A Time to Review Geography Part 1- Due 4/13First, U.S. Geography The regions:

New England: Part of the original

thirteen colonies Massachusetts, New

Hampshire, Rhode Island, Connecticut

Rocky soil and short growing season – made farming difficult

Ports and harbors for fishing

Abundant forests – timber and lumber for shipbuilding

Middle Colonies: Part of the original

thirteen colonies New York, New Jersey,

Pennsylvania, Delaware

Fertile soil to support small, family farms

Warm summers and cold winters

Harbors for shipping and commerce (trade/business)

The South: Part of the original

thirteen colonies Maryland, Virginia, North

Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia

Fertile soil and long growing season – very good for farming

Supported large farms or plantations

Tobacco, sugarcane and cotton grown

Slaves on plantationsThe Appalachian Mountains:

The original thirteen colonies were located east of the Appalachian Mountains The British issued the Proclamation Line of 1763 to forbid settlement west of the Appalachian

Mountains to avoid conflict with Native American Indians

The Mississippi River: The United States gained full control of the

Mississippi River as a result of the Louisiana Purchase.

The Ohio River flows into the Mississippi River and the Mississippi River flows to the port of New Orleans and the Gulf of Mexico.

The Mississippi River is an important river for trade.

Farmers in the Ohio River Valley benefitted from the Louisiana Purchase and the inclusion of the Mississippi River in the United States.

Farmers in the Ohio River Valley could transport their goods on the Mississippi River to the port of New Orleans to the Gulf of Mexico.

The Great Plains:

The Appalachian Mountains are located in the east. The Rocky Mountains are located in the west. When looking at a map, the right side of the map is east. The left side of the map is west.

Now, I will sing a song:

From the Ohio Valley,I carried my goodsOn a boat named Sally.

Acquired as a result of the Louisiana Purchase Grasslands or flat lands with grasses From the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains Good for farming and herding The breadbasket or grain-basket of the nation

The Rocky Mountains: Located in the west Bordered by the Great Plains Made westward expansion a little difficult Mountains are not easy to cross But when gold was discovered in California, well, you know what they say: when there is a will,

there is a way!

1. Which geographic advantage did the United States gain by purchasing the Louisiana Territory from France in 1803?A. warm-water ports on the Atlantic coast B. rich fishing areas in the Great Lakes C. full control of the Mississippi River D. vast coal reserves in the region west of

Pennsylvania

2. Acquiring New Orleans as part of the Louisiana Purchase was considered important to the development of the Mississippi and Ohio River valleys because the cityA. provided protection from attacks by the

SpanishB. provided migrant workers for river valley

farmsC. served as a port for American agricultural goodsD. served as the cultural center for the nation

3. Which geographic factor most directly influenced the location of the first English

10. In which area did good harbors, abundant forests, rocky soil, and a short growing

Now, I will sing a song:

From the Ohio Valley,I carried my goodsOn a boat named Sally.

Of course, you should know that there are fifty states today in the union and that there are different regions like the Midwest and the Southwest. So, here is a map to help!

You should know that Chicago is a city in Illinois on one of the Great Lakes. You should know that San Francisco is on the Pacific coast…that Oregon is the Northwest. Remember to look at the map!

settlements in North America?A. rivers along the Atlantic coastB. availability of flat land in the MidwestC. mild climate along the Gulf coastD. forests throughout the Middle Colonies

4. The original settlements in the thirteen British colonies were all locatedA. east of the Appalachian MountainsB. along the Gulf CoastC. on the Great PlainsD. west of the Mississippi River

5. During the colonial period, goods were most commonly transported on

A. rivers C. railroadsB. canals D. turnpikes

6. Which geographic area was added to the United States by the Louisiana Purchase?A. Appalachian Mtns C. Columbia River valleyB. Great Plains D. Piedmont Plateau

7. Which city is correctly paired with the geographic feature that most directly affected its growth?A. New Orleans — Pacific OceanB. New York City — Chesapeake BayC. Chicago — Great LakesD. Los Angeles — Appalachian Mountains

8. Since the late 1700s, the Mississippi River has been a vital waterway because itA. divided the northern territories from the

southern territoriesB. allowed American farmers direct access to

Canadian marketsC. connected the Great Lakes to the Atlantic

OceanD. provided farmers and merchants an outlet to

the Gulf of Mexico

9. In the United States, regional differences in economic development are primarily due toA. settlement patterns of immigrant groups B. pressure from various religious groups C. state and federal election laws D. geographic factors in various parts of the

nation

season most influence the colonial economy?A. Southern coloniesB. Middle Atlantic regionC. Northwest TerritoryD. New England colonies

11. Farmers in the Ohio River valley gained the greatest economic benefit when the United States acquired theA. Oregon Territory C. Gadsden PurchaseB. Louisiana Territory D. Mexican Cession

12. The main reason Great Britain established the Proclamation Line of 1763 was toA. avoid conflicts between American colonists

and Native American IndiansB. make a profit by selling the land west of the

Appalachian MountainsC. prevent American industrial development in

the Ohio River valleyD. allow Canada to control the Great Lakes

Region

13. Which geographic feature was used to establish the Proclamation Line of 1763?A. Great Lakes C. Appalachian MtnsB. Rocky Mtns D. Mississippi River

14. During the first half of the 1800s, geographic factors influenced the economy of New England byA. encouraging the establishment of large

plantationsB. promoting the growth of trade and

manufacturingC. increasing the region’s reliance on slave

laborD. supporting rice and indigo farming

The Atlantic Coastal Plain is one of the world’s largest coastal plains. It stretches southward from New England to Georgia, and then turns southwest, widening out to Texas. This was the region first settled by colonists from Europe in the 1700s. Much of the area was forest before settlers turned it into farmland. Today, it is the region with the highest concentration of Americans. The Atlantic Coastal Plain rises up to a hilly area, known as the Piedmont, as it approaches the Appalachian Mountains.

15. • Jamestown, founded in 1607 • Plymouth colony, founded in 1620 • New Amsterdam, founded in 1625These early colonial settlements were similar in that each was locatedA. at the base of a mountain rangeB. near the coastlineC. in an arid climate D. on offshore islands

16. Which heading best completes the partial outline below?

I.____________________________________A. Villages with town meetingsB. Small farms and commercial fishingC. First American college

A. New England ColoniesB. Middle ColoniesC. Southern ColoniesD. Spanish Colonies

17. This map shows the western limit on colonial settlement that resulted from the

A. Founding of JamestownB. Proclamation of 1763C. Monroe DoctrineD. Compromise of 1850

West of the Mississippi, the grasslands become much drier and more hilly. This region is known as the Great Plains. These plains were once covered with sod and thick grasses. The Central Lowlands and the Great Plains are the world’s most productive farm and grazing land, providing vast amounts of corn, wheat, and livestock.18. The states with the largest

percentage of land used for agriculture are located in areas with A. Relatively flat terrain B. Easy access to the West CoastC. The warmest year-round climate D. Ocean ports

Colonial America: The Thirteen Colonies Part 2

The First Americans: The first peoples of the Americas were the Native

American Indians Ancestors of the Native American Indians crossed a

land bridge that spanned the Bering Strait Sometimes these indigenous Americans are referred

to as Pre-Columbian because they lived in the Americas before the arrival of Columbus

Some Native American Indians were hunters and gatherers while others were settled farmers

Native Americans were frequently forced off their lands as European and American settlers claimed their lands

Jamestown: It was the first successful English settlement in

North America It was established in Virginia in 1607 After much suffering, the settlers learned how to

grow tobacco Tobacco became an important cash crop in the

South

The Pilgrims and the Puritans: Some early English settlers came to North

America in search of religious freedom The Pilgrims were religious separatists They wanted to separate from the Church of

England The Puritans, on the other hand, did not want to separate Rather the Puritans wanted to “purify” the Church of England from Catholic influences

The Mayflower Compact: When sailing on the ship called the

Mayflower, the Pilgrims signed this document

The Pilgrims pledged to make decisions in the new settlement by voting and majority rule

Thus, this document is an early example of self-government in the colonies

This is also an early example of consent of the governed or the idea that the people give the government its power through voting

The Mayflower Compact and the Virginia House of Burgesses are most closely associated with

A. abuses by absolute monarchsB. establishment of religious tolerationC. steps toward colonial self-governmentD. adoption of universal suffrage

In its economic relationship with its North American colonies, Great Britain followed the principles of 18th-century mercantilism by

A. Outlawing the African slave tradeB. Limiting the colonies’ trade with

other nationsC. Encouraging the development of

manufacturing in the coloniesD. Establishing laws against business

monopolies

The House of Burgesses: The colony of Virginia had its own representative

assembly known as the House of Burgesses This legislative assembly was the first assembly of

elected representatives in the Americas The Virginia Company allowed this

representative assembly to exist

Indentured Servant: A person who has signed a contract to work

for a period of time Generally labored for seven years in exchange

for the voyage over Sort of a “buy me a ticket to the New World

and I will work to pay you back” Many settled in Maryland and Virginia to

work in the tobacco fields Given freedom dues or tools and land after

their contractual labor ended

Mercantilism: It was a popular idea in Europe and pursued by

the British government by 1650 It is the idea that colonies exist for the benefit of

the mother country Colonies must only trade with the mother

country Colonies only export natural resources or raw

materials like cotton, tobacco, and sugar Colonies buy finished or manufactured goods only

from the mother country

A burgess is a representative in the House of Burgesses!

To be or not to be…It is better not to be a colony!

Which economic policy was based on the idea that the American colonies existed primarily to provide economic benefits for Great Britain?

A. mercantilismB. socialismC. free tradeD. laissez-faire capitalism

The British benefited from their mercantilist relationship with the American colonies primarilyA. supporting the growth of colonial

industriesB. prohibiting colonists from fishing and

tradingC. taking large amounts of gold and silver

from the southern coloniesD. buying raw materials from the colonies and

selling them finished products

The creation of the Virginia House of Burgesses and the signing of the Mayflower Compact showed that American colonists

A. supported the abolition of slaveryB. practiced elements of self-

governmentC. promoted public educationD. demanded immediate independence

Salutary Neglect: Salutary means beneficial or producing good

effects Neglect means to ignore or to pay little

attention to So, salutary neglect means that the British

paid little attention to the colonies but the colonists loved this kind of neglect

In other words, the British ignored certain trade laws and did not act like much of a mother country which was just fine with the colonists

But the French and Indian War ended all that

The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut:

The first constitution of its kind in the colonies

Created in Connecticut in 1639

Anne Hutchinson and William Penn: After questioning the Puritan

religion, Anne Hutchinson was banished for challenging church authority in 1637 With some of her followers, she settled in what is now Rhode Island She had criticized the colony’s ministers and emphasized that a person could know God directly William Penn founded the colony of Pennsylvania The colony had no established church; so, it was a more religiously tolerant colony Penn created the colony for Quakers and other religious minorities He was an advocate of religious freedom

Metacom: Also known as King Philip A Native American Indian leader War developed between Native American tribes of

New England united by Metacom and the colonists of the region

This war was known as King Philip’s War In the end, the Native American Indians were

defeated but many settler towns were destroyed too

Salem Witch Trials: 1692 Some girls were accused of witchcraft in

Massachusetts Bay Nineteen of the accused were executed An early example of people being accused and punished without fair trials

Religious toleration is even allowing an alien to practice an alien religion!

In colonial America, the House of Burgesses, the Mayflower Compact, and town hall meetings all developments that led to

A. regulation of trade with Native American IndiansB. protection of the rights of womenC. elimination of the power of the upper classesD. creation of representative government

Primary sources of information about the colonial era would include a

A. journal entry by a member of the Second Continental Congress

B. textbook passage about the settlement of Pennsylvania

C. recent newspaper article commemorating the birth of Patrick Henry

D. television program about the Declaration of Independence

Before 1763, the British policy of salutary neglect toward its American colonies was based on the desire of Great Britain toA. treat all English people, including colonists, on an

equal basisB. benefit from the economic prosperity of the

American coloniesC. encourage manufacturing in the American

coloniesD. ensure that all mercantile regulations were

strictly followed

The Middle Passage: Part of the Triangular Trade Routes

which connected Africa to the Americas, the Americas to Europe, and Europe to Africa

The Middle Passage was the slave’s journey from Africa to the Americas

African slaves were brought to the Americas to replace a dying Native American Indian population, particularly in the Caribbean Islands, Brazil, and the Southern Colonies of the Thirteen Colonies

African slaves forcibly labored under brutal conditions in plantations

Plantation cash crops were sugar, cotton, tobacco, etc.

Stono Rebellion:

Oh, I cannot imagine what would have happened to an alien in 1692!

Abraham Lincoln once said, “Those who deny freedom to others deserve it not for themselves.” 

In the 1700s, the triangular trade led directly to the

A. middle colonies’ role as the chief importers of agricultural products

B. rapid industrialization of the southerncolonies

C. decline of the New England economy

D. increased importation of enslaved Africans to the Western Hemisphere

Slaves in South Carolina had heard of slaves escaping to Spanish-controlled Florida for freedom A slave named Jemmy recruited slaves in South Carolina looking for freedom The slaves gained ammunition and fighting began The rebellion was crushed by local whites Afterwards slave codes further limited what slaves could do

The French and Indian War: 1754-1763 British versus French Part of a larger conflict known as the Seven Years’

War Basically, the British, North American colonists,

and their Native American Indian allies were fighting the French and their Native American Indian allies

The Iroquois Confederacy sided with the British The British eventually defeated the French The British gained control of Canada But the British incurred a large debt in the course

of the struggle To pay off this debt, the British started to act like

a Mother Country This led to the end of Salutary Neglect This led to lots of taxes

The Albany Plan of the Union: 1754 Benjamin Franklin encouraged the colonists to unite during the

French and Indian War to help the British win Franklin encouraged the colonists to unite in a permanent union for

defense He created this very cool cartoon: Join or Die

The Albany Plan of the Union failed because the colonies were not ready to give up local power for the union

However, it did introduce the concept of a federal plan of representative government with specific powers given to the central authority

The Proclamation Line of 1763: After the French and Indian War, the British issued the Proclamation Act of 1763 It forbade settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains The colonists were furious – they needed more land The British wanted to avoid conflicts with the Native American Indians

So, this British victory led to taxes, taxes, and more taxes in the colonies making someone shout, “No taxation without representation.”

I like this idea of a union. Perhaps I will propose an Intergalactic Plan of the Union – after the completion of my soap opera, of course!

What was the main cause of the French and Indian War (1754–1763)?

A. disputed land claims in the Ohio River valley between the French and the British

B. conflicts between American colonists and the French over control of the Great Plains

C. taxation of American colonists without representation in Parliament

D. violation of trade agreements between European nations and Native American Indians

Many colonies objected to the Albany Plan of Union (1754) mainly becauseA. the colonies had just

been given representation in Parliament

B. the plan gave too much power to Native American Indians

C. threats to colonial safety had ended

D. colonial assemblies did not want to give up their individual power

John Locke Baron de Montesquieu Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Voltaire

1- Believed governments obtain their authority from the consent of the people they govern

2- Opposed to Divine Right of Kings

3- Natural Rights: Life, Liberty, Property

1- Separation of powers

2- Executive, Legislative, and Judicial Branch of Government

3- To prevent tyranny

1- Popular sovereignty

2- A doctrine in political theory that government is created by and subject to the will of the people

1- Religious Freedom

2- Freedom of Speech

How did these Enlightenment ideas influence the colonists?

Causes and Consequences of a Revolution: Part 3

There are those Appalachian Mountains again! In visiting New York and Ms. Napp, I was able to actually hike part of the Appalachian Mountains, right here at Bear Mountain State Park!

Here is a map of the thirteen colonies. Notice that all of the thirteen colonies are located in the East – near the Atlantic Ocean. Also notice that all of the thirteen colonies are

Let’s start with this critical statement.

After the French and Indian War, Britain needed money. Yes, Britain had won the war. Yes, it had experienced victory. But wars cost money and when a government needs money, a government taxes!

So, suddenly, Britain began to act like a mother country. Now, a mother

The Sugar Act, 1764: The British placed taxes

on imports of sugar

The Stamp Act, 1765: Required colonial

newspapers, books and documents to carry an

official government stamp Colonists objected to the tax, since they were not

represented in Parliament Parliament repealed the tax, but replaced it with

taxes on paper, glass, and tea.

The Townshend Acts, 1767: British taxes on imports such as paper and tea Led to smuggling or colonists illegally bringing these products into

the colonies to avoid paying taxes

Let’s start with this critical statement.

After the French and Indian War, Britain needed money. Yes, Britain had won the war. Yes, it had experienced victory. But wars cost money and when a government needs money, a government taxes!

So, suddenly, Britain began to act like a mother country. Now, a mother

I like this idea of “No taxation without representation.” I think I will bring it the Intergalactic Council. Government should be based on the consent of the people. The people should give government its power to make decisions and to create taxes. Of course, consent or permission is given by voting.

During the early 1770s, how did the British government respond to increasing American protests of British colonial policy?A. It offered self-government to the

colonists.B. It increased efforts to maintain order and

enforce laws.C. It agreed to grant the colonies

representation in Parliament.D. It asked France for help in controlling the

colonists.

“The only representatives of the people of these colonies are persons chosen therein by themselves; and that no taxes ever have been, or can be constitutionally imposed on them but by their respective legislatures.” ~ Statement by the Stamp Act Congress, 1765

What is a valid conclusion that can be drawn from this quotation?A. The colonial legislatures should be

appointed by the English King with the consent of Parliament.

B. Only the colonists’ elected representatives should have the power to levy taxes.

C. The English King should have the right to tax the colonists.

D. The colonists should be opposed to all taxation.

The colonists’ slogan, “No taxation without representation,” expresses a belief in

A. free tradeB. economic

interdependenceC. the supremacy of

ParliamentD. the consent of the

governed

Led to writs of assistance or permits that allowed British officials to search colonists’ homes

The Boston Massacre, 1770: Colonists met to protest

British taxes and rule A mob formed in the

streets of Boston Some colonists began to

hurl snowballs and rocks at the British soldiers

The soldiers fired Crispus Attucks, a freed

African American, was killed

The Boston Tea Party, 1773: When the British repealed all the taxes

except the one on tea, in 1773, a group of protesters threw tea off a British ship in Boston harbor.

As a result of the Boston Tea Party, the British government closed Boston harbor and banned public meetings until the tea that had been destroyed was paid for.

Representatives of the colonies met in Philadelphia to discuss the situation.

The Intolerable or Coercive Acts: These British acts punished the colonists for their behavior at the Boston Tea Party. Boston harbor was closed The colonists had to pay for the destroyed tea British troops could stay in peoples’ homes (quartering) The Quebec Act increased the size of Quebec and allowed the practice of Roman Catholicism

A writ of assistance was a hated thing! It was a general search warrant that allowed a British official to search for anything at any time. There was no need for evidence in order to get the writ. The official could just wave the paper, enter your home, and search for anything!

The Tea Act actually reduced the price of tea but the tea had to be purchased from the British East India Company. Thus, it allowed a monopoly. You also might remember this company from the Sepoy Rebellion in India.

During the colonial period, the BritishParliament used the policy of mercantilism to

A. limit manufacturing in AmericaB. prevent criticism of royal policiesC. deny representation to the colonistsD. force colonists to worship in the Anglican

Church

Which statement is most accurate about the movement for independence in the thirteen colonies?

A. The independence movement began soon after the founding of the Plymouth Colony.

B. Protests against British colonial policies gradually led to demands for independence.

C. The King of England required the colonists to become economically self-sufficient.

D. The movement for independence was equally strong in all of the colonies.

The Protestant colonists were not happy

The First Continental Congress: Met at Carpenters Hall in Philadelphia on September 5, 1774 The delegates at the Congress were narrowly divided between those who favored resistance and

those who advocated conciliation

Lexington and Concord: The first shots of the Revolutionary War were fired in these towns Lexington was known as “the shot heard around the world” No one knows who fired first Colonial Minutemen (assembled in a minute) defended Lexington against the British The Revolutionary War had begun The Patriots versus the British Tories or Loyalists

The Olive Branch Petition, July 1775: The colonists tried one more time to avoid conflict with King George III But the King was not interested The King believed the colonists needed to obey the law

The Second Continental Congress: 1775 in Philadelphia The colonists prepared for war But some still wanted peace George Washington was named

Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army

Thomas Paine’s Common Sense, 1776: Wrote a very important pamphlet

encouraging colonists to fight for independence

Paine argued that it was simply “common sense” for America to be independent

Paine argued that it was simply ridiculous for the American colonies, located on a huge continent, to be governed by a tiny far-off island like Great Britain

The Declaration of Independence, July 4, 1776: Influenced by the ideas and principles of the European

Enlightenment or Age of Reason

The colonists still wanted to maintain their connection with Britain.

I love when Paine wrote “Our corn will fetch its price in any market in Europe.” Who needs a mother country?

In the publication Common Sense, Thomas Paine argued that

A. foreign nations would reject an independent American government

B. the British government would be impossible to overthrow

C. America was dependent on British trade and protection

D. the American colonies should break away from England

In the publication Common Sense, Thomas Paine argued that the American colonies should

A. approve the Treaty of Paris (1763)B. ratify the Constitution of the United StatesC. end their political relationship with Great

BritainD. support the policies of King George III

The Declaration of Independence (1776) has had a major influence on peoples throughout the world because itA. guarantees universal suffrage B. establishes a basic set of laws for

every nation C. provides justification for revolting

against unjust governments

Influenced by John Locke and his ideas of natural rights (life, liberty, and property) and Montesquieu (separation of powers)

Influenced by the idea of “consent of the governed” or that by voting, citizens give government permission to act

Government derives or gets its power from the people The document also included a long list of grievances or complaints against King George III Written by Thomas Jefferson

Victory and a New Nation: With help from the French, after years of fighting the

Continental Army under General George Washington finally gained a hard-won victory over the British

Colonial advantages included patriotic spirit spurred by defending their towns, homes, and families and extensive aid received through a treaty alliance with France

In 1783, Britain recognized the independence of the thirteen American colonies

Each colony now became an independent state

The Treaty of Paris, 1783: The treaty that ended the Revolutionary War Established the thirteen colonies as thirteen states Secured more territory east of the Mississippi River

ZENGER CASE “In addition, colonial political rights were expanded by a famous legal trial that became known as the Zenger case. John Peter Zenger was a printer who wrote an article criticizing the governor of New York. He was arrested and brought to trial in 1733. In his defense, he admitted that he was responsible for the article but argued that he had written the truth. The jury accepted his reasoning and declared him innocent of the charge of libel (writing a wrongfully unfavorable opinion of another person). The ruling established the principle of freedom of the press. This meant that the press had the right to be critical of the government. This freedom has withstood many challenges throughout American history and is an important part of the First Amendment to the Constitution.” ~ U.S. History and Government

Word Bank: Mercantilism, Albany Plan of the Union, House of Burgesses, “Salutary Neglect,” Mayflower Compact, Magna Carta, French and Indian War (1754-1763),

Jamestown, Consent of the Governed

1- The first successful English settlement in North America was established on an island in the James River in Virginia in 1607. _____________________________, named for the English king, James

“We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.--That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, --That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government…” Just beautiful!

The Declaration of Independence (1776) has had a major influence on peoples throughout the world because itA. guarantees universal suffrage B. establishes a basic set of laws for

every nation C. provides justification for revolting

against unjust governments

The court decision in the trial of John Peter Zenger (1735) strengthened

A. freedom of religion B. freedom of the press C. due process rights D. the right to counsel

I, was founded by the London Company. The settlers at this settlement suffered greatly at first until they learned to grow tobacco and ship it to England.

2- The second successful English colony was founded by an English company at Plymouth Bay in Massachusetts. However, the settlers, the Pilgrims, had religious reasons for coming. The Pilgrims were strict Protestants who wished to separate from the Church of England. Before landing in Plymouth, 41 adults on the Mayflower signed the ____________________________. This concept of government by compact or written agreement became a cornerstone of American democracy.

3- Of course, the colonists enjoyed several democratic institutions, based in part on the English political tradition. In signing the ___________________________ of 1215, the English king had promised not to take away property or to imprison his nobles or townspeople except according to the laws of the land. This document limited the power of the king. The English also had a representative legislature, known as the Parliament.

4- In 1620, Pilgrims crossing the Atlantic signed the Mayflower Compact, which established a colonial government deriving power from the _____________________________.

5- Virginia established its own ________________________________, in which elected representatives helped govern the colony.

6- The American colonies grew in importance to Great Britain as their population and the value of their trade increased. Under ______________________________________, trade with the colonies was regulated to benefit the “Mother Country” (Great Britain). The British sold expensive manufactured goods to the colonists, while the colonists sold cheaper raw materials, such as tobacco and cotton, to the British.

7- Because of England’s own problems – such as the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and wars with Holland, France, and Spain during the 17th century – the local governing bodies of the colonies were allowed to expand their powers and activities. During this period of so-called “____________________________________,” the British allowed the colonies a great amount of self-government and economic freedom.

8- In the mid-eighteenth century, Britain and France became involved in the ______________________________. The British eventually defeated the French and gained control of Canada, but incurred a large debt in the course of the struggle. To help pay off their war debt, the British Parliament imposed new taxes on the colonies.

9- The ________________________________________, drafted by Benjamin Franklin, proposed that the colonies unite in a permanent union for defense.