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Week 2Week 2
Bias and Ethnocentrism
Five Filters of Propaganda
Bias and Ethnocentrism
Five Filters of Propaganda
BiasBias
• Each person and each professor has their own perspective.
• Biology– Gene Theory of Evolution– Symbiogenesis Theory of Evolution
• Each person and each professor has their own perspective.
• Biology– Gene Theory of Evolution– Symbiogenesis Theory of Evolution
My PerspectiveMy Perspective
• I am a critical Political-Economist
• Like other courses you take, the content closely follows the professor’s perspective.– This class is no different.
• You will, however, get a different perspective from what you are used to hearing!
• I am a critical Political-Economist
• Like other courses you take, the content closely follows the professor’s perspective.– This class is no different.
• You will, however, get a different perspective from what you are used to hearing!
Both Sides to an Issue?Both Sides to an Issue?
• Some people want to give equal time to opposing views.– Never just two sides.
• “Balance” was ordered in coverage of civilian deaths in Afghanistan.
– http://www.commondreams.org/headlines01/1031-02.htm
• Some people want to give equal time to opposing views.– Never just two sides.
• “Balance” was ordered in coverage of civilian deaths in Afghanistan.
– http://www.commondreams.org/headlines01/1031-02.htm
Value Neutral or ObjectiveValue Neutral or Objective
• Some professors, journalists, or others will say they are objective.
• Beware!– They are either ignorant of their bias
• Or
– They are intentionally trying to deceive you.
• Remember, facts exist, but can be viewed differently depending on the perspective.
• Some professors, journalists, or others will say they are objective.
• Beware!– They are either ignorant of their bias
• Or
– They are intentionally trying to deceive you.
• Remember, facts exist, but can be viewed differently depending on the perspective.
EthnocentrismEthnocentrism
• Ethnocentrism is seeing and judging the world ONLY from your personal perspective.
• Ethnocentrism also places ourselves in a superior position relative to other people in order to justify our actions.
• Ethnocentrism is seeing and judging the world ONLY from your personal perspective.
• Ethnocentrism also places ourselves in a superior position relative to other people in order to justify our actions.
Five Elements of EthnocentrismFive Elements of Ethnocentrism
• Viewing the Other as Inferior• Dehumanization• Civilizational Mission• Ideological Camouflage• Political Denial
• Viewing the Other as Inferior• Dehumanization• Civilizational Mission• Ideological Camouflage• Political Denial
Viewing the Other as Inferior
Viewing the Other as Inferior
• Biological Inferiority
• Moral/Cultural Inferiority
• Biological Inferiority
• Moral/Cultural Inferiority
DehumanizationDehumanization
• Once a group is viewed as inferior, it is easy to dehumanize them.
– Individuals in the group are seen as less than true people, lacking souls, humanity, culture, etc.
– Derogatory names are used to characterize the group.
• Once a group is viewed as inferior, it is easy to dehumanize them.
– Individuals in the group are seen as less than true people, lacking souls, humanity, culture, etc.
– Derogatory names are used to characterize the group.
Civilizational MissionCivilizational Mission
• Because it believes it is superior, one group takes it upon itself to "civilize" the “inferior” people.
– Manifest Destiny– White Man’s Burden– Crusade on Terrorism
• Because it believes it is superior, one group takes it upon itself to "civilize" the “inferior” people.
– Manifest Destiny– White Man’s Burden– Crusade on Terrorism
Ideological CamouflageIdeological Camouflage
• The subjugation and ill-treatment of other people need justification.
• Sham science
– Bell Curve
– Eugenics
• The subjugation and ill-treatment of other people need justification.
• Sham science
– Bell Curve
– Eugenics
Political DenialPolitical Denial
• Government denies responsibility in the mistreatment of a group of people.
– Ecuador gives indigenous people rights to land in their territory, BUT the government retains the rights to what is BELOW the land!
• Government denies responsibility in the mistreatment of a group of people.
– Ecuador gives indigenous people rights to land in their territory, BUT the government retains the rights to what is BELOW the land!
Five Elements of EthnocentrismFive Elements of Ethnocentrism
• Viewing the Other as Inferior• Dehumanization• Civilizational Mission• Ideological Camouflage• Political Denial
• Viewing the Other as Inferior• Dehumanization• Civilizational Mission• Ideological Camouflage• Political Denial
Five Filters of Propaganda
Five Filters of Propaganda
Distortion in the MediaDistortion in the Media
TodayToday
• Five Filters of Propaganda– Concentration of Ownership– Advertising– “Sourcing” the News– Flak– Anti-Communism
• Five Filters of Propaganda– Concentration of Ownership– Advertising– “Sourcing” the News– Flak– Anti-Communism
Students and EducationStudents and Education
• More than 50% of students at four-year schools and more than 75% at two-year colleges lacked the skills to perform complex literacy tasks.
• That means they could not … understand the arguments of newspaper editorials, compare credit card offers with different interest rates and annual fees or summarize results of a survey about parental involvement in school.
• http://www.usatoday.com/news/education/2006-01-19-college-tasks_x.htm
• More than 50% of students at four-year schools and more than 75% at two-year colleges lacked the skills to perform complex literacy tasks.
• That means they could not … understand the arguments of newspaper editorials, compare credit card offers with different interest rates and annual fees or summarize results of a survey about parental involvement in school.
• http://www.usatoday.com/news/education/2006-01-19-college-tasks_x.htm
Recent Media StudiesRecent Media Studies
• “A new study based on a series of seven US polls conducted from January through September of this year reveals that before and after the Iraq war, a majority of Americans have had significant misperceptions and these are highly related to support for the war in Iraq.”
• http://www.worldpublicopinion.org/pipa/articles/international_security_bt/102.php?nid=&id=&pnt=102&lb=brus
• “A new study based on a series of seven US polls conducted from January through September of this year reveals that before and after the Iraq war, a majority of Americans have had significant misperceptions and these are highly related to support for the war in Iraq.”
• http://www.worldpublicopinion.org/pipa/articles/international_security_bt/102.php?nid=&id=&pnt=102&lb=brus
Misperceptions Support WarMisperceptions Support War
Five Filters in the Propaganda ModelFive Filters in the
Propaganda Model• Concentration of Ownership• Advertising• “Sourcing” the News• Flak• Anti-Communism
• Concentration of Ownership• Advertising• “Sourcing” the News• Flak• Anti-Communism
Concentration of Ownership
Concentration of Ownership
• 20 years ago, 50 companies controlled the vast majority of media resources. Now, it is five. – “These five huge corporations —
• Time Warner,• Disney, (owns ABC) • Murdoch's News Corporation,• Bertelsmann of Germany, and• Viacom (formerly CBS)
– — own most of the newspapers, magazines, books, radio and TV stations, and movie studios of the United States.” http://www.benbagdikian.com/
• 20 years ago, 50 companies controlled the vast majority of media resources. Now, it is five. – “These five huge corporations —
• Time Warner,• Disney, (owns ABC) • Murdoch's News Corporation,• Bertelsmann of Germany, and• Viacom (formerly CBS)
– — own most of the newspapers, magazines, books, radio and TV stations, and movie studios of the United States.” http://www.benbagdikian.com/
AdvertisingAdvertising
• Advertising supports the costs of production for media outlets.
• Outlets not able to attract advertisers are less able to compete.
• Advertisers seek a “buying mood.”
• Advertising supports the costs of production for media outlets.
• Outlets not able to attract advertisers are less able to compete.
• Advertisers seek a “buying mood.”
SourcesSources
• Media outlets attempt to save money and time by relying on readily available sources for news.
• Corporations, politicians and others provide press releases, press conferences and prepared videos for the media.
• Media outlets attempt to save money and time by relying on readily available sources for news.
• Corporations, politicians and others provide press releases, press conferences and prepared videos for the media.
FlakFlak
• People and groups dissatisfied with media coverage will attempt to change coverage through complaints.
– Complaints by pundits and editorial writers– Complaints by organized groups– Complaints by politicians
• People and groups dissatisfied with media coverage will attempt to change coverage through complaints.
– Complaints by pundits and editorial writers– Complaints by organized groups– Complaints by politicians
Anti-CommunismAnti-Communism
• While the authors wrote about the concept of anti-communism, we can see its application today.
• Both the terms “liberal” and “terrorism” are used to dichotomize debate.
– You are either with us, or against us.
• The fear of terrorism is used to promote policies.
• While the authors wrote about the concept of anti-communism, we can see its application today.
• Both the terms “liberal” and “terrorism” are used to dichotomize debate.
– You are either with us, or against us.
• The fear of terrorism is used to promote policies.
OutfoxedOutfoxed• Concentration of Ownership
– How does Murdoch and editors control news through memos?
• Advertising– What is the “Fox Effect” on other networks?
• Sources– Where does Fox get its information, commentators and guests?
• Flak– Shut Up!– Personal Attacks
• Anti-Terrorism
• Concentration of Ownership– How does Murdoch and editors control news through memos?
• Advertising– What is the “Fox Effect” on other networks?
• Sources– Where does Fox get its information, commentators and guests?
• Flak– Shut Up!– Personal Attacks
• Anti-Terrorism
Coming upComing up
• Outfoxed– Applying the Filters of Propaganda
• Outfoxed– Applying the Filters of Propaganda