Welcome Welcome to BIO 203 Anatomy & Physiology I Mrs. Wendy Rappazzo Office A 214 (across from A&P Lab)

Welcome

Welcome to BIO 203 Anatomy & Physiology I

Mrs. Wendy RappazzoOffice A 214 (across from A&P Lab)

Textbook Features

Learning Outcomes Illustrations and

Photos Pronunciation Guides Checkpoint Questions The A&P Top 100 Tips & Tricks Clinical Notes Chain Link Icons

End-of-Chapter Study and Review Materials

Systems Overview Section

System in Perspective Summaries

Colored Tabs End-of-Book

Reference Sections

Important features of the textbook

Learning Supplements

Supplements The InterActive Physiology® (IP) CD HCC Portal for Text & Supplemental Material

(very helpful) Get Ready for A&P! (available online) Atlas of the Human Body A&P Applications Manual Study Guide (optional)

Faculty website:

Class & Lab Supplies

● 2 – 3” 3 ring binder (recommended 1 binder per unit) with extra paper

● pencils, pens, colored pencils

● index cards

● lab folder with prongs or binder

syllabus

What do I need to bring?

Introduction

Study strategies crucial for success Come to class on time and take careful notes. If you wish,

you may record lecture to assist with note-taking. Do not leave class early. If you must, let me know before class begins, and sit in the back to avoid disrupting class

Read the text and lab material PRIOR to the class it is being discussed in.

Re-write your notes as soon as possible after lecture. Take time to study EVERY day.

You will need to spend at least 2-4 hours on each chapter. Plan to review notes/text for a minimum of one hour each day.

Introduction

Study strategies crucial for success Develop the skill of memorization, and practice it regularly.

Visualize word associations.

Ask questions if you do not understand a concept or assignment. However, make sure your questions are relevant to the topic. Do not monopolize class time with questions. If you are having difficulty with the material please see me during my office hours. If you have trouble keeping up with notes- tape lecture.

Introduction

Study strategies crucial for success Learn what your learning style is and use techniques specific

to your learning style. Complete and submit all laboratory assignments on time. Use the “Interactive Physiology” CD-Rom that is packaged

with your text and the additional links and practice quizzes from my website.

Mastering A and P website & links from my webpage for additional animations/tutoring/practice.

Attend group tutoring, if you cannot attend, use the walk-in services or arrange for a private tutor. Form study groups with others in your lab group/class.

Introduction

Study strategies crucial for success Do not leave lab early. You should use any extra time at the

end of lab to study models, slides and ADAM photos.

Turn off all pagers, cell phones, etc. during lecture. You may have them set to “vibrate” during laboratory. Failure to comply will result in your removal from the classroom.

Please do not have discussions during lecture time. You may ask me questions on material but do not have side conversations. This creates problems in the lecture room. It is very distracting to everyone.

Introduction

Study strategies crucial for successTalk to me – I want to you to succeed in this class.

I cannot help if you do not see me, ask me questions, and let me know how I can help. I even have candy in my office!

Chemistry & Cell Review

Concepts from BIO 099

BIO 099 Chemistry Review

Chemistry Review

Elements of the Human Body




Chemistry Review

Inorganic Organic

Water CHO

Electrolytes Lipids

Acids/Bases Proteins

Nucleic Acids

pH and Homeostasis

pH The concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution

pH Scale: 0 - 14 A balance of H+ and OH—

Pure water = 7.0

< 7 = acidic

> 7 = alkaline

pH of human blood Ranges from 7.35 to 7.45

pH and Homeostasis

pH Scale

Has an inverse relationship with H+

concentration

More H+ ions mean lower pH, less H+ ions mean

higher pH

pH and Homeostasis

FIGURE 2–9 pH and Hydrogen Ion Concentration.

Carbohydrates

Important Concepts:We only burn glucose for fuel –

Glycogen is stored in the liver and skeletal musclesGlycogenesis: making glycogen from glucoseGlycogenolysis: breaking glycogen down into glucoseGluconeogenesis: making glucose from amino acids &

glycerol

Lipids

Important Concepts:

Fatty acids can be saturated or unsaturatedUnsaturated can be omega-3 or omega-6 fatty acids – important health implications

Fatty acids & Glycerol are the preferred fuel source for many tissues.

Proteins

Proteins are the most abundant and

important organic molecules

Contain basic elements : C,H,O and N

Basic building blocks 20 amino acids: essential vs. nonessential

Proteins

Support Structural proteins

Movement Contractile proteins

Transport Transport (carrier)

proteins

Buffering Regulation of pH

Metabolic regulation Enzymes

Coordination and control Hormones

Defense Antibodies

Seven major protein functions

Proteins

Enzymes are catalysts Proteins that are not changed or used up in the reaction

– specific — will only work on limited types of substrates

– limited — by their saturation

– regulated — by other cellular chemicals

FIGURE 2–21 A Simplified View of Enzyme Structure and Function.

Nucleic Acids

Nucleic acids are large organic molecules, found in the nucleus, which store and process information at the molecular levelDeoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

Codes for every protein

Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) Important for protein synthesis

Nucleic Acids

DNA is double stranded, twisting helix.

RNA is single stranded

Complementary base pairs

DNA: A:T, C:G RNA: Uracil (U) replaces

thymine (T) A:U, C:G

ATP Nucleotides can be used to

store energy Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)

-Two phosphate groups; di- = 2

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) -Three phosphate groups; tri- = 3

ADP + P ↔ATP + E

ATPase : The enzyme that catalyzes phosphorylation (the addition of a high-energy phosphate group to a molecule)

Chemicals Form Cells

A Review of Cells

Cell surrounded by a watery medium

known as the extracellular fluid

(interstitial fluid)

Plasma membrane separates cytoplasm

from the ECF

Cytoplasm - Cytosol = liquid

-contains organelles

BioFlix Tour of Animal Cell

Organelles and the Cytoplasm

Cytosol (fluid) Dissolved materials:

– nutrients, ions, proteins, and waste products

High potassium/low sodium High protein High carbohydrate/low amino acid and fat

Organelles Structures with specific functions

Organelles Review

Organelles Review

Mitochondria

Aerobic metabolism (cellular respiration)

Mitochondria use O2 to break down food and produce ATP

G + O2 + ADP CO2 + H2O + ATP

Glycolysis:

glucose to pyruvic acidnet gain 2 ATP when anaerobic= lactic acid

Transition Reaction: pyruvic acid to acetyl Co-A

Mitochondria

Aerobic metabolism (cellular respiration)

Mitochondria use O2 to break down food and produce ATP

G + O2 + ADP CO2 + H2O + ATP

Tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA or Krebs cycle):

– Acetyl CoA to CO2 (in matrix) & reduced

coenzymes

Electron transport chain– inner mitochondrial membrane

H+ ions used to make ATP

The Nucleus

DNA Instructions for every protein in

the body

Gene DNA instructions for one protein

Genetic code The chemical language of DNA

instructions:– sequence of bases (A, T, C, G)

Triplet code:– 3 bases = 1 amino acid

Cell Differentiation

All cells carry complete DNA instructions for all body functions

Cells specialize or differentiate To form tissues (liver cells, fat cells, and neurons)

By turning off all genes not needed by that cell

All body cells, except sex cells, contain the same 46 chromosomes

Differentiation depends on which genes are active and which are inactive

Protein Synthesis

The Role of Gene Activation in Protein

Synthesis

The nucleus contains chromosomes

Chromosomes contain DNA

DNA stores genetic instructions for proteins

Proteins determine cell structure and function

Protein Synthesis

Transcription

Copies instructions from DNA to mRNA (in nucleus)

Translation

Ribosome reads code from mRNA (in cytoplasm)

Assembles amino acids into polypeptide chain

Processing

By RER and Golgi apparatus produce protein

Functions of the Plasma Membrane

Physical Barrier

Regulates exchange Ions and nutrients enter

Wastes eliminated and cellular products released

Monitors the environment Extracellular fluid

composition

Chemical signals

Structural support Anchors cells and tissues

Membrane Transport

The plasma (cell) membrane is a barrier, but

Nutrients must get in

Products and wastes must get out

Permeability determines what moves in and out of a

cell, and a membrane that

Lets nothing in or out is impermeable

Lets anything pass is freely permeable

Restricts movement is selectively permeable

Membrane Transport

Plasma membrane is selectively permeable Allows some materials to move freely Restricts other materials

Selective permeability restricts materials based on Size Electrical charge Molecular shape Lipid solubility

Membrane permeability

Diffusion

Diffusion is a Function of the Concentration

Gradient & Kinetic Energy Solutes move down a concentration gradient until?

Factors Affecting Diffusion Distance the particle has to move

Molecule size

Temperature

Gradient size

Electrical forces

Tonicity

A cell in a hypotonic solution:

Gains water Ruptures (hemolysis of red

blood cells)

A cell in a hypertonic solution:

Loses water Shrinks (crenation of red

blood cells)

FiltrationMovement of molecules due to a pressure

gradient (net filtration pressure)

Osmotic Pressure: pressure which holds water (absorption): in blood mainly due to plasma proteins

Hydrostatic Pressure: pressure which pushes molecules out of blood (filtration)

Tonicity

A cell in a hypotonic solution:

Gains water Ruptures (hemolysis of red

blood cells)

A cell in a hypertonic solution:

Loses water Shrinks (crenation of red

blood cells)

Carriers and Vesicles

Carrier-Mediated Transport

Facilitated diffusion Specificity Saturation limits Regulation



Cotransport

Two substances move in the same direction at the

same time

Countertransport

One substance moves in while another moves out



Active transport Active transport proteins:

– move substrates against concentration gradient

– require energy, such as ATP

– ion pumps move ions (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+)

– exchange pump countertransports two ions at the same

time


Active transportSodium-potassium exchange pump

sodium ions (Na+) out, potassium ions (K+) in

-1 ATP moves 3 Na+ and 2 K+


Active transport-

Secondary active transport

– Na+ concentration gradient drives

glucose transport

– ATP energy pumps Na+ back out


Vesicular Transport (or bulk transport)

Materials move into or out of cell in vesicles

Endocytosis (endo- = inside) is active transport using ATP:

– receptor mediated

– pinocytosis

– phagocytosis

Exocytosis (exo- = outside)

– Granules or droplets are released from the cell


Endocytosis

Receptor-mediated endocytosis:

Receptors (glycoproteins) bind target molecules (ligands)

Coated vesicle (endosome) carries ligands and receptors

into the cell


Endocytosis

Pinocytosis

Endosomes “drink” extracellular fluid

Phagocytosis

Pseudopodia (psuedo- = false, pod- = foot)

Engulf large objects in phagosomes


Figure 3–22 Phagocytosis.


Exocytosis

Is the reverse of endocytosis

Secretion

Transmembrane Potential

Interior of plasma membrane is slightly negative,

outside is slightly positive

Unequal charge across the plasma membrane is

transmembrane potential or RMP

Resting potential ranges from –10 mV to

–100 mV, depending on cell type


Determined mainly by the unequal distribution of Na+ & K+

The cell's interior has a greater concent. of K+ and the outside has a greater concent. of Na+

At rest the plasma membrane is relatively impermeable to Na+ and freely permeable to K+


The cell has 2 types of channels:

1.) Passive (leaky)

2.) Gated

RMP animation (NS I: membrane potential page 12/16)


More K + diffuses out of the cell than Na + diffuses into the cell

Results in a loss of + charges from the cell = negative RMPCell is polarized.


If too much K+ left the cell it would become too negative = hyperpolarize.

If Na + was allowed to accumulate inside the cell it would become less negative (more positive) or depolarize.

Entrance of Na + into the cell would change the tonicity of the cell.


The Na + -K + pump functions to maintain the osmotic balance & membrane voltage


When stimulus applied:

Gated Na+ channels open = depolarization

Gated K+ channels open so K+ leaves = repolarization

Cell Division

Mitosis and Cancer

Mitosis and Cancer

Mitosis and Cancer

Introduction

Anatomy and physiology affect your life everyday

Anatomy is the oldest medical science 1600 B.C.

Medical Terminology

Medical terminology for the layman: ARTERY -- The study of fine painting BARIUM -- What you do when a patient dies BENIGN -- What you are after you are eight CESAREAN SECTION -- A district in Rome CONGENITAL -- Friendly DILATE -- To live long FESTER -- Quicker G. I. SERIES -- Baseball game between soldiers MINOR OPERATION -- Coal digging MORBID -- A higher offer NITRATE -- Lower than a day rate NODE -- Was aware of OUT PATIENT -- A person who has fainted POST-OPERATIVE -- A letter carrier PROTEIN -- In favor of young people SECRETION -- Hiding anything SEROLOGY -- Study of English Knighthood TUMOR -- An extra pair URINE -- Opposite of you're out VARICOSE VEINS -- Veins very close together

Medical Terminology

Roots: adipos (fat), arthros (joint), chrondros (cartilage)

Prefixes: a- (without), intra- (within), peri- (around)

Suffices: -blast (precursor, immature),

-itis (inflammation), -algia (pain)

i.e.: pathology: prefix = disease

suffix: ology= study of

Pathology – the study of disease

Structure and Function

Anatomy Describes the structures of the body

What they are made of Where they are located Associated structures

Physiology Is the study of

Functions of anatomical structures Individual and cooperative functions

Anatomy and Physiology Integrated

Anatomy Gross anatomy, or macroscopic anatomy,

examines large, visible structures Surface anatomy: exterior features

Regional anatomy: body areas

Systemic anatomy: groups of organs working together.


Anatomy

Microscopic anatomy examines cells and

molecules

Cytology: study of cells and their structures

• cyt- = cell

Histology: study of tissues and their structures

Microbiology: study of microbes


Physiology Cell physiology: processes within and

between cells

Organ physiology: functions of specific

organs

Systemic physiology: functions of an organ

system

Pathological physiology: effects of diseases

Levels of Organization

. The Chemical (or Molecular) Level Atoms are the smallest

chemical units Molecules are a group of

atoms working together

The Cellular Level Cells are a group of

atoms, molecules, and organelles working together


The Tissue Level

Tissues are a group of similar cells working together

The Organ Level An organ is a group of

different tissues working together


The Organ System Level Organ systems are a

group of organs working together

Humans have 11 organ systems

The Organism Level A human is an organism

Homeostasis

Homeostasis: all body systems working

together to maintain a stable internal

environment

Systems respond to external and internal

changes to function within a normal range.

Disease occurs when body cannot maintain

homeostasis.

Homeostasis

Mechanisms of Regulation

Autoregulation (intrinsic)

Automatic response in a cell, tissue, or organ to some

environmental change

Extrinsic regulation

Responses controlled by nervous and endocrine systems

Homeostatic Regulation

Involves:

1.) receptor: responds to stimulus

2.) control center – processes info

3.) effector – carries out the command

Negative Feedback

The response of the effector negates the stimulusBody is brought back into homeostasis

Normal range is maintained.

Negative Feedback

Homeostasis Animation

Positive Feedback

The response of the

effector increases

change of the

stimulus

Body is moved away

from homeostasis

Normal range is lost

Used to speed up

processes

Positive Feedback

Positive Feedback

Labor & Delivery

Systems Integration

Anatomical Terminology

Superficial Anatomy: at or near the body

surface

Anatomical position: hands at sides,

palms forward

Supine: lying down, face up

Prone: lying down, face down


Superficial Anatomy Anatomical Landmarks

References to palpable structures

Anatomical Regions Body regions

Abdominopelvic quadrants

Abdominopelvic regions

Anatomical Directions Reference terms based on subject






FIGURE 1–7 Abdominopelvic Quadrants.


FIGURE 1–7 Abdominopelvic Regions.


FIGURE 1–7 Abdominopelvic Relationships.




Sectional Anatomy Planes and sections

Plane: a three-dimensional axis

Section: a slice parallel to a plane

Used to visualize internal organization and structure

Important in radiological techniques– MRI

– PET

– CT




Body Cavities

Body cavities have two essential functions

Protect organs from accidental shocks

Permit changes in size and shape of internal organs

Two Main Body Cavities: Dorsal & Ventral

Body Cavities

Body Cavities

FIGURE 1–11 The Ventral Body Cavity and Its Subdivisions.

Body Cavities

FIGURE 1–11 The Ventral Body Cavity and Its Subdivisions.

Body Cavities

The Abdominopelvic Cavity

Abdominal cavity — superior portion

Diaphragm to top of pelvic bones

Contains digestive organs

Body Cavities


Pelvic cavity — inferior portion

Within pelvic bones

Contains reproductive organs, rectum, and bladder

Body Cavities


Peritoneal cavity — chamber within

abdominopelvic cavity

Body Cavities

Body Cavities

Serous membranes

Line body cavities and cover organs

Consist of parietal layer and visceral layer

Parietal layer — lines cavity

Visceral layer — covers organ

Fluid: lubricates, reduces friction

– Named for cavity: pleural fluid

Body Cavities

Serous Membranes of the Heart

Body Cavities

Where would you find the:

Parietal pleura?

Visceral pericardium?

Parietal peritoneum?

Body Cavities

Mesenteries: fatty tissue anchors & supports organs

-greater omentum

Retroperitoneal: posterior to the peritoneal cavity

Documents

Welcome Welcome to BIO 203 Anatomy & Physiology I Mrs. Wendy Rappazzo Office A 214 (across from A&P Lab)