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Webinar on Smart Cities
TheSmartCityParadigm
CarloAlbertoNucciDepartmentofElectrical,ElectronicandInformationEngineeringGuglielmoMarconi–DEISchoolofEngineeringandArchitectureUniversityofBologna
IntroductiontoSmartCities
3
Citiesevolution
Inthecomingyears,citiesareexpectedtodealwithanincreasingnumberandtypeofservicesfortheircitizens,allhavingtodowithoverarchinggoalssuchas▸ sustainability▸ environment▸ qualityoflife▸ energysaving▸ …
• Asthepopulationlivinginurbanareasisexpectedtodoubleby2050,thereisageneralconsensusthatanynewprocesswillrequiremorethanjustanincrementalupgradingofthecities’organization,infrastructureandtheservicesprovidedtoitscitizens.
IntroductiontoSmartCities
4
Needforamulti-disciplinaryapproach
Toachievethechallenginggoalsmentionedabove,drasticchangesarerequiredthatinvolveamultitudeofnewtechnologiesrelevanttovariousdisciplinese.g.
▸ Behavioralscience▸ Civil-Architecturalengineering▸ ComputerScience▸ Economics▸ Electrical,ElectronicandTelecommunicationengineering▸ Medicine▸ Socialscience
IntroductiontoSmartCities
5
Ontheadjective‘smart’
Suchtechnologiesarenowadayslabeledwiththeubiquitouswordsmart.
TechnologyhasalwaysbeensmartàthisadjectiveservestounderlinethewidespreaduseofInformationandCommunicationTechnologies(ICT),sensorsandintelligence,e.g.softwareembeddedinthevariousparts,componentsandinfrastructuresforminganurbanarea.
Inthispicturewelabelpeoplelivinginthecityorusingitsfacilitiesassmartaswell,inthattheyownportablesmartdevicescommunicatingwithexistingICTnetworks,whichareinstrumentaltotheaccomplishmentofsuchagoal.
IntroductiontoSmartCities
6
Somedefinitions
TheSmartCitiesCouncilisafor-profit,Partner-ledassociationfortheadvancementofthesmartcitybusinesssector.ItpromotessmartcitiesingeneralandourPartnersinparticular.AlliedTelesis�AlstomGrid�Bechtel�Cisco�CubicTransportationSystems-Enel�GE�IBM�Itron,Inc.�MasterCard�Mercedes-Benz�Microsoft�Ooredoo�Qualcomm�S&CElectricCo.�SchneiderElectric
IntroductiontoSmartCities
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Somedefinitionshttp://www.smart-cities.eu
IntroductiontoSmartCities
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ThedefinitionoftheProceedingsoftheIEEEWefeelthattheemergingprototypeforasmartcityisanurbanenvironmentwithanewgenerationofinnovativeservicesfor
▸ business/commerce▸ culture▸ energydistribution▸ environmentalmonitoring/preservation▸ emergencyresponse(resiliency)▸ fooddistribution▸ healthcare▸ socialactivities▸ waterdistribution▸ wastemanagement
frequentlyinteractingwitheachotherthankstoICTdevicesandsolutions
IntroductiontoSmartCities
9
IEEEStandards
IntroductiontoSmartCities
10
ISOStandards
IntroductiontoSmartCities
11
ReferenceSmartCityparadigmconcerningtheEngineering/ComputerSciencearea:interactionbetweendataandinfrastructures,processesandpeopleisdepicted.
IntroductiontoSmartCities
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FunctionaldiagramofthePlanningandOperationofSmartCityprocessesasafunctionofcitizens(users)activeparticipation.TherolesoftheSimulation,AnalysisandControlphaseswithrelevantenablers(ModelingandTechnologies)areembodied.
IntroductiontoSmartCities
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RoleofICT
ICTinfrastructureanditsinteractionwithsomeofthecorecomponentsofaSmartCity–Wastemanagement;SmartGrid;E-mobility;Security;E-health,Wastemanagement;BuildingandUrbanizationandTourism–throughCloud
andFoginfrastructures.
AdaptedfromO.Andrisanoetal.ProceedingsoftheIEEE,SIonSmartCities,Volume106,Issue4|April2018
Someprojectscarriedoutworldwide
14
UniversityofBologna
AdaptedfromO.Andrisanoetal.ProceedingsoftheIEEE,SIonSmartCities,Volume106,Issue4|April2018
Someprojectscarriedoutworldwide
15
Spain-UniversityofSeville
AdaptedfromA.Gòmez-Expòsitoetal.ProceedingsoftheIEEE,SIonSmartCities,Volume106,Issue4|April2018
Upcomingstructureandrelationshipsofpowersystemsinthe21stcentury.
GeographicalscopeoftheSmartCityprojectinthewesterncoastal
areaofMalaga.
SmartGridsasenablersforSmartCities
16
AdaptedfromA.Gòmez-Expòsitoetal.ProceedingsoftheIEEE,SIonSmartCities,Volume106,Issue4|April2018
Someprojectscarriedoutworldwide
17
UniversityofBologna
Saltloadedmasonrywallafter1month:comparisonbetweentheexperimentalcampaignandthesimulatedwatersaturationdegree
Sketchofthemulti-scaleapproachfortheanalysisoflarge-scalemasonrywalls
AdaptedfromO.Andrisanoetal.ProceedingsoftheIEEE,SIonSmartCities,Volume106,Issue4|April2018
Someprojectscarriedoutworldwide
18
UniversityofBolognaAdaptedfromO.Andrisanoetal.ProceedingsoftheIEEE,SIonSmartCities,Volume106,Issue4|April2018
MobilCrowdSensing(MCS)processmodelanddeploymentoverSmartCities.
Mobilityofcitizensbetweenpointsofinterestautomaticallyevaluatedfrommobilitytracesobtainedthroughthe
ParticipActappin(a)Bolognaand(b)Florianopolis.
(a)
(b)
Someprojectscarriedoutworldwide
19
Boston-MIT
AdaptedfromT.J.Matarazzoetal.ProceedingsoftheIEEE,SIonSmartCities,Volume106,Issue4|April2018
(a)PlanandElevationviewsofasegment(Spans13–19)oftheHarvard380Bridgewithfixedsensornetworklayout;(b)PhotographofthefixedsensorsontheEastside381oftheHarvardBridge;(c)Photographofthereferencesensorandsmartphonesonavehicle382dashboard
IntroductiontoSmartCities
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ConcludingRemarks
• TheSCparadigmrepresentsprobablythemostpromisingapproachtotacklethechallengesposedbymodernurbanareas,whosepopulationisexpectedtodoubleby2050.
• Ontheotherhand,rigorouslyspeaking,thereisnosinglegenerallyacceptabledefinitionforaSmartCity.Alltheavailableoneshavehoweveronefeatureincommon:themultidimensionalandmultidisciplinarynatureofwhataSmartCityrepresents.
• Thenumberofdisciplinesinvolvedcanvaryfromcasetocase,aswellasthenatureofthemodelsandalgorithmsused;thisappliesalsotothedataprocessingandoptimizationtechniques.
• SmartGridsrepresentamajorenablerfortheimplementationoftheconceptofSmartCity
IntroductiontoSmartCities
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ConcludingRemarks• FewresearchareasotherthanSCrequireaclosecooperationamongresearcherswithdifferent,complementaryinterests.Thecaseofe-mobility,forinstance,callsfortechnicalskillsintheareasofICT,electricpowernetworks/smartgrids,electricvehicles,storagesystems,andcomputerco-simulationtoolsfortheintegratedrepresentationofsystemsbelongingstoheterogeneousdomains.
• Academicswithdifferentbackgroundnotonlyneedtocooperatewitheachotherandwithindustrialplayersmorethanforanyothertechnicalchallenge,buttheyalsoneedtointeractandcooperatewithlocalmunicipalitygovernancesandregionalcommunities.
• Thedevelopmentofrelevantstandardsandbusinessmodelsisofutmostimportance.
Presenters
▸ GillesBetishasbeenchairingtheIEEESmartCitiesInitiative(smartcities.ieee.org)since2013.HeisanindependentconsultantforSmartCities.PreviouslyhewasOpenDataProjectDirectorattheTransdevDigitalfactory,heleadtheDigitalCitiesactionlineofEITDigital(www.eitdigital.eu)andheldpositionsofproductlinemanager,marketingmanager,solutionleaderandheadofadvancedengineeringinThales.Sincetheendoftheeighties,hehasbeenconstantlyinvolvedwithprospective,innovationanddesignofcomplexsystems.HavinganextensiveindustrialexperienceinIntelligentTransportationSystemsandSmartCities,healwayslinkedupemergingbehavioursandsocietalneedstoinnovativetechnologicalsolutions,allowingsmoothadoptionbyfinalusers.GillesBetiswasgraduatedin1987asanEngineerfromEcoleSupérieured’ElectricitéinFrance.
Presenters
▸ ChristosG.CassandrasisDistinguishedProfessorofEngineeringatBostonUniversity.HeisHeadoftheDivisionofSystemsEngineering,ProfessorofElectricalandComputerEngineering,andco-founderofBostonUniversity’sCenterforInformationandSystemsEngineering(CISE).HereceiveddegreesfromYaleUniversity(B.S.,1977),StanfordUniversity(M.S.E.E.,1978),andHarvardUniversity(S.M.,1979;Ph.D.,1982).In1982-84hewaswithITPBoston,Inc.whereheworkedonthedesignofautomatedmanufacturingsystems.In1984-1996hewasafacultymemberattheDepartmentofElectricalandComputerEngineering,UniversityofMassachusetts/Amherst.Hespecializesintheareasofdiscreteeventandhybridsystems,cooperativecontrol,stochasticoptimization,andcomputersimulation,withapplicationstocomputerandsensornetworks,manufacturingsystems,andtransportationsystems.Hehaspublishedover400refereedpapersintheseareas,andsixbooks.Hehasguest-editedseveraltechnicaljournalissuesandservesonseveraljournalEditorialBoards.Inadditiontohisacademicactivities,hehasworkedextensivelywithindustrialorganizationsonvarioussystemsintegrationprojectsandthedevelopmentofdecision-supportsoftware.HehasmostrecentlycollaboratedwithTheMathWorks,Inc.inthedevelopmentofthediscreteeventandhybridsystemsimulatorSimEvents.Dr.CassandraswasEditor-in-ChiefoftheIEEETransactionsonAutomaticControlfrom1998through2009andhasalsoservedasEditorforTechnicalNotesandCorrespondenceandAssociateEditor.HeiscurrentlyanEditorofAutomatica.Hewasthe2012PresidentoftheIEEEControlSystemsSociety(CSS).HehasalsoservedasVicePresidentforPublicationsandontheBoardofGovernorsoftheCSS,aswellasonseveralIEEEcommittees,andhaschairedseveralconferences.Hehasbeenaplenary/keynotespeakeratnumerousinternationalconferences,includingtheAmericanControlConferencein2001andtheIEEEConferenceonDecisionandControlin2002and2016,andtheIFACWorldCongressin2017andhasalsobeenanIEEEDistinguishedLecturer.
Presenters
▸ CarloAlbertoNucciisfullprofessorandheadofthePowerSystemsLaboratoryoftheDepartmentofElectrical,ElectronicandInformationEngineering‘GuglielmoMarconi’oftheUniversityofBologna.Heisauthororco-authorofover370scientificpaperspublishedonpeer-reviewedjournalsoronproceedingsofinternationalconferences,ofsixbookchapterseditedbyIEE,IET(two),Kluwer,RumanianAcademyofScienceandWITpressandofacoupleofIEEEStandardsandsomeCIGREtechnicalbrochures.HeisaFellowoftheIEEEandofCIGREandhasreceivedsomebestpaper/technicalinternationalawards,includingtheCIGRETechnicalCommitteeAwardandtheICLPGoldeAward.FromJanuary2006toSeptember2012hehasservedasChairmanofCigréStudyCommitteeC4‘SystemTechnicalPerformance’.SinceJanuary2010heisservingasEditorinChiefoftheElectricPowerSystemsResearchjournal,Elsevier.Prof.NucciisdoctorhonoriscausaoftheUniversityPolitehnicaofBucharestandmemberoftheBolognaScienceAcademy.HehasservedaspresidentoftheItalianGroupofUniversityProfessorsofElectricalPowerSystems(GUSEE)from2012to2015.HeisanadvisoroftheGlobalResourceManagementProgramofDoshishaUniversity,Kyoto,supportedbytheJapaneseMinistryofEducationandScience.HehasrepresentedPESintheIEEESmartCityInitiativesProgramsince2014.
Smart, Participative, Inclusive And Frugal CitiesGilles Betis – OrbiCité, IEEE Smart City Initiative Founding Chair17th July 2018
China, India and Nigeria are projected to account for 37% of the increase of nearly 2.5 billion people in the urban population by 2050
Seven other countries, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, the United Republic of Tanzania, Bangladesh, Indonesia and Pakistan, and the United States of America, will constitute together another 20% of the total increase in urban population
« The nineteenth century was the century of empires,the twentieth that of nation-states
and the twenty-first century will be that of cities »said Wellington Webb, Mayor of Denver,
then president of the U.S. Conference of Mayors
Civic Tech
CityHall
Citizens
CitizenEngagement
CitizenParticipation
CitizenCollaboration
Creating and Sharing Value
ECOLOGY ECONOMICS
CULTUREPOLITICS
ECOLOGY
Positive ecological sustainabilityUrban settlements should have a deeper and more integrated relationship with nature
1. With energy generated renewably2. With waterways returned, as much as possible, to their pre-
settlement condition3. With natural spaces conserved and connected4. With urban growth managed and contained5. With transport oriented to walking, bikes and public systems6. With food production localized7. With waste reutilized
ECONOMICS
Positive economic prosperityUrban settlements should be based on an economy organized around the social needs of all its citizens (including entrepreneurs)
1. With production organized around local needs2. With strong financial governance, including participatory budgeting3. With regulation negotiated publicly4. With consumption substantially reduced5. With workplaces brought closer to residential areas6. With technology used primarily as a tool for good living7. With the institution of positive re-distributive processes
POLITICS
Positive political governanceUrban settlements should have an enhanced emphasis on engaged and negotiated civic involvement
1. With deep deliberative democratic processes2. With legislation enacted for socially just land-tenure3. With public support for public non-profit communication
services and media4. With political participation going deeper than electoral
engagement5. With basic security afforded to all people6. With reconciliation between settlers and Indigenous peoples7. With ongoing ethical debates concerning how we are to live
CULTURE
Positive cultural engagementUrban settlements should actively develop ongoing processes for dealing with the uncomfortable intersections of identity and difference
1. With careful public recognition of the complex layers of community-based identity
2. With the development of consolidated cultural activity zones3. With cultural institutions and public spaces dedicated to projecting cross-
cutting cultural histories4. With locally relevant fundamental beliefs woven into the urban fabric5. With conditions for gender equality pursued in all aspects of social life6. With the possibilities for facilitated enquiry and learning available to all
from birth to old age7. With public spaces and buildings designed to enhance emotional wellbeing
https://theconversation.com/what-actually-is-a-good-city-80677
Profile Circle Process Circle
http://www.circlesofsustainability.org
Autonomous Collaborative Street Lighting SHSPL System using Bin Packing algorithm in rural areas in Off-Grid environment
E-CO DAR For Human Centered Eco Transition
EE- stands for a smart affordable home using IoT and data analysis to achieve optimal use of its components.
Co is for Collaborative multidisciplinary design aiming at taking into account several parameters including households Energy Usage profiling using smart hub and mobiles apps we have developed.
DAR is referring to
TThe main idea is to create a contemporary vanguard version of the Moroccan traditional house. One that offers an environment that fulfils the criteria of an autonomous, smart, social, ecological, and energy-efficient construction, while preserving its spirit, basic principles and architectural functionalities.
E-douar / Smart Village Living LabNew vision for socio-economic development and citizens empowerment in rural areas with INDH
A concept for an open, inclusive and innovative rural world
Alphabetization for development in rural areas of MoroccoCollaboration UH2C-GreenTIC Morocco/ Avinashlingham University India
Thank you for your kind attention
SMART CITIESAS CYBER-PHYSICAL SYSTEMS
C. G. Cassandras
Division of Systems Engineering,Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Center for Information and Systems EngineeringBoston University
Decision Making
Data collection
EnergyManagement
Safety
Security
Control andOptimization
Actions
InformationProcessing
PrivacySENSOR
NETWORKS
BIGDATA
“SMART CITY” AS A CYBER-PHYSICAL SYSTEM
Christos G. Cassandras CISE - CODES Lab. - Boston University
Decision Making
Data collection
Control andOptimization
Actions
InformationProcessing
“SMART CITY” AS A CYBER-PHYSICAL SYSTEM
Christos G. Cassandras CISE - CODES Lab. - Boston University
CYBER
PHYSICAL
CYBER
x(t)Model
PHYSICAL
Model
t
x(t)),,( tuxfx
COLLECTING DATA IS NOT SMART- JUST A NECESSARY STEP TO
BEING SMART
PROCESSING DATA TO MAKE GOOD DECISIONS IS SMART
INFO
INFOACTION
Christos G. Cassandras CISE - CODES Lab. - Boston University
WHAT IS REALLY “SMART” ?
SMART CITY PROJECTS - URBAN MOBILITY
Christos G. Cassandras CCISE - CODES Lab. - Boston University
SMART PARKING
Finds optimal parking space for driver + reserves it
ELECTRIC VEHICLE (EV) ROUTING AND RECHARGINGOptimally routes EVs to minimize travel times + finds optimal charging station + reserves it
SMART CITY PROJECTS - URBAN MOBILITY
Christos G. Cassandras CCISE - CODES Lab. - Boston University
TRAFFIC LIGHT CONTROLReal-time, data-driven dynamic traffic light control:• Alleviate congestion• Reduce pollution and fuel waste
TRAFFIC CONTROLExploit “connected vehicles” technology: from (selfish) “driver optimal” to
(social) “system optimal” traffic control
SMART CITY PROJECTS - URBAN MOBILITY
Christos G. Cassandras CCISE - CODES Lab. - Boston University
STREET BUMP Detect roadway “bumps” + classify them + prioritize and dispatch crews
Used in Boston
SMART AUTONOMOUS CARSNEXTCAR project :Self-driving autonomous cars for minimizingenergy consumption: integrate Vehicle Dynamicswith Powertrain Control
Vehicle control architecture concept
SMART PARKING
iPhone app
30% of vehicles on the road in the downtowns of major cities are cruising for a parking spot. It takes the average driver 7.8 minutes to find a parking spot in the downtown core of a major city.
R. Arnott, T.Rave, R.Schob, Alleviating Urban Traffic Congestion. 2005
GUIDANCE-BASED PARKING – DRAWBACKS…Drivers:• May not find a vacant space• May miss better space• Processing info while driving
City:• Imbalanced parking utilization• May create ADDED CONGESTION(as multiple drivers convergeto where a space exists)
Searching for parking Competing for parking
SMART PARKING
Christos G. Cassandras CISE - CODES Lab. - Boston University
BESTPARKING SPOT
LEAST DISTANCE from A
+LEAST COST
+RESERVE IT
Christos G. Cassandras CISE - CODES Lab. - Boston University
SMART PARKING
CISE CODES L b B t U i it
[Geng and Cassandras, IEEE Trans. on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 2013]
• Parking space availabilitydetection
• Vehicle localization
• System-Drivercommunication
• Parking reservation
SMART PARKING – IMPLEMENTATION
Standard sensors (e.g., magnetic, cameras)Wireless sensor networking
GPS
SmartphoneVehicle navigation system
Red/Green/Yellow light system
Christos G. Cassandras CCISE - CODES Lab. - Boston University
On-street parking spacesOff-street parking spaces
Points of interest
SIMULATION CASE STUDY
Christos G. Cassandras CODES Lab. - Boston University
1. 10-20% higher parking utilization HIGHER REVENUE,
LOWER CONGESTION
2. % drivers searching for parking (wandering) < 2%HIGHER REVENUE,
LOWER CONGESTION
3. 50% reduction in parking time under heavy trafficLOWER CONGESTION,
LESS FUEL,DRIVER COMFORT
KEY CONCLUSIONS
Christos G. Cassandras CODES Lab. - Boston University
STREET BUMP:DETECTING “BUMPS”
THROUGH SMARTPHONES+ DATA ANALYTICS
iPhone app
2014 IBM/IEEE Smarter Planet Challenge prize
Christos G. Cassandras CCISE - CODES Lab. - Boston University
STREET BUMP – PROCESSING “BIG DATA”
• Detect obstacles using iPhone accelerometer and GPSno infrastructure needed
• Send to central server through Street Bump app
• Process data to classify obstacles:Anomaly detection and clustering algorithms,similar to cybersecurity problems
• Detect “actionable” obstacles
• Prioritize and dispatch Smart City crews to fix problems:DATA-DRIVEN DYNAMIC RESOURCE ALLOCATION
Christos G. Cassandras CCISE - CODES Lab. - Boston University
STREET BUMP – PROCESSING “BIG DATA”
Methodologies used:
• Anomaly detection, Machine Learning algorithms
• Bump signal signature analysis: REGULARITY METRIC
• Bump signal randomness content: ENTROPY METRIC
NON-ACTIONABLE(Flat Casting)
ACTIONABLE(Pothole)
Christos G. Cassandras CCISE - CODES Lab. - Boston University
STREET BUMP – ANOMALY INDEX RANKED LIST
TOP-10 ACTIONABLE OBSTACLES
ADAPTIVETRAFFIC LIGHT
CONTROL
• Automatically adapt red/green light cycles based on observed data• Predict and alleviate congestion over entire urban network• Reduce waiting times, congestion• Reduce pollution and fuel waste
Christos G. Cassandras CISE - CODES Lab. - Boston University
NETWORK-WIDE TRAFFIC LIGHT CONTROL
TRAFFIC CONTROL
The BU Bridge mess, Boston, MA (simulation using VISSIM)
… EVEN IF WE KNOW THE ACHIEVABLE OPTIMUMIN A TRAFFIC NETWORK ???
Christos G. Cassandras CCISE - CODES Lab. - Boston University
WHY CAN’T WE IMPROVE TRAFFIC…
Because:
• Not enough controls (traffic lights, tolls, speed fines)No chance to unleash the power of feedback!
• Not knowing other drivers’ behavior leads to poor decisions (a simple game-theoretic fact)
Drivers seek individual (selfish) optimum,not system-wide (social) optimum
PRICE OF ANARCHY(POA)
Christos G. Cassandras CCISE - CODES Lab. - Boston University
GAME-CHANGING OPPORTUNITY:CONNECTED AUTONOMOUS VEHICLES (CAVs)
FROM (SELFISH) “DRIVER OPTIMAL” TO (SOCIAL) “SYSTEM OPTIMAL” TRAFFIC CONTROL
NO TRAFFIC LIGHTS, NEVER STOP…
THE “INTERNET OF CARS”
[Zhang et al, Proceedings of the IEEE, Special Issue on Smart Cities, 2018]
Christos G. Cassandras CCISE - CODES Lab. - Boston University
WHO NEEDS TRAFFIC LIGHTS?
With traffic lights With decentralized control of CAVs
One of the worst-designed double intersections ever… (BU Bridge – Commonwealth Ave, Boston, MA)