Most states are east of the Mississippi River.

Western Territories are already populated by the Native Americans.

Westward Expansion 1860-1900

Boundary between settled and the unsettled lands.

Indians already living on the Frontier.

Closed in 1890.

Frontier

Push and Pull factors: Events or conditions that force or attract people to move.

Push = forcePull = attract

Westward Expansion 1860-1900

Civil War displaces many people.

Prices on goods are high.

Lack of Freedom.

Push Factors

Freedom from the Law.Second chance financially.

Free/Cheap land.

Pull factors

Historian Frederick Jackson Turner (1893)

Frontier was essential and central in the development of the United States.

The true point of view of this nation is not the Atlantic Coast, it is the Great West.

Frontier Thesis

Signed by Lincoln.Could have 160 acres of land for small fee◦21 years old◦Citizens or becoming citizens.

◦Live there five years first.

Homestead Act of 1862

Gave ten square miles of land on each side of the track for each mile of track laid.

175,000,000 acres of public land.

Pacific Railway Acts 1862-1864

Railroads sold land at a profit.

Railroads were a new way to move west.

Less tax money needed to support the railroads.

Pacific Railway Acts 1862-1864

1884 27 nations make an agreement

24 time zones createdUsed to this day.Adopted by the railroads.Trains moved fast enough to create a problem setting a schedule.

Time Zones

Gave states millions of acres of land that they could sell to raise money.

Money went to the founding of colleges specializing on agriculture.

Morrill Land Grant Act 1862

Old Immigration: Prior to 1880:◦Protestants from Northern and Western Europe.

◦Skilled tradesmen, not poor.New Immigration: After 1880:

◦Southern and Eastern Europe◦Poor and unskilled.

Immigration

Henry Bessemer 1850’s EnglandAdopted by US factoriesMethod of steel productionCreated high grade, light weight steel production.

1890’s US was out producing England

Bessemer Process

Steel allows for ◦Skyscrapers◦Suspension Bridges◦Improved rail lines

Changes due to Steel

Adam Smith 1776Wealth of NationsHands offPhilosophy from 1776-1890???

Laissez-Faire

◦Workers negotiating for wages and better working conditions.

◦ Thousands of strikes 1880s 1890s

Collective Bargaining

Labor Unions begin to formStrikes become more and more common◦AFL◦Knights of Labor

Labor Relations

Socialism: Favoring public ownership of the property and wealth of a nation rather than private ownership.

Communist Manifesto:◦1848 Karl Marx, Friederich Engels

Economic Philosphies

Most Americans reject socialism and communism because they threaten:◦Free enterprise◦Private property◦Individual liberty

Labor Relations

New political party that demanded radical changes in federal and social policies. Strength of the party lay in the American Farmer.

Populists

1) Increased circulation of money.2) Free silver.3) A progressive income tax.4) Govt. ownership of

communication and transportation system.

5) Eight hour work day.

Populists

The nation changed from an agricultural nation to an industrial nation, and the silver movement died along with Populism. Many populist ideas were revived in the Progressive Movement.

Populist Legacy

Empire building: having colonies.

US started after 1890.◦Had been doing it all along, but not in foreign areas.

Imperialism

Alfred Thayer MahanModern, steel hulled, steam powered navy.

Coaling stations around the world.

Canal through Panama.

Influence of Sea Power Upon History

1898United States v. SpainSpanish American WarCuban revolt sparked US interest.

De Lome Letter critical of Pres. McKinley.

Splendid Little War

Yellow Journalism helped Cause the War.◦Large headlines◦Colored comics◦Sensational Stories.

Splendid Little War

William Randolph Hearst: “you furnish the pictures and I will furnish the war.”

Joseph Pulitzer

Rival Editors

◦Resigned as Asst. Sec. of the Navy.

◦Organized the Rough Riders.

◦Yellow press made him the hero of San Juan Hill.

Teddy Roosevelt

Spanish give up Puerto Rico, and Guam to the United States.

Cuba is independent.Philippines sold to US $20 million.

America is an Imperial Power.

Treaty of Paris 1898

Attempt to throw the US out.Lasted Three Years.4,000 Us soldiers dead/ 200,000 Filipinos.

Emilo Aguinaldo led Guerillas.

Philippine Insurrection

Our treatment of the Filipinos departed from American principals. (self govt., majority rule)

McKinley was afraid a European Country might try to colonize the Philippines.

Philippine Insurrection

Supreme Court CaseNew possessions are not fully a part of the US.

People there are not entitled to Constitutional Rights.

Constitution does not follow the flag.

Insular Cases

Ferdinand de Lesseps made the first attempt to build a canal across the isthmus of Panama.(1879)

Had built the Suez Canal in 1869.

Tried to build a sea level canal.

Panama Canal

Canal Zone:◦10 mile wide strip of land.◦$10 million paid.◦$250,000 rent per year.◦51 miles long.

Panama Canal

51 miles long.Saves ships 8,000 miles.10 years to build. (1904-1914)

Cost $400 million to build.

Panama Canal

Elected President in 1896.Reelected in 1900Assassinated September 5,1901◦Leon Czolosz: Anarchist◦Roosevelt becomes President.

William McKinley

RepublicanHero of San Juan HillAsst. Sec of the NavyPolice Commissioner NYC.Gov. of New York

Theodore Roosevelt

Became President at age 42.

Foreign Policy: Big Stick: Wanted to get the US involved in world affairs. Wanted a strong Navy.

Theodore Roosevelt

US will not seek territorial aggression. We seek peace with all nations. We may have to step into countries to protect our rights.

Roosevelt Corollary

Won the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts in helping end the Russo-Japanese War.

TR as peacemaker

A political belief in which primary emphasis is placed on securing the freedom of the individual by limiting the power of the state.  In its economic form, it advocates a respect for private property and free markets.

Classical Liberalism

A form of liberalism that stems from progressive ideals. National prosperity requires government management of the macroeconomy, to keep unemployment low, inflation in check, and growth high. Government intervention and regulation is necessary to insure equality and public safety.

Modern American liberalism

Goals and Beliefs:1) Govt. Should be more

accountable to the people.

2) Govt. should curb the power and influence of wealthy interests,

Progressive Era 1890-1920

3) Govt. Powers should be expanded so lives of the citizens would be improved.

4) Govt. should become more efficient and less corrupt.

Progressive Era 1890-1920

5)This movement wanted to restore economic opportunities to the common man, and want to end injustice.

6) People should control the govt.

Progressive Era 1890-1920

Progressives were not of one political party.

They were not a completely uniform movement.

Did not believe private charities were enough.

Progressive Era 1890-1920

Muckrakers

Socialists

Women’s Groups

Labor Unions

Groups

Investigative Journalists:◦Looked into problems and corruption and then wrote books, articles and essays about it.

Muckrakers

Name was given to the group by T. Roosevelt. It was meant to discourage, but they wore it like a badge of honor.

Muckrakers

The Jungle: 1906◦Book about the meat packing industry of the United States.

◦Led to the Pure Food and Drug Act.

◦T. Roosevelt found it to be true.

Upton Sinclair

The History of the Standard Oil company.

Told of abuses by this big business.

Help encourage the trust busting of TR.

Ida Tarbell

Ida Tarbell

Wrote History of the Standard Oil Company.

Muckraker

The Shame of the Cities.◦Political corruption

Lincoln Steffens

MuckrakerPhotographerCrowded, dirty, unsafe conditions of tenements in large cities.

Jacob Riis

Settlement House Movement:◦Provided services and aid to the urban poor.

◦Hull House in Chicago.◦Nursery schools, child care, taught English, theater, art, dance, Social services.

Jane Addams

What are they?

How do they work?

Why do they exist?

What is the problem?

Political Machines

17th Amendment: Direct election of senators by the people, rather than by state legislature.

Progressive Reforms

Referendum: proposing a law by popular vote, or overriding a legislative body. Can be done at any level of govt.

Progressive Reforms

Robert < La FolletteGovernor of Wisconsin

Used College Professors to help create policies.

Recall: Special election to remove an elected official from public office before his/her terms has expired.

Progressive Reforms

Initiative: Petition by citizens to introduce a new bill.

Progressive Reforms

Nickname for the Domestic Policy of Teddy Roosevelt.

Big Stick was the name of his Foreign Policy.

Square Deal

Coal Strike of 1902:◦TR forces arbitration on both sides.

◦Govt. could intervene in a strike if public welfare was at stake. (national security)

◦Set a precedent.

Square Deal

Enforced Sherman Anti Trust Law of 1890.◦Over forty lawsuits filed.◦Won most of them.◦Actions of a trust more important than size.

Square Deal

Monopoly:

Trust:

Square Deal

Hepburn Act of 1906◦Created first regulatory agency.

◦ICC can set maximum RR rates.

Square Deal

Federal Meat Inspection Act◦A result of The Jungle.◦Required sanitary packing conditions and created a rating system for meat.

Square Deal

Pure Food and Drug Act◦Require accurate labeling of ingredients.

Square Deal

Doubled the number of National Parks.

Many of TR’s reforms are still impacting society and were felt by the majority of Americans.

Square Deal

NurseOpened first birth control clinic in the nation.

Thought families would be better off financially with fewer children.

Margaret Sanger

Activist for Women’s Suffrage.

Founded the National Woman’s Party.

Alice Paul

Creates a split of the Republican Party.

Wilson wins election of 1912 but not with majority of popular vote.

(see page 577)

Bull Moose Party

SouthernerDemocratProfessorSon of a preacherMore freedom for small business

Woodrow Wilson

Domestic Policy = New freedom

Strict Govt. control on corporations.

Similar to New Nationalism of TR

Woodrow Wilson

Clayton Anti-Trust Law of 1914◦Spelled out violations of the trust laws.

◦Made the managers of companies accountable for their coporations.

Woodrow Wilson

Federal Reserve Act of 1913◦Created a new national system of banks.

◦Gold Standard is gone.◦Elastic currency is provided.

Woodrow Wilson

Prohibition on the manufacture, sale and transportation of alcoholic beverages.

Volstead Act: defined what was an alcoholic beverage. (0.5% or greater)

1920

18th Amendment

1873 OhioWorking for a constitutional amendment against alcohol.

Amendment would mean permanent.

WCTU

1895Ohio“The” single issue organization.

Minority group that leveraged its power well in close elections.

ASL

Result of:◦ Emergency War Measure ◦Progressivism◦Temperance Movement WCTU ASL

18th Amendment

The Great War1914-1918Fought Primarily in FranceA very modern war.Casualities very high.$33 billion in damage.

Causes of the Great WarFranco-Prussian War : 1870◦Between France and Germany.

◦Germany won◦Alsace-Lorraine taken◦Triple Alliance formed by Germany (fear of retaliation)

Causes of the Great WarAlliance SystemCreates a “Balance of Power”Neither side is willing to go to war because they are not sure they can win.

Made a minor war a large one.

Causes of the Great WarImperialism: Empire Building◦Creates competition between nations for land and power.

◦Causes the war to be global because of Colonies participate.

Causes of the Great WarNationalism◦Intense love for one’s country that ignores faults. (Patriotism taken to an extreme)

◦Movement for independence.

Start of the WarFranz Ferdinand shot June 28, 1914.

Sarajevo by a Serb Nationalist.

Start of the War1) Austria-Hungary prepares to

invade Serbia.2) Russia comes to Serbia’s aid.3) France joins Russia.4) Germany declares war on

France in support of Austria.

Start of the War5) Great Britain joins the war.

So the Alliance System made a small regional war a larger world war.

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare.

Zimmerman NoteUS Economy dependent on war materials

American Enters the War

John J Pershing Commanding

Segregated troops

North Sea Mine BarrageConvoy System

AEF

Shortage of labor in war industry draws blacks to urban centers in the north.

Urban League:Women:Political Power:

Great Migration

1-5 removed the causes of the war.◦No secret alliances◦Freedom of the seas◦Removal of tariffs and trade barriers

Wilson’s 14 Points

◦Arms reduction◦Reduction of imperialism

Wilson’s 14 Points

6-13 boundary changes consistent with self- determination:

14 League of Nations:

Wilson’s 14 Points

US – Wilson – 14 pointsFrance – Clemenceau – Prevent another German invasion

GB - George – reparationsItaly – Orlando - Land

Big Four

1 Punished Germany2 Germany Blamed for the War

3 Saar Valley given to France4 G. army limited 100,000Rhineland made a DMZ

Treaty of Versailles

No German air forceNo German U-boatsOttoman Empire broken into mandates.

League of Nations formed

Treaty of Versailles

Treaty of Versailles causes:◦Economic hardship in Germany.◦Desire for revenge by Germany.◦Distaste in Germany for democracy.

◦Germany had not really been defeated.

Stab in the Back Legend