Latin I Final guide

Test format: TBA

I. Grammar Define the following terms:

Term DefinitionAccusative

Action verb

Adjective

Adverb

Case

Conjugation

Conjunction

Declension

Direct object

Gender

Imperative

Indirect object

Indicative

Infinitive

Inflection

Interjection

Linking verb

Macron

Mood

Nominative

Noun

Number

Object of preposition

PersonPredicate nominative/noun, adjective

Preposition

Pronoun

Subject

Tense

Vocative

Voice

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II. Nouns A. Cases & Grammatical functions

Nominative is used for subjects and predicate nouns & adjectives. N.B. Predicate nouns and adjectives follow linking verbs, e.g. sum esse fuī futūrus “to be.”

e.g. Caecilius est argentārius _________________________________________________________

e.g. Cerberus est īrātus ______________________________________________________________

[Genitive provides noun stem, shows possession]

Dative is used for indirect objects: indirect objects answer the questions to whom/what or for whom or what something is given, shown, told etc. N.B. Verbs faveō, placeō and crēdō take a direct object in the dative case.

e.g. Caecilius Holconiō favet. __________________________________________________

Accusative is used for direct objects: direct objects answer the questions whom or what after the action verb. The accusative case is also used as the object of many prepositions.

e.g. Grumiō pāvōnem coquit. __________________________________________________

ad ____________________ prope _______________________

per ___________________ in + Acc. _____________________

e.g. ambulant ad forum. __________________________________________________

Ablative case is used with certain prepositions “SIDSPACE.” N.B. Ab and ex appear before nouns that start with a vowel; a and e appear before nouns that start with a consonant.

sine_______________________________ sub _______________________________

in____________________________ prō _______________________________

dē____________________________ ā/ab______________________________

cum_______________________________

ē/ex______________________________

e.g. Grumiō fābulam dē ancillā nārrat. ______________________________________________

Vocative is used for direct address. Fill in rules for forming the vocative case

1. For most nouns, the vocative is the same as the __________________.

2. For 2nd declension nouns ending in –us, the vocative ends in _____. For 2nd declension nouns ending in –ius, the vocative ends in _____.

3. The vocative case often appears with the _____________________________ mood of the verb.

4. Give the vocative for Caecilius ______________________________

5. Give the vocative for Metella _______________________________

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6. Give the vocative for Grumiō _______________________________

7. Give the vocative for Cerberus ______________________________

8. Give the vocative for “Slaves!” ______________________________

9. Give the vocative for “Mothers!” ____________________________

B. Fill in the following charts with the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd declension endings.

Complete the table with the correct endings.

1st Declension 2nd Declension 3rd DeclensionSingular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural

Nominative

Genitive

Dative

Accusative

Ablative

Vocative

For practice, decline the words below.

vīlla cibus canisSingular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural

Nominative

Genitive

Dative

Accusative

Ablative

Vocative

via puer leōSingular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural

Nominative

Genitive

Dative

Accusative

Ablative

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via puer leōSingular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural

Vocative

Identify the case of each noun in the following sentences.

puellae gladiatōrēs in arenā vident. __________ __________ __________

leō pedem agricolae in silvā ostendit. __________ __________ __________ __________

III. Adjectives modify nouns or pronouns

Adjectives agree with the nouns they modify in case, number and gender. N.B. Adjectives do not have to agree with the nouns they describe in declension.

e.g. turba maxima erat in forō. ____________________________________________________________

e.g. tū servum fidēlem nōn habēs. _________________________________________________________

e.g. servus fidēlis pecūniam in cubiculō custōdit. _____________________________________________

Adjectives have 3 degrees: positive, comparative, superlative. Give the appropriate translations:

e.g. notus_______________ notior_______________ notissimus_______________

celer_______________ celerior_______________ celerrimus_______________

Choose the adjective which correctly completes coquus cenam __________ parat. a.) optimum b.) optimi

c.) optimam d.) optima

Some adjectives are irregular in how they form their comparatives and superlatives. Fill in the chart below with the correct forms and English translations.

Positive Comparative Superlatives

bonus

“good”

malus

“bad”

magnus

“great”

parvus

“small”

multus

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Positive Comparative Superlatives

“much”

IV. Pronouns

Fill in the chart below with the correct form of each personal pronoun and their meanings:

Nominative Sing. ego – I tū – youGenitive Sing.

Dative Sing.

Accusative Sing.

Ablative Sing.

Nominative Plural

Genitive Plural

Dative Plural

Accusative Plural

Ablative Plural

Define the following pronouns:

eum ____________________ hic _____________________ ille _____________________

V. Verbs A. Principal parts

Most regular verbs have 4 principal parts and you should have a working knowledge of the first three.

Principal part Example UseFirst principal part portō “I carry, do

carry, am carrying”First person singular present active

Second principal part portāre “to carry” Present active infinitive: yields the present active stem used for present and imperfect tenses

active used for imperative active mood identifies the conjugation

Third principal part portāvī “I carried, did carry, have carried”

First person singular perfect: yields perfect active stem used for perfect active tense

The second principal part has several grammatical functions. Its final three letters will determine to which conjugation the verb belongs.

First conjugation verbs have infinitives which end in -āre. e.g. laudāre Second conjugation verbs have infinitives which end -ēre. e.g. vidēre Third conjugation verbs have infinitives which end in -ere. e.g. dūcere Fourth conjugation verbs have infinitives which end in -īre. e.g. audīre

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N.B. Not all verbs are placed into a specific conjugation. Those verbs which are not placed into a specific conjugation are called irregular verbs because their principal parts and/or tense forms do not change in a consistent and predictable manner.

e.g. sum, esse, fuī, futūrus adsum, adesse, adfuī, adfutūrus absum, abesse, afuī, afutūrus

Answer the following questions about nāvigō, nāvigāre, nāvigāvī, nāvigātus “to sail.”

1. What is the perfect stem? ____________________

2. What is the first person singular present active? ____________________

3. What is the first person singular perfect active? ____________________

4. What is the present active infinitive? ____________________

5. What is the present stem? ____________________

6. To which conjugation does this verb belong? ____________________

B. Conjugating verbs

Conjugate and translate the following tenses for amō, amāre, amāvī, amātus “love.”

Present Imperfect Perfect1st singular

translation

2nd singular

translation

3rd singular

translation

1st plural

translation

2nd plural

translation

3rd plural

translation

Conjugate and translate the following tenses for sedeō, sedēre, sēdī, sessus “sit.”

Present Imperfect Perfect1st singular

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Present Imperfect Perfecttranslation

2nd singular

translation

3rd singular

translation

1st plural

translation

2nd plural

translation

3rd plural

translation

Conjugate and translate the following tenses for dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictus “say, tell.”

Present Imperfect Perfect1st singular

translation

2nd singular

translation

3rd singular

translation

1st plural

translation

2nd plural

translation

3rd plural

translation

Conjugate and translate the following tenses for sentiō, sentīre, sensī, sensus “feel.”

Present Imperfect Perfect1st singular

translation

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Present Imperfect Perfect2nd singular

translation

3rd singular

translation

1st plural

translation

2nd plural

translation

3rd plural

translation

Conjugate and translate the following tenses for sum, esse, fuī, futūrus “be.”

Present Imperfect Perfect1st singular

translation

2nd singular

translation

3rd singular

translation

1st plural

translation

2nd plural

translation

3rd plural

translation

Identify the correct tense of the following verbs.

She kept leading. __________ We did lead. __________ I am leading. __________

You have led. __________ You lead. __________ They used to lead. __________

He does lead. __________ They led. __________ It leads. __________

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dūcēbat __________ dūcō __________ dūxistis __________

dūcitis __________ dūcit __________ dūcēbāmus __________

dūcēbātis __________ dūcis __________ dūxit __________

Identify the imperfect tense sign for regular Latin verbs _______________

Identify the imperfect tense sign for the sum, esse, fuī, futūrus _______________

C. Imperative Mood (gives a command to one or more person(s).)

Conjugate the imperative forms for the following verbs: Singular Plural

amō, amāre, amāvī, amātus

sedeō, sedēre, sēdī, sessus

dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, ductus

sentiō, sentīre, sensī, sensus

e.g. dā cibum servō! ___________________________________________________________________

e.g. legite epistulas! ____________________________________________________________________

Negative imperatives use the word(s) nōlī/nōlīte with the infinitive.

e.g. Mārce, nōlī bibere aquam! __________________________________________________________

puerī, nōlīte currere! _______________________________________________________________

VI. Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs.

e.g. intentē _______________

ferōciter _______________

graviter _______________

VII. Prepositions identify the prepositional phrases in the following sentences.

e.g. Metella coquum in culīnam vocat. e.g. servī lectum ex tricliniō in hortum trahunt. Quīntus canem in viā videt. e.g. Melissa cum Grumiōne in forō lentē ambulābat.

VIII. Dependent clauses

Some conjunctions introduce dependent/subordinate clauses, which cannot stand by themselves but depend on the rest of the sentence (main/independent clause). Postquam introduces temporal clauses, and quod introduces causal clauses. All clauses must contain their own verb.

e.g. Postquam Clēmēns montem Vesuvium vīdit et tremōrēs sensit, ad Caecilium cucurrit.

____________________________________________________________________________________

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Caecilius ad vīllam cucurrit et ātrium intrāvit, quod Metellam quaerēbat.

____________________________________________________________________________________

IX. Quam

With the positive adjective, quam means how. With the comparative adjective, quam means than. With the superlative adverb, quam mean as…as possible.

e.g. Quam callidus est Quīntus! __________________________________________________________

e.g. Clēmēns est callidior quam Grumiō. __________________________________________________

e.g. pūgnāvit quam fortissimē. ___________________________________________________________

IX. Interrogatives/Question words

-ne is attached to the first word in a Latin sentence to indicate a simple yes or no question. nōnne is used as an introductory word in a Latin sentence to show the answer is anticipated to be yes. num is used as an introductory word in a Latin sentence to show the answer is anticipated to be no.

e.g. estne Mārcus Rōmānus puer? _________________________________________________________

e.g. nōnne est Mārcus Rōmānus puer? _____________________________________________________

e.g. num est Mārcus Rōmānus puer? ______________________________________________________

Latin questions can also be introduced by certain adverbs and pronouns.

e.g. quis _______________ quid _______________ ubi _______________ cūr _______________

X. Culture

Questions from the following topics will be included on this exam. With your teacher’s guidance, familiarize yourself with terms/vocabulary concerning these topics.

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Latin I Final guide

Test format: TBA

I. Grammar Define the following terms:

Term DefinitionAccusative

Action verb

Adjective

Adverb

Case

Conjugation

Conjunction

Declension

Direct object

Gender

Imperative

Indirect object

Indicative

Infinitive

Inflection

Interjection

Linking verb

Macron

Mood

Nominative

Noun

Number

Object of preposition

PersonPredicate nominative/noun, adjective

Preposition

Pronoun

Subject

Tense

Vocative

Voice

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Latin I Final guide

II. Nouns A. Cases & Grammatical functions

Nominative is used for subjects and predicate nouns & adjectives. N.B. Predicate nouns and adjectives follow linking verbs, e.g. sum esse fuī futūrus “to be.”

e.g. . Caecilius est argentarius Caecilius (subject) is a banker (predicate nominative)

e.g. Cerberus est iratus Cerberus is angry (predicate adjective)

[Genitive provides noun stem, shows possession]

Dative is used for indirect objects: indirect objects answer the questions to whom/what or for whom or what something is given, shown, told etc. NB Verbs faveō, placeō and crēdō take a direct object in the dative case.

e.g. Caecilius Holconiō favet. Caecilius favors Holconius (direct object)

Accusative is used for direct objects: direct objects answer the questions whom or what after the action verb. The accusative case is also used as the object of many prepositions.

e.g. Grumiō pāvōnem coquit. Grumio cooks the peacock (direct object).

ad to prope near

per through in + Acc. into, onto

e.g. ambulant ad forum. They are walking to the forum.

Ablative case is used with certain prepositions. NB “SIDSPACE”

sine without sub under

in in, on pro in front of

dē about, down from ā/ab away from

cum with

ē/ex out of, from

e.g. Grumiō fābulam dē ancillā nārrat. Grumio tells a story about the slave girl.

Vocative is used for direct address. Fill in rules for forming the vocative case

1. For most nouns, the vocative is the same as the nominative.

2. For 2nd declension nouns ending in –us, the vocative ends in e. For 2nd declension nouns ending in –ius, the vocative ends in i.

3. The vocative case often appears with the imperative mood of the verb.

4. Give the vocative for Caecilius Caecili

5. Give the vocative for Metella Metella

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6. Give the vocative for Grumio Grumio

7. Give the vocative for Cerberus Cerbere

8. Give the vocative for “Slaves!” servī!

9. Give the vocative for “Mothers!” matrēs!

B. Fill in the following charts with the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd declension endings.

Complete the table with the correct endings.

1st Declension 2nd Declension 3rd DeclensionSingular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural

Nominative a ae us (er) ī — ēs

Genitive ae ārum ī ōrum is um

Dative ae īs ō īs ī ibus

Accusative am ās um ōs em ēs

Ablative ā īs ō īs e ibus

Vocative a ae e ī — ēs

For practice, decline the words below.

villa cibus canisSingular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural

Nominative villa villae cibus cibī canis canēsGenitive villae villārum cibī cibōrum canis canumDative villae villīs cibō cibīs canī canibusAccusative villam villās cibum cibōs canem canēsAblative villā villīs cibō cibīs cane canibusVocative villa villae cibe cibī canis canēs

via puer leoSingular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural

Nominative via viae puer puerī leo leonēsGenitive viae viārum puerī puerōrum leonis leonumDative viae viīs puerō puerīs leonī leonibusAccusative viam viās puerum puerōs leonem leonēsAblative viā viīs puerō puerīs leone leonibus

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Vocative via viae puer puerī leo leonēs

Identify the case of each noun in the following sentences.

puellae gladiatorēs in arenâ vident. puellae – nom. gladiatorēs – acc. arenā – abl.

leo pedem agricolae in silvâ ostendit. leo – nom. pedem – acc. agricolae – dat. silvā – abl.

III. Adjectives modify nouns or pronounsAdjectives agree with the nouns they modify in case, number and gender. NB Adjectives do not have to agree with the nouns they describe in declension.

e.g. turba maxima erat in foro. A very great crowd was in the forum.

e.g. tu servum fidelem non habes. You do not have a faithful slave.

e.g. servus fidelis pecuniam in cubiculo custodit. The faithful slave guards the money in the bedroom.

Adjectives have 3 degrees: positive, comparative, superlative. Give the appropriate translations:

e.g. notus well known notior more well known notissimus very well known

celer quick celerior quicker celerrimus quickest

Choose the adjective which correctly completes coquus cenam __________ parat. e.) optimum f.) optimi

g.) optimam h.) optima

Some adjectives are irregular in how they form their comparatives and superlatives. Fill in the chart below with the correct forms and English translations.

Positive Comparative Superlatives

bonus melior optimus

“good” better best

malus peior pessimus

“bad” worse worst

magnus maior maximus

“great” greater greatest

parvus minor minimus

“small” smaller smallest

multus plus plurimus

IV. Pronouns

Fill in the chart below with the correct form of each personal pronoun and their meanings:

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Nominative Sing. ego – I tu – youGenitive Sing. mei tui

Dative Sing. mihi tibi

Accusative Sing. mē tē

Ablative Sing. mē tē

Nominative Plural nos vos

Genitive Plural nostri, nostrum vestri, vestrum

Dative Plural nobis vobis

Accusative Plural nos vos

Ablative Plural nobis vobis

Define the following pronouns:

eum him hic this ille that

V. Verbs A. Principal parts

Most regular verbs have 4 principal parts and you should have a working knowledge of the first three.

Principal part Example UseFirst principal part portō “I carry, do

carry, am carrying”First person singular present active

Second principal part portāre “to carry” Present active infinitive: yields the present active stem used for present and imperfect tenses

active used for imperative active mood identifies the conjugation

Third principal part portāvī “I carried, did carry, have carried”

First person singular perfect: yields perfect active stem used for perfect active tense

The second principal part has several grammatical functions. Its final three letters will determine to which conjugation the verb belongs.

First conjugation verbs have infinitives which end in -āre. e.g. laudāre Second conjugation verbs have infinitives which end -ēre. e.g. vidēre Third conjugation verbs have infinitives which end in -ere. e.g. dūcere Fourth conjugation verbs have infinitives which end in -īre. e.g. audīre

N.B. Not all verbs are placed into a specific conjugation. Those verbs which are not placed into a specific conjugation are called irregular verbs because their principal parts and/or tense forms do not change in a consistent and predictable manner.

e.g. sum, esse, fuī, futūrus adsum, adesse, adfuī, adfutūrus absum, abesse, afuī, afutūrus

Answer the following questions about nāvigō, nāvigāre, nāvigāvī, nāvigātus “to sail.”

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1. What is the perfect stem? navigāv

2. What is the first person singular present active? navigō

3. What is the first person singular perfect active? navigāvī

4. What is the present active infinitive? navigāre

5. What is the present stem? navigā

6. To which conjugation does this verb belong? first

B. Conjugating verbs

Conjugate and translate the following tenses for amō, amāre, amāvī, amātus “love.”

Present Imperfect Perfect1st singular amō amābam amāvī

translation I love, I am loving, I do love I was loving, I used to love I loved, I have loved, I did love

2nd singular amās amābas amāvīstī

translation you love, you do love, you are loving

you were loving, you used to love

you loved, you have loved, you did love

3rd singular amat amābat amāvit

translation he/she/it loves, is loving, does love

he/she/it was loving, used to love

he/she/it loved, has loved, did love

1st plural amāmus amābamus amāvimus

translation we love, we are loving, we do love

we were loving, we used to love

we loved, we have loved, we did love

2nd plural amātis amābatis amāvistis

translation you love, you are loving, you do love

you were loving, you used to love

you loved, you have loved, you did love

3rd plural amant amābant amāvērunt

translation they love, they do love, they are loving

they were loving, they used to love

they loved, they have loved, they did love

Conjugate and translate the following tenses for sedeō, sedēre, sēdī, sessus “sit.”

Present Imperfect Perfect1st singular sedeō sedēbam sedī

translation I sit, I am sitting, I do sit I was sitting, I used to sit I sat, I have sat, I did sit

2nd singular sedēs sedēbas sedistī

translation you sit, you do sit, you are sitting

you were sitting, you used to sit

you sat, you have sat, you did sit

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Present Imperfect Perfect3rd singular sedet sedēbat sedit

translation he/she/it sits, is sitting, does sit

he/she/it was sitting, he/she/it used to sit

he/she/it sat, he/she/it has sat, you did sit

1st plural sedēmus sedēbamus sedimus

translation we sit, we are sitting, we do sit

we were sitting, we used to sit

we sat. we have sat, we did sat

2nd plural sedētis sedēbatis sedistis

translation you sit, you are sitting, you do sit

you were sitting, you used to sit

you sat, you have sat, you did sit

3rd plural sedent sedēbant sedērunt

translation they sit, they do sit, they are sitting

they were sitting, they used to sit

they sat, they have sat, they did sit

Conjugate and translate the following tenses for dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictus “say, tell.”

Present Imperfect Perfect1st singular dicō dicēbam dixī

translation I say, I am saying, I do say I was saying, I used to say I said, I have said, I did say

2nd singular dicis dicēbas dixistī

translation you say, you are saying, you do say

you were saying, you used to say

you said, you have said, you did say

3rd singular dicit dicēbat dixit

translation he/she/it says, is saying, does say

he/she/it was saying, used to say

he/she/it said, has said. did say

1st plural dicimus dicēbamus diximus

translation we say, we are saying, we do say

we were saying, we used to say

we said, we have said, we did say

2nd plural dicitis dicēbatis dixistis

translation you say, you are saying, you do say

you were saying, you used to say

you said, you have said, you did say

3rd plural dicunt dicēbant dixērunt

translation they say, they are saying, they do say

they were saying. they used to say

they said, they have said, they did say

Conjugate and translate the following tenses for sentiō, sentīre, sensī, sensus “feel.”

Present Imperfect Perfect1st singular sentiō sentiēbam sensī

translation I feel, I am feeling, I do feel I was feeling, I used to feel I felt, I have felt, I did feel

2nd singular sentis sentiēbas sensistī

translation you feel, you are feeling, you were feeling, you used you felt, you have felt, you

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Present Imperfect Perfectyou do feel to feel did feel

3rd singular sentit sentiēbat sensit

translation he/she/it feels, is feeling, does feel

he/she/it was feeling, used to feel

he/she/it felt, has felt. did feel

1st plural sentimus sentiēbamus sensimus

translation we feel, we are feeling, we do feel

we were feeling, we used to feel

we felt, we have felt, we did feel

2nd plural sentitis sentiēbatis sensistis

translation you feel, you are feeling, you do feel

you were feeling, you used to feel

you felt, you have felt, you did feel

3rd plural sentiunt sentiēbant sensērunt

translation they feel, they are feeling, they do feel

they were feeling. they used to feel

they felt, they have felt, they did feel

Conjugate and translate the following tenses for sum, esse, fuī, futūrus “be.”

Present Imperfect Perfect1st singular sum eram fuī

translation I am I was I have been

2nd singular es eras fuistī

translation you are you were you have been

3rd singular est erat fuit

translation he/she/it is he/she/it was he/she/it has been

1st plural sumus eramus fuimus

translation we are we were we have been

2nd plural estis eratis fuistis

translation you are you were you have been

3rd plural sunt erant fuērunt

translation they are they were they have been

Identify the correct tense of the following verbs.

She kept leading. Imperfect We did lead. Perfect I am leading. Present

You have led. Perfect You lead. Present They used to lead. Imperfect

He does lead. Present They led. Perfect It leads. Present

ducebat Imperfect duco Present duxistis Perfect

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ducitis Present ducit Present ducebamus Imperfect

ducebatis Imperfect ducis Present duxit Perfect

Identify the imperfect tense sign for regular Latin verbs ba

Identify the imperfect tense sign for the sum, esse, fui, futurus a

C. Imperative Mood (gives a command to one or more person(s).)

Conjugate the imperative forms for the following verbs: Singular Plural

amō, amāre, amāvī, amātus amā amate

sedeō, sedēre, sēdī, sessus sedē sedete

dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, ductus duc ducite

sentiō, sentīre, sensī, sensus sentī sentite

e.g. dā cibum servō! Give the slave food!

e.g. legite epistulās! Read the letters!

Negative imperatives use the word(s) nōlī/nōlīte with the infinitive.

e.g. Mārce, nōlī bibere aquam! Marcus, don’t drink the water!

puerī, nōlīte currere! Boys, don’t run!

VI. Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs.

e.g. intentê intently

ferōciter fiercely

graviter seriously

VII. Prepositions identify the prepositional phrases in the following sentences.

e.g. Metella coquum in culinam vocat. servi lectum ex tricliniō in hortum trahunt. Quintus canem in viā videt. Melissa cum Grumione in forō lentê ambulabat.

VIII. Dependent clauses

Some conjunctions introduce dependent/subordinate clauses, which cannot stand by themselves but depend on the rest of the sentence (main/independent clause). Postquam introduces temporal clauses, and quod introduces causal clauses. All clauses must contain their own verb.

e.g. Postquam Clemens montem Vesuvium vidit et tremores sensit, ad Caecilium cucurrit.

After Clemens saw Mount Vesuvius and felt the tremors, he ran to Caecilius.

e.g. Caecilius ad villam cucurrit et atrium intravit, quod Metellam quaerebat.

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Caecilius ran to the house and entered the atrium because he was searching for Metella.

IX. Quam

With the positive adjective, quam means how. With the comparative adjective, quam means than. With the superlative adverb, quam mean as…as possible.

e.g. Quam callidus est Quīntus! How clever Quintus is!

e.g. Clēmēns est callidior quam Grumiō. Clemens is smarter than Grumio!

e.g. pūgnāvit quam fortissimē. He fought as bravely as possible.

X. Interrogatives/Question words

-ne is attached to the first word in a Latin sentence to indicate a simple yes or no question. nōnne is used as an introductory word in a Latin sentence to show the answer is anticipated to be yes. num is used as an introductory word in a Latin sentence to show the answer is anticipated to be no.

e.g. estne Mārcus Rōmānus puer? Is Marcus a Roman boy?

e.g. nōnne est Mārcus Rōmānus puer? Marcus is a Roman boy, isn’t he? /Surely Marcus is a Roman boy?

e.g. num est Mārcus Rōmānus puer? Marcus isn’t a Roman boy, is he? / Surely Marcus is not a Roman boy?

Latin questions can also be introduced by certain adverbs and pronouns.

e.g. quis Who? quid What? ubi Where? cūr Why?

XI. Culture

Questions from the following topics will be included on this exam. With your teacher’s guidance, familiarize yourself with terms/vocabulary concerning these topics.

Revised 5/5/2023 20