horrors of the meatpacking industry’- Described the unsanitary practices of the meat-packing

industry- Led to the passage of the Meat Inspection Act and the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906

To ensure that the nation’s food supply and its drugs are safe for human consumption Jacob Riis- Wrote How the Other

Half Lives- Photographed and

described the appalling conditions of the urban poor

- Ida B. Wells 1893- Anti-lynching crusader, suffragist, women’s rights

advocate, and journalist- As editor and co-owner of the Memphis Free Speech

and Headlight, Wells championed African American rights, especially after whites lynched three black Memphis grocers in 1892

The other half did not live well.

“There would be meat that had tumbled out on the floor, in the dirt and sawdust, where the workers had tramped and spit uncounted billions of consumption germs. There would be meat stored in great piles in rooms; and the water from leaky roofs would drip over it, and thousands of rats would race about on it.” ~ Upton Sinclair

10.The Progressive movement supported the idea that the federal government shouldA. regulate big businessB. reduce immigrationC. build an overseas empireD. reduce the number of farms

11. Theodore Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson,

12. In the late 19th century, owners of big businesses generally embraced Social Darwinism because it reinforced their belief thatA. economic success

demonstrates fitness to lead B. business monopolies are

contrary to the social order C. all wealth should be returned

to society D. economic competition should

be regulated13. Passage of the Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act illustrated the federal government’s commitment to

A. environmental conservation B. workers’ rights C. business competition D. consumer protection

14. Muckrakers contributed to the rise of Progressivism in the early years of the 20th century byA. challenging big government and urging a

return to past conditions B. exposing widespread corruption in

business and government C. writing favorable biographies about

wealthy Americans D. aligning themselves with the women’s

suffrage movement

Whites used lynching “to get rid of [African Americans] who were acquiring wealth and property,” Wells concluded, “and thus keep the race terrorized…”

Ida Tarbell- Wrote The History of the Standard Oil Company- Showed how John D. Rockefeller’s rise was based on ruthless business

practices Lincoln Steffens- The Shame of the Cities- Exposed political

corruption across America’s greatest cities at the turn of the twentieth

century

Teddy Roosevelt: 1901 – 1909 Believed that the President should exercise vigorous leadership in the

public interest- In his view, the President acted as the “steward” of the people’s

interest As President, Roosevelt revived the use of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act- He launched the break-up of Rockefeller’s Standard Oil Company- Roosevelt distinguished “good trusts” from “bad trusts,” rather than

condemn all trusts. Roosevelt proposed new laws to protect consumer health, to regulate

some industries, and to conserve the nation’s natural resources- The Meat Inspection Act (1906) provided government inspection of meat

- The Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) regulated food preparation and sales of medicines

- Roosevelt also drew national attention to the need to conserve forests

Roosevelt also cited his fondness for a West African proverb, “Speak softly and carry a big stick; you will go far.”

- The phrase was also used later by Roosevelt to explain his relations with domestic political leaders and his foreign policy especially in Latin America and the Caribbean.

- Roosevelt’s Big Stick Policy asserted U.S. domination when such dominance was considered the moral imperative

The monopolist controls the market!

“In all of the cities, the better classes – the business men – are the sources of corruption.”

~ Lincoln Steffens

And don’t forget that Teddy Roosevelt ensured the building of the Panama Canal, providing faster travel from the Atlantic to Pacific coasts of the nation.

15. The actions of Jane Addams, Ida Tarbell, and Booker T. Washington illustrate that reform in the United States hasA. utilized a variety of methods to achieve many goals B. depended on support from religious groupsC. relied on programs initiated by the Federal GovernmentD. promoted women’s suffrage as its main goal

Teddy Roosevelt was a dynamic force for conservationism

- During his presidency, Roosevelt made conservation a major part of his administration

As the new century began, the frontier was disappearing

Once common animals were now threatened

He wanted to protect animals and land from businesses that he saw as a threat

Roosevelt said, “The rights of the public to the natural resources outweigh private rights, and must be given its first consideration.”

As President, he created five national parks, four game refuges, fifty-one national bird reservations as well as the National Forest Service

“We have become great because of the lavish use of our resources. But the time has come to inquire seriously what will happen when our forests are gone, when the coal, the iron, the oil, and the gas are exhausted, when the soils have still further impoverished and washed into the streams, polluting the rivers, denuding the fields and obstructing navigation.” ~ Theodore Roosevelt

16. A belief shared by Presidents Theodore Roosevelt, William Taft, and Woodrow Wilson is that the Federal Government shouldA. allow the free-enterprise system to work without

regulation B. use its power to regulate unfair business practices C. provide jobs for unemployed workers D. support unions in labor-management disputes

17. Which statement best summarizes President Theodore Roosevelt’s views about conservation?A. Environmental issues are best decided by the private

sector. B. Unlimited access to natural resources is the key to

business growth. C. Wilderness areas and their resources should be

protected for the public good. D. Decisions about the use of natural resources should be

left to the states.

18. The Federal Reserve System was created toA. maintain a national petroleum

supplyB. provide military support for the

armed forcesC. protect consumers from fraudD. manage the nation’s supply of

Woodrow Wilson’s Legislative RecordUnderwood Tariff (1913):

Wilson believed that high tariffs benefited rich monopolists but hurt average Americans

He enacted a law lowering tariffs by 25% To make up for the lost revenue, he introduced the

nation’s first income tax Graduated Income Tax (1913):

In a graduated income tax, rich taxpayers are taxed at a higher rate than less well-off taxpayers

The original Constitution did not permit Congress to tax individuals on their income

The Sixteenth Amendment, ratified in 1913, gave Congress the power to tax personal income

The Federal Reserve Act (1913): The act reformed the banking industry by establishing

12 regional Federal Reserve Banks to serve as “banker’s banks”

The act further allowed the Federal Reserve to regulate the money in circulation by controlling the amount of money that banks could lend

Created a central bank for a nation Congress approved the Act, and President Wilson signed

it into law on December 23, 1913 The Federal Reserve System – often referred to as the

Federal Reserve or simply “the Fed” – is the central bank of the United States

It was created by the Congress to provide the nation with a safer, more flexible, and more stable monetary and financial system

Clayton Anti-Trust Act: 1914 An Act to supplement existing laws against unlawful

restraints and monopolies, and for other purposes Prohibits mergers or acquisitions that are likely to lessen

competitionUnder this Act, the Government challenges those mergers that are likely to increase prices to consumers

Federal Trade Commission: The Federal Trade Commission was created on September

26, 1914, when President Woodrow Wilson signed the Federal Trade Commission Act into law

The mission of the Federal Trade Commission is to protect consumers and promote competition

To prevent business practices that are anticompetitive or deceptive or unfair to consumers; to enhance informed consumer choice and public understanding of the competitive process

The Temperance Movement: The temperance movement was an anti-alcohol movement Drinking had increased during the Civil War, and many

immigrants came from cultures where drinking was an accepted part of life

A National Prohibition Party was formed in 1869 and ran candidates for office in many elections

Women’s Christian Temperance Union (W.C.T.U.) was founded in 1874

Under the leadership of Frances Willard and Carrie Nation, who gained fame for smashing bottles in bars with her hatchet, the organization grew, and in 1893 the Anti-Saloon League was formed

The peak of the temperance movement was reached in 1919, when Amendment XVIII to the Constitution was ratified

The Eighteenth Amendment prohibited the sale and consumption of alcohol, and Congress was empowered to make laws to enforce it

However, the Amendment was repealed in 1933.

Eighteenth Amendment: “After one year from the ratification of this article the manufacture,

sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors within, the importation thereof into, or the exportation thereof from the United States and all territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof for beverage purposes is hereby prohibited.”

The Prohibition or Temperance Amendment No alcohol

Jane Addams: Worked to help the poor and to stop the use of children as industrial

laborers Ran Hull House in Chicago, a center which helped immigrants in

particular Hull House provided such services as child care, nursing the sick, and

teaching English to immigrants An activist, social worker, author, and Nobel Peace Prize winner She is best remembered as the founder of Hull House in Chicago, a progressive social settlement that

sought to reduce poverty through offering social services and educational opportunities to the poor immigrants and laborers of working-class Chicago

We tried an intergalactic ban on alcohol too. Our ban didn’t work either!

“Action indeed is the sole medium of expression for ethics.” ~ Jane Addams

21. The Women’s Rights Movement of the late 19th century focused its efforts on securing

A. Cabinet positions for women

20. What was a major reason most western states granted women suffrage prior to the adoption of the 19th amendment?A. Western states had more college-

educated women than the eastern states.

B. Women outnumbered men in states west of the Mississippi River.

C. A majority of western states had legislatures controlled by women.

D. The important roles played by frontier women promoted equality.

18. The Federal Reserve System was created toA. maintain a national petroleum

supplyB. provide military support for the

armed forcesC. protect consumers from fraudD. manage the nation’s supply of

“Mother Jones” (Mary Harris Jones): Typically clad in a black dress, her face framed by a lace collar and black hat, the barely five-foot

tall Mother Jones was a fearless fighter for workers’ rights She was once labeled “the most dangerous woman in America” by a U.S. district attorney Mary Harris “Mother” Jones rose to prominence as a fiery orator and fearless organizer for the

Mine Workers during the first two decades of the 20th century

Nineteenth Amendment: “The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied

or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex.” The woman’s suffrage or right to vote amendment

Imperialism: Imperialism is the domination of one country by another Imperialism occurs when a militarily stronger nation conquers

and controls a weaker region Some Americans opposed imperialism; they felt it violated

democratic principles However, many Americans supported imperialism- The United States was an industrial power - Colonies could provide needed raw materials for factories, a

guaranteed market for manufacturers, and a place for farmers to sell surplus crops

- Some saw colonial expansion as a way of showing that USA was a great nation

Spanish-American War: An insurrection against Spain began in Cuba in the early 1890s The treatment of the rebels by the Spanish seemed intolerable to

the United States After the sinking of the U.S. battleship Maine in Havana harbor in

February 1898, matters reached a crisis [recent research suggests the explosion may have been an accident, involving a spontaneous combustion fire in the ship’s coal bunker]

President McKinley in April 1898 asked Congress for permission to use “forcible intervention” in Cuba

The Spanish-American War lasted eight months The United States won the war, and in the process occupied Wake

Island and annexed Hawaii, both of which provided good harbors for fleet

The Treaty that ended the war stated that Spain would free Cuba and cede (formally surrender) Puerto Rico and Guam to the United States

Spain also agreed to cede the Philippines to the United States in return for $20 million

“Our ‘Pathway’ is straight to the ballot box, with no variableness nor shadow of turning.” ~ Elizabeth Cady Stanton

“I am an anti-imperialist. I am opposed to having the eagle put its talons on any other land.” ~ Mark Twain

21. The Women’s Rights Movement of the late 19th century focused its efforts on securing

A. Cabinet positions for women

22. Which argument was used to support United States acquisition of overseas possessions in the late 1800’s?A. The United States needed to

obtain raw materials and new markets.

B. The spread of Marxist ideas had to be stopped because they threatened world peace.

C. The United States should be the first world power to build a colonial empire.

D. The doctrine of Manifest Destiny had become obsolete.

The outcome of the war led to U.S. imperialism

Yellow Journalism: Yellow journalism is the use of

sensationalized news in newspaper publishing to attract readers and increase circulation

The phrase was coined in the 1890s to describe the tactics employed in furious competition between two New York City newspapers, the World and the Journal

The Spanish-American War is often referred to as the first “media war”

During the 1890s, journalism that was sensationalized – and sometimes even manufactured – helped propel the United States into war with Spain

Led by newspaper owners William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer, journalism of the 1890s used melodrama, romance, and hyperbole to sell millions of newspapers – a style that became known as yellow journalism

Platt Amendment: Approved on May 22, 1903, the Platt

Amendment was a treaty between the U.S. and Cuba that attempted to protect Cuba’s independence from foreign intervention

It, however, permitted extensive U.S. involvement in Cuban international and domestic affairs for the enforcement of Cuban independence

Open Door Policy: While many Western European

nations had gained spheres of influence in China, the United States wanted to make certain that it could trade with China

“What do nations care about the cost of war, if by spending a few hundred millions in steel and gunpowder they can gain a thousand millions in diamonds and cocoa?” ~ W.E.B. Du Bois

U.S. Secretary of State John Hay asked that each great power should maintain free access to a treaty port within its sphere, only the Chinese government should collect taxes on trade, and no great power

23. One important conclusion that can be drawn as a result of the United States experience in both the Spanish-American War (1898) and the Persian Gulf War (1991) is thatA. only the President should decide issues of war and

peace B. the media are a powerful influence in shaping

American public opinion toward war C. the public has little confidence in the ability of the

American military D. international organizations play a decisive role in

determining the outcome of a war

24. The explosion of the USS Maine and the practice of yellow journalism played a significant role in the

A. public’s support for the Spanish-American WarB. creation of the Open Door policyC. acquisition of FloridaD. purchase of Alaska

25. Which headline related to the Spanish-American War is an example of yellow journalism?

a. “President McKinley Asks Congress for War Declaration Against Spain”

b. “United States Mobilizes for War with Spain”c. “United States Demands Response to Spanish

Actions”d. “Spanish Troops Slaughter Innocent Cuban

Citizens”26. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, United States intervention in Latin America was motivated by the United States desire toA. protect its growing investments in

Latin America B. encourage Latin American trade

with Europe C. end Latin American independence

movements D. reduce the influence of communism

in Latin America

The principle stated that all nations should have equal access to any of the ports open to trade in China

The Open Door Policy was a statement of principles initiated by the United States for the protection of equal privileges among countries trading with China

Big Stick Diplomacy: Was the slogan describing U.S. President Theodore

Roosevelt’s foreign policy The term originated from the African proverb

“Speak softly and carry a big stick” Teddy Roosevelt believed that if the U.S. made a

show of force to the rest of the world, other nations might be more hesitant to challenge the American military

As a corollary to this, he also understood that the threat of force rather than force itself was often sufficient to deter military conflict

Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: President Theodore Roosevelt’s assertive approach to Latin America

and the Caribbean has often been characterized as the “Big Stick” and his policy came to be known as the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine.

Although the Monroe Doctrine of 1823 was essentially passive (it asked that Europeans not increase their influence or recolonize any part of the Western Hemisphere), by the 20th century a more confident United States was willing to take on the role of regional

policeman This corollary basically asserted that the U.S.A. could intervene in Latin American affairs when it was in

the best interest of the U.S.A.

Panama Canal:

U.S. Secretary of State John Hay asked that each great power should maintain free access to a treaty port within its sphere, only the Chinese government should collect taxes on trade, and no great power

28. The Monroe Doctrine declared that the United States wouldA. prevent the establishment of new European colonies

anywhere in the world B. help colonies in North and South America adopt a democratic

form of government C. view European interference in the Americas as a threat to the

national interest of the United States D. prevent other nations from trading with South American

nations

27. Why did the United States formulate the Open Door policy toward China?

A. to develop democratic institutions and practices in China

B. to prevent a European and Japanese monopoly of Chinese trade and markets

C. to establish a military presence on the Chinese mainland

D. to support Japanese efforts to industrialize China

29. One way in which the Panama Canal and the Suez Canal are geographically similar is that each is located on

A. a peninsulaB. an archipelagoC. an isthmus

30. The main purpose of the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine was to

A. Renounce the use of military force in Latin America.

B. Provide legal grounds for the extension of America's colonial empire in Latin America.

C. Justify U.S. military intervention in Latin America if necessary to forestall interference by European nations.

D. Provide a timetable for the withdrawal of U.S. troops from the Caribbean islands.

“I took the Canal and let Congress debate.” –

29. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, United States policy toward Latin America was most strongly characterized by

A. friendship and trust B. intervention and

paternalism C. tolerance and

humanitarianismD. indifference and neglect

Of course, Latin Americans did not like the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine!

President Theodore Roosevelt oversaw the realization of a long-term United States goal – a trans-isthmian canal

Throughout the 1800s, American and British leaders and businessmen wanted to ship goods quickly and cheaply between the Atlantic and Pacific coasts

Following heated debate over the location of the proposed canal, on June 19, 1902, the U.S. Senate voted in favor of building the canal through Panama

Within 6 months, Secretary of State John Hay signed a treaty with Colombian Foreign Minister Tomás Herrán to build the new canal

The financial terms were unacceptable to Colombia’s congress, and it rejected the offer President Roosevelt responded by dispatching U.S. warships to Panama City (on the Pacific) and

Colón (on the Atlantic) in support of Panamanian independence

Colombian troops were unable to negotiate the jungles of the Darien Strait and Panama declared independence on November 3, 1903

The newly declared Republic of Panama immediately named Philippe Bunau-Varilla (a French engineer who had been involved in the earlier de Lesseps canal attempt) as Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary.

In his new role, Bunau-Varilla negotiated the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty of 1903, which provided the United States

with a 10-mile wide strip of land for the canal, a one-time $10 million payment to Panama, and an annual annuity of $250,000

The United States also agreed to guarantee the independence of Panama Completed in 1914, the Panama Canal symbolized U.S. technological prowess and economic

power Although U.S. control of the canal eventually became an irritant to U.S.-Panamanian relations, at

the time it was heralded as a major foreign policy achievement.

Dollar Diplomacy: President Taft’s policy of encouraging economic development in

Central America and also in Asia has been called Dollar Diplomacy

As U. S. investments grew in the Americas, any threat to them would bring in the U. S. Marines to protect business interests

The goal of dollar diplomacy was to improve financial opportunities, but also to use private capital to further U.S. interests overseas

“Dollar diplomacy” was evident in extensive U.S. interventions in the Caribbean and Central America, especially in measures undertaken to safeguard American financial interests in the region

Causes of World War I: There were many causes for the First World War (1914-

1918) However, the primary causes were militarism,

imperialism, alliances, and nationalism (MAIN) The fighting in the First World War began in Europe in

August 1914

33. Early in the 20th century, Presidents William Taft and Woodrow Wilson used the concept of dollar diplomacy toA. help European nations avoid

war B. expand United States

influence in China C. protect United States

investments in Latin America D. support welfare programs

for immigrants to the United States

32. Which United States foreign policy was most directly related to the rise of big business in the late 1800s?

A. containment B. imperialism C. détente D. neutrality

29. One way in which the Panama Canal and the Suez Canal are geographically similar is that each is located on

A. a peninsulaB. an archipelagoC. an isthmus

30. The main purpose of the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine was to

A. Renounce the use of military force in Latin America.

B. Provide legal grounds for the extension of America's colonial empire in Latin America.

C. Justify U.S. military intervention in Latin America if necessary to forestall interference by European nations.

D. Provide a timetable for the withdrawal of U.S. troops from the Caribbean islands.

“I took the Canal and let Congress debate.” –

34. President Woodrow Wilson’s statement “The world must be made safe for democracy” was made to justify his decision toA. end United States imperialism in Latin

America B. support tariff reform C. send troops into Mexico to capture

Pancho Villa D. ask Congress to declare war against

Germany

The event that triggered the war was the assassination on June 28, 1914 of Archduke Francis Ferdinand, heir to the throne of the Austro-Hungarian Empire

Negotiations also followed the assassination, but this time no solution except military action could be found

The assassination had triggered the alliance system when Austria tried to avenge the assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand by attacking Serbia

U.S. Involvement in the First World War: The United States became involved in the First World War due to several factors Americans were shocked at the German invasion of neutral Belgium Americans were also shocked when the Zimmerman Telegram, a secret message from a high German

official promised to return territories to Mexico if Mexico helped Germany against the United States However, the main reason for American entry into World

War I was unrestricted German submarine warfare

In 1915, a German submarine sank the British passenger ship Lusitania, killing over 1,000 passengers, including 128 Americans

Wilson threatened to break off relations with Germany

Germany pledged not to sink any ocean liners without

prior warning However, German submarines began to attack

American merchant vessels again in 1917 – In response, Wilson asked Congress to declare war

Espionage Act (1917): In 1917, some two months after America’s formal entrance into World War I against Germany,

the United States Congress passed the Espionage Act Enforced largely by A. Mitchell Palmer, the United States attorney general under President Woodrow

Wilson, the Espionage Act made it a crime for any person to convey information intended to interfere with the U.S. armed forces prosecution of the war effort or to promote the success of the country’s enemies

Anyone found guilty of such acts would be subject to a fine of $10,000 and a prison sentence of 20 years

In June 1917, shortly after U.S. entry into World War I, Congress passed the Espionage Act, which made it illegal during wartime to interfere with the recruiting of troops or the disclosure of information dealing with national defense

Sedition Act (1918): The Sedition Act of 1918, enacted during World War

I, made it a crime to “willfully utter, print, write, or publish any disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language about the form of the Government of the United States” or to “willfully urge, incite, or advocate

In Flanders fields the poppies blowBetween the crosses, row on row, That mark our place; and in the skyThe larks, still bravely singing, flyScarce heard amid the guns below.

We are the Dead. Short days agoWe lived, felt dawn, saw sunset glow,Loved and were loved, and now we lieIn Flanders fields.

Take up our quarrel with the foe: To you from failing hands we throwThe torch; be yours to hold it high.If ye break faith with us who dieWe shall not sleep, though poppies growIn Flanders fields. ~ John McCrae

34. President Woodrow Wilson’s statement “The world must be made safe for democracy” was made to justify his decision toA. end United States imperialism in Latin

America B. support tariff reform C. send troops into Mexico to capture

Pancho Villa D. ask Congress to declare war against

Germany

“The most stringent protection of free speech would not protect a man in falsely shouting fire in a theater and causing a panic.”~ Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes

37. Which interpretation of the Bill of Rights does this statement illustrate?A. The needs of the government are more

important than civil liberties. B. Constitutional protections of liberty are

any curtailment of the production” of the things “necessary or essential to the prosecution of the war.”

The act, along with other similar federal laws, was used to convict at least 877 people in 1919 and 1920, according to a report by the attorney general

In 1919, the Court heard several important free speech cases – including Debs v. United States and Abrams v. United States – involving the constitutionality of the law

In both cases, the Court upheld the convictions as well as the law

Schenck v. United States: In Schenck v. U.S. (1919), the Supreme Court upheld

restrictions on freedom of speech if such speech caused a “clear and present danger” to the nation

Charles T. Schenck was general secretary of the U.S. Socialist Party, which opposed the implementation of a military draft in the country

The party printed and distributed some 15,000 leaflets that called for men who were drafted to resist military service

Schenck was subsequently arrested for having

violated the Espionage Act; he was convicted on three counts and sentenced to 10 years in prison for each count

Writing for the court, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., argued: “Words which, ordinarily and in many places, would be within the freedom of speech protected by the First Amendment may become subject to prohibition when of such a nature and used in such circumstances as to create a clear and present danger that they will bring about the substantive evils which Congress has a right to prevent.”

Selective Service Act (the Draft): Some six weeks after the United States formally entered the First World War, the U.S Congress

passed the Selective Service Act on May 18, 1917, giving the U.S. president the power to draft soldiers

Immediately began to increase the armed services from about 200,000 to over 4,500,000

Great Migration: The Great Migration was the mass movement of

about five million southern blacks to the north and west between 1915 and 1960

African American laborers moved northward and westward in search of higher wages in industrial jobs and better social and political opportunities

This Great Migration led to the rapid growth of black urban communities in cities like New York, Chicago, St. Louis, and Los Angeles.117 

To escape Jim Crow segregation and disfranchisement in the South, a large numbers of African Americans left their homes and families to search elsewhere for a better life

Liberty Bonds: In Economics, it is easiest to remember this rhyme:

“The most stringent protection of free speech would not protect a man in falsely shouting fire in a theater and causing a panic.” ~ Oliver Wendell Holmes

38. The “clear and present danger” ruling of the Supreme Court in Schenck v. United States illustrates the continuing conflict between

A. free speech and governmental authority

B. the use of search warrants and the rights of the accused

C. state powers and Federal powers D. religious freedom and separation of

church and state

“The most stringent protection of free speech would not protect a man in falsely shouting fire in a theater and causing a panic.”~ Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes

37. Which interpretation of the Bill of Rights does this statement illustrate?A. The needs of the government are more

important than civil liberties. B. Constitutional protections of liberty are

39. The main reason for increased migration of African Americans out of the rural South during and following World War I was the

A. availability of farmland in the WestB. opportunity for factory jobs in the

NorthC. chance to escape racial segregation

by joining the militaryD. elimination of the Ku Klux Klan in

the northern States

- A Stock you own but a bond you loan- When an investor prucahses a bond, the investor is loaning money- The investor will be repaid with interest During the First World War, the government sold Liberty Bonds to raise money for the war

The Fourteen Points: Wilson’s plan for peace Reflected American idealism and

Wilson’s view that the war should be a crusade for democracy and lasting peace

State that each major European nationality should have its own country and government (self-determination)

Called for freedom of the seas, reduced armaments, and an end to secret diplomacy

Proposed the creation of a League of Nations, an international peace-keeping organization

The Versailles Treaty: Allied leaders wanted to impose a harsh treaty on

Germany

Wilson had to make many concessions in order to get their support for the formation of the League of Nations

The actual treaty Harsh Germany forced to pay reparations Germany blamed for the war (war-guilt clause) Germany lost territory to France and Poland, and all of

its colonies Germany lost its navy; army was reduced to the size of a

police force A League of Nations was established

League of Nations: The League of Nations was an international peacekeeping organization created at the end of the

First World War However, the League of Nations was weak

- It lacked a military force- The United States refused to join the League of Nations- Wilson’s opponents believed the League of Nations might drag Americans into unnecessary warfare

overseas- Although Wilson needed the Senate to ratify the Versailles Treaty, he rejected any compromises

proposed by the Senators- Wilson failed to gauge the feelings of most Americans, who were disillusioned with involvement in

world affairs- The Senate rejected the treaty, and the United States never joined the League of Nations- This move marked a U.S. return to a policy of isolationism – refusing to become involved in other

countries’ conflicts

Stocks You OwnBonds You

Loan

41. After World War I, the opposition of some Members of Congress to the Versailles Treaty was based largely on the idea that the TreatyA. did not punish the Central Powers

harshly enough B. did not give the United States an

important role in world affairs C. would require the United States to join

the League of Nations and might result in a loss of United States sovereignty

40. A major purpose of President Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points (1918) was to

Red Scare: The Bolshevik Revolution occurred in Russia in 1917 The collapse of Russia’s Tsarist system of government and the emergence of a communist

government in Russia (the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) frightened many Americans Americans feared the spread of communism When a wave of strikes hit the nation in 1919, American citizens feared they were seeing the

beginning of a Communist revolution This “Red Scare” led Attorney General Palmer to arrest radicals accused of plotting to overthrow

the government During the Red Scare, civil liberties were sometimes grossly violated and many innocent aliens

were deported

The sign reads “This League of Nations Bridge was designed by the President of the U.S.A.”

Yet the U.S. Senate refused to join the League of Nations.

“By stealing, murder and lies, Bolshevism has looted Russia not only of its material strength but of its moral force. A small clique of outcasts from the East Side of New York has attempted this, with what success we all know. Because a disreputable alien—Leon Bronstein, the man who now calls himself Trotzky—can inaugurate a reign of terror from his throne room in the Kremlin, because this lowest of all types known to New York can sleep in the Czar’s bed, while hundreds of thousands in Russia are without food or shelter, should Americans be swayed by such doctrines?~ A. Mitchell Palmer

41. After World War I, the opposition of some Members of Congress to the Versailles Treaty was based largely on the idea that the TreatyA. did not punish the Central Powers

harshly enough B. did not give the United States an

important role in world affairs C. would require the United States to join

the League of Nations and might result in a loss of United States sovereignty

40. A major purpose of President Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points (1918) was to

44. What was one effect of the Bolshevik Revolution (October 1917) on the United States?A. Nativism increased, leading to the Red

Scare.B. Federal courts banned anti-immigrant

groups.C. The Allied powers needed fewer United

States troops.D. Immigration laws were changed to allow

refugees from Russia.

43. Which two geographic features most influenced United States foreign policy throughout the 19th century?

A. Atlantic Ocean and Pacific OceanB. Gulf of Mexico and Missouri RiverC. Great Lakes and Hudson RiverD. Appalachian Mountains and Rocky Mountains

45. As a result of the Spanish-American War and other Imperial efforts, the United States saw the need to build the Panama Canal because

A. new colonies had been acquired in AfricaB. Spanish opposition to the canal had endedC. the United States navy could then move more quickly between oceansD. United States railroads could not transport enough manufactured goods

Word Bank: Populist, Grange Movement, Muckrakers, N.A.A.C.P., Voters, Progressives, Theodore Roosevelt, William Jennings Bryan, Interstate Commerce Act, Dawes Act

1- Many reformers urged that Native American Indian tribes adopt the culture of most Americans. The ___________________________ (1887) sought to hasten their Americanization. The act officially abolished Native American Indian tribes. Each family was given 160 acres of reservation land as its own private property. Although well-intentioned, the act was a failure. It did not take into account such traditions as tribal ownership, and the government never provided all the support it had promised.

2- In 1867, the _______________________________ was organized by farmers. Members blamed the railroads for their difficulties. Of course, there were several reasons for farmers’ economic problems. Overproduction of crops due to increased farmland in the West and productive machinery meant that farmers produced more and thus food prices fell more. Farmers were also constantly in debt, borrowing money to make improvements and to buy machinery, or even to get by during a poor harvest. Finally, farmers had to ship their crops to market. Railroads used the lack of competition on local routes to charge higher rates for short distances.

3- In Munn v. Illinois (1877), the Supreme Court supported state government attempts to regulate railroads. The Court reversed itself in Wabash v. Illinois (1886), ending state regulation of railroads. The Grangers then turned to Congress. In 1887, Congress passed the _______________________________, which prohibited railroads from charging different rates to customers shipping goods an equal distance, and other unfair practices.

4- In 1892, farmers gave their support to the new __________________________________ Party, which represented laborers, farmers and industrial workers in their battle against banking and railroad interests. Members believed rich industrialists and bankers had a stranglehold on government. In 1892, the Party held a national convention to choose a Presidential candidate. Their party platform had several innovative proposals: unlimited coinage of silver to raise farm prices and make loan repayments easier; direct election of Senators instead of by state legislatures; term limits for President permitting only a single term in office; a graduated income tax or taxing wealthy individuals at a higher rate; immigration quotas to restrict the influx of newcomers; and a shorter work day of eight hours.

5- In 1896, the Democratic Party nominated ____________________________ for President after he delivered a speech at the Democratic Convention. His “Cross of Gold” speech denounced bankers for “crucifying mankind on a cross of gold.” Although the Populists supported him for President, he lost the election to Republican William McKinley; and he lost to McKinley a second time in 1900. Many Populist reforms, such as the graduated income tax and the direct election of Senators, were later passed by other political parties. The Populists illustrate a role often played by third parties in American politics. Third parties often provide an outlet for minority groups to voice grievances and generate new ideas.

6- The _____________________________ of the early decades of the 20th century wanted to clean up and reform government and to use government to advance human welfare. They were opposed to the abuse of power by political machines and monopolies. They wanted to apply scientific management to government just as it was being applied to business and to use it to solve urban problems. The Movement flourished between 1900 and the start of World War I. Members were mainly middle-class city dwellers, rather than farmers and workers. Their activities reflected the rising influence of the middle class. The goal of the Movement was to correct the political and economic injustices that had resulted from America’s industrialization.

7- Famous __________________________ included Jacob Riis; Riis photographed and described the appalling conditions of the urban poor in his book How the Other Half Lives. Ida Tarbell’s book History of the Standard Oil Company (1902) showed how John D. Rockefeller’s rise was based on ruthless business practices. Lincoln Steffens exposed corruption in city and state governments in his book The Shame of the Cities (1904). Upton Sinclair’s novel The Jungle (1906) described the unsanitary practices of the meat-packing industry.

8- Some Progressives were so stirred by the abuses of industrial society that they made individual efforts at reform. Settlement houses were started in slum neighborhoods by Progressives like Jane Addams and Lillian Wald. These houses provided such services as child care, nursing the sick, and teaching English to immigrants. Other Progressive groups formed associations to promote social change, such as the ______________________________.

9- Progressive political reforms included the secret ballot: voters were less subject to pressure and intimidation when they could cast their ballots without anyone knowing who they voted for; greater participation: voters could introduce bills in some state legislatures – in some states, elected officials could be removed by voters in a special election; direct party primaries: special elections were held among each party’s members to select candidates to nominate for election; direct election of Senators: Senators were elected directly by ____________________________, instead of being chosen by state legislatures (the Seventeenth Amendment).

10- ________________________________ (1901 – 1909) believed that the President should exercise vigorous leadership in the public interest. In his view, the President acted as the “steward” of the people’s interest. As President, he revived the use of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act. He launched the break-up of Rockefeller’s Standard Oil Company. He also distinguished “good trusts” from “bad trusts,” rather than condemn all trusts. He proposed new laws to protect consumer health, to regulate some industries, and to conserve the nation’s natural resources. The Meat Inspection Act (1906) provided government inspection of meat. The Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) regulated food preparation and sales of medicines. He also drew national attention to the need to conserve forests and wildlife.

Word Bank: The Maine, Dollar Diplomacy, Chinese Exclusion Act, Yellow Journalism, Imperialism, Isolationism, Fourteen Points, Zimmerman Telegram, Open Door Policy, Big

Stick, Schenck v. U.S. (1919)

1- The ________________________________ was a statement of principles initiated by the United States (1899, 1900) for the protection of equal privileges among countries trading with China. While many Western European nations had gained spheres of influence in China, the United States wanted to make certain that it could trade with China. The principle stated that all nations should have equal access to any of the ports open to trade in China.

2- An insurrection against Spanish rule began in Cuba in the early 1890s. The treatment of the rebels by the Spanish seemed intolerable to the United States. After United States protests, Spain made concessions, but the United States press whipped up sentiment against Spain, and with the sinking of the battleship ____________________________ in the harbor of Havana in February 1898, matters reached a crisis. Demand for war seemed to sweep the United States and President McKinley in April 1898 asked Congress for permission to use “forcible intervention” in Cuba.

3- The Spanish-American War lasted eight months. United States naval superiority had been assured when the country began building a steel fleet in the 1880s. The United States won the war, and in the process occupied Wake Island and annexed Hawaii, both of which provided good harbors for fleet. The Treaty that ended the war stated that Spain would free Cuba and cede Puerto Rico and Guam to the United States. Spain also agreed to cede the Philippines to the United States in return for $20 million. The outcome of the war led to U.S. _____________________________________.

4- _______________________________ is the use of lurid features and sensationalized news in newspaper publishing to attract readers and increase circulation. The phrase was coined in the 1890s to describe the tactics employed in furious competition between two New York City newspapers, the World and the Journal. The Spanish-American War is often referred to as the first “media war.” During the 1890s, journalism that

sensationalized – and sometimes even manufactured – dramatic events was a powerful force that helped propel the United States into war with Spain.

5- In the late 1800s, the first acts restricting immigration were passed. The __________________________ (1882) was passed to pacify anti-Chinese feelings in California against the flood of Chinese workers: all Chinese immigration was banned. In the Gentleman’s Agreement (1907), the Japanese government promised to limit future Japanese immigration. Restrictions on immigration from Eastern and Southern Europe were introduced in the 1920s.

6- Theodore Roosevelt cited his fondness for a West African proverb, “Speak softly and carry a big stick; you will go far.” The phrase was also used later by Roosevelt to explain his relations with domestic political leaders and his foreign policy especially in Latin America and the Caribbean. Roosevelt’s _______________________________ Policy asserted U.S. domination when such dominance was considered the moral imperative.

7- President Taft’s policy of encouraging economic development in Central America and also in Asia has been called _____________________________. As United States investments grew in the Americas, any threat to them would bring in the United States Marines to protect business interests.

8- The United States became involved in the First World War due to several factors. Americans were shocked at the German invasion of neutral Belgium. Americans were also shocked when the ________________________________, a secret message from a high German official promised to return territories to Mexico if Mexico helped Germany against the United States. American public opinion was outraged when the telegram was printed in the newspapers. However, the main reason for American entry into World War I was unrestricted German submarine warfare. In 1915, a German submarine sank the British passenger ship Lusitania, killing over 1,000 passengers, including 128 Americans.

9- During the war, civil liberties were curtailed. In _____________________________, the Supreme Court upheld restrictions on freedom of speech if such speech caused a “clear and present danger” to the nation. In June 1917, shortly after U.S. entry into World War I, Congress passed the Espionage Act, which made it illegal during wartime to interfere with the recruiting of troops or the disclosure of information dealing with national defense.

10- President Wilson’s opponents believed the League of Nations might drag Americans into unnecessary warfare overseas. Although Wilson needed the Senate to ratify the Versailles Treaty, he rejected any compromises proposed by the Senators. Wilson failed to gauge the feelings of most Americans, who were disillusioned with involvement in world affairs. The Senate rejected the treaty, and the United States never joined the League of Nations. This move marked a return to a policy of ____________________________ – refusing to become involved in other countries’ conflicts.

11- American troops broke the deadlock in Europe, causing Germany to enter into an armistice (an agreement to stop fighting) in 1918. U.S. President Wilson had already announced America’s war aims in the ___________ – calling for freedom of the seas, reduced armaments, and an end to secret diplomacy as well as self-determination or governments determined by the people of the land

- 20 Topics you need to Review - Make 20 Index Cards from the topics on this review that you need to

study. - These will count for a separate Quiz Grade.