WELCOME to the Port of Visakhapatnam

8/22/2019 WELCOME to the Port of Visakhapatnam

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WELCOMEtothePortofVisakhapatnam,theGatewaytotheEastCoastofIndia.ItplaysacrucialroleasthemiddlepointdistributionbaseforSouthern,Eastern,CentralandNorthernstatesofIndia.

DescribedastheBrightestJewelofallIndianmajorports foritsoutstandingperformanceand

productivity,VisakhapatnamPortservesasacatalystinspurringdomesticandinternationaltrade.

he need for a port in this part of the country was emphasised as early as in 1858 in a report of a

British Survey Party. This was underlined in the report titled Vizag, the Port of central Provinces(1877). Mr. E.S. Thomas, while submitting the proposals for creation of the port in 1872 described itas the most natural and most easily formed port on the east coast of India. The daughter of SirArthur Cotton described the Harbour as a natural outlet for northern India by a direct railway toAllahabad and observed the location as a strategic point on the eastern coast where incomparably the`best harbour can be made by a single break-water run out from the bold promontory of theDolphins Nose.

It was only in 1914 that the proposal for construction of a harbour at Visakhapatnam was initiated bythe then Bengal Nagpur Railway and in 1922 a proposal of Col. H. Cartwright Reid of British Admiraltyfor the construction of a harbour at the mouth of river Meghadrigedda was adopted.

The construction work which started in 1927 continued upto 1933 and the first commercial vessel S.S.

JALADURGA of M/s. Scindia Steam Navigation Co., entered the Port on the 7th

October, 1933providing initially a sea outlet for Manganese Ore.

The Saga of the construction of the harbour particularly forming of entrance channel, sinking of twoold ships `JANUS and `WELLESDONE to form break-water instead of building a wall in the sea wereall feats in engineering and are subjects of discussion even today. Mr.W.C. Ash and Mr. D.B.Ratternberry were the Engineers who played prominent role in constructing this beautiful harbour.The port was formally inaugurated by His Excellency Lord Willingdon, the then Viceroy and GovernorGeneral of India on 19th Dec. 1933.

Nestling among a chain of hills, the Vizag harbour is really one of the wonders of the nature, as if ithas been intended by God that a man in this area must benefit by a very safe anchorage to ships.The entrance channel is protected by, two massive rock hills, namely Dolphins Nose on the Southernside and Ross Hill on the Northern side and these two hills shelter a bay which possessed sufficientdepth for the ships which were engaged in sea trade upto 1950s. The high promontory of theDolphins Nose hill into the sea provides protection from cyclones which strike the East Coast. The lowtidal range of a maximum of 1.82 mtrs., is also advantageous for the location of the Port. Theexistence of this natural harbour has transformed the sleepy fisherman village once called as `Vizaginto one of the fastest growing industrial cities of the world.

The Port has striking similarities with Durban Port of Africa in the sense that the later is alsosurrounded by a hill on the South Side. It is due to this reason that Engineer Mr. W.C. Ash studiedDurban Port before developing this Port. Mr. Chalapathi Rao, one of the famour writers described theDocks and Harbour works of this Port as `PICASSOs cubist pictures.

The port Administration which was under Bengal-Nagpur Railway in 1933 passed through differentdepartments and Ministries of the Government. of India till its transfer to the Port Trust in Feb. 1964

under the Major Port Trusts Act, 1963 as shown below:

1926-35 RAILWAY BOARD1935-37 COMMERCIAL DEPT.1937-42 COMMUNICATIONS DEPT1042-44 WAR TRANSPORT DEPT1944-46 DEFENCE (WAR) DEPT1946-56 BENGAL NAGPUR RLY1956-64 MINISTRY OF TRANSPORT


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1964-FEB TRUST, UNDER MPT ACT

When opened for sea going vessels in 1933, the port had only three berths with a cargo handlingcapacity of 0.3 million tonnes. The chronological events of developments are described in thesucceeding paras.

1951-61: During this period, three jetty berths and one quay berth (EQ.4) were constructed. Onetransit shed (T-5) was built and T-1 was upgraded.

To enable M/s. Caltex (renamed as M/s. Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Ltd.) to establish a refineryand to facilitate discharging crude oil and pumping petroleum products direct to/from the storagetanks, an oil wharf consisting two oil berths was constructed in 1957.

During 1950s, slings and pallets for cargo loading/unloading were introduced which were lateraugmented and replaced by grabs. Electrical wharf cranes of 3 tonne capacity, fork-lift-trucks of 1 to 3tonne capacity and a floating crane of 30 tonne capacity were procured during the 1950s. A self-propelled 150 tonne floating crane, Bheema the first of its kind in major ports was added to thefleet of craft. Facilities for discharge/pumping of mineral oils, through pipelines, direct to the storagetanks of the refinery were introduced in 1957.

1961-71: In tune with the deployment of specialized ships for specific cargo and to fulfil the longterm agreement entered by the Government of India for exporting Bailadilla ore to Japan, two captiveberths were added in 1965.

In order to meet the long term ore export commitments to Japan, the system of loading iron ore bysemi-mechanised means was dispensed with. A Mechanical ore handling plant to load iron ore at therate of 8000 TPH the first of its kind in the Indian Port Sector and acclaimed as `Gem ofAutomation was built in 1965.

In response to requirements projected by a private fertilizer factory M/s. Coromandel Fertilisers Ltd., acaptive berth for unloading fertilizers was constructed in the year and leased out way back in 1967and thius earned the reputation of the first major port to introduce the concept of privatization.Mechanised facilities for discharging fertilizer raw materials through conveyors were introduced in1968. Also, two multi-purpose cargo berths were commissioned during 1966-68 to meet increasingtrade demand.

1971-81: The closure of the Suez canal in the mid sixties necessitated the deployment of deep drafttankers in the global shipping. To meet this challenge, an oil mooring was developed in 1976 toaccommodate large crude ships. In consonance with the changing technological trends in shipping andtransportation systems, an outer port was commissioned in 1976 to accommodate ships of size150,000 DWT at a cost of about Rs.110 crores, which stands out as the biggest expansion programmeof the Indian Port Sector during the firth five year plan. The outer port construction gave further fillipto the cargo throughput and in the succeeding years, the cargo throughput at outer port dominatedthe founding port (inner port). The primary objective of the outer port was to provide an outlet forexport of iron ore through deep draft bulk carriers.

1981-91: As a response to the increasing trading of oil by large crude carriers, an off shore tankerterminal to accommodate crude tankers upto 150,000 DWT was commissioned in 1985. Inconformity with the increasing trading of bulk carriers of 50,000 to 85,000 DWT, a General-cum-Bulkcargo berth to cater to ships upto 60,000 DWT was commissioned in 1985.

1991-2001: Keeping in view the changing needs of sea transportation system, the old jetties wereconverted into a regular quay berth with more apron width in 1992 and 1994 to facilitate installationof heavier loads. A multi-purpose berth to cater to ships upto 11 mtrs. Draft was commissioned on30.7.1995. An exclusive and specialized terminal for discharging LPG from gas carriers at the outerharbour was constructed in 2001.


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2001-2006

Berths: The first BOT project - Container terminal at outer harbour - commenced its operation inJune, 2003 which was concessioned to Visakha Container Terminal P Ltd.,- A Joint venture companyowned by Dubai Port International and J.M. Baxi (P) Limited. Two new berths in the extendedNorthern arm of Inner Harbour (EQ.8 & EQ.9) were developed on BOT basis by M/s.Vizag Sea PortPvt. Ltd., a Joint Venture between Portia Management Services, U.K. & M/s.Gammon India Ltd.,Mumbai and commissioned during 1994 and 1995. One multi purpose berth WQ-7 in the innerharbour was commissioned on 29th July 2005 by Honble Minister for Shipping , Road Transport andHigh ways.

Other facilities : One 50 tonne BP tug was commissioned in the year 2000-01. Ten No.s of 15 TonneElectric Wharf cranes were commissioned in 2001. Mechanised dust suppression system designed anderected by MECONS was commissioned on 5th June 2002. One rail mounted stacker of 2700 TPHcapacity was commissioned on 28th May, 2003. One No. fire float of Agni Class-I was commissioned on2nd September, 2003. Four wharf cranes of 20 Tonne were commissioned in 2004-05. One FRPlaunch was commissioned on 2nd January, 2005. One dredger built by M/s. Hindutan Shipyard Ltd.,was commissioned on 9th Feb. 2005. Information Technology was introduced into port operations 1 st.April, 2002.

HARBOUR FACILITIES

INNER HARBOUR FACILITY OUTERHARBOUR

Panamax

210

100Waterspread

(Hectares)200

up to 195LOA(Mts.)

up to 280

10.70 11.00 Draft (onhigh tide)(Mts.)

17

32.50 32.26Beam

(Mts.)48

45,000 D.W.T. 1,50,00018 Berths 6

BERTHING FACILITIESINNER HARBOR NORTHERN ARM - EAST SIDE

Quay Berths

Berth length(Mtrs)

Permissible

beam (Mtrs)

Permissibledraft (Mtrs)

Crane deployment

East Quay-1 167.64 32.50 10.06 4 Nos. 15T. w


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East Quay-2 167.64 32.50 10.06 4 Nos. 10T. w

East Quay-3 167.64 32.50 10.06 4 Nos. 10T. w

East Quay-4 231.00 32.50 10.06 4 Nos. 15T. w

East Quay-5 167.64 32.50 10.21 4 Nos. 15T. w

East Quay-6 182.90 32.50 10.21 3 Nos. 10T. w

East Quay-7 255.00 32.50 11.00 4 Nos. 20T. wEast Quay-8

*255.00 32.50 11.00 3 Nos. 104T. H

mobile cranes

OperatorEast Quay-9*

255.00 32.50 11.00

* Awarded to B.O.T. Operator M/s. Vizag Seaport Pvt. Ltd.

INNER HARBOUR NORTHERN ARM - WEST SIDE

Quay Berths Berth length (Mtrs) Permissible beam (Mtrs) Permissible

West Quay-1 212.00 32.50 11West Quay-2 226.70 32.50 11

West Quay-3 201.12 32.50 11

West Quay-4 243.00 32.50 11West Quay-5 241.70 32.50 11

RE WQ-1 170.00 25.00 8

INNER HARBOUR NORTH WESTERN ARMQuay Berths Berth length (Mtrs) Permissible beam (Mtrs) Permissible

Fertiliser berth 173.13 32.50 10

Oil Refinery Berth-1@ 183.00 32.50 10

Oil Refinery Berth-2@ 183.00 32.50 9

@ Subject to a max. 195 Mts. at one of the two berths

OUTER HARBOUR

BerthBerth length

(Mtrs)

Permissible beam

(Mtrs)Permissible draft (Mtrs)

Ore Berth-1 270.00 48.0016.50 on rising tideof 0.3 Mtrs.

Ore Berth-2 270.00 48.00 16.50Oil Mooring 250.00 48.00 15.00

General Cargo Berth 356.00 42.0014.5 0 on rising tideof 0.5 Mtrs.

Offshore Tanker

Terminal408.00 48.00

17.00 on rising tide

of 0.5 Mtrs.


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L.P.G. 370.92 42.00 13.00

CONTAINER TERMINAL**451.00 42.00 14.50

** Operated by M/s. Visakha Container Terminal Pvt. Ltd.

BALLAST DRAFT REQUIREMENT

To avoid delay for Berthing, Shifting or Sailing of your Vessel, you

are requested to maintain minimum ballast draft with propeller fully

submerged as indicated below.

BALLAST DRAFT REQUIREMENTFOR INNER HARBOUR

BALLAST DRAFTREQUIREMENT FOR

OUTER HARBOUR

Propeller should be fullysubmerged. Trim not greater than

2.5 m by stern. Minimum draft

forward should be as given below

Propeller should befully submerged.Trim not greater than3.0 m by stern.

Minimum draftforward should be as

given below

(In Meters)

LOA DRAFT FORWARD LOADRAFT

FORWARD

150 2.5 220 4.5160 3.0 230 5.0

170 3.5 240 5.5

180 4.0 250 6.0

190 4.5 260 6.5

195 5.0 270 7.0

280 7.5

Whenever smaller vessels are berthed at Outer Harbour, the Inner Harbour

draft requirement should be adhered to

Your attention is drawn to the Section 42 of Visakhapatnam Port Trust

Dock Regulations, 1971, which reads as follows:

MASTERS, ETC., OF VESSELS RESPONSIBLE FOR DAMAGE

Masters and Owners of Vessels shall be held liable for any damagewhatsoever that shall have been caused by their vessels or servants

to any of the works or property of the Board and Board reserves the

right to detain their vessels in Port until security has been given for


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the amount of damage caused.

Further, you are hereby informed that the Tugs employed for shipping

in this Port are normally Tractor /Twin Screw Tugs, the propellers of

which are turning at a very high speed. If the Tow Lines of the Tugsengaged by the ship is damaged or if the Tug has its propeller fouled

or sustained any other damages, you may be held responsible for thesame.

Deputy Conservator

Material Handling is the movement, storage, control and protection of materials, goods and products

throughout the process of manufacturing, distribution, consumption and disposal. The focus is on themethods, mechanical equipment, systems and related controls used to achieve these functions. The

material handling industry manufactures and distributes the equipment and services required to

implement material handling systems. Material handling systems range from simplepalletrack and

shelving projects, to complexconveyor beltandAutomated Storage and Retrieval Systems(AS/RS).

Material handling equipment is all equipment that relates to the movement, storage, control and

protection of materials, goods and products throughout the process of manufacturing, distribution,

consumption and disposal. Material handling equipment is the mechanical equipment involved in the

complete system. Material handling equipment is generally separated into four main categories; Storage

and Handling Equipment, Engineered Systems, Industrial Trucks and Bulk Material Handling.

Types of Material Handling Equipment

[edit] Storage and Handling Equipment

Storage and handling equipment is a category within the material handling industry. The

equipment that falls under this description is usually non-automated storage equipment. Products

such asPallet rack, shelving, carts, etc. belong to storage and handling. Many of these productsare often referred to as "catalog" items because they generally have globally accepted standards

and are often sold as stock materials out of Material handling catalogs.

[edit] Engineered Systems
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conveyor_belthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conveyor_belthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conveyor_belthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_Storage_and_Retrieval_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_Storage_and_Retrieval_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_Storage_and_Retrieval_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Material_handling_equipment&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Material_handling_equipment&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallet_rackhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallet_rackhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallet_rackhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Material_handling_equipment&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Material_handling_equipment&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Material_handling_equipment&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallet_rackhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Material_handling_equipment&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_Storage_and_Retrieval_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conveyor_belthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallet


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Engineered systems are typically custom engineered material handling systems.Conveyors,

Handling Robots,AS/RS, AGV and most other automated material handling systems fall into

this category. Engineered systems are often a combination of products integrated to one system.Many distribution centers will optimize storage and picking by utilizing engineered systems such

as pick modules and sortation systems.

Equipment and utensils used for processing or otherwise handling edible product or ingredients

must be of such material and construction to facilitate thorough cleaning and to ensure that theiruse will not cause the adulteration of product during processing, handling, or storage. Equipment

and utensils must be maintained in sanitary condition so as not to adulterate product.

[edit] Industrial Trucks

Industrial trucks usually refer to operator driven motorized warehouse vehicles. Industrial trucks

assist the material handling system with versatility; they can go where engineered systems

cannot.Forklift trucksare the most common example of industrial trucks but certainly aren't theextent of the category. Tow tractors and stock chasers are additional examples of industrial

trucks.

[edit] Bulk Material Handling

Bulk material handling equipment is used to move and store bulk materials such as ore, liquids,and cereals. This equipment is often seen on farms, mines, shipyards and refineries. This

category is also explained inBulk material handling.

Types of Material Handling Equipment

[edit] Storage and Handling Equipment

Storage and handling equipment is a category within the material handling industry. The

equipment that falls under this description is usually non-automated storage equipment. Productssuch asPallet rack, shelving, carts, etc. belong to storage and handling. Many of these products

are often referred to as "catalog" items because they generally have globally accepted standards

and are often sold as stock materials out of Material handling catalogs.

[edit] Engineered Systems

Engineered systems are typically custom engineered material handling systems.Conveyors,Handling Robots,AS/RS, AGV and most other automated material handling systems fall into

this category. Engineered systems are often a combination of products integrated to one system.

Many distribution centers will optimize storage and picking by utilizing engineered systems suchas pick modules and sortation systems.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conveyor_belthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conveyor_belthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conveyor_belthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_robotshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_robotshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_Storage_and_Retrieval_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_Storage_and_Retrieval_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_Storage_and_Retrieval_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Material_handling_equipment&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Material_handling_equipment&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forklift_truckhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forklift_truckhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forklift_truckhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Material_handling_equipment&action=edit&section=6http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Material_handling_equipment&action=edit&section=6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulk_material_handlinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulk_material_handlinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulk_material_handlinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Material_handling_equipment&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Material_handling_equipment&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallet_rackhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallet_rackhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallet_rackhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Material_handling_equipment&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Material_handling_equipment&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conveyor_belthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conveyor_belthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conveyor_belthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_robotshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_robotshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_Storage_and_Retrieval_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_Storage_and_Retrieval_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_Storage_and_Retrieval_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_Storage_and_Retrieval_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_robotshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conveyor_belthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Material_handling_equipment&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallet_rackhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Material_handling_equipment&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulk_material_handlinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Material_handling_equipment&action=edit&section=6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forklift_truckhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Material_handling_equipment&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_Storage_and_Retrieval_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_robotshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conveyor_belt


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Equipment and utensils used for processing or otherwise handling edible product or ingredients

must be of such material and construction to facilitate thorough cleaning and to ensure that theiruse will not cause the adulteration of product during processing, handling, or storage. Equipment

and utensils must be maintained in sanitary condition so as not to adulterate product.

[edit] Industrial Trucks

Industrial trucks usually refer to operator driven motorized warehouse vehicles. Industrial trucks

assist the material handling system with versatility; they can go where engineered systemscannot.Forklift trucksare the most common example of industrial trucks but certainly aren't the

extent of the category. Tow tractors and stock chasers are additional examples of industrial

trucks.

[edit] Bulk Material Handling

Bulk material handling equipment is used to move and store bulk materials such as ore, liquids,and cereals. This equipment is often seen on farms, mines, shipyards and refineries. This

category is also explained inBulk material handling.

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Crane (machine)

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A modern crawler typederrickcrane withoutriggers. Thelatticedboom is fitted with ajib.
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Material_handling_equipment&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Material_handling_equipment&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forklift_truckhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forklift_truckhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forklift_truckhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Material_handling_equipment&action=edit&section=6http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Material_handling_equipment&action=edit&section=6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulk_material_handlinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulk_material_handlinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulk_material_handlinghttp://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Donate/Now/en?utm_source=enwiki_04&utm_medium=anon_donation_banner&utm_campaign=spontaneous_donationhttp://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Donate/Now/en?utm_source=enwiki_04&utm_medium=anon_donation_banner&utm_campaign=spontaneous_donationhttp://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Donate/Now/en?utm_source=enwiki_04&utm_medium=anon_donation_banner&utm_campaign=spontaneous_donationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_%28machine%29#column-onehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_%28machine%29#column-onehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_%28machine%29#column-onehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_%28machine%29#searchInputhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_%28machine%29#searchInputhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_%28machine%29#searchInputhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derrickhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derrickhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derrickhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outriggerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outriggerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outriggerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lattice_girderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lattice_girderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lattice_girderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jib_%28disambiguation%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jib_%28disambiguation%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jib_%28disambiguation%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crane_machine_slewing_platform.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crane_machine_slewing_platform.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crane_machine_slewing_platform.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crane_machine_slewing_platform.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jib_%28disambiguation%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lattice_girderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outriggerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derrickhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_%28machine%29#searchInputhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_%28machine%29#column-onehttp://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Donate/Now/en?utm_source=enwiki_04&utm_medium=anon_donation_banner&utm_campaign=spontaneous_donationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulk_material_handlinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Material_handling_equipment&action=edit&section=6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forklift_truckhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Material_handling_equipment&action=edit&section=5


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An old manual crane with a pivoted boom. The incline of the boom is controlled by means ofchains,

sprocketsandgears.

A crane is a lifting machine, generally equipped with awinder(also called a wire rope drum),wire ropesorchainsandsheaves, that can be used both to lift and lower materials and to move

them horizontally. It uses one or moresimple machinesto createmechanical advantageand thus

move loads beyond the normal capability of a human. Cranes are commonly employed in thetransportindustry for the loading and unloading of freight, in theconstructionindustry for the

movement of materials and in the manufacturing industry for the assembling ofheavy

equipment.

Contents

[hide]

1 Overview 2 History

o 2.1 In Ancient Greeceo 2.2 In Ancient Romeo 2.3 In the Middle Ages

2.3.1 Structure and placement 2.3.2 Mechanics and operation 2.3.3 Harbor usage

3 Mechanical principleso 3.1 Lifting capacityo 3.2 Stability

4 Typeso 4.1 Mobileo 4.2 Fixed

5 Similar machines 6 Special examples 7 See also

o 7.1 Related ideas 8 References

o 8.1 Further reading
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprockethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprockethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gearhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gearhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gearhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wire_ropehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wire_ropehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheave_%28mechanical%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheave_%28mechanical%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheave_%28mechanical%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_advantagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_advantagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_advantagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_equipmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_equipmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_equipmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_equipmenthttp://toggletoc%28%29/http://toggletoc%28%29/http://toggletoc%28%29/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_%28machine%29#Overviewhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_%28machine%29#Overviewhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_%28machine%29#Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_%28machine%29#Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_%28machine%29#In_Ancient_Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_%28machine%29#In_Ancient_Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_%28machine%29#In_Ancient_Romehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_%28machine%29#In_Ancient_Romehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_%28machine%29#In_the_Middle_Ageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_%28machine%29#In_the_Middle_Ageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_%28machine%29#Structure_and_placementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_%28machine%29#Structure_and_placementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_%28machine%29#Mechanics_and_operationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_%28machine%29#Mechanics_and_operationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_%28machine%29#Harbor_usagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_%28machine%29#Harbor_usagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_%28machine%29#Mechanical_principleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_%28machine%29#Mechanical_principleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_%28machine%29#Lifting_capacityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_%28machine%29#Lifting_capacityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_%28machine%29#Stabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_%28machine%29#Stabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_%28machine%29#Typeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_%28machine%29#Typeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_%28machine%29#Mobilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_%28machine%29#Mobilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_%28machine%29#Fixedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_%28machine%29#Fixedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_%28machine%29#Similar_machineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_%28machine%29#Similar_machineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_%28machine%29#Special_exampleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_%28machine%29#Special_exampleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_%28machine%29#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_%28machine%29#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_%28machine%29#Related_ideashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_%28machine%29#Related_ideashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_%28machine%29#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_%28machine%29#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_%28machine%29#Further_readinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_%28machine%29#Further_readinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Old_crane_at_Victoria_&_Alfred.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Old_crane_at_Victoria_&_Alfred.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Old_crane_at_Victoria_&_Alfred.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Old_crane_at_Victoria_&_Alfred.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_%28machine%29#Further_readinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_%28machine%29#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_%28machine%29#Related_ideashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_%28machine%29#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_%28machine%29#Special_exampleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_%28machine%29#Similar_machineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_%28machine%29#Fixedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_%28machine%29#Mobilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_%28machine%29#Typeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_%28machine%29#Stabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_%28machine%29#Lifting_capacityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_%28machine%29#Mechanical_principleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_%28machine%29#Harbor_usagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_%28machine%29#Mechanics_and_operationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_%28machine%29#Structure_and_placementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_%28machine%29#In_the_Middle_Ageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_%28machine%29#In_Ancient_Romehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_%28machine%29#In_Ancient_Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_%28machine%29#Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_%28machine%29#Overviewhttp://toggletoc%28%29/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_equipmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_equipmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_advantagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheave_%28mechanical%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wire_ropehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gearhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprockethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain


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9 External links

[edit] Overview

Fireplace crane

Cranes were used domestically since ancient times. The chimney or fireplace crane was used toswing pots and kettles over the fire and the height was adjusted by a trammel. The same

principles used in this piece of hearth equipment are to be found in harbour and tower cranes.[1]

Harbor cranes loading cargo on a ship at theMundra PortinIndia

The first construction cranes were probably invented by theAncient Greeksand were powered

by men or beasts of burden, such as donkeys. These cranes were used for the construction of tall

buildings. Larger cranes were later developed, employing the use of humantreadwheels,permitting the lifting of heavier weights. In theHigh Middle Ages, harbour cranes were

introduced to load and unload ships and assist with their constructionsome were built into

stone towers for extra strength and stability. The earliest cranes were constructed from wood, butcast ironandsteeltook over with the coming of theIndustrial Revolution.
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For many centuries, power was supplied by the physical exertion of men or animals, although

hoists inwatermillsandwindmillscould be driven by the harnessed natural power. The first

'mechanical' power was provided bysteam engines, the earlieststeam cranebeing introduced inthe 18th or 19th century, with many remaining in use well into the late 20th century. Modern

cranes usually useinternal combustion enginesorelectric motorsandhydraulicsystems to

provide a much greater lifting capability than was previously possible, although manual cranesare still utilised where the provision of power would be uneconomic.

Cranes exist in an enormous variety of formseach tailored to a specific use. Sizes range fromthe smallest jib cranes, used inside workshops, to the tallest tower cranes, used for constructing

high buildings, and the largest floating cranes, used to build oil rigs and salvage sunken ships.

This article also covers lifting machines that do not strictly fit the above definition of a crane, but

are generally known as cranes, such as stacker cranes and loader cranes.

[edit] History

[edit] In Ancient Greece

Greco-Roman Trispastos ("Three-pulley-crane"), the simplest crane type (150 kg load)

Greco-Roman Pentaspastos ("Five-pulley-crane"), a medium-sized variant (ca. 450 kg load)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watermillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watermillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watermillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windmillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windmillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windmillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_cranehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_cranehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_cranehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulichttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crane_%28machine%29&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crane_%28machine%29&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crane_%28machine%29&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crane_%28machine%29&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crane_%28machine%29&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pentaspastos_scheme.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pentaspastos_scheme.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trispastos_scheme.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trispastos_scheme.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pentaspastos_scheme.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pentaspastos_scheme.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trispastos_scheme.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trispastos_scheme.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pentaspastos_scheme.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pentaspastos_scheme.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trispastos_scheme.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trispastos_scheme.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pentaspastos_scheme.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pentaspastos_scheme.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trispastos_scheme.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trispastos_scheme.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crane_%28machine%29&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crane_%28machine%29&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_cranehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windmillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watermill


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The crane for lifting heavy loads was invented by theAncient Greeksin the late 6th centuryBC.

[2]The archaeological record shows that no later than c.515 BC distinctive cuttings for both

lifting tongs andlewis ironsbegin to appear on stone blocks of Greek temples. Since these holespoint at the use of a lifting device, and since they are to be found either above the center of

gravity of the block, or in pairs equidistant from a point over the center of gravity, they are

regarded by archaeologists as the positive evidence required for the existence of the crane.

[2]

The introduction of thewinchandpulleyhoist soon lead to a widespread replacement oframps

as the main means of vertical motion. For the next two hundred years, Greek building siteswitnessed a sharp drop in the weights handled, as the new lifting technique made the use of

several smaller stones more practical than of fewer larger ones. In contrast to thearchaic period

with its tendency to ever-increasing block sizes, Greek temples of the classical age like the

Parthenoninvariably featured stone blocks weighing less than 15-20 tons. Also, the practice oferecting large monolithic columns was practically abandoned in favour of using several column

drums.[3]

Although the exact circumstances of the shift from the ramp to the crane technology remainunclear, it has been argued that the volatile social and political conditions ofGreecewere more

suitable to the employment of small, professional construction teams than of large bodies ofunskilled labour, making the crane more preferable to the Greekpolisthan the more labour-

intensive ramp which had been the norm in the autocratic societies ofEgyptorAssyria.[3]

The first unequivocal literary evidence for the existence of the compoundpulleysystem appears

in theMechanical Problems (Mech. 18, 853a32-853b13) attributed toAristotle(384-322 BC),

but perhaps composed at a slightly later date. Around the same time, block sizes at Greek

temples began to match their archaic predecessors again, indicating that the more sophisticatedcompound pulley must have found its way to Greek construction sites by then .

[4]

[edit] In Ancient Rome

Reconstruction of a 10.4m high Roman Polyspastos atBonn, Germany (I)

The heyday of the crane in ancient times came during theRoman Empire, when constructionactivity soared and buildings reached enormous dimensions. The Romans adopted the Greekcrane and developed it further. We are relatively well informed about their lifting techniques,

thanks to rather lengthy accounts by the engineersVitruvius(De Architectura 10.2, 1-10) and

Heron of Alexandria(Mechanica 3.2-5). There are also two surviving reliefs of Roman
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treadwheelcranes, with theHateriitombstone from the late first century AD being particularly

detailed.

The simplest Roman crane, the Trispastos, consisted of a single-beam jib, awinch, arope, and a

block containing three pulleys. Having thus amechanical advantageof 3:1, it has been calculated

that a single man working the winch could raise 150 kg (3 pulleys x 50 kg = 150), assuming that50 kg represent the maximum effort a man can exert over a longer time period. Heavier crane

types featured five pulleys (Pentaspastos) or, in case of the largest one, a set of three by five

pulleys (Polyspastos) and came with two, three or four masts, depending on the maximum load.ThePolyspastos, when worked by four men at both sides of the winch, could already lift 3000 kg

(3 ropes x 5 pulleys x 4 men x 50 kg = 3000 kg). In case the winch was replaced by a treadwheel,

the maximum load even doubled to 6000 kg at only half the crew, since the treadwheel possesses

a much bigger mechanical advantage due to its larger diameter. This meant that, in comparisonto the construction of theEgyptian Pyramids, where about 50 men were needed to move a 2.5

ton stone block up the ramp (50 kg per person), the lifting capability of the RomanPolyspastos

proved to be 60 times higher (3000 kg per person).[5]

However, numerous extant Roman buildings which feature much heavier stone blocks than those

handled by thePolyspastos indicate that the overall lifting capability of the Romans went farbeyond that of any single crane. At the temple of Jupiter atBaalbek, for instance, thearchitrave

blocks weigh up to 60 tons each, and the corner cornices blocks even over 100 tons, all of them

raised to a height of about 19 m.[4]

InRome, the capital block ofTrajan's Columnweighs 53.3

tons, which had to be lifted to a height of about 34 m.[6]

It is assumed that Roman engineers lifted these extraordinary weights by two measures: First, as

suggested by Heron, a lifting tower was set up, whose four masts were arranged in the shape of aquadrangle with parallel sides, not unlike asiege tower, but with the column in the middle of the

structure (Mechanica 3.5).

[7]

Second, a multitude ofcapstanswere placed on the ground aroundthe tower, for, although having a lower leverage ratio than treadwheels, capstans could be set upin higher numbers and run by more men (and, moreover, by draught animals).

[8]This use of

multiple capstans is also described byAmmianus Marcellinus(17.4.15) in connection with the

lifting of theLateranense obeliskin theCircus Maximus(ca. 357 AD). The maximum liftingcapability of a single capstan can be established by the number of lewis iron holes bored into the

monolith. In case of the Baalbek architrave blocks, which weigh between 55 and 60 tons, eight

extant holes suggest an allowance of 7.5 ton per lewis iron, that is per capstan.[9]

Lifting such

heavy weights in a concerted action required a great amount of coordination between the workgroups applying the force to the capstans.
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14/31

[edit] In the Middle Ages

Small-scale reconstruction of the medieval gantry crane atBruggeharbor

Medieval port crane with building overhanging in the formerHansetown ofDanzig.

During theHigh Middle Ages, the treadwheel crane was reintroduced on a large scale after thetechnology had fallen into disuse in western Europe with the demise of theWestern Roman

Empire.[10]

The earliest reference to a treadwheel (magna rota) reappears in archival literature inFrance about 1225,

[11]followed by an illuminated depiction in a manuscript of probably also

French origin dating to 1240.[10]

In navigation, the earliest uses of harbor cranes are documented

forUtrechtin 1244,Antwerpin 1263,Bruggein 1288 andHamburgin 1291,[12]

while in

England the treadwheel is not recorded before 1331.[13]

Generally, vertical transport could be done more safely and inexpensively by cranes than bycustomary methods. Typical areas of application were harbors, mines, and, in particular, building

sites where the treadwheel crane played a pivotal role in the construction of the loftyGothic

cathedrals. Nevertheless, both archival and pictorial sources of the time suggest that newly

introduced machines like treadwheels orwheelbarrowsdid not completely replace more labor-intensive methods likeladders,hodsand handbarrows. Rather, old and new machinery continued

to coexist on medieval construction sites[14]

and harbors.[12]
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15/31

Apart from treadwheels, medieval depictions also show cranes to be powered manually by

windlasses with radiatingspokes,cranksand by the 15th century also by windlasses shaped like

aship's wheel. To smooth out irregularities of impulse and get over 'dead-spots' in the liftingprocessflywheelsare known to be in use as early as 1123.

[15]

The exact process by which the treadwheel crane was reintroduced is not recorded,

[11]

althoughits return to construction sites has undoubtedly to be viewed in close connection with the

simultaneous rise of Gothic architecture. The reappearance of the treadwheel crane may have

resulted from a technological development of thewindlassfrom which the treadwheelstructurally and mechanically evolved. Alternatively, the medieval treadwheel may represent a

deliberate reinvention of its Roman counterpart drawn fromVitruvius'De architecturawhich

was available in many monastic libraries. Its reintroduction may have been inspired, as well, by

the observation of the labor-saving qualities of thewaterwheelwith which early treadwheelsshared many structural similarities.

[13]

[edit] Structure and placement

The medieval treadwheel was a large wooden wheel turning around acentral shaftwith a

treadway wide enough for two workers walking side by side. While the earlier 'compass-arm'wheel had spokes directly driven into the central shaft, the more advanced 'clasp-arm' type

featured arms arranged as chords to the wheel rim,[16]

giving the possibility of using a thinner

shaft and providing thus a greater mechanical advantage.[17]

Contrary to a popularly held belief, cranes on medieval building sites were neither placed on the

extremely lightweightscaffoldingused at the time nor on the thin walls of the Gothic churcheswhich were incapable of supporting the weight of both hoisting machine and load. Rather, cranes

were placed in the initial stages of construction on the ground, often within the building. When a

new floor was completed, and massive tie beams of the roof connected the walls, the crane wasdismantled and reassembled on the roof beams from where it was moved from bay to bay duringconstruction of the vaults.

[18]Thus, the crane grew and wandered with the building with the

result that today all extant construction cranes in England are found in church towers above the

vaulting and below the roof, where they remained after building construction for bringingmaterial for repairs aloft.

[19]

Less frequently, medieval illuminations also show cranes mounted on the outside of walls with

the stand of the machine secured to putlogs.[20]

[edit] Mechanics and operation
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16/31

Tower crane at the inland harbour ofTrierfrom 1413.

In contrast to modern cranes, medieval cranes and hoists - much like their counterparts in Greece

and Rome

[21]

- were primarily capable of a vertical lift, and not used to move loads for aconsiderable distance horizontally as well.[18]

Accordingly, lifting work was organized at the

workplace in a different way than today. In building construction, for example, it is assumed thatthe crane lifted the stone blocks either from the bottom directly into place,

[18]or from a place

opposite the centre of the wall from where it could deliver the blocks for two teams working at

each end of the wall.[21]

Additionally, the crane master who usually gave orders at the treadwheelworkers from outside the crane was able to manipulate the movement laterally by a small rope

attached to the load.[22]

Slewing cranes which allowed a rotation of the load and were thus

particularly suited for dockside work appeared as early as 1340.[23]

While ashlar blocks were

directly lifted by sling, lewis or devil's clamp (German Teufelskralle), other objects were placedbefore in containers likepallets,baskets, wooden boxes orbarrels.

[24]

It is noteworthy that medieval cranes rarely featuredratchetsorbrakesto forestall the load fromrunning backward.

[25]This curious absence is explained by the highfriction forceexercised by

medieval treadwheels which normally prevented the wheel from accelerating beyond control.[22]

[edit] Harbor usage

Main article:List of historical harbour cranes

Beyond the modern warship stands a crane constructed in 1742, used for mounting masts to large

sailing vessels. Copenhagen, Denmark

According to the present state of knowledge unknown in antiquity, stationary harbor cranes areconsidered a new development of the Middle Ages.[12]

The typical harbor crane was a pivoting

structure equipped with double treadwheels. These cranes were placed docksides for the loadingand unloading of cargo where they replaced or complemented older lifting methods likesee-

saws,winchesandyards.[12]

Two different types of harbor cranes can be identified with a varying geographical distribution:

While gantry cranes which pivoted on a central vertical axle were commonly found at the
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Flemish and Dutch coastside, German sea and inland harbors typically featured tower cranes

where the windlass and treadwheels were situated in a solid tower with only jib arm and roof

rotating.[26]

Interestingly, dockside cranes were not adopted in the Mediterranean region and thehighly developed Italian ports where authorities continued to rely on the more labor-intensive

method of unloading goods by ramps beyond the Middle Ages.[27]

Unlike construction cranes where the work speed was determined by the relatively slow progress

of the masons, harbor cranes usually featured double treadwheels to speed up loading. The two

treadwheels whose diameter is estimated to be 4 m or larger were attached to each side of theaxle and rotated together.

[12]Today, according to one survey, fifteen treadwheel harbor cranes

from pre-industrial times are still extant throughout Europe.[28]

Beside these stationary cranes,

floating craneswhich could be flexibly deployed in the whole port basin came into use by the

14th century.[26]

[edit] Mechanical principles

Cranes can mount many different utensils depending on load (left). Cranes can be remote-controlledfrom the ground, allowing much more precise control, but without the view that a position atop the

crane provides (right).

The stability of a mobile construction crane can be jeopardized when outriggers sink into soft soil, which

can result in the crane tipping over.

There are two major considerations in the design of cranes. The first is that the crane must beable to lift a load of a specified weight and the second is that the crane must remain stable and

not topple over when the load is lifted and moved to another location.
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[edit] Lifting capacity

Cranes illustrate the use of one or moresimple machinesto createmechanical advantage.

Thelever. A balance crane contains a horizontal beam (the lever) pivoted about a point calledthefulcrum. The principle of the lever allows a heavy load attached to the shorter end of thebeam to be lifted by a smallerforceapplied in the opposite direction to the longer end of the

beam. The ratio of the load's weight to the applied force is equal to the ratio of the lengths of

the longer arm and the shorter arm, and is called themechanical advantage.

Thepulley. A jib crane contains a tilted strut (thejib) that supports a fixed pulley block. Cablesare wrapped multiple times round the fixed block and round another block attached to the load.

When the free end of the cable is pulled by hand or by a winding machine, the pulley system

delivers a force to the load that is equal to the applied force multiplied by the number of lengths

of cable passing between the two blocks. This number is the mechanical advantage.

Thehydraulic cylinder. This can be used directly to lift the load or indirectly to move the jib orbeam that carries another lifting device.

Cranes, like all machines, obey the principle ofconservation of energy. This means that the

energydelivered to the load cannot exceed the energy put into the machine. For example, if a

pulley system multiplies the applied force by ten, then the load moves only one tenth as far as theapplied force. Since energy is proportional to force multiplied by distance, the output energy is

kept roughly equal to the input energy (in practice slightly less, because some energy is lost to

frictionand otherinefficiencies).

[edit] Stability

For stability, the sum of allmomentsabout any point such as the base of the crane must equate tozero. In practice, the magnitude of load that is permitted to be lifted (called the "rated load" in

the US) is some value less than the load that will cause the crane to tip (providing a safetymargin).

Under US standards for mobile cranes, the stability-limited rated load for a crawler crane is 75%

of the tipping load. The stability-limited rated load for a mobile crane supported on outriggers is

85% of the tipping load.[citation needed]

Standards for cranes mounted on ships or offshore platforms are somewhat stricter because of the

dynamic load on the crane due to vessel motion. Additionally, the stability of the vessel or

platform must be considered.

For stationary pedestal or kingpost mounted cranes, the moment created by the boom, jib, and

load is resisted by the pedestal base or kingpost. Stress within the base must be less than theyield stress of the material or the crane will fail.

[edit] Types
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