Welding Theory & Terminology

7/24/2019 Welding Theory & Terminology

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Welding Theory & Application Definitions

ACETONE:

A flammable, volatile liquid used in acetylene cylinders to dissolve and stabilize

acetylene under high pressure

ACET!"ENE:

A highly combustible gas composed of carbon and hydrogen #sed as a fuel gas inthe o$yacetylene %elding process

ACT#A" T&'OAT:

(ee T&'OAT O) )*""ET +E"

A*'-ACET!"ENE:

A lo% temperature flare produced by burning acetylene %ith air instead of o$ygen

A*'-A'C C#TT*N.:

An arc cutting process in %hich metals to be cut are melted by the heat of the carbon

arcA""O!:

A mi$ture %ith metallic properties composed of t%o or more elements, of %hich atleast one is a metal

A"TE'NAT*N. C#''ENT:

An electric current that reverses its direction at regularly recurring intervals

A//ETE':

An instrument for measuring electrical current in amperes by an indicator activated

by the movement of a coil in a magnetic field or by the longitudinal e$pansion of a

%ire carrying the current

ANNEA"*N.:

A comprehensive term used to describe the heating and cooling cycle of steel in the

solid state The term annealing usually implies relatively slo% cooling *n annealing,

the temperature of the operation, the rate of heating and cooling, and the time the

metal is held at heat depend upon the composition, shape, and size of the steel

product being treated, and the purpose of the treatment The more important purposes

for %hich steel is annealed are as follo%s: to remove stresses0 to induce softness0 to

alter ductility, toughness, electric, magnetic, or other physical and mechanical

properties0 to change the crystalline structure0 to remove gases0 and to produce a

definite microstructure

A'C 1"O+:

The deflection of an electric arc from its normal path because of magnetic forces

A'C 1'A2*N.:A brazing process %herein the heat is obtained from an electric arc formed bet%een

the base metal and an electrode, or bet%een t%o electrodes

A'C C#TT*N.:

A group of cutting processes in %hich the cutting of metals is accomplished by

melting %ith the heat of an arc bet%een the electrode and the base metal (ee

CA'1ON-A'C C#TT*N., /ETA"-A'C C#TT*N., A'C-O3!.EN C#TT*N.,

AN A*'-A'C C#TT*N.

A'C "EN.T&:

The distance bet%een the tip of the electrode and the %eld puddle

A'C-O3!.EN C#TT*N.:


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An o$ygen-cutting process used to sever metals by a chemical reaction of o$ygen

%ith a base metal at elevated temperatures

A'C 4O"TA.E:

The voltage across the %elding arc

A'C +E"*N.:

A group of %elding processes in %hich fusion is obtained by heating %ith an electric

arc or arcs, %ith or %ithout the use of filler metal

A( +E"E:The condition of %eld metal, %elded 5oints, and %eldments after %elding and prior to

any subsequent thermal, mechanical, or chemical treatments

ATO/*C &!'O.EN +E"*N.:

An arc %elding process in %hich fusion is obtained by heating %ith an arc

maintained bet%een t%o metal electrodes in an atmosphere of hydrogen 6ressure

and7or filler metal may or may not be used

A#(TEN*TE:

The non-magnetic form of iron characterized by a face-centered cubic lattice crystal

structure *t is produced by heating steel above the upper critical temperature and has

a high solid solubility for carbon and alloying elementsA3*( O) A +E":

A line through the length of a %eld, perpendicular to a cross section at its center of

gravity

1AC8 )*'E:

The momentary burning bac9 of a flame into the tip, follo%ed by a snap or pop, then

immediate reappearance or burning out of the flame

1AC8 6A((:

A pass made to deposit a bac9 %eld

1AC8 #6:

*n flash and upset %elding, a locator used to transmit all or a portion of the upsetting

force to the %or9pieces

1AC8 +E":

A %eld deposited at the bac9 of a single groove %eld

1AC8&AN +E"*N.:

A %elding technique in %hich the flame is directed to%ards the completed %eld

1AC8*N. (T'*6:

A piece of material used to retain molten metal at the root of the %eld and7or increase

the thermal capacity of the 5oint so as to prevent e$cessive %arping of the base metal

1AC8*N. +E":

A %eld bead applied to the root of a single groove 5oint to assure complete root

penetration1AC8(TE6:

A sequence in %hich %eld bead increments are deposited in a direction opposite to

the direction of progress

1A'E E"ECT'OE:

An arc %elding electrode that has no coating other than that incidental to the dra%ing

of the %ire

1A'E /ETA"-A'C +E"*N.:

An arc %elding process in %hich fusion is obtained by heating %ith an unshielded arc

bet%een a bare or lightly coated electrode and the %or9 6ressure is not used and

filler metal is obtained from the electrode

1A(E /ETA":


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The metal to be %elded or cut *n alloys, it is the metal present in the largest

proportion

1EA +E":

A type of %eld composed of one or more string or %eave beads deposited on an

unbro9en surface

1EA*N.:

(ee (T'*N. 1EA +E"*N. and +EA4E 1EA

1E4E" AN."E:The angle formed bet%een the prepared edge of a member and a plane perpendicular

to the surface of the member

1"AC8(/*T& +E"*N.:

(ee )O'.E +E"*N.

1"OC8 1'A2*N.:

A brazing process in %hich bonding is produced by the heat obtained from heated

bloc9s applied to the parts to be 5oined and by a nonferrous filler metal having a

melting point above ;; ?@


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1#TTE' +E": A %eld caused of one or more string or %eave beads laid do%n on an

unbro9en surface to obtain desired properties or dimensions

CA6*""A'! ATT'ACT*ON:

The phenomenon by %hich adhesion bet%een the molten filler metal and the base

metals, together %ith surface tension of the molten filler metal, causes distribution of

the filler metal bet%een the properly fitted surfaces of the 5oint to be brazed

CA'1*E 6'EC*6*TAT*ON:

A condition occurring in austenitic stainless steel %hich contains carbon in asupersaturated solid solution This condition is unstable Agitation of the steel during

%elding causes the e$cess carbon in solution to precipitate This effect is also called

%eld decay

CA'1ON-A'C C#TT*N.:

A process of cutting metals %ith the heat of an arc bet%een a carbon electrode and

the %or9

CA'1ON-A'C +E"*N.:

A %elding process in %hich fusion is produced by an arc bet%een a carbon electrode

and the %or9 6ressure and7or filler metal and7or shielding may or may not be used

CA'1ON*2*N. )"A/E:An o$yacetylene flame in %hich there is an e$cess of acetylene Also called e$cess

acetylene or reducing flame

CA(CAE (EB#ENCE: (ubsequent beads are stopped short of a previous bead, giving a

cascade effect

CA(E &A'EN*N.:

A process of surface hardening involving a change in the composition of the outer

layer of an iron base alloy by in%ard diffusion from a gas or liquid, follo%ed by

appropriate thermal treatment Typical hardening processes are carbonizing,

cyaniding, carbonitriding, and nitriding

C&A*N *NTE'/*TTENT )*""ET +E"(:

T%o lines of intermittent fillet %elds in a T or lap 5oint in %hich the %elds in one line

are appro$imately opposite those in the other line

C&A/)E'*N.:

The preparation of a %elding contour, other than for a square groove %eld, on the

edge of a 5oint member

COA"E(CENCE:

The uniting or fusing of metals upon heating

COATE E"ECT'OE:

An electrode having a flu$ applied e$ternally by dipping, spraying, painting, or other

similar methods #pon burning, the coat produces a gas %hich envelopes the arc

CO//#TO'! CONT'O""E +E"*N.:The ma9ing of a number of spot or pro5ection %elds in %hich several electrodes, in

simultaneous contact %ith the %or9, progressively function under the control of an

electrical commutating device

CO/6O(*TE E"ECT'OE:

A filler metal electrode used in arc %elding, consisting of more than one metal

component combined mechanically *t may or may not include materials that improve

the properties of the %eld, or stabilize the arc

CO/6O(*TE DO*NT:

A 5oint in %hich both a thermal and mechanical process are used to unite the base

metal parts

CONCA4*T!:


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The ma$imum perpendicular distance from the face of a concave %eld to a line

5oining the toes

CONC#''ENT &EAT*N.:

(upplemental heat applied to a structure during the course of %elding

CONE:

The conical part of a gas flame ne$t to the orifice of the tip

CON(#/A1"E *N(E'T:

6replaced filler metal %hich is completely fused into the root of the 5oint andbecomes part of the %eld

CON4E3*T!:

The ma$imum perpendicular distance from the face of a conve$ fillet %eld to a line

5oining the toes

CO'NE' DO*NT:

A 5oint bet%een t%o members located appro$imately at right angles to each other in

the form of an "

CO4E' ."A((:

A clear glass used in goggles, hand shields, and helmets to protect the filter glass

from spattering materialCO4E'E E"ECT'OE:

A metal electrode %ith a covering material %hich stabilizes the arc and improves the

properties of the %elding metal The material may be an e$ternal %rapping of paper,

asbestos, and other materials or a flu$ covering

C'AC8:

A fracture type discontinuity characterized by a sharp tip and high ratio of length and

%idth to opening displacement

C'ATE':

A depression at the termination of an arc %eld

C'*T*CA" TE/6E'AT#'E:

The transition temperature of a substance from one crystalline form to another

C#''ENT EN(*T!:

Amperes per square inch of the electrode cross sectional area

C#TT*N. T*6:

A gas torch tip especially adapted for cutting

C#TT*N. TO'C&:

A device used in gas cutting for controlling the gases used for preheating and the

o$ygen used for cutting the metal

C!"*NE':

A portable cylindrical container used for the storage of a compressed gas

E)ECT:A discontinuity or discontinuities %hich, by nature or accumulated effect =for

e$ample, total crac9 length, render a part or product unable to meet the minimum

applicable acceptance standards or specifications This term designates re5ectability

E6O(*TE /ETA":

)iller metal that has been added during a %elding operation

E6O(*T*ON E))*C*ENC!:

The ratio of the %eight of deposited metal to the net %eight of electrodes consumed,

e$clusive of stubs

E6T& O) )#(*ON:

The distance from the original surface of the base metal to that point at %hich fusion

ceases in a %elding operation


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*E:

a 'esistance +elding A member, usually shaped to the %or9 contour, used to clamp

the parts being %elded and conduct the %elding current

b )orge +elding A device used in forge %elding primarily to form the %or9 %hile

hot and apply the necessary pressure

*E +E"*N.:

A forge %elding process in %hich fusion is produced by heating in a furnace and by

applying pressure by means of dies*6 1'A2*N.:

A brazing process in %hich bonding is produced by heating in a molten chemical or

metal bath and by using a nonferrous filler metal having a melting point above ;;

?@


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e 'esistance +elding The part or parts of a resistance %elding machine through

%hich the %elding current and the pressure are applied directly to the %or9

E"ECT'OE )O'CE:

a ynamic *n spot, seam, and pro5ection %elding, the force =pounds bet%een the

electrodes during the actual %elding cycle

b Theoretical *n spot, seam, and pro5ection %elding, the force, neglecting friction

and inertia, available at the electrodes of a resistance %elding machine by virtue of

the initial force application and the theoretical mechanical advantage of the systemc (tatic *n spot, seam, and pro5ection %elding, the force bet%een the electrodes

under %elding conditions, but %ith no current flo%ing and no movement in the

%elding machine

E"ECT'OE &O"E':

A device used for mechanically holding the electrode and conduct- ing current to it

E"ECT'OE (8*:

The sliding of an electrode along the surface of the %or9 during spot, seam, or

pro5ection %elding

E/1O((/ENT:

A rise or protrusion from the surface of a metalETC&*N.:

A process of preparing metallic specimens and %elds for macrographic or

micrographic e$amination

)ACE 'E*N)O'CE/ENT:

'einforcement of %eld at the side of the 5oint from %hich %elding %as done

)ACE O) +E":

The e$posed surface of a %eld, made by an arc or gas %elding process, on the side

from %hich %elding %as done

)A!*N. (#')ACE:

That surface of a member that is in contact %ith another member to %hich it is

5oined

)E''*TE:

The virtually pure form of iron e$isting belo% the lo%er critical temperature and

characterized by a body-centered cubic lattice crystal structure *t is magnetic and has

very slight solid solubility for carbon

)*""E' /ETA":

/etal to be added in ma9ing a %eld

)*""ET +E":

A %eld of appro$imately triangular cross section, as used in a lap 5oint, 5oining t%o

surfaces at appro$imately right angles to each other

)*"TE' ."A((:A colored glass used in goggles, helmets, and shields to e$clude harmful light rays

)"A/E C#TT*N.:

see O3!.EN C#TT*N.

)"A/E .O#.*N.:

(ee O3!.EN .O#.*N.

)"A/E &A'EN*N.:

A method for hardening a steel surface by heating %ith a gas flame follo%ed by a

rapid quench

)"A/E (O)TEN*N.:

A method for softening steel by heating %ith a gas flame follo%ed by slo% cooling


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)"A(&:

/etal and o$ide e$pelled from a 5oint made by a resistance %elding process

)"A(& +E"*N.:

A resistance %elding process in %hich fusion is produced, simultaneously over the

entire area of abutting surfaces, by the heat obtained from resistance to the flo% of

current bet%een t%o surfaces and by the application of pressure after heating is

substantially completed )lashing is accompanied by e$pulsion of metal from the

5oint)"A(&1AC8:

The burning of gases %ithin the torch or beyond the torch in the hose, usually %ith a

shrill, hissing sound

)"AT 6O(*T*ON:

The position in %hich %elding is performed from the upper side of the 5oint and the

face of the %eld is appro$imately horizontal

)*"/ 1'A2*N.:

A process in %hich bonding is produced by heating %ith a molten nonferrous filler

metal poured over the 5oint until the brazing temperature is attained The filler metal

is distributed in the 5oint by capillary attraction (ee 1'A2*N.)"O+ +E"*N.:

A process in %hich fusion is produced by heating %ith molten filler metal poured

over the surfaces to be %elded until the %elding temperature is attained and the

required filler metal has been added The filler metal is not distributed in the 5oint by

capillary attraction

)"#3:

A cleaning agent used to dissolve o$ides, release trapped gases and slag, and to

cleanse metals for %elding, soldering, and brazing

)O'E&AN +E"*N.:

A gas %elding technique in %hich the flare is directed against the base metal ahead of

the completed %eld

)O'.E +E"*N.:

A group of %elding processes in %hich fusion is produced by heating in a forge or

furnace and applying pressure or blo%s

)'EE 1EN TE(T:

A method of testing %eld specimens %ithout the use of a guide

)#"" )*""ET +E":

A fillet %eld %hose size is equal to the thic9ness of the thinner member 5oined

)#'NACE 1'A2*N.:

A process in %hich bonding is produced by the furnace heat and a nonferrous filler

metal having a melting point above ;; ?@


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.A( /ETA"-A'C =/*. +E"*N. =./A+:

An arc %elding process in %hich fusion is produced by heating %ith an electric arc

bet%een a metal electrode and the %or9 (hielding is obtained from an inert gas such

as helium or argon 6ressure and7or filler metal may or my not be used

.A( 6OC8ET:

A %eld cavity caused by the trapping of gases released by the metal %hen cooling

.A( T#N.(TEN-A'C =T*. +E"*N. =.TA+:

An arc %elding process in %hich fusion is produced by heating %ith an electric arcbet%een a tungsten electrode and the %or9 %hile an inert gas forms around the %eld

area to prevent o$idation No flu$ is used

.A( +E"*N.:

A process in %hich the %elding heat is obtained from a gas flame

."O1#"A' T'AN()E' =A'C +E"*N.:

A type of metal transfer in %hich molten filler metal is transferred across the arc in

large droplets

.O.."E(:

A device %ith colored lenses %hich protect the eyes from harmful radiation during

%elding and cutting operations.'OO4E:

The opening provided bet%een t%o members to be 5oined by a groove %eld

.'OO4E AN."E:

The total included angle of the groove bet%een parts to be 5oined by a groove %eld

.'OO4E )ACE:

That surface of a member included in the groove

.'OO4E 'A*#(:

The radius of a D or # groove

.'OO4E +E":

A %eld made by depositing filler metal in a groove bet%een t%o members to be

5oined

.'O#N CONNECT*ON:

The connection of the %or9 lead to the %or9

.'O#N "EA:

(ee +O'8 "EA

.#*E 1EN TE(T:

A bending test in %hich the test specimen is bent to a definite shape by means of a

5ig

&A//E' +E"*N.:

A forge %elding process

&AN (&*E":A device used in arc %elding to protect the face and nec9 *t is equipped %ith a filter

glass lens and is designed to be held by hand

&A' )AC*N.:

A particular form of surfacing in %hich a coating or cladding is applied to a surface

for the main purpose of reducing %ear or loss of material by abrasion, impact,

erosion, galling, and cavitations

&A' (#')AC*N.:

The application of a hard, %ear-resistant alloy to the surface of a softer metal

&A'EN*N.:

a The heating and quenching of certain iron-base alloys from a temperature above

the critical temperature range for the purpose of producing a hardness superior to that


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obtained %hen the alloy is not quenched This term is usually restricted to the

formation of martensite

b Any process of increasing the hardness of metal by suitable treatment, usually

involving heating and cooling

&EAT A))ECTE 2ONE:

That portion of the base metal %hose structure or properties have been changed by

the heat of %elding or cutting

&EAT T*/E:The duration of each current impulse in pulse %elding

&EAT T'EAT/ENT:

An operation or combination of operations involving the heating and cooling of a

metal or an alloy in the solid state for the purpose of obtaining certain desirable

conditions or properties &eating and cooling for the sole purpose of mechanical

%or9ing are e$cluded from the meaning of the definition

&EAT*N. .ATE:

The opening in a thermit mold through %hich the parts to be %elded are preheated

&E"/ET:

A device used in arc %elding to protect the face and nec9 *t is equipped %ith a filterglass and is designed to be %orn on the head

&O" T*/E:

The time that pressure is maintained at the electrodes after the %elding current has

stopped

&O'*2ONTA" +E":

A bead or butt %elding process %ith its linear direction horizontal or inclined at an

angle less than > degrees to the horizontal, and the parts %elded being vertically or

appro$imately vertically disposed

&O'N:

The electrode holding arm of a resistance spot %elding machine

&O'N (6AC*N.:

*n a resistance %elding machine, the unobstructed %or9 clearance bet%een horns or

platens at right angles to the throat depth This distance is measured %ith the horns

parallel and horizontal at the end of the do%nstro9e

&OT (&O'T:

A condition %hich occurs %hen a metal is heated to that point, prior to melting,

%here all strength is lost but the shape is still maintained

&!'O.EN 1'A2*N.:

A method of furnace brazing in a hydrogen atmosphere

&!'O/AT*C +E"*N.:

(ee 6'E((#'E CONT'O""E +E"*N.&!.'O(CO6*C:

'eadily absorbing and retaining moisture

*/6ACT TE(T:

A test in %hich one or more blo%s are suddenly applied to a specimen The results

are usually e$pressed in terms of energy absorbed or number of blo%s of a given

intensity required to brea9 the specimen

*/6'E.NATE-TA6E /ETA"-A'C +E"*N.


bet%een a metal electrode and the %or9 (hielding is obtained from decomposition of

impregnated tape %rapped around the electrode as it is fed to the arc 6ressure is not

used, and filler metal is obtained from the electrode


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*N#CT*ON 1'A2*N.:

A process in %hich bonding is produced by the heat obtained from the resistance of

the %or9 to the flo% of induced electric current and by using a nonferrous filler metal

having a melting point above ;; ?@


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The process of cutting metals by melting %ith the heat of the metal arc

/ETA"-A'C +E"*N.:

An arc %elding process in %hich a metal electrode is held so that the heat of the arc

fuses both the electrode and the %or9 to form a %eld

/ETA""*2*N.:

A method of overlay or metal bonding to repair %orn parts

/*3*N. C&A/1E':

That part of a %elding or cutting torch in %hich the gases are mi$ed for combustion/#"T*-*/6#"(E +E"*N.:

The ma9ing of spot, pro5ection, and upset %elds by more than one impulse of current

+hen alternating current is used each impulse may consist of a fraction of a cycle or

a number of cycles

NE#T'A" )"A/E:

A gas flame in %hich the o$ygen and acetylene volumes are balanced and both gases

are completely burned

N*C8 1'EA8 TE(T:

A method for testing the soundness of %elds by nic9ing each end of the %eld, then

giving the test specimen a sharp hammer blo% to brea9 the %eld from nic9 to nic94isual inspection %ill sho% any %eld defects

NON)E''O#(:

/etals %hich contain no iron Aluminum, brass, bronze, copper, lead, nic9el, and

titanium are nonferrous

NO'/A"*2*N.:

&eating iron-base alloys to appro$imately ;;


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O3!-C*T! .A( C#TT*N.: An o$ygen cutting process in %hich the necessary cutting

temperature is maintained by flames obtained from the combustion of city gas %ith

o$ygen

O3!.EN C#TT*N.:

A process of cutting ferrous metals by means of the chemical action of o$ygen on

elements in the base metal at elevated temperatures

O3!.EN .O#.*N.:

An application of o$ygen cutting in %hich a chamfer or groove is formedO3!-&!'O.EN C#TT*N.:

An o$ygen cutting process in %hich the necessary cutting temperature is maintained

by flames obtained from the combustion of city gas %ith o$ygen

O3!-&!'O.EN +E"*N.:

A gas %elding process in %hich the required %elding temperature is attained by

flames obtained from the combustion of hydrogen %ith o$ygen

O3!-NAT#'A" .A( C#TT*N.:

An o$ygen cutting process in %hich the necessary cutting temperature is maintained

by flames obtained by the combustion of natural gas %ith o$ygen

O3!-6'O6ANE C#TT*N.:An o$ygen cutting process in %hich the necessary cutting temperature is maintained

by flames obtained from the combustion of propane %ith o$ygen

6A((:

The %eld metal deposited in one general progression along the a$is of the %eld

6EEN*N.:

The mechanical %or9ing of metals by means of hammer blo%s 6eening tends to

stretch the surface of the cold metal, thereby relieving contraction stresses

6ENET'ANT *N(6ECT*ON:

a )luorescent A %ater %ashable penetrant %ith high fluorescence and lo% surface

tension *t is dra%n into small surface openings by capillary action +hen e$posed to

blac9 light, the dye %ill fluoresce

b ye A process %hich involves the use of three noncorrosive liquids )irst, the

surface cleaner solution is used Then the penetrant is applied and allo%ed to stand at

least minutes After standing, the penetrant is removed %ith the leaner solution and

the developer is applied The dye penetrant, %hich has remained in the surface

discontinuity, %ill be dra%n to the surface by the developer resulting in bright red

indications

6E'C#((*4E +E"*N.:

A resistance %elding process in %hich a discharge of electrical energy and the

application of high pressure occurs simultaneously, or %ith the electrical discharge

occurring slightly before the application of pressure6E'"*TE:

6erlite is the lamellar aggregate of ferrite and iron carbide resulting from the direct

transformation of austenite at the lo%er critical point

6*TC&:

Center to center spacing of %elds

6"#. +E":

A %eld is made in a hole in one member of a lap 5oint, 5oining that member to that

portion of the surface of the other member %hich is e$posed through the hole The

%alls of the hole may or may not be parallel, and the hole may be partially or

completely filled %ith the %eld metal


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6O8E +E"*N.:

A spot %elding process in %hich pressure is applied manually to one electrode The

other electrode is clamped to any part of the metal much in the same manner that arc

%elding is grounded

6O'O(*T!:

The presence of gas poc9ets or inclusions in %elding

6O(*T*ON( O) +E"*N.:

All %elding is accomplished in one of four positions: flat, horizontal, overhead, andvertical The limiting angles of the various positions depend some%hat as to %hether

the %eld is a fillet or groove %eld

6O(T&EAT*N.:

The application of heat to an assembly after a %elding, brazing, soldering, thermal

spraying, or cutting operation

6O(T+E" *NTE'4A":

*n resistance %elding, the heat time bet%een the end of %eld time, or %eld interval,

and the start of hold time uring this interval, the %eld is sub5ected to mechanical

and heat treatment

6'E&EAT*N.:The application of heat to a base metal prior to a %elding or cutting operation

6'E((#'E CONT'O""E +E"*N.:

The ma9ing of a number of spot or pro5ection %elds in %hich several electrodes

function progressively under the control of a pressure sequencing device

6'E((#'E +E"*N.:

Any %elding process or method in %hich pressure is used to complete the %eld

6'E+E" *NTE'4A":

*n spot, pro5ection, and upset %elding, the time bet%een the end of squeeze time and

the start of %eld time or %eld interval during %hich the material is preheated *n flash

%elding, it is the time during %hich the material is preheated

6'OCE#'E B#A"*)*CAT*ON:

The demonstration that %elds made by a specific procedure can meet prescribed

standards

6'ODECT*ON +E"*N.:

A resistance %elding process bet%een t%o or more surfaces or bet%een the ends of

one member and the surface of another The %elds are localized at predetermined

points or pro5ections

6#"(AT*ON +E"*N.:

A spot, pro5ection, or seam %elding process in %hich the %elding current is

interrupted one or more times %ithout the release of pressure or change of location of

electrodes6#(& +E"*N.:

The ma9ing of a spot or pro5ection %eld in %hich the force is aping current is

interrupted one or more times %ithout the release of pressure or change of location of

electrodes

6#(& +E"*N.:

The ma9ing of a spot or pro5ection %eld in %hich the force is applied manually to

one electrode and the %or9 or a bac9ing bar ta9es the place of the other electrode

B#ENC&*N.:

The sudden cooling of heated metal %ith oil, %ater, or compressed air


16/22

'EACT*ON (T'E((: The residual stress %hich could not other%ise e$ist if the members

or parts being %elded %ere isolated as free bodies %ithout connection to other parts

of the structure

'E#C*N. )"A/E:

(ee CA'1ON*2*N. )"A/E

'E.#"ATO':

A device used to reduce cylinder pressure to a suitable torch %or9ing pressure

'E*N)O'CE +E":The %eld metal built up above the surface of the t%o abutting sheets or plates in

e$cess of that required for the size of the %eld specified

'E(*#A" (T'E((:

(tress remaining in a structure or member as a result of thermal and7or mechanical

treatment

'E(*(TANCE 1'A2*N.:

A brazing process in %hich bonding is produced by the heat obtained from resistance

to the flo% of electric current in a circuit of %hich the %or9piece is a part, and by

using a nonferrous filler metal having a melting point above ;; ?@


17/22

'OOT 6ENET'AT*ON:

The depth a groove %eld e$tends into the root of a 5oint measured on the centerline

of the root cross section

(CA'):

The chamfered surface of a 5oint

(CA')*N.:

A process for removing defects and chec9s %hich develop in the rolling of steel

billets by the use of a lo% velocity o$ygen deseaming torch(EA" +E":

A %eld used primarily to obtain tightness and to prevent lea9age

(EA/ +E"*N.:

+elding a length%ise seam in sheet metal either by abutting or overlapping 5oints

(E"ECT*4E 1"OC8 (EB#ENCE:

A bloc9 sequence in %hich successive bloc9s are completed in a certain order

selected to create a predetermined stress pattern

(E'*E( +E"*N.:

A resistance %elding process in %hich t%o or more %elds are made simultaneously

by a single %elding transformer %ith the total current passing through each %eld(&EET (E6A'AT*ON:

*n spot, seam, and pro5ection %elding, the gap surrounding the %eld bet%een faying

surfaces, after the 5oint has been %elded

(&*E"E +E"*N.:

An arc %elding process in %hich protection from the atmosphere is obtained through

use of a flu$, decomposition of the electrode covering, or an inert gas

(&O#"E':

(ee 'OOT )ACE

(&'*N8A.E (T'E((:

(ee 'E(*#A" (T'E((

(*N."E */6#"(E +E"*N.:

The ma9ing of spot, pro5ection, and upset %elds by a single impulse of current +hen

alternating current is used, an impulse may consist of a fraction of a cycle or a

number of cycles

(*2E O) +E":

a .roove %eld The 5oint penetration =depth of chamfering plus the root penetration

%hen specified

b Equal leg fillet %elds The leg length of the largest isosceles right triangle %hich

can be inscribed %ithin the fillet %eld cross section

c #nequal leg fillet %elds The leg length of the largest right triangle %hich can be

inscribed %ithin the fillet %eld cross sectiond )lange %eld The %eld metal thic9ness measured at the root of the %eld

(8*6 (EB#ENCE:

(ee +ANE'*N. (EB#ENCE

("A. *NC"#(*ON:

Non-metallic solid material entrapped in the %eld metal or bet%een the %eld metal

and the base metal

("OT +E":

A %eld made in an elongated hole in one member of a lap or tee 5oint 5oining that

member to that portion of the surface of the other member %hich is e$posed through

the hole The hole may be open at one end and may be partially or completely filled


18/22

%ith %eld metal =A fillet %elded slot should not be construed as conforming to this

definition

("#..*N.:

Adding a separate piece or pieces of material in a 5oint before or during %elding %ith

a resultant %elded 5oint that does not comply %ith design dra%ing or specification

requirements

(O"E'*N.:

A group of %elding processes %hich produce coalescence of materials by heatingthem to suitable temperature and by using a filler metal having a liquidus not

e$ceeding >; ?


19/22

(T# +E"*N.:


dra%n bet%een a metal stud, or similar part, and the other %or9piece, until the

surfaces to be 5oined are properly heated They are brought together under pressure

(#1/E'.E A'C +E"*N.:

An arc %elding process in %hich fusion is produced by heating %ith an electric arc or

arcs bet%een a bare metal electrode or electrodes and the %or9 The %elding is shield

by a blan9et of granular, fusible material on the %or9 6ressure is not used )illermetal is obtained from the electrode, and sometimes from a supplementary %elding

rod

(#')AC*N.:

The deposition of filler metal on a metal surface to obtain desired properties or

dimensions

TAC8 +E":

A %eld made to hold parts of a %eldment in proper alignment until the final %elds

are made

TEE DO*NT:

A 5oint bet%een t%o members located appro$imately at right angles to each other inthe form of a T

TE/6E' CO"O'(:

The colors %hich appear on the surface of steel heated at lo% temperature in an

o$idizing atmosphere

TE/6E' T*/E:

*n resistance %elding, that part of the post%eld interval during %hich a current

suitable for tempering or heat treatment flo%s The current can be single or multiple

impulse, %ith varying heat and cool intervals

TE/6E'*N.:

'eheating hardened steel to some temperature belo% the lo%er critical temperature,

follo%ed by a desired rate of cooling The ob5ect of tempering a steel that has been

hardened by quenching is to release stresses set up, to restore some of its ductility,

and to develop toughness through the regulation or read5ustment of the embrittled

structural constituents of the metal The temperature conditions for tempering may be

selected for a given composition of steel to obtain almost any desired combination of

properties

TEN(*"E (T'EN.T&:

The ma$imum load per unit of original cross-sectional area sustained by a material

during the tension test

TEN(*ON TE(T:

A test in %hich a specimen is bro9en by applying an increasing load to the t%o endsuring the test, the elastic properties and the ultimate tensile strength of the material

are determined After rupture, the bro9en specimen may be measured for elongation

and reduction of area

T&E'/*T C'#C*1"E

The vessel in %hich the thermit reaction ta9es place

T&E'/*T /*3T#'E:

A mi$ture of metal o$ide and finely divided aluminum %ith the addition of alloying

metals as required

T&E'/*T /O":

A mold formed around the parts to be %elded to receive the molten metal


20/22

T&E'/*T 'EACT*ON:

The chemical reaction bet%een metal o$ide and aluminum %hich produces

superheated molten metal and aluminum o$ide slag

T&E'/*T +E"*N.:

A group of %elding processes in %hich fusion is produced by heating %ith

superheated liquid metal and slag resulting from a chemical reaction bet%een a metal

o$ide and aluminum, %ith or %ithout the application of pressure )iller metal, %hen

used, is obtained from the liquid metalT&'OAT E6T&:

*n a resistance %elding machine, the distance from the centerline of the electrodes or

platens to the nearest point of interference for flat%or9 or sheets *n a seam %elding

machine %ith a universal head, the throat depth is measured %ith the machine

arranged for transverse %elding

T&'OAT O) )*""ET +E":

a Theoretical The distance from the beginning of the root of the 5oint perpendicular

to the hypotenuse of the largest right triangle that can be inscribed %ithin the fillet-

%eld cross section

b Actual The distance from the root of the fillet %eld to the center of its faceTOE C'AC8:

A crac9 in the base metal occurring at the toe of the %eld

TOE O) T&E +E":

The 5unction bet%een the face of the %eld and the base metal

TO'C&:

(ee C#TT*N. TO'C& or +E"*N. TO'C&

TO'C& 1'A2*N.:

A brazing process in %hich bonding is produced by heating %ith a gas flame and by

using a nonferrous filler metal having a melting point above ;; ?@


21/22

surfaces 6ressure is applied before heating is started and is maintained throughout

the heating period

#6(ETT*N. )O'CE:

The force e$erted at the %elding surfaces in flash or upset %elding

4E'T*CA" 6O(*T*ON:

The position of %elding in %hich the a$is of the %eld is appro$imately vertical *n

pipe %elding, the pipe is in a vertical position and the %elding is done in a horizontal

position+ANE'*N. 1"OC8 (EB#ENCE:

A bloc9 %elding sequence in %hich successive %eld bloc9s are completed at random

after several starting bloc9s have been completed

+ANE'*N. (EB#ENCE:

A longitudinal sequence in %hich the %eld bead increments are deposited at random

+A3 6ATTE'N:

+a$ molded around the parts to be %elded by a thermit %elding process to the form

desired for the completed %eld

+EA4E 1EA:

A type of %eld bead made %ith transverse oscillation+EA4*N.:

A technique of depositing %eld metal in %hich the electrode is oscillated *t is usually

accomplished by a semicircular motion of the arc to the right and left of the direction

of %elding +eaving serves to increase the %idth of the deposit, decreases overlap,

and assists in slag formation

+E":

A localized fusion of metals produced by heating to suitable temperatures 6ressure

and7or filler metal may or may not be used The filler material has a melting point

appro$imately the same or belo% that of the base metals, but al%ays above ;; ?@


22/22

+E"*N. 6'E((#'E:

The pressure e$erted during the %elding operation on the parts being %elded

+E"*N. 6'OCE#'E:

The detailed methods and practices including all 5oint %elding procedures involved

in the production of a %eldment

+E"*N. 'O:

)iller metal in %ire or rod form, used in gas %elding and brazing processes and in

those arc %elding processes in %hich the electrode does not provide the filler metal+E"*N. (!/1O":

The assembled symbol consists of the follo%ing eight elements, or such of these as

are necessary: reference line, arro%, basic %eld symbols, dimension and other data,

supplementary symbols, finish symbols, tail, specification, process, or other

references

+E"*N. TEC&N*B#E:

The details of a manual, machine, or semiautomatic %elding operation %hich, %ithin

the limitations of the prescribed 5oint %elding procedure, are controlled by the %elder

or %elding operator

+E"*N. T*6:The tip of a gas torch especially adapted to %elding

+E"*N. TO'C&:

A device used in gas %elding and torch brazing for mi$ing and controlling the flo%

of gases

+E"*N. T'AN()O'/E':

A device for providing current of the desired voltage

+E"/ENT:

An assembly %hose component parts are formed by %elding

+*'E )EE (6EE:

The rate of speed in mm7sec or in7min at %hich a filler metal is consumed in arc

%elding or thermal spraying

+O'8 "EA:

The electric conductor =cable bet%een the source of arc %elding current and the

%or9piece

3-'A!:

A radiographic test method used to detect internal defects in a %eld

!*E" 6O*NT:

The yield point is the load per unit area value at %hich a mar9ed increase in

deformation of the specimen occurs %ith little or no increase of load0 in other %ords,

the yield point is the stress at %hich a mar9ed increase in strain occurs %ith little or

no increase in stress

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Welding Theory & Terminology