h. Transport 12/16/10 10:05 PM

Objectives:

h. Transport

2.49 understand why simple, unicellular organisms can rely on diffusion for movement of substances in and out of cells.

2.50 understand the need for a transport system in multicellular organisms

2.57 recall the composition of the blood: red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and plasma

2.58 understand the role of plasma in the transport of carbon dioxide, digested food, urea, hormones and heat energy

2.59 describe the adaptations of red blood cells for the transport of oxygen, including shape, structure and the presence of haemoglobin

2.60 describe how the immune system responds to disease using white blood cells, illustrated by phagocytes ingesting pathogens and lymphocytes releasing antibodies specific to the pathogen.

2.61 understand that vaccination results in the manufacture of memory cells, which enable future antibody production to the pathogen to occur sooner, faster and in greater quantity.

2.62 recall that platelets are involved in blood clotting, which prevents blood loss and the entry of microorganisms

2.63 describe the structure of the heart and how it functions

2.64 understand that the heart rate changes during exercise and under the influence of adrenaline

2.65 describe the structure of arteries, veins and capillaries and understand their roles

2.66 recall the general plan of the circulation system to include the blood vessels to and from the heart, the lungs, the liver and the kidneys.

2.49 Diffusion 12/16/10 10:05 PM

2.49 understand why simple, unicellular organisms can rely on diffusion for movement of substances in and out of cells.

Simple, unicellular organisms can rely on diffusion to move substances in and out of their cells because they have a large surface area to volume ratio.

Small organisms = Large surface area to volume ratio.

Large organisms = Small surface area to volume ratio.

To do:Visit the website:http://esminfo.prenhall.com/science/BiologyArchive/lectureanimations/closerlook/cellsurface.html

Use the animation to fill in the table below:

Length of side

Total surface area

Volume Surface area/volume

2m 24 8 3.004m 96 64 1.506m 216 216 18m 384 512 0.7510m 600 1000 0.60

In your own words describe what happens to the surface area : volume as the length of the side of the “cell” is increased by 2m.

What are the implications of this for the cell?

2.50 Transport System 12/16/10 10:05 PM

2.50 understand the need for a transport system in multicellular

In the previous objective you learnt that as cells become bigger their surface area : volume decreased. This means that the cell no longer has sufficient surface area for diffusion to provide the volume within the cell with all it needs.

When cells get to a certain size they will divide. By dividing they once again increase their surface area : volume. The organism is no longer unicellular but is becoming multicellular.

To do:View the website:http://www.brown.edu/Courses/BI0020_Miller/week/10/web-1/4-2-2007_10-20-26/Chapter_41/Present/Animations/41_A01/41_A01s.html You will go through this animation with your teacher (it is very high level – you just need to understand the basics).

As you watch the animation, pause to answer the following questions:1. As the cube increases in size, describe the relationship between the increase in volume and the increase in surface area.

2. In the animation, two cubes the same size are compared. One stays as a single cube, the other divides into smaller cubes. Describe the effect dividing the large cube into smaller cubes has on the following: surface area volume surface area : volume

3. What does the rate of diffusion across the cell membrane depend on?

4. What does the rate of nutrients needed and waste products produced depend on?

5. What happens (in terms of diffusion) as the cell increases in size?

6. Name the metabolic process that uses oxygen and produces carbon dioxide.

7. To meet their requirements how are some structures in the body adapted to carry out their function (e.g. alveoli in lungs and villi in small intestine)?

Cell division overcomes the problem of surface area : volume ….But they have now created another problem?How do cells the cells in the centre of a multicellular organism obtain the substances they need to survive?

2.57 Blood Composition 12/16/10 10:05 PM

2.57 recall the composition of the blood: red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and plasma

Ref:Pg. 59 7.13 “Blood consists of cells floating in plasma”

To do:View the animation:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CRh_dAzXuoU This video is an introduction to many of the things we will learn in this topic in future objectives.Watch it through once, then watch it again and answer the following questions:1. Name the yellowish, liquid part of blood.

2. What is the main component of this liquid?

3. Which substances might you find dissolved in it for transport around the body?

4. Name the three types of cells you will find in blood.

5. What is the main function of the red blood cells?

6. What is the function of the white blood cells?

7. What important function do platelets carry out?

Introduction to BloodMost adults have 4 to 6L of blood.

Blood is composed of 4 components, as shown in this diagram:

Blood CellsErythrocytes = red blood cellsPlatelets = cell fragmentsLeukocytes = white blood cells (phagocytes and lymphocytes)

Questions1. This test tube contains blood, which was left to stand overnight. The cells sank to the bottom of the tube.

(a) On the diagram, label the layers of separated blood. (1)

(b) Use words from the box to complete the table. (3)

carries glucose carries oxygen fights bacteria helps form a scab

part of blood functionplasmaplateletwhite blood cell

2.58 Plasma 12/16/10 10:05 PM

2.58 understand the role of plasma in the transport of carbon dioxide, digested food, urea, hormones and heat energy

Ref:Pg. 61-62 7.17 “Many substances are transported by the blood”

To do: Read the relevant pages in the textbook and make brief notes under each of the following titles:

Carbon Dioxide

Digested Food

Urea

Hormones

Heat Energy

2.59 Red Blood Cells 12/16/10 10:05 PM

2.59 describe the adaptations of red blood cells for the transport of oxygen, including shape, structure and the presence of haemoglobin.

Ref:Pg. 59-60 7.14 “Red Blood Cells carry oxygen”

To do:Draw a diagram of a large red blood cell in your books. Using the notes below, annotate your diagram to relate the structure of red blood cells to their function.

Red Blood CellsErythrocytes (red blood cells) do not contain a nucleus, which results in them having the characteristics biconcave shape (the sunken centre is where the nucleus used to be). A pigment called haemoglobin combines with the oxygen in the lungs to form oxyhaemoglobin.

The main function of RBC is the transport of respiratory gases. Oxygen is picked up from the lungs and delivered to the tissues. Carbon dioxide is picked up from respiring cells and transported to the lungs to be exhaled.Oxygen is carried in RBC attached to the protein haemoglobin. Haemoglobin contains iron which the oxygen molecule binds to. RBC have specific features (listed below) that make it efficient in absorbing and transporting respiratory gasses: They are small - They are much smaller than most other cells in the

body. This means that all the haemoglobin molecules are close to the surface, allowing oxygen to be picked up and release rapidly.

Shape - RBC are biconcave shapes discs. It allows the cell to contain a lot of haemoglobin while still allowing efficient diffusion through the plasma membrane.

Organelles – RBC do not contain either nuclei or mitochondria. This allows more space inside the cell for haemoglobin. As they do not contain a nucleus there is nothing to control the functioning of a RBC and so they usually only live for approximately 120 days. A lack of mitochondria means they cannot carry out aerobic respiration. This also prevents them from consuming the oxygen they are transporting to other cells.

Questions1. Draw one line from each blood part to its function. (3)

2. Blood is a mixture of plasma, white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets. The diagram shows a sample of blood,

(a) How many white blood cells are shown? (1)

(b) Use words from the box to label parts A and B on the diagram. (4)

blood part functionred blood cells help clot the

blood

white blood cells transports urea

platelets transport oxygen

plasma destroy bacteria

cytoplasm haemoglobin membrane nucleus

(c) Which part of the blood carries oxygen? (1)

3. Red blood cells contain haemoglobin to carry oxygen. State two other ways in which a red blood cell is adapted to carry out its function. (2)

4. The word equation for the reaction between oxygen and haemoglobin is shown below.oxygen + haemoglobin oxyhaemoglobin(a) In which organ is oxyhaemoglobin formed? (1)

(b) Explain why it is important that the reaction is reversible. (2)

5. The diagram shows the site for the exchange of substances between the blood and body cells.

(a) Name the type of blood vessel shown in the diagram. (1)

(b) Cell ‘A’ is releasing oxygen. Name cell ‘A’. (1)

2.60 White blood cells 12/16/10 10:05 PM

2.60 describe how the immune system responds to disease using white blood cells, illustrated by phagocytes ingesting pathogens and lymphocytes releasing antibodies specific to the pathogen.

Ref:Pg. 60 7.15 “White blood cells fight infection”

Pg. 139 13.9 “The body has many defences against infection”

Pg. 140 13.10 “Antibodies are specific”

PhagocytosisPhagocytes are large white blood cells that engulf foreign material to destroy it. They often engulf and destroy invading bacteria.To do:View the websites:http://www.edumedia.fr/a82_l2-phagocytosis.htmlhttp://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/animation__phagocytosis.html

In your books draw a series of pictures/ diagrams/ cartoons to illustrate phagocytosis. Use the stages below to annotate your diagram:

Phagocytosis occurs by the following process:1. The pathogen becomes surrounded by cytoplasm. 2. Pathogen is ingested (engulfed). 3. Lysosome enzymes released into packet with pathogen. 4. Digestion of pathogen. 5. Release of digestion products from the cell.

Antibody ProductionAn antibody is a protein found in the blood plasma. A particular region of the antibody forms an antigen-binding site, which attached to the antigen molecule. The antibody’s structure matches its antigen much as a lock fits a specific key. An antigen is a something the body sees as being foreign and so will launch an immune response against it.

Antibody ActionsAll antibodies act in some way to disable antigens. Actions of antibodies include:

Neutralising the antigen.The reaction of the antibody with antigen blocks or neutralises some bacterial toxins and prevents attachment of some viruses to body cells.

Immobilising bacteria.If antibodies form against antigens on the cilia or flagella of bacteria, the antigen-antibody reaction may cause the bacteria to lose their motility, which limits their spread into nearby tissues.

Clumping Because antibodies may have two or more sites for binding to antigens, the antigen-antibody reaction may cross-link pathogens to one another, causing them to clump together). This makes phagocytosis easier.

View the website:http://www.yteach.ie/page.php/resources/view_all?id=antigen_amoeboid_movement_bone_marrow_lysosomal_enzymes_lysozyme_pathogenic_factor_plasma_cells_immune_system_lysosomes_b_cells_b_lymphocytes_phagocytosis_t_lymphocytes_granulocytes_page_6&from=search Teacher access only

View the Youtube video:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lrYlZJiuf18 Here you can see bacteria with antigens on their surface.Some of the bacteria are landing on cells and could infect them.There are antibodies present which block the antigen sites – this stops the bacteria from infecting the cells.A large phagocytes then comes along and engulfs the bacteria.

Questions

1. The diagrams show two different types of white blood cells in action.

Describe how cells A and B defend the body against bacteria. (4)

2.61 Vaccination 12/16/10 10:05 PM

2.61 understand that vaccination results in the manufacture of memory cells, which enable future antibody production to the pathogen to occur sooner, faster and in greater quantity.

Ref:Pg. 140 13.11 “Lymphocytes multiply when their pathogen is present” 13.12 “Memory Cells make you Immune”

The concept behind immunization:View the animation: “Vaccination”http://resources.schoolscience.co.uk/abpi/immune/immanim3.htm

View the animation:http://video.about.com/pediatrics/Vaccination.htm

View the animation: “Primary and Secondary Immune Responses – the concept of immunization”http://www.yteach.ie/page.php/resources/view_all?id=antigen_b_cell_central_lymphatic_organ_free_radical_pathogen_peripheral_lymphatic_organ_phagocytosis_somatic_recombination_specificity_t_cell_immunity_tc_lymphocytes_cytotoxic_t_prion_protein_glycoprotein_page_5&from=search Teacher access only.

As you watch the animation, answer the following questions:1. What will happen to a B-cell (lymphocyte) when it encounters an antigen?

2. Name the two types of B-cells produced.

3. What are the different roles of the two types of B-cells?

4. What do you notice about the difference in the primary and secondary immune responses?

5. What is the explanation in the difference behind the time for immune response?

Using the graph above to write a paragraph explaining the concept of vaccination in your own words.

Vaccination1. A weakened or dead version of the pathogen is introduced to the body (usually via an injection).2. The body will initiate the primary immune response.3. B-lymphocytes will multiply to become plasma cells and memory cells.4. The plasma cells will produce antibodies to combat the introduction of the pathogen.

5. The memory cells will remain in the blood, if they ever encounter the same pathogen again the immune response will occur sooner, faster and in greater quantity.

To do:Using animations and the notes above, in your greenbooks draw a series of diagrams or a flow chart to illustrate the process of vaccination.

2.62 Platelets & Clotting 12/16/10 10:05 PM

2.62 recall that platelets are involved in blood clotting, which prevents blood loss and the entry of microorganisms

Ref:Pg. 61 7.16 “Platelets help blood to clot”

View the animation: “Blood Clotting”http://www.footprints-science.co.uk/Bloodclotting.htmThis animation does not have an explanation. Jot down notes as we watch the animation.

View the second animation:http://adam.about.com/care/Blood-clotting-animation.htmThis animation is more detailed with explanations of the process occurring.

Blood ClottingWe cannot lose too much blood or we would not have sufficient red blood cells to carry oxygen around our bodies. When we injure a blood vessel, the clotting process occurs very quickly. This helps to prevent further blood loss and also prevents microorganisms from entering at the site of injury.

The Process1. Blood vessel is damaged2. Platelets stick to damaged tissue3. Blood clotting factors convert fibrinogen to fibren,4. Platelets, fibrin and blood cells form a clot.

Questions

1. The diagram shows a blood clot.

(a) Give TWO functions of a blood clot. (2)

(b) Suggest the function of the fibrin fibres. (1)

(c) How does a blood clot form? (2)

2. Scientists investigated the time it took for samples of human blood to clot at different temperatures.The results are shown in the table.

Temperature (°C) 5 15 25 35

45

Time for blood to clot (s)

46 34 26 16

25

Use the information from the table and your knowledge to answer the following questions.(a) What does the graph show about the effect of temperature on the time it takes for blood to clot? (2)

(b) How does your answer to part (a) suggest that enzymes are involved in the clotting process? (1)

(c) Suggest the effect of a temperature of 75°C on the clotting process.Give a reason for your answer. (2)

3. The diagram shows an artery, capillary and a vein in a muscle. A blood clot has completely blocked the artery, stopping the flow of blood.

(a) Name ONE useful substance which does not reach the capillaries in the muscle. (1)

(b) Name ONE waste substance which does not leave the muscle. (1)

2.63 Heart Structure 12/16/10 10:05 PM

2.63 describe the structure of the heart and how it functions

Ref:Pg. 54 7.2 “Mammals have double circulatory systems”

7.3 “Blood becomes oxygenated and deoxygenated”7.4 “Heart Structure is related to function”

Pg. 55 7.5 “Coronary arteries supply heart muscle”

Pg. 56 7.6 “The heart beats regularly”7.7 “Blood flows one way through heart valves”

To do:1. The following are a list of website which provide information and animations on the structure and function of the heart.2. Visit the animations in the order they are listed.3. Some animations you simple need to watch and listen.4. There are questions to complete for one of the animations towards the end – by this stage you should know your way round the heart pretty well.

Websites to Visithttp://www.hybridmedicalanimation.com/anim_bloodflow.htmlThis animation shows an almost life-like heart pumping

May take time to load – if so – I will show you this on the white board.

http://www.kscience.co.uk/animations/heart.swfVery basic – some labels provided.Shows flow of deoxygenated blood through right hand side of heart and oxygenated blood through left hand side of heart.

http://health.howstuffworks.com/adam-200083.htmExcellent animation – watch this one more than once.Listen carefully to all the information.

http://www.smm.org/heart/heart/top.htmlOrder in which to view website1. Find the heart with a virtual stethoscope2. Interactive – view the heart with interactive labels (click on – “Interactive Labels On”3. Animation – your heart valves at work – simply follow the flow of blood flow through the right and left side of the heart and watch what happens to the valves.4. Animation – see the flow of blood to and from the heart

http://www.mydr.com.au/heart-stroke/animation-how-your-heart-pumpsWatch the animation.By now you should be recognizing many of the structures and the direction in which blood flows.

http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/hhw/hhw_pumping.htmlExcellent animation.Listen careful to the explanations of how the heart functions and answer the questions below:Heart Structure1. What type of tissue is the heart made from?

2. What separates the right and left hand sides of the heart?

3. How many chambers are in the heart? List the names of these chambers.

4. How many valves are in the heart?

5. What is the function of these valves?

6. To where does the right side of the heart pump blood? What is the name of the vessel that carries blood away from the right hand side?

7. To where does the left side of the heart pump blood? What is the name of the vessel that carries blood away from the left hand side?

You will be given a handout with a diagram of the heart (the same as the diagram below).Label as many structures as you can

Using BLUE ARROWS - show the flow of deoxygenated blood through the right hand side of the heart.Using RED ARROWS – show the flow of oxygenated blood through the left hand side of the heart.Add in any notes you think are important.

1. Superior Aorta

2. Superior Vena cava

3. Pulmonary artery

4. Pulmonary vein

5. Right atrium

6. Tricuspid valve

7. Right ventricle

8. Inferior vena cava

9. Pulmonary artery

10. Pulmonary vein

11. Left attrium

12. Bicuspid valve

13. Semilunar valve

14. Left ventricle

15. Inferior aorta

RIGHT hand side of the Heart LEFT hand side of the Heart1.2.3.4.5.6.

1.2.3.4.5.6.

Deoxygenated Blood – RIGHT hand side of heartTo which chamber does deoxygenated blood enter from the body? In which vessel does it enter?

How does the right atrium move blood into the right ventricle?

What valve is between the right atrium and ventricle?

Why does the tricuspid valve close when the ventricle is full?

When the right ventricle fills and contracts, which valve needs to open and to which vessel does the blood flow? Where does this vessel take the blood?

Why does the pulmonary valve close quickly?

Oxygenated Blood – LEFT hand side of heartThrough which vessels does oxygenated blood return to the heart?

To which chamber does oxygenated blood return?

Once the atrium is filled it will contract and force blood through the BISCUSPID valve into which chamber?

Why must the bicuspid valve close when the ventricle is full?

When the left ventricle contracts, which valve opens and into which vessel is oxygenated blood pumped?

Why does the aortic valve need to close quickly?

Questions1. The diagram shows the heart as the atria contract.

(a) Label parts A, B and C. (3)

A.

B.

C.

(b) Put one arrow in the left atrium to show the direction of blood flow. (1)

(c) When a ventricle contracts, it forces the valve between itself and the atrium upwards.(i) Suggest what happens to the heart tendons when a ventricle contracts. (1)

(ii) Why are the heart tendons important? (1)

(d) Pressure changes in the heart open and close valves. Explain what happens as a result of the left ventricle contracting. Refer to pressure differences and valve changes in your answer. (4)

2. The diagram shows a human heart.

(a) Label parts A and B. (2)

(b) A woman’s heart rate was measured and recorded on a graph.

(i) What was the fastest rate recorded? (1)

(ii) Suggest a reason why the woman’s heart rate increased. (1)

A.

B.

(iii) How long did it take for her heart rate to return to normal from its fastest rate? (1)

(c) The woman went to hospital to have the activity of her heart checked by a machine.This is what the doctor saw on the monitor screen. He pointed out the pattern he saw when the atria contract and when the ventricles contract.

(i) On the diagram of the monitor screen, draw an arrow pointing to another place which shows the atria contracting. (1)

(ii) How many heart beats are shown on the screen? (1)

3. The diagram shows the human heart during a heartbeat. Blood vessels which take blood to and from X are included.

(a) Label vessel A and chamber C. (2)

(b) Name X. (1)

(c) Name the chamber of the heart which contracts to move blood into organ X. (1)

(d) Complete the table to show the relative amounts of oxygen and carbon dioxide in blood vessel A compared to blood vessel B.Write one word in each box from the list below. (2)morelessequal

in vessel A in vessel Brelative amount ofoxygen in bloodrelative amount ofcarbon dioxide in blood

(e) (i) What is the function of a valve? (1)

(ii) The bicuspid valve in the diagram is closed. Explain how this valve is opened. (2)

(f) The heart is supplied with blood by the coronary artery.Eating a lot of animal fat can have an extremely damaging effect on this artery.Explain how damage to this artery affects the working of the heart. (3)

4. The diagram shows a human heart.

(a) Name the type of tissue labelled A. (1)

(b) What is the function of the valves in the heart? (1)

(c) Suggest why arteries have thicker walls than veins. (1)

(d) Suggest why capillaries have very thin walls. (1)

(e) Describe the differences between blood in the aorta and in the vena cava.(3)

5. The diagram shows a section through the heart during contraction of the atria.

Describe the changes that occur in the heart which cause blood to enter the arteries.Refer to the action of the ventricles and the valves. (4)

6. Diagrams 1 and 2 show a section through the heart.

Diagram 1 shows two valves.(a) Explain what would happen in diagram 2 to these valves as the ventricles contract. (1)

(b) Draw arrow heads on lines X and Y to show the direction of blood flow.(1)(c) The diagram shows the heart and associated blood vessels.

Explain why arteriosclerosis in the coronary arteries at point X can cause the heart muscle in the shaded area to stop beating. (2)

(d) The circulation of blood round part of the body is shown below. The arrows next to blood vessels A and B show the direction of the blood flow.

On the diagram, draw arrows to show the direction of blood flow in vessels C and D. (2)

(e) Each labelled blood vessel is either an artery or a vein. Tick the correct box for each blood vessel. (2)One has been done for you.

blood vessel artery veinABCD

(f) Give the name of organ X. (1)

2.64 Heart Rate 12/16/10 10:05 PM

2.64 understand that the heart rate changes during exercise and under the influence of adrenaline

To do:Answer the following questions to help you understand the effects of exercise on heart rate:

1. What happens to your heart rate as you exercise?

2. Which important process are your muscles carrying out during exercise?

3. What two substances must be supplied to the working muscles?

4. How are these two substances transported by the blood?

5. What waste products are produced by the respiring muscle cells?

6. Why must waste products be removed?

7. What type of respiration will occur if the cells do not receive enough oxygen and what is produced in this type of respiration?

Use the information above to write a summary paragraph about the relationship between heart rate and exercise.

Adrenaline Adrenaline is a hormone. Adrenaline is known as the “fight-or-flight” hormone. A hormone is a chemical messenger released from a gland in one part

of the body and travels in the blood stream to its target organ, which will bring about a response to the hormone.

Adrenaline is released by the adrenal glands, which sit just on top of the kidneys.

Adrenaline has many effects on the body.

List some of the effects of adrenaline on the body.

Heart and Exercise Questions1. Jim is an athlete.His pulse rate was measured before, during and after a 15 minute training run.The results are shown on the graph.

(a) Describe how his pulse rate increases during the run. (1)

(b) After his run had ended, how long did it take for Jim’s pulse to return to its rate before the run? (1)

2.64 Blood Vessels 12/16/10 10:05 PM

2.65 describe the structure of arteries, veins and capillaries and understand their roles

Ref:Pg. 57 7.8 There are three kinds of blood vessels 7.9 Arteries have thick elastic walls 7.10 Capillaries are very narrow, with thin walls Diagram 7.5 Section through three types of blood vessels

Pg. 58 7.11 Veins have one-way valvesDiagram 7.7 Valves in VeinsTable 7.1 Arteries, veins and capillaries

Arteries Arteries carry blood AWAY from the heart to every tissue in the body. They have thick, elastic walls to withstand the high pressure of blood from the heart.

Vasoconstriction and Vasodilation

The smaller arterioles are muscular and can contract (vasoconstriction) to close off the capillaries or relax (vasodilation) to open up the capillaries. These changes are happening constantly under the involuntary control of the brain, and are most obvious in the capillaries of the skin, causing the skin to change colour from pink (arterioles vasodilate) to blue (arterioles vasoconstrict).

Veins Veins carry blood from every tissue in the body bringing it back to VISIT the heart.

It is at low pressure inside veins and moving slowly. Veins therefore don’t need thick walls and they have a larger lumen than arteries, to reduce the resistance to flow.

They also have semi-lunar valves to stop the blood flowing backwards. It is particularly difficult for blood to flow upwards through the legs to heart, and the flow is helped by contractions of the leg and abdominal muscles:

Extra info – no need to learnThe body relies on constant contraction of these muscles to get the blood back to the heart, and this explains why soldiers standing still on parade for long periods can faint, and why sitting still on a long flight can cause swelling of the ankles and Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT or “economy class syndrome”), where small blood clots collect in the legs.

Capillaries Capillaries are where the transported substances actually enter and leave the blood.

No exchange of materials takes place in the arteries and veins, whose walls are too thick and impermeable.

Capillaries are very narrow and thin-walled, but there are a vast number of them, so they have a huge surface area: volume ratio, helping rapid DIFFUSION of substances between blood and cells. Capillaries are arranged in networks called capillary beds feeding a group of cells, and no cell in the body is more than 2 cells away from a capillary.

Questions1. The diagram shows a vein being injected.

(a) Label X. (1)

(b) Draw an arrow inside the vein to show the direction of blood flow. (1)

(c) Doctors inject different substances into the veins of their patients.Suggest why doctors inject into veins rather than arteries. (1)

(d) Explain why a doctor might inject a patient with insulin. (2)

(e) Suggest why a doctor might inject a patient with morphine (heroin). (1)

2. The diagram shows a kidney with a ureter and two blood vessels.

(a) Name artery A. (1)

(b) What evidence from the diagram shows that A is an artery and not a vein?(1)

(c) Name the carbohydrate found in the blood in A and B but not in the ureter. (1)

(d) Which part, labelled in the diagram, contains most urea? (1)

3. The diagram shows sections through an artery and a vein.

(a) Describe one similarity, shown in the diagram, between an artery and a vein. (1)

(b) Describe one difference, shown in the diagram, between an artery and a vein. (1)

(c) Describe the function of the muscle in the artery. (2)

4. The diagram shows a side view through a valve in a vein. (2)

Describe what happens to the valve when blood begins to move fromA to B B to A

5. The diagram shows cross sections of three types of blood vessel.

On the diagram above, label the artery, the capillary and the vein. (2)

2.66 Circulatory System 12/16/10 10:05 PM

2.66 recall the general plan of the circulation system to include the blood vessels to and from the heart, the lungs, the liver and the kidneys.

Ref:Pg. 58 7.12 Each organ has its own blood supply

Pg. 59 Diagram 7.8 Plan of the main blood vessels in the human body

To do:Read the following information to help you label the diagram below.* you do not need to learn all the statements below, it is just to help you answer the questions

Blood Vessels from the heartAorta carries oxygenated blood away from heart to the entire body.

Pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood away from heart to the lungs to pick up oxygen. These are the only arteries in the body, which carry deoxygenated blood.

Blood Vessels to the heartVena cava carries deoxygenated blood back from the body to visit the heart.

Pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood away from the lungs back to visit the heart. These are the only veins in the body, which carry oxygenated blood.

To and from the liverHepatic artery carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to the liver.

Hepatic vein carries deoxygenated blood away from the liver to visit the heart.

Hepatic portal vein carries all the soluble products of digestion (glucose and amino acids) from the small intestine where they were absorbed to the liver for processing.

To and from the kidneysRenal artery carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to the kidneys to be filtered. Urea will be filtered out of the blood by the kidneys.

Renal vein carries deoxygenated blood away from the kidney to visit the heart. This blood has been filtered and so will contain less urea.

Questions1. The circulation of blood round part of the body is shown below. The arrows next to blood vessels A and B show the direction of the blood flow.

(a) On the diagram, draw arrows to show the direction of blood flow in vessels C and D. (2)

(b) Each labelled blood vessel is either an artery or a vein. Tick the correct box for each blood vessel. One has been done for you. (4)

(2)blood vessel artery veinABCD

(c) Give the name of organ X. (1)

2. The diagram shows a plan of the circulatory system. The blood vessels are labelled with letters.

Use the letters on the diagram to complete the sentences in the table.The first one has been done for you. (4)Sentence Lette

rThe blood vessel named the aorta is CThe blood vessel containing blood pumped from the right ventricle isThe blood vessel carrying blood with least carbon dioxide isThe blood vessel carrying blood with most amino acids after a meal isThe blood vessel containing blood at lowest pressure isThe first blood vessel to transport inhaled solvents is

14/03/2011 12:23