WESTPAC Training Workshop on Distribution, …file.iocwestpac.org/marine microplastics/20-22 Sep 2017...IOC Workshop Report No. page ii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The WESTPAC Training Workshop

UNESCO

Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission

Workshop Report No.

WESTPAC Training Workshop on Distribution, Source, Fate and Impacts of Marine Microplastics in Asia and the Pacific Phuket, Thailand 20-22 September 2017

UNESCO 2018

Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission

Workshop Report No.

WESTPAC Training Workshop on Distribution, Source, Fate and Impacts of Marine Microplastics in Asia and the Pacific

Phuket, Thailand 20-22 September 2017

IOC Workshop Report No. Bangkok, Month 2018

English only Disclaimer

The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariats of UNESCO and IOC concerning the legal status of any country or territory, or its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of the frontiers of any country or territory.

For bibliographic purposes this document should be cited as follows: WESTPAC Training Workshop on Distribution, Source, Fate and Impacts of Marine Microplastics in Asia and the Pacific. Phuket, Thailand, 20-22 September 2017. Paris, UNESCO,29 pp, 2018. (IOC Workshop Report, ) (English) UNESCO 2018

(IOC/2018/WR/??)

IOC Workshop Report No. page (i)

Table of Contents page

Executive Summary ............................................................................................................ (ii)

1. OPENING AND SELF-INTRODUCTION ...................................................................... 1

2. SETTING THE SCENE AND CONDUCT OF THE WORKSHOP ................................. 1

3. KEYNOTE PRESENTATIONS ..................................................................................... 2

3.1 GLOBAL ASSESSMENT OF MICROPLASTIC POLLUTION ....................................... 2

3.2 AN OVERVIEW OF METHODOLOGY PROTOCOL FOR MICROPLASTIC SAMPLING AND LABORATORY ANALYSIS .................................................................................. 3

3.3 MICROPLASTICS IN MARINE ORGANISMS ............................................................... 4

3.4 METHODOLOGICAL LIMITATIONS FOR MICROPLASTIC QUANTIFICATION IN THE OCEAN: RECOMMENDATIONS FOR OVERCOMING THE DEFECTS ...................... 5

4 COUNTRY REPORTS ON MICROPLASTIC STATUS AND TREND ........................... 6

4.1 BANGLADESH ............................................................................................................. 6

4.2 CHINA .......................................................................................................................... 7

4.3 INDONESIA .................................................................................................................. 7

4.4 REPUBLIC OF KOREA ................................................................................................ 7

4.5 MALAYSIA ................................................................................................................... 8

4.6 PHILIPPINES ............................................................................................................... 8

4.7 SINGAPORE ................................................................................................................ 9

4.8 SRI LANKA .................................................................................................................. 9

4.9 THAILAND .................................................................................................................. 10

4.10 VIETNAM ................................................................................................................... 10

5. PLENARY DISCUSSION ON STEPS FORWARD BASED ON EXISTING NATIONAL AND REGIONAL CAPACITIES .................................................................................. 10

6. CONCLUSION AND NEXT STEPS ............................................................................ 12

ANNEXES

I. AGENDA ...................................................................................................................... 1

II. LIST OF PARTICIPANTS ............................................................................................. 1

III. PROPOSED PILOT SITES AND MATRIX FOR WESTPAC JOINT MICROPLASTIC RESEARCH AND MONITORING PROGRAMME ........................................................ 1

IOC Workshop Report No. page ii

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The WESTPAC Training Workshop on Distribution, Source, Fate and Impacts of Marine Microplastics in Asia and the Pacific took place in Phuket, Thailand, 20-22 September 2017 at the Phuket Marine Biological Center. A total of 49 participants from Bangladesh, China, Indonesia, Republic of Korea, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Vietnam attended the workshop.

Participants exchanged knowledge on marine microplastic status and its impacts, reviewed existing microplastic research and monitoring approaches, particularly its sampling and laboratory analysis, and committed to advancing microplastic research and monitoring in order to understand the distribution, source, fate and impacts of microplastics in the region.

In view of the need for future spatiotemporal comparisons of microplastic abundance across marine environment, participants decided to develop and employ a set of harmonized methods for microplastic sampling and analysis in beach sediment, surface water and marine organism. As an initial step, pilot sites were identified with microplastic sampling and analysis to be conducted, in a harmonized method, in beach sediment. The draft harmonized method is expected to be available at the end of 2017. Meanwhile, two working groups were established, with one focusing on the development of a harmonized method for microplastic sampling and analysis in surface water, and the other establishing regular communications and continuously identifying joint actions on the effects of microplastics in marine organisms.

The Sub-Commission expressed its great appreciation to all resource persons for their tremendous technical contribution, and the Thai National Commission for UNESCO for its generous financial support to the success of the initial workshop. Upon the offer of the East China Normal University, the second workshop was tentatively scheduled for September 2018 in Shanghai, China.

IOC Workshop Report No. page 1

1. Opening and self-introduction

The WESTPAC Training Workshop on Distribution, Source, Fate and Impacts of Marine Microplastics in Asia and the Pacific was convened at 09:00 a.m. on Wednesday 20 September 2017, Phuket, Thailand. The training workshop was kindly hosted by the Phuket Marine Biological Center (PMBC) of Thailand.

Somkiat Khokiattiwong, Department of Marine and Coastal Resources (DMCR), Thailand and Vice-Chairperson of IOC, welcomed all participants to the training workshop. He thanked the Thai National Commission for UNESCO for its generous financial support to the IOC Sub-Commission for the Western Pacific (WESTPAC), including those for the development of WESTPAC Ocean Acidification programme. While expressing his great concern on microplastic status and its impacts on marine organisms and ecosystems, he stressed the importance of capacity development in order to gain more knowledge and skills to address the emerging issue. He encouraged the participants to learn from each other. Finally, he wished the workshop a great success and all participants a pleasant stay in Phuket.

On behalf of WESTPAC, Wenxi Zhu underscored the pressing need to protect marine environment from marine debris. He drew the attention of all participants to a recent study in which eight WESTPAC countries were ranked among the world’s ten largest contributors to marine plastic pollution. Despite a wide range of commitments being made to address this emerging issue, knowledge on marine plastics, particularly microplastics and its impacts, still remains rather limited. To serve Member States’ needs, WESTPAC has been taking initiative, raising awareness, and networking experts from within and outside the region. Its efforts over the past years finally led to the establishment of a regional programme at its 11th session (21-23 April 2017, Qingdao, China), with Daoji Li from the East China Normal University, being appointed as the Principal Investigator (PI) for this programme. Therefore, he expressed his great appreciation to Daoji Li and Huahong Shi from China, Won Joon Shim from Korea, Somkiat Khokiattiwong from Thailand, and Zainal Arifin from Indonesia, for their great assistance in establishing this regional programme. He also expressed his thanks to the Thai National Commission for UNESCO, PMBC for their tremendous support that made the inception workshop possible.

Kanittha Hanirattisai, Bureau of International Cooperation, Ministry of Education, Thailand, delivered her opening remarks by expressing her thanks to WESTPAC and PMBC for organizing this training workshop. She reiterated the strong willingness of the Thai government to strengthen regional network and capacity for marine science in the Western Pacific, and expressed its commitment to developing a regional training and research center (RTRC) on marine science together with WESTPAC. She inspired all participants to synergize their efforts together in order to address the emerging challenges. Finally, she expected that the workshop would be a success with concrete actions agreed upon.

All participants were invited to give self-introduction on themselves. The list of participants is attached as Annex II.

2. Setting the scene and conduct of the workshop

Daoji Li, WESTPAC Principal Investigator for microplastic programme, briefed on the workshop objectives which aim to: (i) establish a marine microplastic monitoring and research network among scientists, institutions, and agencies in the region; (ii) share existing microplastic monitoring and research approaches, learn from each other, and further develop regional capability of research and monitoring on marine microplastics in the region; (iii) identify


challenges and gaps in monitoring and assessment of the impacts of microplastics on marine ecosystems; and (iv) discuss the possibility of developing a joint-monitoring plan on the distribution of microplastics and a shared ecological risk assessment model for microplastics in the region.

He further introduced that this inception workshop will take three days to achieve its objectives. The first day will be dedicated to keynote and technical lectures, including global assessment of microplastic pollution, overview of methods and protocols for microplastic sampling and laboratory analysis, microplastic pollution in marine organisms, and methodological limitations for microplastic research. On the second day, participants from each country will present their current efforts and future plan for microplastic research and monitoring at the national/institutional levels. On the last day, a plenary session will be convened to discuss the way forward, in light of discussions over the first two days. In order to achieve the goal of the development of a joint regional programme on microplastic research and monitoring, Daoji Li encouraged all participants to actively engage in the plenary discussion on the way forward, and contribute to the development of an actionable workplan for the regional microplastic programme. Finally, he stressed the importance of the continued engagement of participants in the implementation of the regional programme in order to effectively move the long-term regional microplastic programme forward.

The Agenda of the workshop is attached as Annex I to this report.

3. Keynote presentations

3.1 Global assessment of microplastic pollution

Won Joon Shim from the Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST), provided an overview of global assessment of microplastic pollution. A global trend of material productions was shifted from more plastic products than steel in 1989, and more polyester fibres than cotton in 2005. It was estimated that about 8 million metric tons of plastic waste were transported to the ocean each year. A recent study indicated that several Asian countries are major contributors of plastic wastes to the ocean based on a model linking data on solid waste production, population density and economic status. Marine plastic debris including microplastics have been causing negative impacts on marine organisms, ecosystems, human health, and even socio-economic development.

He briefed on the definition of microplastics. Microplastics are defined as synthetic organic polymers in the size less than five millimeters. Microplastic debris is classified as either primary or secondary microplastics. Primary microplastics are those originally manufactured in small particles for industrial raw material and cosmetics, such as resin pellets and polyethylene microbeads. On the other hand, secondary microplastics are those produced as a result of mechanical or chemical fragmentation of larger plastic items. He elaborated on analytical techniques for measuring microplastics, which involve sampling, isolation and quantification of microplastic particles. Microplastics are collected by grabbing, netting or sieving methods depending on environment of interests and research focuses. Then, the samples are isolated or extracted by separation and digestion to remove non-plastic materials. One common method for microplastic extraction is density separation which are done by using chemical reagents such as sodium chloride (NaCl), zinc chloride (ZnCl2), sodium iodide (NaI), or lithium metatungstate (LMT). Following the extraction, microplastic particles are purified using hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), nitric acid (HNO3), potassium hydroxide (KOH) or enzymes. After this step, the microplastics are ready for quantification and identification in laboratory. Different types of optical microscope are used for physical characterization based upon color,


size and morphology. Spectroscope or thermal analysis are used for polymer type identification.

He further shared a comprehensive review of over 100 publications of microplastic abundance in sea water and sediment worldwide. Mean abundance of microplastic particles in seawater differs by nine orders of magnitude. Microplastic abundance varied from less than 1 item/m3 to over 104 items/m3 in seawater, and more than 10 items/m2 to more than 104

items/m2 in beach sediment. Serval other aspects of microplastic research such as its temporal distribution and effects on marine organism were also presented. Microplastic distribution on beaches were recorded in Europe, Asia, North America and South America, while the distribution in the ocean were reported in Mediterranean, North and South Pacific, North and South Atlantic. According to the Convention on Biological Diversity Report (2012), almost 400 species of marine organisms, including mammals, fish, sea birds and sea turtles, were affected by marine debris. Microplastics in bivalves for human consumptions have also been reported worldwide. In addition, toxic effects of microplastics to organisms have been documented. These impacts include decreased feeding and fecundity in zooplankton; lowering weight and energy reserved in lugworm; inflammatory immune response in mussel; and reduction of oocyte, sperm velocity, larval yield and development in oyster. Finally, he expressed his great concern on microplastic transportation through the food chain, as they are found in large numbers of organisms used for human consumption.

The presentation prompted wide interests. One question was raised on how data can be compared worldwide despite the fact that sampling and analytical approaches are inconsistent with a variety of reporting units. While emphasizing a critical need of reliable standard analytical techniques for microplastic research, he recommended that, when scientists document the data and results, all possible units should be presented in the papers in order to allow for large scale data comparisons in the future.

3.2 An overview of methodology protocol for microplastic sampling and laboratory analysis

Chengjun Sun from the First Institute of Oceanography (FIO), State Oceanic Administration (SOA), China, presented sampling, sample pre-treatment and laboratory analysis procedures for microplastics in water, sediment (beach sample) and marine organism. She explained that microplastics can be obtained from both surface water and water column using selective pre-concentrating and/or bulk sampling techniques. Various plankton nets commonly used for selective pre-concentrating microplastic samples are Neuston net, Manta trawl, Bongo net and Catamaran with mash sizes from 20-1000 µm. She noted that several parameters such as net length, net opening, towing speed, towing duration, and geographic factors should be taken into account in order to select proper tools. Bulk sampling methods are able to harvest microplastics with all sizes. Several tools such as Bongo net, Schindler-Patalas plankton trap and CTD are commonly used for bulk sampling of sea water. In view of sample pre-treatment for microplastics in water sample, multi-tier sieving with vibration motor are used for separating materials according to mesh sizes varying from 20-400 µm. Other pre-treatment methods commonly used are peroxide treatment, density separation and filtration.

She detailed microplastic sampling from beach sediment. It is suggested that samples are taken from several 0.5 x 0.5 meter quadrat in transect lines from three beach zones: subtidal, inter tidal and vegetation zones. Beach sediment samples are collected from the topmost 5 cm in each quadrat. The sediment samples are processed through a series of pre-treatment steps: drying, density separation, sieving, drying for mass, oxidation and separation, and filtration.


She further briefed on approaches for microplastic research in marine organism. A number of investigations have been done in several species of invertebrates, fishes, marine mammals and birds. Microplastics are sampled from whole organisms, gastrointestinal tracts, or several body parts, depending on the sizes of organisms and sizes and types of microplastics of interests. The samples from organisms are pre-treated either by enzyme digestion such as proteinase, cellulase and chitinase; or chemical digestion such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), potassium hydroxide (KOH), or 65% nitric acid:68% hypochlorous acid (65%HNO3:68%HClO4).

Following the sample collection and pre-treatment processes, the microplastic samples are ready for analysis. Laboratory equipments for quantification and identification of microplastics involve light microscope for visual identification; Fourier transform infrared spectroscope (FTIR) for polymer type identification based on molecular structure; and micro FTIR, a combination of FTIR and optical microscope; Raman spectroscope for polymer type identification using laser light source to detect polarizability of chemical bonds; scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive x–ray (SEM-EDX) which combines scanning electron microscope with energy dispersive x–ray technology for analyzing morphological structure and elemental composition; and Pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Pyr-GC-MS), a destructive method used for identifying polymer types and additives simultaneously. Finally, she emphasized the importance of contamination control in every step from sampling to lab analysis, especially in studies on smaller microplastic fractions, such as avoiding using plastic equipment, minimizing sample exposure time, and taking systematic blanks.

Responding to an enquiry concerning how to select study sites for microplastic research and monitoring, it was recommended that representative sites at several degrees of human impacts from pristine to populated areas should be selected as they can reflect the variations of microplastic distribution.

3.3 Microplastics in marine organisms

Huahong Shi, East China Normal University, shared several recent studies on microplastics in organisms including zooplankton, crab, shrimp and fish. The ability of microplastic transportation in planktonic food web have been evidenced in zooplankton and shrimp. Impacts of small plastic particles on the growth of zooplankton, fish’s intestine tissues morphology are also reported. Although over the past 10 years, studies on microplastics in organisms have been significantly increased covering more than 800 marine species, the studies in Asia and the Pacific region are still relatively limited.

He outlined a step-by-step procedure for microplastic collection and digestion in marine organisms. He explained that several body parts such as muscle tissue, liver, gonad, cell, lymph system, mouth, gill and feces are studied depending on types of organisms and size of microplastics. Most of the studies take samples of microplastics from gastrointestinal tracts and whole organisms. Microplastics are initially separated from the organisms or organisms’ parts by dissection or digestion. Several digestion solutions with advantages and disadvantages are recommended such as enzyme (Trypsin, Proteinase-K and Corolase 7089), acid (HNO3, HCl and KOH), alkali (NaOH), and oxidant (H2O2). Enzymes require short digestion time and provide samples which are compatible with FTIR and Ramen analysis. However, the prices of enzymes are usually high. Acid and alkali also digest samples in a short period of time but some plastic particles might be lost during digestion. Samples digested by acid solutions will not be compatible with FTIR and Ramen analysis. An oxidant digestion allows the samples to be analyzed by FTIR and Ramen, however the microplastic samples digested by an oxidant solution may be discolored or bleached. As different digestion solutions have different properties and effects on microplastic samples, researchers need to carefully


consider benefits and drawbacks of the solutions in order to best choose suitable solutions for their studies.

He further detailed studies of microplastics in marine organisms conducted by his laboratory. Bivalves were chosen as a model organism as they are filter feeders and part of human diets which are closely linked to ecological effects and health risk, respectively. Nine species of bivalves in fish market for human consumption in China were investigated. Microplastics were found in all nine species of the commercial bivalves with microplastic fibres as the most dominant form. The highest average abundance of microplastics was more than 50 items/individual reported in a scallop species, Patinopecten yessoensis. Sizes of microplastics in the mussels varied from 0.005 to 5 mm. In addition, he reported results from a study on microplastic abundance in blue mussel from 23 sampling sites including of wild and farm sites along the coastal water of China. Microplastics were found in mussels collected from all sites. The average abundance of microplastics in this study was less than 10 items/individual. It was evidenced that microplastic levels were higher in mussels sampled from the wild sites than from the farm sites, probably because the farm sites are usually located in the relatively clean areas.

Based on his extensive experience and literature review, Shi recommend that, when assessing microplastics in bivalves, samples should be taken from whole organisms while in fish, whole digestive tracts should be examined. He recommended taking bivalves as a bio-indicator of microplastic pollution in the joint microplastic monitoring and research programme in Asia and the Pacific.

The presentation generated wide interests as microplastic pollution directly links to human health and might have potential impacts to marine based food security if microplastics cause negative impacts to the animal physiology and life cycle. Several countries expressed their strong willingness to conduct joint microplastic studies in organisms.

3.4 Methodological limitations for microplastic quantification in the ocean: recommendations for overcoming the defects

Daoji Li gave a comprehensive and in depth review of methodology limitations for microplastic quantification. Despite several published methods for microplastic lab analysis, there are no universally accepted methods for microplastic studies. Given that all the existing microplastic sampling and analysis methods have potential bias, it is critical to understand the methodology limitations in order to select suitable, cost effective approaches for microplastic research, in particular, for a large scale joint regional microplastic monitoring programme.

He detailed advantages and disadvantages of microplastic sampling methods in surface water, beach sediment and marine organism, and provided recommendations accordingly in order to address the limitations of current methods. Of the commonly used approaches to sample microplastics in water, it is recommended that larger volume of bulk sampling should be employed in order to collect all size fractions of microplastics in the environment and eliminate unnecessary contamination. Environmental parameters such as wind direction, time of sampling, tidal height and rainfall should be clearly recorded. In term of microplastic sample collection in sediments and sands, it is also suggested that bulk samples be taken. Sediment and sand samples should be taken from several quadrats on transects from the surface to 5 cm depth below the surface. The units of microplastics in sediment should be reported in both wet and dry weight, and in volume.

Li explained that samples should be brought to the laboratory for separation. Larger microplastic particles from 1 to 5 mm can be detected by naked-eye or light microscope while high magnification fluorescence microscope is used for detecting small microplastic particles


from 1µm to 1mm in size. Filtration, sieving and density separation are commonly used for separating microplastics in water and sediment. Typically, a saturated sodium chloride (NaCl) solution with a density of 1.202 g/cm3 is used for separating microplastics from sediment and sand. For biological samples, chemical and enzyme digestions are used for cleaning-up organic matters in the samples.

He further introduced the method for microplastic identification. It is necessary to purify microplastic samples, prior to the identification, by use of mechanical, chemical or enzyme removal methods. Ideally, sample purification by enzymes are strongly recommended as enzymes do not alter microplastic properties and are less harmful to the researchers and the environment.

Microplastic identification techniques vary from simple visual identification to complex identification of chemical compositions. For an ideal study of microplastics, visual identification alone is not recommended as it can only detect larger plastic particles and has high misidentification rate of 20-70%. When applicable, complementary techniques such as FTIR, Raman spectroscope and Pyr-GC–MS should be performed for more accurate identification.

Daoji Li concluded his talk by stressing the importance of research quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC). To minimize the contamination in lab, he recommended that all liquid reagents and media be filtered, glassware instead of plastic equipment be used to the extent possible, and all glassware be combusted at 450 ºC for 8 hours to remove organic materials. Clean-air devices with particle filtration such as High Efficiency Particulate Air Filter should be applied to reduce airborne particles. As contamination in natural microplastic samples has been generally recorded, systematic blanks should be taken at all stages from field sampling, laboratory environment, atmospheric deposition, sample filtration, sample digestion and sample separation to examine any possible contamination. Moreover, it is critical to limit contamination during the field sampling and laboratory analysis by minimizing sample exposure, using cleaned equipment, and applying suitable personal precautions.

The presentation was well received with a wide range of enquiries made from participants. Responding to an enquiry concerning how to start microplastic research, especially in view of current limited capacity, Li recommended that countries start with microplastic monitoring in coastal areas where it is relatively easy to access. Initial research could focus on large microplastic particles (1-5 mm) as it does not require expensive equipment and complex techniques, which will also allow for large scale comparisons for microplastic abundance in the future. Large microplastic particles could be separated by use of 5 mm and 1 mm sieves, and then sorted visually by naked-eye or light microscope. After the analysis, the microplastic particles should be stored for future FTIR analysis and confirmation once it becomes possible.

4 Country reports on microplastic status and trend

4.1 Bangladesh

Sayedur Chowdhury from the Institute of Marine Sciences and Fisheries, University of Chittagong, Bangladesh presented that currently microplastic monitoring and research in the country are very limited, despite the national priority accorded to land based plastic pollution. Assessment of microplastic status in coastal waters has been listed as the institute’s priority, but relevant research capacity remains to be developed. Finally, Chowdhury expressed that the Institute of Marine Sciences and Fisheries will take an active part in this WESTPAC joint research programme on microplastics, and be glad to offer its skills in developing policy papers for government agencies.


4.2 China

Juying Wang, National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, SOA, China reported on a number of national legal, policy and governance frameworks for solid waste management, and marine debris. China adopted integrated approaches to manage marine debris, ranging from research led by universities and institutes, monitoring and assessment led by SOA, and land sources controlled by Ministry of Environmental Protection. China also initiated several national research and development programmes specifically on microplastic monitoring, management and impacts. Among these, there are almost 20 projects funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) and local governments. In particular, SOA has been implementing macro-debris monitoring programme since 2007 and started micro-marine debris monitoring programme in 2016. Despite these efforts, skill sets and capacity, especially for understanding the effects of microplastics in organism/environment are still required.

4.3 Indonesia

Agung Dhamar Syakti from the Raja Ali Haji Maritime University (UMRAH) reported the national priority on marine debris. He focused on five main aspects, including beach macro-litter monitoring, microplastic monitoring; co-pollutions occurrence (such as Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons-PAHs, polychlorinated biphenyls-PCBs and heavy metals); ingested plastic by fish; and community empowerment programme on re-use of plastic litter. Indonesia has a national action plan for combating Marine Plastic Debris (2017-2025) under the coordination of the Ministry of Maritime Affairs. While the government focuses on marine debris management, several agencies such as the Indonesian Institute of Science (LIPI), the Raja Ali Haji Maritime University (UMRAH) and the Agency for the Assessment and Application Technology (BPPT) have been conducting plastic research and monitoring. LIPI recently completed its microplastic sampling programme (2015-2017) with microplastics sampled from over 10 stations nationwide, and in 2016 published a paper on microplastics in deep-sea sediment. The University Hasanuddin Makassar reported a study of microplastic debris, conducted in 2015, in fish and bivalves sold for human consumption while the Padjajaran University is conducting a joint microplastic study at Cilacap Water, Central Java, in collaboration with the Raja Ali Haji Maritime University and the Aix-Marseille University.

4.4 Republic of Korea

Shim briefed the meeting on national microplastic research development in Korea which was initiated as a pilot study in 2011 and later on developed as a KIOST priority project (2012-2014). Since 2015, this project has evolved as a national priority project, entitled “the National Environmental Risk Assessment of Microplastics in Korean Coastal Waters (2015-2020)”. The project covers five major aspects, respectively on development of techniques for the assessment of microplastic pollution and biological effects; assessment of microplastic pollution in the marine environment; assessment of input pathway and transportation of microplastics; assessment of biological effects of microplastics in marine organisms; and assessment of ecological risk of microplastics in the marine environment.

Since 2012, regular monitoring for microplastics has been conducted at approximately 40 stations along the coast of Korea. Microplastics in marine organisms such as bivalves and lugworms have also been analyzed. All microplastic analysis are identified at polymer type levels using FTIR. In order to define the seriousness of microplastic pollution, Korea targets microplastic research on exposure and effect of the microplastics themselves and their associated chemicals.


Shim highlighted that harmonized sampling and analytical methods are critical for a joint regional research as these will lead to robust data production which allows for comparisons over a large scale. Lastly, he offered that KIOST will consider lending its expertise to assist in the development of harmonized microplastic monitoring methods in cooperation with other countries.

4.5 Malaysia

Zulfigar Yasin, University Sains Malaysia, briefly introduced plastic industry and waste composition in Malaysia. It was reported that plastic waste is ranked as the 2nd largest contributor to the whole trash production. The issue and research into microplastics in Malaysia is linked to the issue of solid waste and marine debris in general. Microplastic research in Malaysia remains at the early stage. There are less than 20 publications on microplastics in sediment, beach, water and organism. The Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT) is currently conducting microplastic assessment and monitoring in coral reef, bio-symbiosis, offshore, marine invertebrates and vertebrates. The Centre for Marine and Coastal Studies (CEMACS) at the Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) conducts research and monitoring in marine debris and microplastics in natural marine habitats and built-up environments.

He suggested raising the awareness of plastic wastes in the marine environment and

linking this relatively exposed issue to the emerging issue of microplastics. Malaysia also highlights the need to look into microplastic distribution in marine waters and its link with the flow and transport of materials in marine areas. These materials go across national boundaries and the collaborative effort of neighboring countries is required to solve this pollution.

Bearing in mind the large scale sampling required to determine the distribution of

plastics in marine areas, another research interest could be to explore novel approaches to determining the density and distribution of plastic from the space and integrate this with existing sampling approaches.

He concluded his presentation by highlighting the importance of regional scale study

of microplastics, development of standard methods for microplastic research, and establishment of database for plastic material identification.

4.6 Philippines

Joseph Dominic Palermo from the Marine Science Institute and the Institute of Environmental Science and Meteorology, University of Philippines reported that microplastic status in Philippines remains nearly unknown with limited research interest on this topic. Even though the government accorded national priority to plastic waste management, microplastic portion of the waste is not specified in the plan.

He further shared findings from his study on trophic interaction between Bali sardines and phytoplankton during 2014-2016 that some microplastic fragments were found in the fish gut contents. Over 600 sardine gut samples collected from eight sites along the Philippines’s sea were analyzed for microplastic ingestion using microscope. The results showed that fishes from all sites ingested microplastic particles with the highest number of more than 30 items of microplastics in one fish.

Although microplastic research has not yet become a national priority, he mentioned that it is critical to conduct microplastic research and monitoring. Therefore, microplastic agenda is incorporated into other research programmes for opportunistic sampling. Finally, he


informed the meeting that the Institute of Environmental Science and Meteorology has shown its research interest on microplastics in sediment, bivalves and its dispersal model development. The capacity development on microplastic research and monitoring in the country is urgently needed.

4.7 Singapore

Emily Curren and Joleen Chan from the National University of Singapore (NUS) presented that there are only two publications on microplastics in the country. These publications studied microplastics in mangrove, beach and seawater using FTIR to analyze the microplastic samples and found polyethylene to be a common polymer type.

Singapore has been giving a priority to microplastic research with efforts being made to establish baseline data for microplastic distribution and assess potential impacts on marine life. Currently, NUS and the National Parks Board are working together to address the microplastic distribution while the Tropical Marine Science Institute of NUS is researching microplastic impacts on native marine invertebrate life cycle. In addition, the Public Utilities Board and NUS are quantifying and identifying microplastics in freshwater reservoirs. Baseline data for microplastic would be gathered through its Citizen Science programmes which would serve an educational purpose and long-term monitoring programme for marine debris in Singapore.

Singapore started a pilot study of microplastics in beach sediment with almost thirty samples collected from five stations along national beaches. A maximum of almost 90 items of microplastic debris per square meter were found in one sample.

It was suggested that an integrated approach of research collaboration, sharing of lessons learnt and outreach be applied to enhance the understanding of microplastic status in the region. Finally, NUS will play an active part in implementing WESTPAC microplastic programme and incorporate the outcomes from the joint regional programme into national policy for marine debris when applicable.

4.8 Sri Lanka

Jayasiri Hewawasam Bentotage, National Aquatic Resources Research and Development Agency (NARA), Sri Lanka presented that very few studies were conducted on microplastics in the Indian Ocean with no published report or article on marine microplastic assessment in Sri Lanka. Though the general public’s awareness of microplastic pollution in the nation remains poor, Sri Lankan government issued, on September 2017, a gazette notification (The Gazette Notification No. 1466/5) banning the use and manufacture of polythene items of less than 20 µm particles.

He introduced recent studies of microplastics initiated by NARA in 2017. Water off Colombo and beach sand in Hikkaduwa were sampled for microplastic assessment. The average abundance of microplastics in sea water was less than 1 item/m3 while the highest average abundance of microplastic in beach sand was more than 40 items/L of sand volume. Microplastic fibres were also observed in bivalves and several fish species in Sri Lanka. He briefed the meeting that several research programmes on microplastics are ongoing including one on a quantitative analysis of microplastic debris in selected sites of Western to Southern coastal stretch; short-term research projects to identify and quantify microplastics in water, sediment, and finfish and shellfish species; and a collaborative project between Korean


Institute and the Marine Environment Protection Authority of Sri Lanka to quantify the marine debris.

4.9 Thailand

Phaothep Cherdsukjai from PMBC, DMCR, Thailand, presented an overview of microplastic research in Thailand. The country has taken marine debris pollution into the national agenda since 2014. It was estimated that about 51K tons of mismanaged plastic waste were transferred to Thai water and eventually end up in the ocean. DMCR conducted several studies of marine debris along the Thai coastline in 2015, showing that the top three marine debris were different types of plastics. With the concern that these macro plastic debris will be fragmented to smaller plastic particles over the time, a preliminary study on marine microplastics in sediment was initiated in 2017. Ten study sites along the coast near five DMCR’s research stations were selected for the first phase of the national microplastic study. Thailand plans to conduct microplastic monitoring in sediment and water, and preliminary studies on plastic particles in marine organisms in 2018. Based on the results generated from these preliminary studies, Thailand aims to establish a long term microplastic monitoring plan by 2019. A total of 23 sites along Thai coastline will be sampled for microplastic monitoring in the next couple years.

He informed that Thailand applies an integrated approach to waste management by incorporating plastic debris management plan into the National Solid Waste Management Master Plan (2016-2021). DMCR under the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment is working closely with other government agencies such as the Pollution Control Department and Department of Environmental Quality Promotion, universities, and private sectors to conduct long term monitoring programme and raise public awareness of microplastic pollution.

4.10 Vietnam

Vo Tuan Linh Tran from the Institute of Oceanography, Vietnam expressed with regret that no research has been done on microplastic pollution in the country. The public and policy makers’ awareness of plastics and microplastics are still poor. He stated that Vietnam is committed to actively taking part in the WESTPAC programme and will building up its capacity for microplastic research.

5. Plenary discussion on steps forward based on existing national and regional capacities

Upon reviewing all national reports, Wenxi Zhu pointed out that, in light of existing capacities for microplastic research and monitoring in the region, countries in the region could be categorized into three levels. Level 1: countries that have already their respective national/institutional plans with high capacity, such as China, Korea and Thailand; Level 2: countries that have started to conduct some fragmented research and monitoring programmes with a medium level of capacity, namely Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore and Sri Lanka; and Level 3: countries that have not yet started microplastic study with limited capacity, including Bangladesh, Philippines and Vietnam.

He encouraged that, despite existing disparity in capacity among countries, it indeed provides a great opportunity to develop south-north, and south-south cooperation among individuals, institutions and countries in the region. He further invited all participants to brainstorm on the way forward in order to address microplastic issue collectively.

http://www.mepa.gov.lk/web/


Intensive and extensive discussions were aroused in plenary with pertinent suggestions made. Key suggestions include that:

• the protocol or method for microplastic sampling and analysis be standardized among institutions, and countries in the region, in order to allow for future spatiotemporal comparison of microplastic abundance across marine environments;

• pilot sites be selected as a starting point for microplastic sampling and analysis, in the harmonized protocol or method;

• A “learning by doing” approach be taken to gradually enhancing countries’ capacity for microplastic research, given their limited capacity at the moment;

• outreach efforts, such as the development of outreach materials, need to be made, given the limited awareness in some countries on the negative impacts of microplastics;

In order to translate these constructive suggestions into concrete actions, a matrix was subsequently developed to assist participants in identifying their pilot sites and mapping existing capacity for microplastic sampling and analysis in these sites.

In the matrix, capacities for sampling and analysis are classified into three classes based upon the size range of microplastic particles, considering the technical complexity and workload involved for different size range. Class 1: microplastic particles (1-5 mm) which can be detected by naked eye, Class 2: microplastic particles (300-1000 µm) which can be identified by microscope, and Class 3: microplastic particles (1-300 µm) which are analyzed by spectroscope. To understand the spatial distribution and effects of microplastics in marine environment, the matrix also suggests that sampling be taken in beach sediment, surface water and marine organism.

In view of current capacity varying from one country to another, it was agreed that initial effort will focus on, but not limited to, beach sediment, so that all participants and countries are able to conduct microplastic sampling and analysis immediately. Furthermore, in order to better reflect the relation of microplastic distribution with human activities, pilot sites shall embody three representative types: i. pristine site with limited human activities such as remote island or protected area; ii. moderate site such as small fishing village, beach outside the city or small scale aquaculture area; and iii. populated site with extensive human activities such as harbor and estuary. It was strongly suggested that a minimum of two pilot sites should be selected under each representative type.

Immediately after the discussion, all participants were divided into small groups by countries to identify their pilot sites (with a focus on beach sediment) and assess their current capacity for microplastic sampling and analysis. The preliminary result was presented as Annex III.

To facilitate participants’ effort in pilot sites, Won Joon Shim presented in details the method for microplastic sampling and analysis in beach sediment. Responding to queries about sampling frequency and quantification, he suggested it would be pragmatic to take samples before and after monsoon season. Therefore, the favorable sampling time in Southeast Asia would be March to April. He further added that microplastic should be quantified by both mass and number.


6. Conclusion and next steps

It is evident that the spirit of cooperation in microplastic research and monitoring was highly reflected throughout the event. With in-depth discussions, the workshop concluded with the following actions to be taken over the next intersessional period:

• all materials used for this workshop will be uploaded soonest to the WESTPAC website (http://iocwestpac.org/calendar/834.html ) to help participants further digest the knowledge, discuss with others, and develop their respective workplan for the next intersessional period;

• all participants will keep working on the matrix to ensure accurate information, particularly these pilot sites, could be well included.

• Won Joon Shim and Daoji Li will lead the finalization of a harmonized method for microplastic sampling and analysis in beach sediment, building upon their valuable experience and practices. Once the draft is available at the end of 2017, it will be circulated to participants for their feedback.

In view of the pressing need to study microplastics in surface water and marine organisms, the meeting decided to establish two working groups respectively:

Microplastics in Surface Water Working Group

This Working Group will focus on the development of a harmonized method for microplastic sampling and analysis in surface water. This Working Group is led by Chengjun Sun and Juying Wang with Agus Sudaryanto, Corry Manullang, Emily Curren, Sayedur Chowdhury, Somkiat Khokiattiwong, Vo Tuan Linh Tran, and Wichin Suebpala as Working Group members.

Microplastics in Marine Organism Working Group

This Working Group will focus on establishing regular communications and keep identifying joint actions among the established network on the effects of microplastics in marine organisms. The Working Group is led by Huahong Shi with Agus Sudaryanto, Chengjun Sun, Jayasiri Hewawasam Bentotage, Jitraporn Phaksopa, Joseph Dominic Palermo, MD Shahadat Hossain, Supakij Suttiruengwong, Vararin Vongpanich, Wichin Suebpala, Yusof Shuaib Ibrahim, and Zulfigar Yasin as Working Group members.

Among others, the two working groups will present their progress at the next workshop.

In closing, Daoji Li, in his capacity as Principal Investigator, highlighted the tangible results generated from this workshop as a result of strong willingness that all participants expressed to advance knowledge on microplastics. He expressed the offer of his institution to host the next workshop, which was tentatively scheduled for September, 2018 in the East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.

The IOC Sub-Commission for the Western Pacific (WESTPAC) extended its great appreciation to all resource persons for their tremendous contribution to the success of this workshop. Special thanks to the Phuket Marine Biological Center for hosting the workshop and the Thai National Commission for UNESCO for its generous support to the Sub-Commission.

http://iocwestpac.org/calendar/834.html

IOC Workshop Report No. Annex I - page 1

ANNEX I

AGENDA

OBJECTIVES OF THE TRAINING WORKSHOP • Establish a marine microplastic monitoring and research network among

scientists, institutions, and agencies in the region; • Share existing microplastic monitoring and research approaches, learn from each

other and further develop regional capability of research and monitoring on marine microplastics in the region;

• Identify challenges and gaps in monitoring and assessing the impacts of microplastics on marine ecosystems;

• Discuss the possibility of developing a joint-monitoring plan on the distribution and concentration of microplastics, and a shared ecological risk assessment model for microplastics in the region.

1. Opening and self-introduction (Facilitator: Ms Orathai Pongruktham)

• Welcome Remarks by Mr Somkiat Khokiattiwong, Department of Marine and Coastal Resources, Thailand

• Welcome Remarks by Mr Wenxi Zhu, IOC Regional Office for the Western Pacific (WESTPAC Office)

• Opening Remarks by Ms Kanittha Hanirattisai, International Cooperation Unit, Bureau of International Cooperation, Ministry of Education, Thailand.

• Participants brief self-introduction

2. Setting the scene and conduct of the workshop (Facilitator: Mr Daoji Li)

• Brief on the workshop objectives, and expected outputs and outcomes • Conduct of the workshop

3. Keynote presentation

(Facilitator: Ms Orathai Pongruktham) • Global assessment of microplastic pollution - Mr Won Joon Shim, Korea

Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST) • An overview of methodology protocol for microplastic sampling and laboratory

analysis - Ms Chengjun Sun, First Institute of Oceanography (FIO), State Oceanic Administration (SOA)

• Microplastics in marine organisms, Mr Huahong Shi, East China Normal University

• Methodological limitations for microplastic quantification in the ocean: recommendations for overcoming the defects, Mr Daoji Li, East China Normal University

4. Country report on microplastic status and trend (Facilitator: Ms Orathai Pongruktham)

• Bangladesh - Mr Sayedur Chowdhury, University of Chittagong • China - Ms Juying Wang, State Oceanic Administration (SOA) • Indonesia - Mr Agung Dhamar Syakti, Raja Ali Haji Maritime University

(UMRAH) • Republic of Korea - Mr Won Joon Shim, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and

Technology (KIOST)

IOC Workshop Report No. Annex I – page 2

• Malaysia - Mr Zulfigar Yasin, Centre for Marine and Coastal Studies (CEMACS), University Sains Malaysia

• Philippines - Mr Joseph Dominic Palermo, Marine Science Institute • Singapore - Ms Emily Curren and Ms Joleen Chan, National University of

Singapore (NUS) • Sri Lanka - Mr Jayasiri Hewawasam Bentotage, National Aquatic Resources

Research and Development Agency (NARA) • Thailand - Mr Phaothep Cherdsukjai, Department of Marine and Coastal

Resources (DMCR) • Vietnam - Mr Vo Tuan Linh Tran, Institute of Oceanography (IO)

5. Plenary discussion on step forward based on existing national and regional

capacities (Facilitator: Mr Wenxi Zhu)

6. Conclusion and next steps

(Facilitator: Mr Won Joon Shim, Mr Daoji Li, Mr Wenxi Zhu)

IOC Workshop Report No. Annex II - page 1

ANNEX II

LIST OF PARTICIPANTS

Bangladesh Mr MD Shahadat Hossain Professor Institute of Marine Sciences and Fisheries University of Chittagong, Chittagong-4331, Bangladesh Mr Sayedur Chowdhury Professor Institute of Marine Sciences and Fisheries University of Chittagong, Chittagong-4331, Bangladesh Tel: +88 0 1768 222912 China Ms Juying Wang Deputy Director-General National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, State Oceanic Administration Linghe Street 42, Dalian City, Liaoning Province, 116023, China Tel: +86 411 84782526 Fax: +86 411 84782586 Ms Lei He Associate professor School of Marine Sciences, East Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, China Tel: +86 189 24236916 Fax: +86 20 39332160 Ms Guyu Peng PhD Candidate East China Normal University, 3663 Zhongshan North Road, Shanghai, 200062, China Indonesia Mr Agung Dhamar Syakti Dean Marine Science and Fisheries Faculty, Raja Ali Haji Maritime University, Jl.Politeknik Senggarang-Tanjungpinang, 29100, Indonesia Tel: 62-771-7004642 Fax: 62-771-703899

Mr Agus Sudaryanto Researcher Laboratory for Marine Survey Technology, Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology (BPPT) 2nd Building 12 Floors, Jl.HH.Thamrin 8, Jakarta 10340, Indonesia Tel: +62-21-316 9428 Fax: +62-21-310 8149 Ms Corry Manullang Researcher Indonesian Institute of Sciences Jl. Syaranamual Guru-Guru Poka, Ambon – Molucca, Indonesia Tel: +6282248552230 Fax: +62911322700 Malaysia Ms Tuan Nurul Sabiqah Tuan Anuar Senior Lecturer School of Marine and Environment Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia Mr Yusof Shuaib Ibrahim Lecturer 1314-A Gong Kemunting Kuala lbai, 20400, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia Mr Zulfigar Yasin Professor School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia Philippines Mr Joseph Dominic Palermo Senior Research Assistant The Marine Science Institute, Velasquez St., University of the Philippines, Diliman, 1101 Quezon City, Philippines Tel: +63 2 9223959 Fax: +63 2 9247678

IOC Workshop Report No. Annex II – page

Singapore Ms Emily Curren Ph.D student National University of Singapore 208 Choa Chu Kang Central #02-74, 680208, Singapore Tel:81008127 Ms Joleen Chan Research Assistant National University of Singapore Blk 116 Serangoon North Ave 1, #05-491 Singapore 550116, Singapore Sri Lanka Mr Jayasiri Hewawasam Bentotage Principal Scientist National Institute of Oceanography and marine Sciences, National Aquatic Resources Research and Development Agency, Crow Island, Colombo 15, Sri Lanka Tel: +94 717507838 Fax: +94 11521932 Thailand Mr Amornthep Kemto Phuket Marine Biological Center, 51 Moo 8, Wichit, Muang, Phuket 83000, Thailand Tel: +66 76 391128 Fax: +66 76 391127 Mr Jenwit Thammavichan Department of Marine and Coastal Resources, Government Complex, Building B, 6th Floor, Changwattana Road, Laksi, Bangkok 10210 Thailand Ms Jiraporn Chareonwatanaporn Phuket Marine Biological Center, 51 Moo 8, Wichit, Muang, Phuket 83000, Thailand Tel: Tel: +66 76 391128 Fax: +66 76 391127 Ms Jitraporn Phaksopa Lecturer Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam-wongwan Rd., Lad Yao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand

Ms Kanittha Hanirattisai Chief International Cooperation Unit, Bureau of International Cooperation, Ministry of Education, Dusit, Bangkok 10300, Thailand Ms Kingkanjana Sangtunchai Secretary of Thailand-China Joint Laboratory for Climate and Marine Ecosystem, 51 Moo 8, Vichit, Muang, Phuket, 83000, Thailand Tel: +66 76 39 1507 Fax: +66 76 39 1507 Mr Komsun Thongtheam Phuket Marine Biological Center, 51 Moo 8, Wichit, Muang, Phuket, 83000, Thailand Tel: +66 76 391128 Fax: +66 76 391127 Mr Kongkiat Kittiwattanawong Director Phuket Marine Biological Center, 51 Moo 8, Wichit, Muang, Phuket, 83000, Thailand Tel: +66 76 391128 Fax: +66 76 391127 Ms Mitila Pransilpa 309 Moo1, Pak Nam Prasae, Klaeng, Rayong, 21170, Thailand Ms Mookda Wongsrikaew Phuket Marine Biological Center, 51 Moo 8, Wichit, Muang, Phuket, 83000, Thailand Tel: +66 76 391128 Fax: +66 76 391127 Ms Natchapat Rakkarn Phuket Marine Biological Center, 51 Moo 8, Wichit, Muang, Phuket, 83000, Thailand Tel: +66 76 391128 Fax: +66 76 391127 Ms Nuttida Chanthasiri Phuket Marine Biological Center, 51 Moo 8, Wichit, Muang, Phuket, 83000, Thailand Tel: +66 76 391128 Fax: +66 76 391127 Mr Peerapat Vongpattanakul Phuket Marine Biological Center, 51 Moo 8, Wichit, Muang, Phuket, 83000, Thailand Tel: +66 76 391128

IOC Workshop Report No. Annex II – page 3

Fax: +66 76 391127 Mr Phaothep Cherdsukjai Phuket Marine Biological Center, 51 Moo 8, Wichit, Muang, Phuket, 83000, Thailand Tel: +66 76 391128 Fax: +66 76 391127 Mr Praderm Uttayarnmanee 9 Moo 7, Nathung, Muang, Chumphon 86000, Thailand Ms Ratchanee Puttapreecha 158 Moo 8, Pawong, Muang, Songkla, 90100, Thailand Mr Seelawut Damrongsiri Lecturer Institute of Environmental Research Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand Mr Somkiat Khokiattiwong Marine Biodiversity Research Specialist Department of Marine and Coastal Resources, Government Complex, Building B, 6th Floor, Changwattana Road, Laksi, Bangkok 10210, Thailand Ms Suchana Chavanich Lecturer Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand Mr Supakij Suttiruengwong Faculty of Engineering and Industrial Technology, Silpakorn University, Rachaman-ka nai rd., Muang, Nakhon Pathom, 73000, Thailand Mr Supasit Boonpienphol Phuket Marine Biological Center, 51 Moo 8, Wichit, Muang, Phuket, 83000, Thailand Tel: +66 76 391128 Fax: +66 76 391127 Ms Thitima Niyomsilpchai Marine and Coastal Resources Research and Development Center (The Upper Gulf of Thailand) 120/1 Moo 6, Bangyaprak, Muang, Samut Sakhon, 74000, Thailand

Ms Vararin Vongpanich Phuket Marine Biological Center, 51 Moo 8, Wichit, Muang, Phuket, 83000, Thailand Tel: +66 76 391128 Fax: +66 76 391127 Ms Varintha Vasinamekhin Marine Researcher 51 Moo 8, Wichit, Muang, Phuket, 83000, Thailand Tel: +66 76 391128 Fax: +66 76 391127 Mr Wichin Suebpala Marine Biodiversity Research Group, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ramkhamhaeng University, Huamark, Bangkok 10240, Thailand Mr Yuttachai Suwannarat Phuket Marine Biological Center, 51 Moo 8, Wichit, Muang, Phuket, 83000, Thailand Tel: +66 76 391128 Fax: +66 76 391127 Vietnam Mr Pham Huu Tam Researcher Institute of Oceanography 89 Street, Vinh Nguyen District, Nha Trang City, Khanh Hoa province, Viet Nam Mr Vo Tuan Linh Tran Researcher Institute of Oceanography, Viet Nam Academy of Science and Technology 1 Cau Da St., Vinh Nguyen ward, Nha Trang City, Khanh Hoa, Viet Nam Lecturers Ms Chengjun Sun Senior Research Scientist The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration , No. 6 Xianxialing Road, Laoshan District, Qingdao, 266061, China, Tel: +86 532 88963310 Fax: +86 532 88963253

IOC Workshop Report No. Annex II – page 4

Mr Daoji Li Professor State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, 3663 Zhongshan North Road, Shanghai, 200062, China Tel: +1 508 289 2333

Mr Huahong Shi Professor State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, 3663 Zhongshan North Road, Shanghai, 200062, China

Mr Won Joon Shim Principle Research Scientist 41 Jangmok-1-gil, Jangmok-myon, Geoje, 53201, Republic of Korea,

UNESCO/IOC Regional Office for the Western Pacific (WESTPAC office)

Mr Wenxi Zhu Head of IOC Regional Office for the Western Pacific (WESTPAC Office) Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO c/o Department of Marine and Coastal Resources, 9th Fl. Governmental Complex B 120 Chaengwattana Bangkok 10210, Thailand Tel: +66 2 141 1287 Fax: +66 2 143 9245

Ms Orathai Pongruktham Programme Officer IOC Regional Office for the Western Pacific (WESTPAC Office) Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO c/o Department of Marine and Coastal Resources, 9th Fl. Governmental Complex B 120 Chaengwattana Bangkok 10210, Thailand Tel: +66 2 141 1449 Fax: +66 2 143 9245

IOC Workshop Report No. Annex III – page 1

ANNEX III

Proposed Pilot Sites and Matrix for WESTPAC Joint Microplastic Research and Monitoring Programme

Note: Pristine Site : limited human activities such as remote island or protected area

Moderate Site : such as small fishing village, beach outside the city or small scale aquaculture area Populated Site : extensive human activities such as harbor and estuary

Country

Beach Sediment Surface Water Marine Organism

Pilot Site MP Sample Class



Class1 (1-5 mm)

Class1 (300-1000 µm)

Class1 (1- 300 µm) Class1 Class2 Class3 Class1 Class2 Class3

Bangladesh

Pristine A: 22°24'17.2"N, 91°24'35.1"E

To be determined To be

determined

Pristine B: 22°04'53.1"N, 91°2'28.3"E Moderate A: 21°16'20.5"N, 92°2'52.4"E Moderate B: 21°52'54.6"N, 91°50'47.4"E Populated A: 22°14'00.9"N, 91°47'33.9"E Populated B: 22°11'34.7"N, 91°48'50.8"E Populated C: 21°25'16.2"N, 91°58'33.7"E Populated D: 20°38'7.1"N, 92°19'40.3"E


Country


Pilot Site MP Sample Class Pilot Site MP Sample Class Pilot Site MP Sample Class

Class1 (1-5 mm)

Class1 (300-1000 µm)


China

Pristine A: 21°28'48.0"N, 109°07'12.0"E

To be determined

To be determined

Pristine B: 19°33'0.0"N, 110°47'60.0"E Moderate A: 39°55'48.0"N, 119°35'60.0"E Moderate B: 37°31'12.0"N, 122°07'12.0"E Populated A: 36°17'60.0"N, 120°22'12.0"E Populated B: 31°11'60.00"N, 121°28'48"E,

Indonesia

Pristine A: 02°58'30.2"N, 105°44'17.5"E

To be

determined To be

determined

Pristine B: 1°48'26.5"N, 117°56'48.6"E Pristine C: 3°31'53.5"S, 128°22'31.7"E Moderate A: 00°57'54.8"N, 104°38'45.6"E Moderate B: 06°57'42.3"S, 106°29'14.5"E Moderate C: 03°37'20.0"S, 128°17'36.2"E Populated A: 03°39' 05.1"S,128°12'32.45"E Populated B: 06°06'39.6"S, 106°51'19.0"E

Populated C: 03°39'31.7"S, 128°12'06.1"E


Country


Pilot Site MP Sample Class Pilot Site MP Sample Class


Class1 (1-5 mm)

Class1 (300-1000 µm)


Korea

Pristine A: 37°46'41.3"N, 128°56'25.6"E

To be determined

To be determined

Pristine B: 37°04'18.4"N, 129°24'51.0"E Moderate A: 34°29' 0.5"N, 127°21'22.7"E Moderate B: 34°26'8.0"N, 126°28'16.5"E Populated A: 34°57'36.1"N, 128°42'54.1"E Populated B: 34°46' 38.5"N, 127°44'41.5"E

Malaysia

Pristine A: 05°41'30.8"N, 102°41'55.0"E

To be determined

To be determined

Pristine B: 05°40'57.1"N, 102°42'51.3"E Pristine C: 05°48'40.7"N, 100°17'47.9"E Moderate A: 05°28'06.7"N, 103°01'49.4"E Moderate B: 05°23'10.3"N, 103°06'58.9"E Moderate C: 05°28'03.4"N, 100°11'59.4"E Populated A: 05°20' 28.1"N, 100°15'52.9"E Populated B: 05°18'34.2"N, 100°11'45.9"E Populated C: 05°17'58.0"N, 100°11'04.6"E


Country





Class1 (1-5 mm)

Class1 (300-1000 µm)


Philippines

Pristine A: 14°06'26.7"N, 120°37'25.7"E

To be determined

To be determined

Pristine B: 13°49'15.4"N, 123°52'16.1"E Moderate A: 14°26'41.9"N, 120°52'32.4"E Moderate B: 14°25'30.6"N, 120° 51'47.1"E Populated A: 14°28'40.9"N, 120°58'22.3"E Populated B: 14°38'41.7"N, 120°56'57.5"E

Singapore

Pristine A: 01°12' 55.8"N, 103°49'56.6"E

To be determined

To be determined

Pristine B: 01°13'28.9"N, 103°45'10.4"E Moderate A: 01°24' 53.0"N, 103°55'06.9"E Moderate B: 01°13'12.0"N, 103°50'54.2"E Populated A: 01°17'53.4"N, 103°54'29.2"E Populated B: 01°23'04.1"N, 104°00'06.0"E

Sri Lanka

Pristine A: 06°02'43.8"N, 80°51'05.1"E

To be determined

To be determined

Pristine B: 06°05'48.8"N, 80° 59' 31.0"E Moderate A: 06°25'17.6"N, 79°59'05.5"E Moderate B: 06°26'45.0"N, 79°59'44.0"E Populated A: 06°49' 3.3"N, 79°51'43.5"E Populated B: 07°00'01.7"N, 79°52'03.4"E


Country





Class1 (1-5 mm)

Class1 (300-1000 µm)


Thailand

Pristine A: 12°28'21.2"N, 102°03'09.1"E

To be determined

To be determined

Pristine B: 09°35'15.5"N, 99°12'29.8"E Pristine C: 09°22'03.9"N, 98°23'44.8"E Moderate A: 12°41'41.3"N, 99°57'50.7"E Moderate B: 10°11'20.0"N, 99°11'06.5"E Moderate C: 6°53'56.8"N, 101°22'21.5"E Populated A: 12°34'26.4"N, 100°56'01.7"E Populated B: 11°46'17.9"N, 99°47'45.1"E Populated C: 7°29'43.9"N, 99°19'35.5"E

Vietnam

Pristine A: To be determined

To be determined

To be determined

Pristine B: To be determined Moderate A: 12°16'24.0"N, 109°12'12.4"E Moderate B:To be determined Populated A: 12°13'12.9"N, 109°12' 20.5" E Populated B: 12°12' 26.5"N, 109°12' 55.4"E

Documents

WESTPAC Training Workshop on Distribution, …file.iocwestpac.org/marine microplastics/20-22 Sep 2017...IOC Workshop Report No. page ii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The WESTPAC Training Workshop