WFP – World Food Programme · countries/world regions where P4P works: the widespread acceptance of women’s unequal position at community and household level and their accepted

1

Gender Assessment of the

Purchase for Progress (P4P) Programme RFP # WFP/MOZ/ADM/PROC/028/2011

Final Report July2012

Republic of Mozambique

WFP – World Food Programme Maputo, Mozambique

In association with:

2

Purchase for Progress (P4P) Gender Audit

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................... 5

1. CONTEXT .................................................................................................................................................... 7

1.1 Purchase for Progress (P4) ................................................................................................................... 7

1.2 Gender and Agriculture Sector in Mozambique ................................................................................... 7

2. METHODOLOGY ......................................................................................................................................... 9

2.1 Objective ............................................................................................................................................. 9

2.2 Territorial Coverage............................................................................................................................. 9

2.3 Sellected Groups ............................................................................................................................... 11

2.4 Information Collection Methodology ................................................................................................ 15

2.5 Limitations ........................................................................................................................................ 17

3. THE PARTICIPATION OF AND BENEFITS FOR FEMALE FARMERS WITHIN THE P4P PROGRAM .................... 18

3.1 The Participation of Female Farmers in the P4P Program .................................................................. 18

3.2 Women benefits in the FOs ............................................................................................................... 20

4. GENDER RELATIONS AND PRODUCTION IN P4P GEOGRAPHICAL AREAS AND ACTIVITIES .......................... 23

4.1 P4P commodities value chain components........................................................................................ 24

4.2 Entry Points ....................................................................................................................................... 25

4.2.1 Farming ............................................................................................................................................... 25

4.2.2 Trade .................................................................................................................................................. 30

4.2.3 Manufacturing .................................................................................................................................... 32

5. OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES FOR INCREASED WOMEN PARTICIPATION IN THE P4P

PROGRAM. LINKAGES WITH THE P4P GENDER STRATEGY ............................................................................... 34

6. ACTION PLAN ............................................................................................................................................ 38

6.1 General and Strategic Objectives ....................................................................................................... 38

6.2 Proposed Indicators .......................................................................................................................... 43

ANNEXES ........................................................................................................................................................ 44

Annex 1. Bibliography ............................................................................................................................... 45

Annex 2. Field Work Plan........................................................................................................................... 48

Annex 3. Questionnaires ........................................................................................................................... 51

Annex 3.1 Questionnaire 1: Leadership ........................................................................................................ 52

Annex 3.2 Questionnaire 2: Traders ............................................................................................................. 55

Annex 3.3 Questionnaire3: Partners & other organizations ......................................................................... 60

Annex 3.4 Discussion Groups: ....................................................................................................................... 63

Annex 5. Interviews List ............................................................................................................................ 65

Annex 5. Gender Assessment Summary of findings and potential for action ............................................. 68

Annex 6. Logical Framework Matrix .......................................................................................................... 76


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INTRODUCTION

The World Food Program (WFP) initiated a revolutionary purchase program that expanded its

focus from large suppliers to small producers of food items. By its characteristics, the pilot

program had the strong potential of promoting small scale production by guaranteeing access

to faire markets through better prices, provision of basic trading means such as packing bags,

trade information, collaborative management, and transportation. In some cases farmers

associations were also provided with warehouses and equipment such as threshing

machineries. One of the limitations of the project was, however, the difficulty of meeting the

initial gender related objective where1:

� Smallholder groups benefiting under the project should have at least 50 per cent female

Membership, and;

� Half of the smallholder groups with developed capacity to participate in competitive

tender processes with WFP should be female-led.

In order to overcome this difficulty the 2011 P4P Global Gender Strategy aimed at increasing

women smallholder farmers, (unpaid) family workers and/or wage labourers’ well-being, by

promoting and facilitating opportunities for their access to agricultural markets, in an

economically and socially sustainable way. Focusing on both gender aware and gender

transformative approaches the Strategy considered the four general objectives of:

a. Increasing the understanding of the importance of gender relations based on equity,

within beneficiaries’ households, Farmer Organisations (FOs) and supply side partners.

This objective should addresse one of the main structural problems identified across

countries/world regions where P4P works: the widespread acceptance of women’s

unequal position at community and household level and their accepted social and cultural

subjugation. This widespread acceptance ‘naturalises’ women’s non-participation and

seriously hampers WFP’s efforts to increase women’s participation in P4P.

b. Increasing and creating opportunities for women to participate in groups and decision

making. Group participation could provide women with more opportunities to access

resources and services. Groups, particularly women-only groups of producers/ traders,

would facilitate the creation of economies of scale and can more efficiently tackle these

women’s disadvantaged position in relation to male producers/ traders.

c. Facilitating and increasing the ability of rural women to access, control and manage

resources and agricultural services. This objective responded to one of the major

hindrances to women’s full empowerment: women’s lack of ownership of and control over

resources. Access, particularly to agricultural inputs, affects both women and men but it is

much more pronounced in the case of women. Ownership of, and control over, resources

in the overwhelming majority of cases is an exclusive prerogative of men.

d. Diversifying opportunities for women in income-generating agro-activities. This objective

responds to what women in the ALINe/ WFP’s research raised as one of their major needs:

the need to diversify their livelihood strategies. Women, perhaps because they tend to be

more risk-averse, showed greater concern with their household’s possible reliance on just

one economic activity. Whilst women did support their husbands in the production of

1 Please see: WFP’s grant proposal to Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation ‘Purchase for Progress. Innovations to

Connect African Low-Income Farmers to Markets’, submitted in 2008.


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particular cash crops, their ambition was to diversify their agricultural production and

access better markets for the crops/ food products whose production they are responsible

for. Women equate the diversification of household livelihoods to their family’s greater

resilience to market price fluctuations and shocks.

The present report aims at identifying how gender issues are being addressed at all levels of

the P4P interventions in Mozambique, the existing challenges and ways to enhance the

potential contribution of the program to promote gender equity and equality targeting both

the practical and strategic needs of women and men.

The report has the following structure:

� The context of the intervention is presented in Chapter 1.

� In Chapter 2 are presented the main methodological aspects of the assessment,

comprising the scope of the intervention, the groups covered by the assessment and the

limititations of the present assessment.

� Chapter 3, focuses on the comparison of the current level of participation and benefits for

female farmers with male farmers within the P4P program, including partner activities, up

to date.

� The gender relations and production in P4P geographical areas and activities are presented

in Chapter 4. This covers both the profile of women involved in the various stages of the

value chain, and the gender inequalities in access to productive assets including land,

inputs, services, the division of labour and control of the product/income, barriers to

women’s participation/empowerment, and their own ideas regarding possible solutions on

how to tackle these, taking into account variations among women in different geographical

areas, ethnic groups, socio-economic and age groups, marital status including if they are in

female headed households or in male headed households.

� Chapter 5 focuses on the Opportunities and Challenges for increased participation of

women in the P4P program and for inclusion of gender mainstreaming and/or targeted

activities promoting gender equality in the program. This Chapter also presents the

viability and practical approaches for adapting and including in the P4P Program activities

until end 2013 the relevant recommendations and best practices for gender

mainstreaming from other P4P programs, P4P Gender Occasional Papers, and Gender P4P

Strategy, taking into account the findings of the tasks above;

� In Chapter 6 is presented the Action Plan Proposal, which is based on the P4P gender

component and the conclusions from the assessment undertaken by the team experts.


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1. CONTEXT

1.1 Purchase for Progress (P4)

P4P undertakes its activities in 5 provinces of the country, namely: Nampula, Zambezia,

Manica, Sofala and Tete. Its activities have been concentrated in purchasing commodities such

as Maize, cowpea, and some rice, directly to Farmer Organizations (FOs) and to Small and

Medium Traders (SMTs). It works in partnership with institutions working at grassroot level

(with the FOs) such as CLUSA (the Cooperative League of the United States of America), ADRA

(the Adventist Developmentand Relief Agency), OLIPA (Organization for Sustainable

Development), the World Vision, ACDIVOCA, and APAC. These institutions focus their work on

promoting production and trade, but may aggregate other social issues such as HIV/AIDS, and

literacy programs.

No processing, in terms of food transformation has been part of P4P, despite its significance in

other countries. Rather, processing has consisted only in threshing, and grain

selection/cleaning. Together with support on packing and transportation P4P has provided

means to part of FOs such as threshing machines and warehouses /storage facilities in

partnership with FAO.

1.2 Gender and Agriculture Sector in Mozambique

The agrarian production in Mozambique is mainly exercised by a group of small and medium

agricultural and livestock’s explorations, cultivating about 97% of the total of fertile land. The

sector employs around 70% of Mozambique’s total labor force, but the sector accounts for

around 24% of the national output which is an indication of a sector with an extremely low

productivity and yet important for employment and income earning opportunities.

The agriculture sector is the most important sector for female employment: 90% of

Mozambique’s female labor force is employed in the sector as compared to 64% of the male

labor force. Therefore, for each 10 women in the sector there are only 6 men (INE, 2009).

From an enterprise perspective, however, only 25% of the family agricultural are owned by

women. It is only at plot level that they are visible as 63% of the plots are managed by them.

Other than this high responsibility in relation to household agriculture production women are

who look after the children and carry out domestic work. However, they are still discriminated

against concerning the recognition of their rights, namely: in the access and control of the

production means, access to training and incomes from their own work2.

Cultural factors and social structure do influence organization of production, and women’s

access and control to production means. Issues such as the descent and residential system: the

matrilineal and the patrilineal societies and the uxorilocal and the virilocal residences.

In Matrilineal societies, that lineages are transmited through the mother’s side meaning that

bride-wealth is not transferred because the children belong to the wife's clan or lineage and

will inherit from that group. Within this social structure residential system may be virilocal

women are those who have to move to men’s place after the marriage), or it may be

uxorilocal, in which case the husband goes to live with his wife's relatives. With uxorilocal

2 Gender Strategy for the Agricultural Sector, Republic of Mozambique, Ministry of Agriculture


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residence in particular, the husband's position is often ambivalent, and divorce is more

frequent.

In Patrilineal societies, marriage is typically sealed by the transfer of property, known as bride-

wealth, usually in the form of cattle. The husband's group transfers property to that of the

wife, in return for the transfer to them of rights of procreation and sexuality on the part of the

wife from those who have been her guardians (e.g., her father or her brothers). Usually, if

divorce later occurs, the bride-wealth must be returned, less a proportion for each child who

remains with the husband's group. There are many variations, but this simple principle

generally holds true. In Patrilineal society, the residence system is nearly always virilocal, with

the wife living in her husband's natal settlement and being regarded as a "stranger" until she

has borne children to his group.

The table below presents, for each of the provinces covered by the assessment, the prevailing

descendent and residence system, being expected that in matrilineal societies and uxorilocal

systems the women to have more power in relation to decision making and access/control to

production means.

Table 1. Provinces and districts covered by the assessment

Provinces Districts Descent system Residence System

Nampula Nampula Matrilineal Uxorilocal

Ribaue Matrilineal Uxorilocal

Zambézia Mocuba Patrilineal Virilocal

Manica Chimoio

Barue Patrilineal Virilocal

Tete Angónia Matrilineal Uxorilocal


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2. METHODOLOGY

2.1 Objective

The general objective of the assessement is to contribute to the strengthening of the gender

dimension in the P4P programme and increase women’s role in, benefit from and contribution

to the programme according to the objectives defined in the Gender Strategy. Therefore, the

assessement aims to identify the best entry points, within the value chain, to engage with

women. Four groups of women are considered, according to the P4P Global Gender Strategy

and as specified by the terms of reference of this study:

Table 2: Women Categories defined in the P4P Global Strategy

Group 1 Women producers and/or marketers of crops/ foods products currently

procured through P4P,

Group 2 Women unpaid family workers

Group 3 Women producers and/or petty traders of crops/ food products not

currently procured through P4P,

Group 4

Women casual agricultural labourers (that may work as seasonal labourers

on farms that sell through P4P, or as labourers in processing and packing

activities)

2.2 Territorial Coverage

This essay is aims at identifying how gender issues are being addressed at all levels of the P4P

interventions in Mozambique. Being a large country, Mozambique’s gender outcomes have the

potential for high geographical differentiation depending on the cultural, economic, social and

geographic factors affecting each region of the country. In order to be able to capture this

possible divertsity. This report covers the sample of four out of the five provinces involved in

the “Purchase for Progress (P4P)” program, thus being representative of the interventions of

the P4P in the country.

The assessment is focused in the provinces of Nampula (Nampula City and the district of

Ribaue), Zambezia, Manica and Tete. These regions or provinces differ in terms of access to

markets (local, regional and international), and wellbeing performance in terms of food

security/nutrition. They also differ culturally according to descent and residential system as

matrilineal and patrilineal societies and uxorilocal and virilocal residences are identified in the

region with important gender implications in terms of organization of production, and

access/control to specific means of production.

Nampula Province has the third largest city of the country after Maputo/Matola and Beira

Cities and an international sea Port. It can be said that it holds strong international market

exposure not only because of its city and Port, but also because of the concentration of large

volumes of crop exports such as cashew nuts or cotton. Socially, Nampula interland (Ribaue) is

matrilineal and uxorilocal.

Manica and Tete Provinces concentrate smaller urban settlements. However, they have

regional connections as they share borders with the Zimbabwean and Malawian economies,


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respectively. In Manica region the descent system is patrilineal and the residence system is

virilocal.

Zambezia concentrates relatively small sized urban settlements. The only port it has is small

and related to fisheries, and therefore it can be considered a “locked” economy. The majority

of the population lives out of agriculture and this is more evident in the P4P visited areas. As in

Manica region, in Zambezia the descent system is patrilineal and the residence system is

virilocal. The following table (Table 3) presents the provinces and the districts covered by the

assessement:

Table 3. Provinces and districts covered by the assessment

Provinces Districts Market exposure Descent system

Nampula

Nampula International via aeroport and Nacala Port Matrilineal

Ribaue International via Nampula/Nacala Matrilineal

Zambézia Mocuba Local Patrilineal

Manica Chimoio

Barue Regional Patrilineal

Tete Angónia Regional Matrilineal

The assessment doesn’t cover the following P4P districts:

− Gorongoza and Buzi districts, in Sofala Province;

− Malema, Mecuburi and Monapo districts in Nampula Province;

− Gurue and Alto Molecue districts in Zambezia Province.


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2.3 Sellected Groups The general objective of the assessement is to contribute to the strengthening of the gender

dimension in the P4P programme and increase women’s role in, benefit from and contribution

to the programme according to the objectives defined in the Gender Strategy. Therefore, the

assessement aims to identify the best entry points, within the value chain, to engage with

women. The P4P Global Gender Strategy identifies four groups of women: women who are

producers and/or marketers of crops/foods products currently procured through P4P (group

1); women unpaid family workers (group 2); Women producers and/or petty traders of crops/

food products not currently procured through P4P (group 3); Women casual agricultural

labourers (that may work as seasonal labourers on farms that sell through P4P, or as labourers

in processing and packing activities) (group 4).

In order to identify the best entry points within the value of chain, to engage with women

from the mentioned groups, different information sources were selected:

A description of each one of these groups is presented below:

The Farmer Organizations (FO’s)

Female producers and traders of both P4P and Non-P4P procured commodities can be found

in farmer organizations (FOs). Hierarchically, these can be divided in 3 major levels3: (i)

associations (first tier), (ii) the second tier (the aggregation of associations), and, (iii) the third

tier (associations and foruns). Most of the second and third tier association are traders of their

member’s commodities. They act as intermediaries by purchasing the member’s commodities

and reselling to a larger buyer (including the P4P). Others, including the first tier associations

act mostly as storage facilities. They assemble member’s commodities and wait for the buyer

who, after all procedures, pays back the amount due to each member.

There are 12 P4P Farmer organizations widespread along the Provinces of Nampula, Zambezia,

Manica, Tete and Sofala (Gorongoza). They differ both in their size and in the level of women

representativity. Graphic 2 indicates a wide range between FO’s sizes. The largest FO is Ikuru

3 The FO’s can be classified in three different types: association (first tier), foruns or federations (second tier) or

“third tier” group of foruns. A forum is an organization composed of various associations of smallholder farmers

pooling resources together and delivering commom services to members. Third tiers are higher level organizations

composed by associations and foruns providing a wide range of commercialization services to members.

� Farmer Organizations;

� Traders of P4P-procured Commodities (smaller, medium and large traders);

� Small Producers/traders of Non P4P Commodities in markets;

� P4P Processing institutions;

� Farmer’s Organization Leaders;

� Local Government Institutions;

� P4P Partners.


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0

200

400

600

800

1.000

1.200

1.400Farmers Organizations: Total Members

with around 20.226 members (here it is represented by Associação 1º de Maio) and the

smallest is the Associação Nova Esperança. Graphic 2 also shows differences in women

representation.Three (3) associations have more than 50% of female representation and 4

have less than 25% of female membership. The remaining 5 associations are in the middle

between 25% and 50% of female representation.

Figure 1 and 2: Farmers Organizations Members and Women Representation

**The Farmer Organization IKURU Sarl counts 20.226 members.

For this study, we have selected five Farmers Organizations according to the following criteria

that add to the previous selection of the provinces:

• The size of the FO: the largest and the smallest;

• The share of women in the FO: i) women majority; ii) gender equilibrium and; iii)

women minority. This last criteria allows comparisons on women empowerment given

different contexts of men’s representation.

Table 3. Selected FO

Name of FO directly targeted by P4P* Members Female

Representativity

Angonia (Tete) Associação Agro-Pecuária Chiguirizano 737 25%

Associação Agro-Pecuária Tilimbique 592 28%

Mocuba (Zambezia) Associação de Solidariedade na

Esperança (OIMPEVE) 26 65%

Associação Nova Esperança 225 56%

Barue (Manica) Associação Agro-Pecuária Samora

Machel 288 22%

Associação Batani Phaza 540 12%

Nampula Ikuru (represented by Associação 1º

de Maio) 20.226 43%


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Traders of P4P procured commodities

(Small, Medium and Larger Traders)

• Small and medium traders:

Trader Province

� IKURU

� OLAM Nampula

� AGEMO Zambezia (Mocuba)

� ECA Manica (Chimoio)

� Victor Gaspar

� Muana Muana Tete (Angonia)

• Big traders:

Trader Province

� EXPORT MARKET Nampula

• Women and Men in markets:

Market Province

� Ribaue Market Nampula

� Mocuba Municipal Market Zambezia (Mocuba)

� Market 38

� Catandica Market Manica (Chimoio)

� Ulongue Market (“Guenha”)

� Domue Market Tete (Angonia)

Producers/traders of non-P4P procured commodities

Non P4P commodity producers and traders can be found both in the FOs above and in the

markets. In this last place we have selected people marketing products like: cassava, peanuts,

jugo bean, boer bean, millet/sorghum, vegetables, fruit, dried fish, cashew, cotton, paprika,

sesame, sunflower, copra, soy beans, other products.

Processing Institutions

Visited processing enterprises/factories consisted mostly of the small and medium traders

(SMTs), and the FOs. SMTs processing activities consisted mostly on grain selection. Few FOs

did small milling of maize and production of vegetable oils.


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Farmers Organizations’ Leaders

Farmer Organization Leaders should have a strategic view of the issues affecting women in the

area, their priorities, the measures that need to be undertaken in order to improve their

production and livelihood and the challenges that may be limiting progress. Leaders were

approached in all visited FOs, except in Associação 1º de Maio where the leader was absent.

Local Government Institutions

• District Offices for Economic Activities

• District Offices on Health, Women and Social Affairs

• Province Directorate of Agriculture of Chimoio

• Province Directorate of Women and Social Affairs of Chimoio

Partners

Table 4. P4P Partners by Province

Provinces Partners Functional Are

Nampula CLUSA/OLIPA

� Farmers association;

� Production and trade promotion; Zambézia ADRA

Manica CLUSA

Tete CLUSA

The table below presents the entities which were covered by the assessement:

Table 5. Entities covered by the assessment

Provinces FO Leaders of

FO Traders SDAE /SDMAS Partners

Nampula IKURU / Ribaue YES

� IKURU / Nampula

� OLAM

� Women in Markets

Yes (Ribaue) CLUSA/OLIPA

Zambézia

Oimpevi / Mocuba YES

� AGEMO/Mocuba

� Women in Markets Yes (Mocuba) ADRA

Associação Nova

Esperanca /

Mocuba

YES

Manica

Associação Batani

Phaza

Associação Samora

Machel / Barue

YES

� Empresa de

Comercialização Agricola

(Company for Agro-trade)

/ Chimoio


Administrator

(Catandica) + Province

Directorate of

Agriculture and of

Women & Social Affairs

CLUSA

Tete

Associação

Tilimbique /Angonia

Associação

Chiguirizano

YES

� Muana Muana

� Victor Gaspar


Yes (Angonia) CLUSA


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2.4 Information Collection Methodology

The study combined different types of information collection methodologies:

� Literature Review:

The desk review included, among other relevant document, the WFP Gender Policy and

Global Gender Strategy, P4P program documents, reports and occasional papers, BMGF

gender documents and the Mozambique Gender Strategy for the Agriculture Sector. A

complete list of bibliography is presented in Annexe (Annexe 1).

� Focus Groups Discussions:

Focus Group discussions were undertaken in all Farmers Organizations. The major

objective was to refine the knowledge of the characteristics of the prevailing gender

relations at local level and their implication in the different stages of the agriculture value

chain, including the opportunities and challenges they bring to the P4P. Women were

grouped separately from men.

The selection and composition of the Focus Groups was based in the following criteria:

− Type of producers: Large producers were separated from smaller producers; Large

producers consisted on those with a production capacity of more than 10 bags

(500 kg) in the last season. Those producing less than 10 bags were considered

smaller produce;

− Gender: Women were grouped separately from men.

The presence of a woman among the researchers helped to rise women’s voices especially

when they feel confortable in talking about their own problems.

Each group was composed by no more than 6 participants.

Province Farmer Organization Number of

Focus Groups

Number of

participantes

Of which

women

Nampula � 1º de Maio 2 10 3

Zambezia

(Mocuba)

� Associação Nova Esperança 4 23 11

� Associação Solidariedade na

Esperança – OIMPEVI 3 19 4

Manica � Associação Batani Phaza 1 16 3

� Samora Machel 1 15 3

Tete (Angonia)

� Associação Agro-Pecuaria

Tilimbique 1 10 10

� Associação Agro-Pecuaria

Chiguirizano 2 13 6


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� Interviews

Semi-structured questionnaires were administrated to individual entities, mostly the small

and medium enterprises (traders and industrialists), farmer representatives, local leaders,

and the local government representatives such as the administrators and district directors

of women and of economic activities.

The interviewed persons were identified through three mechanisms: i) List of P4P

stakeholders (Farmer Organizations, SMTs, and P4P partners); ii) List of potential partners

identified at local level; iii) Indentificaion on spot of relevant entities and individuals

relevant for the assessment

For each interviewed person/institutions, only one visit was programmed and undertaken,

given the type of assessment and considering the time and budget allocated to undertake

the assignment.

Provinces

Farmer’s

Organization

leaders

Small and medium

traders of procured

commodities

Producers/traders

of non-P4P

procured

commodities (1)

Government Partners

Nampula � --- � IKURU

� OLAM � Ribaue Market

� District Services

for Economic

Activities

� IKURU

� OLIPA

� PROMER

Zambezia

(Mocuba)

� Associação Nova

Esperança

� Associação

Solidariedade na

Esperança –

OIMPEVI

� AGEMO � Mocuba

Municipal Market


for Economic

Activities

� ADRA

Manica

(Chimoio)

� Associação Batani

Phaza � ECA

� Market 38

� Catandica Market

� Provincial

Directorate of

Agriculture;

� Provincial

Services on

Health, Women

and Social Affairs

(District

Government of

Barue)

� CLUSA

� Banco

Oportunidade

Tete

(Angonia)

� Associação Agro-

Pecuaria

Tilimbique

� Associação Agro-

Pecuaria

Chiguirizano

� Victor Gaspar

� Muana Muana

� Ulongue Market

(“Guenha”)

� Domue Market


for Economic

Activities

� District

Government of

Angonia

� CLUSA

� Banco

Oportunidade

(1) Small traders in markets of products like: cassava, peanuts, Feijão jugo, Feijão boer, millet/sorghum,

vegetables, fruit, dried fish, cashew, cotton, paprika, sesame, sunflower, copra, soy beans, other

products.

A list of the key informants interviewed by entitity is provided in annex (Annex 4).


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2.5 Limitations

This assessement is based on research findings from missions in four provinces (Nampula,

Zambézia, Tete and Manica), out of a total of five covered by the “Purchace for Progresse

(P4P)”. The field-visits were limited to two weeks: one week for Nampula and Zambezia and

one week to Tete and Manica. In cases where the leader of the institution was absent or

women were not suffitiently represented, time shortage implied limited possibilities of going

back to the same place in order to overcome the observed limitations.


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3. THE PARTICIPATION OF AND BENEFITS FOR FEMALE

FARMERS WITHIN THE P4P PROGRAM

3.1 The Participation of Female Farmers in the P4P Program

Women Membership

The 2008 pilot P4P Global Gender Strategy did foresee covering 50% of female FOs, and other

50% of FOs where half of the members were female. As occurred in other P4P countries and

already mentioned in the P4P Gender Strategy (2011), Mozambique did not manage to meet

these defined targets. No exclusively female FO is part of the P4P program in Mozambique

(Table 5).

Table 5: Female Representativity in FOs, 2012

Female

Members

Male

Members

Total

Members % Women

Associção Agro-pecuária Chiguirizane 187 550 737 25,4%

Associação Agro-pecuária Tilimbique 165 427 592 27,9%

Wandama wa Namalima 130 120 250 52,0%

Nova Esperança 127 98 225 56,4%

Solidariedade na Esperança 17 9 26 65,4%

Culima Cuacanaca 43 323 366 11,7%

Associação Agro-pecuária Samora Machel 63 225 288 21,9%

Batani Phaza 64 476 540 11,9%

Ikuru 8,686 11,540 20,226 42,9%

FEDAMOZA 501 717 1.218 41,1%

FEPORG 325 700 1.025 31,7%

Forum de Clubes de Negócios de Bandua 130 140 270 48,1%

Total 10,438 15325 25763

15,325 25,763 40.5%

Source: WFP, Mimeo, 2012

The current situation of the female representativity in Farmers Organizations can be described

as follows:

� 3 out of 12 FOs, have gender balance: the Associação Solidariedade na Esperança-IMPEVI

(65% of women), the Associação Nova Esperança (56%), and the Associação Wandama Wa

Namalima (52%);

� 3 out of 12 FOs, FOs have between 40% and 48% of female membership;

� 6 out of 12 FO’s, have a female membership lower than 35%. The extreme case of low

female representativity is that of Associação Batani Phaza and Associação Culima

Cuacanaca where respectively only 11,9% and 11,7% of the members are women. The

peculiar case of the Associação Solidariedade na Esperança is a result of being composed

by HIV/AIDS affected persons, mostly widows.


Final Report| 19

Generally, women’, lower participation in the FOs reflects their lower level of association. The

lack of permission by their spouses was one of the reasons pointed out by female group

discussions in different FOs. When the spouse belonged to an association the argument

limiting women participation was that “I will go there on the family’s behalf, so she can stay at

home to take care of other household taks”.

Access to information on the functioning of associations and the benefits accruing to the

members also play important role in limiting women associativism: associations and individual

farmers in areas surrounding P4P FOs in Mocuba, started to ask for support in both technical

assistance to production and trading and to associativism once they heard of the advantages

P4P FOs had in terms of organization and revenues.

Lack of a driving force is another factor affecting female associativism: on talking separately to

female discussion groups they considered that the solution for their limited engagement in FOs

was the creation of female only associations. This would also better respond to their concerns

as women.

Women Leadership

On women leadership, the national Law on the Local Bodies of the State (Law n. 8/2003 of May

9th

and its Regulation in the Decree 11/2005) states that at least 30% of the seats within the

local consultative bodies should be filled by women. Based on this Law, institutions like the

UNWomen, the Ministry of Women and Social Affairs, as well as the civil society

representatives consider this target of female representation among institutions at local level.

Female leadership in FOs is also limited (Table 6). Among the 12 FOs dealing with the P4P only

5 have reached the 30% target. It is important to mention that leadership positions comprise

the directive body of the organization which includes, among others, the following positions:

the president, the vice-president, the treasurer, the fiscal council, the adviser and the

councillor (vogal).

Table 6: Female Leadership Representativity in FOs, 2012

Women

Leaders

Male

Leaders

Total

Leaders % Women

Associção Agro-pecuária Chiguirizane 5 7 12 41,7%

Associação Agro-pecuária Tilimbique 4 8 12 33,3%

Wandama wa Namalima 2 6 8 25,0%

Nova Esperança 3 5 8 37,5%

Solidariedade na Esperança 2 5 7 28,6%

Culima Cuacanaca 3 7 10 30,0%

Associação Agro-pecuária Samora Machel 4 8 12 33,3%

Batani Phaza 2 9 11 18,2%

Ikuru 1 6 7 14,3%

FEDAMOZA 1 3 4 25,0%

FEPORG 1 3 4 25,0%

Source: WFP, Mimeo, 2012


Final Report| 20

Our interviews with the visited FO leaders and members indicated that not a single visited FO

had a female leader (a president). This is even applicable to the Associations with female

majority such as the Associação Solidariedade na Esperanca. In the interview to the leader he

mentioned “that women did not need attend our meeting due to their lack of strategic thinking

and illiteracy”. In the managerial positions there were 15 males for each female (80% are

male). A slight improvement could be observed in the Production and Trade Agents (APC)

where for each male there were 0.7 females (see Table 7).

Table 7: FO Structure by gender

Men Women Total

Leader 0,3% 0,0% 0,3%

Management 0,8% 0,1% 0,9%

Production and Trade Agents (APC) 1,3% 1,0% 2,3%

Production and Trade Technicians (TPC) 0,1% 0,0% 0,2%

Other Members 62,1% 34,2% 96,3%

Total 64.6% 35.3% 100%

3.2 Women benefits in the FOs

There are different ways benefit analysis can be done in relation to gender. One of them can

be the financial or budget incidence analysis, and the other can be a survey on the

beneficiary’s levels of satisfaction in relation to certain implemented activities.

The budget incidence analysis indicates the extent to which women and men have constituted

priority in an institution’s policy and its inherent planning and budgeting program. In this study

it was difficult to analyse the budget incidence of the FOs. This is mostly due to the fact that

most of the support provided by P4P and its partners was not financial. Most of the support

was provided through technical assistance to production and trade, building storage facilities,

and through provision of agricultural tools such as threshing-machines. Therefore, the benefits

analysis we can undertake concerns not only the women’s representation in FOs (in terms of

the propostion of women and men in the FOs) but also the correspondence of services

provision to the gender specific needs.

Women’s Representation

On average, women represent 40% of the total of FO members. Only three FOs have women

majority. In the remaining FOs women represent less than 50% of the membership with the

extreme cases of the Assotiations Culima Cuacanaca and Batani Phaza (Please see Table 5).

This generalized female minority in the FOs is an indication that the program has been biased

against women. Even in the cases where women constitute the majority of the FO membership

there is little indication that women specific problems that affect production and productivity


Final Report| 21

are solved by belonging to the association.As it will be shown below, women are producing

much lower volumes of commodities as compared to men. This strengthens the view that P4P

has been having a bigger impact on men rather than on women.

Institutional Support from FOs (non monetary benefits)

Despite the limited female participation in the FOs, their lower representation at FO’s

decision-making level and the constrains they face in production, women do gain certain

benefits from belonging to P4P related FOs, along with their male counterparts, at the

following levels:

a. Guaranteed markets for their outputs at a higher price as compared to other buyers. One

of the (male) producers at Associação Solidariedade na Esperança said that thanks to P4P

he has managed to buy a motocycle and to start to build his house. Women in 1st

tier

associations (supporting groups) did, however, refer more strongly to the problem of

delays both in the collection of the products and in the payments. These delays implied

larger expenditures in insecticides and very often the loss of the opportunity to sell at

higher prices as in moments of stress/emergencies (like sickness) they needed to sell their

products at any offered (low) price in order to meet the demands of these emergencies.

For men, the same problem existed, but it took a different dimension, as agreements with

P4P implied that “stocks are money lost because we could have sold it to another buyer

and used the money to invest in another activity”.

b. Technical support that farmers get from the P4P partners: Partners such as ADRA and

CLUSA have been providing technical capacity both in production and trade. For this

purpose they have organized technical staff and agents. The agents work in direct

collaboration with producers in associations while the technicians provide training for the

agents. As such women (and men) are better aware of the existing production possibilities

/ alternatives; of the existence of improved seeds, fertilizers, and market opportunities for

specific products. In Ribaue, for instance, they saw opportunity in planting white onions

and carrots (the Curuta type), products for which they would likely have easy access to the

market. Newer challenges may arise in the near future as CLUSA is now concentrating its

promoting activities for soybean production, a product that is not a P4P commodity. P4P

may need to evaluate, among others, if there will be a need of establishing a technical

support team dealing with the current P4P products, or include/shift to the newly

introduced products.


Final Report| 22

c. Acess to equipment: Women in wealthierassociations overcome part of their shortage of

labor force using the association’s equipment such as threshing machines, and mills.

d. Services provided by the FO: Women also take advantage of the services provided in the

FOs. Two associations (1º de Maio and Solidariedade na Esperança) developed alternative

income generating activities. These included the cultivation of the association’s plots, the

extraction of sunflower oil, poultry production, and milling. Female FO members could

participate in these activities and be paid for their output. In the case of the Associação

Solidariedade na Esperança, women monopolized the labor supply to the association due

to lack of male labor force due to intense emigration.

e. Access to literacy training: Where available, women also had access to literacy training. In

the Associação Nova Esperança part of the members had access to literacy programs.

However these came to a hault before all members had access to the training. Those who

were upgraded from the basic literacy program expect to proceed to a higher level of

literacy training.


Final Report| 23

4. GENDER RELATIONS AND PRODUCTION IN P4P

GEOGRAPHICAL AREAS AND ACTIVITIES

As it was mentioned in Chapter 2 - Methodology - P4P geographical areas cover both

matrilineal and patrilineal communities. Matrilineal societies are expected to work to the

advantage of women because lineage and inheritance is transmitted from the mother’s side.

Men are supposed to move from their parental place to the women’s side of the family

property. On the contrary, patrilineal societies are considered to be the harshest to women.

Inheritance is transmitted through the men’s side. Women must move from their parental

places to the men’s side of the family property with the marriage. Patrilineal descent societies

imply that children also belong to the men’s side of the family.

Our visit to the P4P region did not reveal women’s better livelihood in matrilineal societies as

compared to the patrilineal ones. Traditional social division of labour where women are

expected to be responsible for the household’s financial management prevailed in both

sociological contexts. This means that, in both societies the idea that men should leave home

in search of bringing money and/or income prevails. Women finantially managed households

imply not only the providing of services to the household, but also ensuring the production of

basic food supllies for household consumption. Similarities were also presented in relation to

women in subordination to men. Although, in some cases, this may happen in a disguised way

within matrilineal societies. In the Associação Chiguirizane and 1º de Maio (in matrilinear

areas), distance to water was not raised as a concern by women. Problems of domestic

violence were not also openly mentioned. Part of women attending the meeting felt worried

about the fact that it was becoming late (around 5.00 pm) and they still had to cook for the

children at home. In Association Tilimbique, another association in matrilineal area, where

only women participated of the meeting they were very open about violence issues.

Consultation with women original from Ribaue and Angonia but living in Maputo helped to

understand such a social dynamic. According to them many men are no longer accepting the

territorial binding imposed by marriage systems in the matrilineal societies. Either they find

their independent place or peace of land to live with their wives in the neighbourhood or they

choose to live very far awar from the women’s area. They may also prefer to stay in their

original place. In summary, this is to say that the matrilocal rule is progressively being eroded

in favour of a virilocal system thus opening space for stringer male dominance in the matrilocal

descent system.

In Mocuba (a patrilineal area) women in the association congregating HIV positive members

were open when referring to the need of acquiring communication means such as television

and radio in order to warn men and the youngsters about the risks of irresponsible sexual

behaviour. In their region, cases of men who used important share of the household income in

alcohol were frequent and this impacted on women’s welfare and dignity. In Barue, women

did emphasize the role of education and women’s economic empowerment in reducing

violence against women.

Do these gender relations interfere in the P4P value chain? We analyse it in the sections

bellow. We start by mapping the different stakeholdersin the different stages of the value

chain and then we focus on the gender relations in each of the concerned stages.


Final Report| 24

4.1 P4P commodities value chain components

Three major components of the value chain are identifiable in the P4P activities: farming,

trading and processing.

• Farming concern production of both P4P and non-P4P commodities. The farming

activity involves a large proportion of women. However, it is possible to identify strong

male concentration in farming activities that demand intense physical effort such as

bushwood clearing and cultivation. Because of the demaning character of this activity

other human resources are integrated: permanent and occasional labor, children and

other unpaid relatives. Sowing, weeding and harvesting are mostly female activities;

• Trade also cover P4P and non P4P commodities. It is essentially a male activity. Female

producers do short distance trading, but it was possible to identify women who were

doing long distance trade for retailing purposes in urban markets;

• Manufacturing is not developed among small producers. Most of their processing

consists in grain sellection and milling in very small scales. Large trader’s processing

also consists in grain selection and milling. Most of them are however employing more

men than women using heavy machinery. The next sections deepen the analysis of the

gender dimensions in each stage of the value chain.

Figure 3: Mapping participants in each component of the P4P Value Chain

Trade

Farming

Cultivation: - Female Heads

- Husband/wife

- Children & relatives (unpaid labor)

- Ganho-Ganho (occasional labor)

- Permanent workers

Sowing/weeding:

- Female Heads

- Husband & Wife

Harvest:

- Female heads

- Women in Male headed HHs

- Relatives

Trade:

- Men

- Female heads

- Educated boys & girls

Long Distance Female Retailers

SMT’s

Women in Local Markets

Medium to Long Distance

Intermediates

Manufacturing

Women in FO’s

SMT’s


Final Report| 25

4.2 Entry Points

As specified by the terms of reference, the assessement aims to identify the best entry points,

within the value chain, to engage with women from the four groups considered in the P4P

Global Gender Strategy (traders, unpaid family workers, producers, casual agricultural

labourers). Entry point is defined as potential strategic partnerships, whitin each one of the

value chain components, to increase women’s participation and benefits from the Programme

and therefore, the impact of the programme on women’s livelihood and gender equality.

4.2.1 Farming

Cultivation

In Ribaue as well as in Angónia (matrilineal descends) women and men work together in the

same plot, except for the cases where women have to work alone or with ther

children/relatives because of the absence of a man in the household. This is different from

Barue and Mocuba (patrilineal descends where women and men have separate plots. Here, a

third plot may exist where women and men work together for common objectives. In trying to

understand the reasons for the existence of three plots in the same household it was explained

that the separate plots serve individual (women and men) interests, and the third one serves

common purposes including issues concerning support to the extended family.

While couples may work together like in Ribaue and Angonia cases, the decision on crop

selection and the respective plot size for planting depends exclusively on men in all visited P4P

geographical areas. This decision covered the production of all grains and pulses given their

high commercial value, and despite being staples in the region. Exception was the decisions on

horticulture and tubers (including sweet potatoes).

In terms of resources for cultivation all FOs visited indicated wide use of “Ganho-Ganho” a

system of occasional labor for specific tasks as an addition to the household labor input. In

Zambézia where there is large scarcity of labor force partly due to intense emigration and the

impact of HIV and AIDS, women were the major providers of “Ganho-Ganho” services. Use of

Ganho-Ganho by female farmers is however limited, mostly as far as female-headed

households are concerned. Female heads of households in Associação Tilimbique (Angonia)

mentioned that they can afford to use ganho-ganho in the first cultivation because they keep

food reserves after the harvesting for this purpose. When the weeding (2nd

cultivation) time

arrives they are already out of stock, and they can not hire more labor. The productivity in the

plots they cannot cover is then compromised. Male heads of households, in contrast, indicate

larger use of both “Ganho-Ganho” and permanent labor force. This latter resource was never

mentioned by the women above in any association.

Constraints in access to land were never mentioned by any members of the visited

FOs/community. The case of Ribaue and Angonia must be one of the fewer cases where

belonging to a matrilineal society bring advantages to women. Since after marriage a man has

to move to the woman’s side, it is she who has a better secured access to land. In patrilineal

communities women have access to land either by working in their relative’s land or using the

rights they have acquired through marriage. In other cases women found alternatives such as

“buying” the access to land or using the land attributed by the association they belonged to.


Final Report| 26

Availability of agricultural tools is a concern to every FO members. Instruments like hoes,

machetes and axes lack in every FO visited. In Mocuba distance to market was the major factor

influencing this limited access. However, more women that men indicated limited income to

spend on these products. In Dómue, however, availability of national currency (the Metical)

was considered by women as the major factor affecting access to these tools: Dómue is in the

border with Malawi and Kwacha (the Malawi currency) has been used for every transaction in

the area. While Malawian economy was strong, transactions in Kwacha were feasible.

However, Kwacha is devaluing so significantly that it becomes feasible to buy goods only in

Malawi, being the products cheaper than in Mozambique. In Mozambique, the commodities

become very expensive when people have to exchange Kwacha to Meticals.

Entry Points:

Entry Points Description

a. Local banks, particularly

Banco Oportunidade:

− Improve access to production means by increasing access to financial

services through better access to information and/or development of

women specific products. They can include flexible schemes of payment, and

the creation of FO revolving funds where women can repay the loan after

the harvesting;

− Build capacity in credit management for both women and men as well as FO

leaders;

− Find alternatives such as rental of mechanized tools in order to overcome

shortage of labor;

− Provide support to partners in the provision of childcare facilities (all);

− Introduce animal traction for both ploughing and transportation (Barue /

Angonia);

− Reduce transaction costs (mostly, transportation costs) by improving the

quality of tertiary roads (all FOs).

b. Female Occasional

Labor:

Most of them are producers, and part of female members of P4P FOs also do

this type of work especially when in need of money or other type of income.

Survey areas of labor shortage by gender (Mocuba)

c. Central bank:

Improve national currency circulation if border areas of Mozambique, with

particular reference to the borders with Malawi.

Sowing

Sowing activity was said to be the responsibility of both women and men. In Associação

Tilimbique women said that they sow together with men. Usually men would go forward to

make the hole and the women would throw the seed. Collaboration modalities among them

changed from place to place. Permanent workers, occasional labor and unpaid labor (mostly

children) could participate in this activity.

Paradoxically to the mentioned collaborative work between women and men, only women

mentioned constraints related to seeds. According to women in all visited FOs available seeds

had very low germination rate either because the deadline for its use had expired or because

there had been knavery, as sellers would say that they were selling certified seeds while this


Final Report| 27

was not true. Other than the seeds for P4P related commodities women in Ribaue asked for

the availability of certified seeds for horticulture, mostly carrots and onion. Access to fertilizers

and pesticides was an additional concern of both women and men.

Entry Points:


a. Seed traders:

Review possible business opportunities for individual farmers and FOs as input

suppliers, with focus on women ownership in the business, and taking into

account the large influence P4P farmers are having in the community.

b. Seed Producers: Enterprises dedicated at reproducing seeds could be called to work with FO

members in their demonstration/production plots (Angonia)

c. FAO:

On Fertilysers and pesticides, could also be supplied by FAO. This institution is a

P4P partner in Mozambique. FAO has been developing Farmer Field Schools

(FFS). These are a type of extension services with strong potencial of covering

large groups of the population. Among its activities it provides training on

production of fertilysers and pesticides based on resources easily accessible to

farmers.

Harvest and Storage

When women and men were sitted togetherharvest was said to be a task of both men and

women. It was necessary to have separate conversations to understand that this was not a

general reality. In fact, frequently it was the case where women were delegated the harvesting

task under the excuse that this is a light job. In the fewer fortunate cases, and during maize

harvesting, men would go forward to cut and pile the plant, and women would remove the

tang.

Pre and post harvest losses were pointed out as a feature of women’s production.

Transportation constraints imposed that they built a smaller hut to store the product in order

to have it removed gradually. This process imposed losses due to rats, thieves and fungus. At

household level losses were partly related to P4P delays in collecting the products as it

demanded from women higher expenditures in pesticides. It is worthy to mention that

household processing of output is also a responsibility of women. It is women’s responsibility

to shuck the grains. Therefore, availability of threshing-machines at FO level was considered an

added value for women as they were entitled to use it at lower prices as compared to non-

members.

Entry points:


a. Women producer of P4P

and non P4P

commodities

Provision of transportation means. Options: animal traction (Barue and

Angonia), tractor rental services (from the association or other private

supplier), trucks, and threshing-machines

b. FAO-FFS − Training on storage mechanisms

− Provision of “Gorongoza” barns


Final Report| 28

The output and marketing

There are important regional and gender imbalances in the FO outputs. Table 6 shows that the

major P4P commodity, maize, is also the major crop of the visited areas (as well as «in the

country). Pulses refer to cowpeas. They are produced at lower volumes, and not in all regions.

Mugeba and Dómue did not report production of cowpeas (not shown in Table 6). Non-P4P

commodities are many, but the majority of them consist of soybean, cassava and peanuts.

Non-P4P commodities are not produced in all regions either. Cassava was reported to be

mostly a product of Lugela (in Mocuba) and Ribaue while soybean was a product of Manica

and Angónia, mostly as a result of the CLUSA’s promotion activities4. Ribaue (or Nampula

region in general) should be considered one of the areas of cotton production too. The

reduction of its relevance in the local economy may be indicating that markets are more

favourable to food crops and may imply a redefinition of the concept of commercial crop

currently used in Mozambique5.

Except for vegetables and tubers such as sweet potatoes whose production is essentially

female, the major cropsproduced by FO members do not vary significantly by sex. Differences

concern essentially the output size. Table 6 indicates that women are only producing a third of

men’s levels as far as P4P--procured products (maize and cowpea) are concerned. The same

trend is found for common beans, and pigeon pea. Women’s share improves for peanuts and

rice, but it deteriorates intensively for highly commercial crops such as cashew nuts and

soybean.

Table 8: Mean Production and Sales of Main Crops by Female and Male Members of

FOs

Maize Cowpea Peanuts Rice Common Beans Pigeon Pea Cassava Cashew nuts Soybean

Men 4,028 500 1,093 301 400 878 - 173 5,150

Women 1,875 213 813 538 200 363 2,500 15 1,013

Total 5,903 713 1,905 839 600 1,240 2,500 188 6,163

Men 68.2 70.2 57.4 35.9 66.7 70.8 - 92.0 83.6

Women 31.8 29.8 42.6 64.1 33.3 29.2 100.0 8.0 16.4

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Maize Cowpea Peanuts Rice Common Beans Pigeon Pea Cassava Cashew nuts Soybean

Men 2,914 350 981 181 350 717 - 133 5,150

Women 1,385 200 675 50 150 263 1,500 8 925

Total 4,299 550 1,656 231 500 979 1,500 140 6,075

Men 72.4 70.0 89.7 60.0 87.5 81.7 - 76.5 100.0

Women 73.9 94.1 83.1 9.3 75.0 72.4 60.0 50.0 91.4

Total 72.8 77.2 86.9 27.5 83.3 79.0 60.0 74.4 98.6

P4P Commodities Non- P4P Commodities

Production (in Kgs)

Sales (in Kgs)

% of Production

% of Total

Source: FO data provided during consultation meetings

4 Men In Domune reported that they produce tobacco too.

5 Currently, the Agricultural census/survey considers commercial crop cotton, sisal, cashew nuts, tobacco, paprika,

dry coconut. The remaining eatable items are considerd staple goods.


Final Report| 29

In absolute terms, production levels of women and men are much higher in Dómue (in Angónia

District) than in any other place, but Lugela tries to follow the same trend as Dómue (not

shown in Table 6). It is in Dómue that we found a woman who could produce 250 bags (of

50kgs) of maize, 35 bags of soybean, and 40 bags of peanuts. This was a married woman who

felt freedom to work and take her decisions. She used bicycles to run her business.

Generally speaking, the most sold product is not a P4P product. It is the soybean (the only

buyer is a poultry producer in Manica Province). The major P4P product, maize, is the second

most sold one, followed by peanuts, common beans, and pigeon peas. No intense differences

are observable between the women and men’s share of sold output. The somewhat larger

share of marketed output by women concerns the products that are not part of the local food

consumption habits of the local population: peanut and soybeans6. And this maybe one of the

major gains of participating in FOs: access to market information and to positive promotional

activitivies.

Also important to consider is control over the output. The female discussion groups in all

visited FOs indicated differences in the control over their output. Women in male headed

households mentioned that ultimately men were the ones who decided on the share of the

output to be sold. The remaining division between household consumption and other

purposes depended on the women. Female heads of household had the decision making

freedom in relation to their output but their share of sold output was small because of the size

of their output versus the need to guarantee food for household consumption.

An important message on women participation in P4P activities is therefore that the major

challenge faced by women in/out of Farmer Organizations is their limited level of output

and/or limited control over output. Women outside P4P did face the same type of production

constraints as those in P4P. However, their situation is exhacerbated by lack of access to

information and technical support.

Marketing of the output is a specific issue to be considered. P4P and non-P4P women and men

did participate in the marketing of the output. However, women belonging to male headed

households only sold the products in the neighbourhood. Sales in distant markets were made

by men, especially when large amounts of commodities were concerned. Female heads of

households had the major constraints of lacking transportation to reach large markets. They

were the most hit by traders who faced higher transportation costs, and therefore offered low

purchasing prices to producers at farm gate... Women were very thankful for the (few) cases

when the association provided transportation7. Ownership of transportation (truck or tractor)

was mentioned to be the best alternative to solve this problem. The additional solution should

be the improvement of road’s conditions.

Entry Points:


a. All entities relevant to production

(above mentioned)

Increase women’s total output, with additional focus on profitable

crops.

6 Peanuts are mostly consumed in the south of the country as souce. Despite its high caloric level, the central and

northern regions only consume them as snacks. Soybean is somewhat a new product. Its consumption by humans

needs yet to be promoted. 7 P4P provided transport from the pick up point (the association or Fora/Federation), but many women (and men)

resided at longer distances which imposed costs to them.


Final Report| 30


b. P4P partners Provide transportation means to associations

c. District Services of Infrastructure Improvement of tertiary roads

4.2.2 Trade

P4P has been involving various trading entities, and the potential for expanding its activities

with the involvement of women is considerable. P4P has been purchasing maize and pulses.

Smaller quantities of rice have also been part of the Program procurement basket. For this

purpose P4P has been using Farmer Associations at different levels of congregation and small

and medium traders (SMTs) individually or congregated (associations). The question in this

section is: to what extent have women benefitted from these commercial activities?

Trading farmer associations:

FOs have various market outlets including the P4P. As it was said in the methodological

section, P4P purchases its commodites using 3 levels (tiers) of associations. Part of the second

and third tier associations sell the commodities belonging to their members. They act as

intermediates by purchasing the member’s commodities and reselling to a larger buyer

(including the P4P). Others, including the first tier associations are mostly supporting groups.

They assemble member’s commodities and wait for the buyer who, after all procedures, pays

back the amount due to each member.

Women in the two types of FO were aware of the destination of their merchandise. They knew

who the buyer (P4P or other buyer) was. In the case of the intermediate FOs we did not

perceive any uncomfortable position of women before their leaders (first buyers). Any issue

that could concern price settling was also not mentioned. We were aware that in the last

harvest, the Association Batana Phaza (Barue), for instance, borrowed money from financial

institutions such as Banco Opportunidade8. Then it fixed the price of maize at 6.00Mts per kg

to the members and sold it to P4P by 8.00Mts per kg9. The 25% of difference was mentioned

to be used to repay the loan they had received from the bank. Could we say that these FOs

were risk takers in favour of their members? Borrowing money may allow associations to buy

maize from other suppliers (outside the membership) to cover their contractual obligations

when members are not able to cover the agreed quantities.

In the case of the mutually supporting groups (FOs), the association collected all available

product from the members registered and sold it to the buyers who in its turn made individual

payments through the bank.

It is difficult to know which of these systems benefitted women the most. By acting as

mutually supporting groups the associations managed to offer better prices to its members but

everyone had to run the same constraints such as the cases of procurement and payment

delays by the buyer. By dealing with intermediate associations members would lose part of the

price incentive but they were freer from the risks above.

8 Having a P4P contract offered guarantee of repaiment to the banks since they would have access to information

on sales by FO members and their timing. This easied access to credit by FO. 9 Other buyers offer lower prices. During the same period of reference they were offering prices that could be as

low as 4.00 mts per kg.


Final Report| 31

Small and Medium Traders (SMTs):

This section is concerned with the P4P SMTs who do not qualify as farmer association

(institutions such as IKURU and Bathani Phaza are not covered here as they act mostly on

behalf of their FOs). It refers to individual or grouped (associations) formal trading enterprises

not acting on behalf of the

SMTs supplied them selves either from FOs or from individuals. Part of those FOs were

participants in the P4P program. Two major modalities were used: they went to the field and

bought the products from producers using their own means (trucks), and they bought

commodities brought by small intermediates. They offered relatively lower prices to

producers, including P4P FOs, as compared to P4P. They mentioned that their (low) prices

reflected the hightransportation costs, mostly longer distances and high maintainance

expenditures given bad roads conditions. Generally, they did not agree with the P4P modality

of buying directly from farmers as progressively it influenced prices in the local markets while

they had to bid in order to supply commodities to P4P. They claim for better transparency in

the P4P procurement procedures as there were many occasions in which they bid to supply

their commodities to P4P but never managed to

Only one enterprise that mentioned working directly with farmers is the “Empresa de

Comercialização Agrícola” from Chimoio. 45% of the enterprise’s share holders are the farmers

themselves. It worked with 183 women who comprehended 18% of the growers. The

enterprised provided agricultural tools (including ploughing services), pesticides and

fertilysers. They considered that women´s volume of production is small but their farm

management skills are very high which brought higher output per hectare as compared to

men.

Other Traders of P4P and non P4P commodities:

Other traders we could find are:

� Young men who were either self employed or occasional / permanent employees of

another person;

� Women working on behalf of their families;

� Female head of households

� Self-employed women.

There were retailers selling per bags, per 20 liter cans or per smaller cans (eg: 500 ml). They

sold both P4P (maize and pulses) and non-P4P-procured commodities.

From a gender perspective the major difference was the size of the measurement unit: men

sold mostly grains, pulses and peanuts in 100 kg bags in central markets and in the main roads.

The long distance trader’s concern was the lack of applicability of trade licenses to different

areas. As such each trading with a specific commercial area implied issuing one license. Since

they acquired their products in various places or commercial areas they were forced to have

multiple licenses.

Women working on behalf of their families were school aged girls who quit school to act as

family vendors. No specific career perspective could be identified from the conversation with

them, but returning to school was an option one of them considered.


Final Report| 32

Female heads of households were farmers who faced crop failure. Their coping strategy was

therefore, the purchase of commodities to resell in the markets.

Entry Points:


a. Farmer associations Provide transportation for FAs

b. SMT Improve contracting conditions for SMTs that promote/help small

farmers (treat them as farmer association)

c. Retailers

Promote linkages between long distance female traders and farmer

associations. Provision of safer accommodations to them by women

in FOs could be one way of promoting such linkages.

4.2.3 Manufacturing

Processing is being undertaken at different levels. At FO level, manufacturing has been mostly

concentrated in shucking and cleaning (separate good from the bad) the grains. Other

activities have been the milling of the grains. To date this activity has been mostly oriented to

household consumption than to marketing.

Outside FO the processing activities concern grain separation by SMTs like IKURU and OLAM.

This last institution is also involved in processing cashew nuts, and for this purpose 80.0% of

the labor force (casual labor) is female. When asked about the opportunities to work with

women they showed oppeness but they considered that they would need to write the project

from scratch. IKURU considered the possibility of opening poultry production projects with

employment of female labour force given that they are also dealing with grains, the basic input

for poultry feed.

Case Studies:

There was a woman selling peanuts: she was a single mother with 4 children. She only saw

alternative to retailing in becoming someone else’s employee. The self-employed women in

local markets were sellers of items such as sweet potatoes, potatoes, madumbe, and

horticulture. One of the interviewees was a woman who was pregnant and therefore couldn’t

do agricultural work. After doing some work as casual labourer, she used the earned wage to

start her business in the market and to buy land. Selling sweet potatoes in the market allowed

her to pay for an important part of the household expenditures.

Also impressive is the case of women involved in long distance trade. One of the traders

acquired her merchandize in different places. Coming from Maputo she based her trade in

Chimoio and therefore travelled to Angónia or Milange to acquire her commodities. In each trip

she could mobilize 100 bags of products, mostly dry peanuts and beans. This would mean hiring

a big truck. Her major concern was security both in the roads and in the markets where she

acquired the commodities. Additional concern was the level of interest rate in the microfinance

banks.


Final Report| 33

It is known that the region has mills. When AGEMO was contacted in relation to involving

women in the processing activities they feared for the fact that the type of machineries they

use (large scale) would not be suitable for women. They did not expect to have any activity

involving women.

Entry Point:


a. Farmer associations Provide mills (the ones that remove the peel while producing maize

mill)

b. SMT Maybe start projects aimed at absorbing the casual labor they have

been using during processing.


Final Report| 34

5. OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES FOR INCREASED WOMEN

PARTICIPATION IN THE P4P PROGRAM. LINKAGES WITH THE

P4P GENDER STRATEGY

The key issues faced by women in the different stages of the P4P are complex and demand the

involvement of all P4P partners and of all relevant institutions dealing with the specific

recommendation as identified in the “entry points”. The draft P4P Gender Component Project

Proposal and activity LogFrame that will be drafted within the scope of this study will refer to the

potential role for the WFP/P4P and its partners. In this section we will be referring to the available

opportunities and challenges identified in the field for increased women participation in the P4P

Program that fit the strategic objectives of the P4P Global Gender Strategy.

The achievement of this objective is core to the success in all other interventions. Other than

integrating the gender dimension into the planning and budgeting processes of both P4P, its

partners and FOs (including defining a gender strategy), women awareness of legislations,

policies and programs concerning women empowerment and gender equality can be

considered as part of the inherent activities.

There is a high potential for the development of these activities given that there are already

institutions with expertise in the area. A wide amount of legislation, policies and programs

have been developed and they are not yet disseminated in the FOs. Examples are: the Law

29/2009 on the Violence Against Women, the Agricultural Gender Strategy, and the National

Plan on Women Advancement and its Implementation Strategy.

There are however serious challenges to be considered.

a. In our visit to the Province Directorates of Women staff expressed the concern that

they are facing very strict budgets. This limited the possibilities for better involvement

of the District Women Services in the needed training such that in their own turn they

would disseminate/train the relevant institutions in their jurisdiction.

b. Tact when dealing with sensitive issues. Most of the visited FOs did present a

somewhat tradititional behaviour in relation to women where they were expected to

play a subordinate role before men. Women, in turn, tried to ajust to that

environment by avoiding being blunt. This means that training on gender

mainstreaming/budgeting as well as on legislation and policies need to be tactic in

order to avoid perpetuation or deterioration of women living conditions in their areas.

Strategic objective 1a: Promote gender sensitisation activities and approach

� General Objective 1: Increase understanding of the importance of gender relations based

on If so, wequity, within beneficiaries’ households, FO and supply side partners


Final Report| 35

As mentioned above, women participation and self confidence in FOs is very low. On trying to

revert this situation it would be recommendable to promote and support FOs in working with

a network of women leaders that provides a closer link to communities and specifically other

women that are responsible for outreaching grass root organization. Training women on

gender audit or any other form of evaluation that incorporates feedback mechanisms and

performance analysis would also contribute for the achievement of these objectives. There are

various instituitions dealing with these issues. Among them are UNWomen and Fúrum Mulher.

The major challenge in trying to meet the expected objectives is literacy, including budget

literacy.

When visiting the Manica and Tete provinces Banco Oportunidade was mentioned as having

the potential to reach women since it provides credit with limited collateral (no collateral is

asked for vegetable growers). They could also elaborate contracts with women groups within

FOs since there would be guarantee that after sales women would repay the loan. At district

level the Local Investment Funds are also available. These funds have the potential of helping

small farmers in their engagement in seed production/multiplication. The major challenge

would be the fact that women may not want to contract credit even when accessible as they

may be unwilling to risk their scarce household assets in case of loan default or crop failure.

Availability of extension services to care for productivity and product care (pre & post harvest

losses) is core to the enhancement of women participation in P4P. Currently, P4P partners

such as ADRA and CLUSA are providing important extension services concerning production

and trade. For this purpose they have established production and trade technicians and

agents. The last receive training from the first (the technicians) and, in their turn, they provide

assistance directly to farmers. The majority of the production and trade agents are women.

Strategic Objective 2a: Facilitate women’s participation through maximising partnership

Strategic Objective 3a: Facilitate women’s access to, and control over resources, through

maximizing partnerships, and

Strategic Objective 3b: maximising partnership in order to promote gender friendly and

ethical approaches to financial services delivery.

Strategic Objective 3c: Maximising partnership in order to promote gender friendly

approaches to extension services

� General Objective 2: Increase opportunities for women to participate in groups and

decision-making

� General Objective 3: Facilitate and increase the ability of rural women to access, control

and manage resources and agricultural services


Final Report| 36

FAO has also been contributing for the expansion of the extension services that cover not only

productivity issues but also pre and post harvest losses. FAO works in partnership with the

public extension services that so far have very low coverage rate10

. Their work is based on

Farmer Field School methodology which has the high potential of covering larger farmer

groups as they use the farmers as training facilitators.

In Manica and Tete regions, FAO has been promoting seed production. As such the enterprise

could be called to add its contributions to women in FOs.

The major challenge arising from these institutions concerns first the current trend of

specialization. Institutions like CLUSA are now promoting soybean production, a Non-P4P

commodity but with a very high market potential. WFP could therefore lease with these

institutions in order to (re)strategize.

Currently, P4P procures crops and food products consisting on wheat, maize, rice, pulses,

sorghum, blended foods (primarily corn soya blend), cassava, oil and milk11

. From the Section

4.2 above, it could be observed that, other than maize and pulses, women are producing

commodities that are generally procured through P4P. The most important are: soybean and

cassava12

. Other products with very high nutritional content are sweet potatoes, peanuts,

pigeon peas, rice and sesame.

Table 9: P4P Procurement and Potential for Women in Mozambique

Procurement Situation Products

WFP basket of procured foods wheat, maize, blemded foods, rice, pulses, wheat flour,

vegetable oil, maize meal, sugar, sorghum, other

Crops and food products currently

procured through P4P globally

Wheat, maize, rice, pulses, sorghum, blended foods

(primarily corn soybean blend), cassava, oil, milk

WFP basket of procured foods in

Mozambique Maize, pulses (cowpea), rice

WFP basket of procured foods produced

by Women in Mozambique Soybean, cassava

Not procured products but women

mentioned they should be bought more sweet potatoes, peanuts, pigeon peasand sesame

10

In Barue District (Nampula Province), a conversation with the District Services of Economic Activities (SDAE)

indicated that there were only 5 public extensionists for the whole district. 11

WFP (2011), P4P Global Gender Strategy, Rome: WFP-Aline. 12

Sorgum is produced in Ribaue ( mentioned by Associação 1º de Maio), but it is not being sold

Strategic objective 4a: promote and encourage the procurement of crops and food products

whose production women control

� General Objective 4: Diversify livelihood opportunities for women in income-generating

agro-activities


Final Report| 37

As shown above, the challenges for women (and men) increased participation in P4P activities

also covers access to mechanized tools of production such as tractors, bicycles, and threshing-

machines, and improvement in rural infrastructure, mostly tertiary roads. Building partner’s

capacity to mainstream cost-effective time-saving technologies that allow women to engage in

production without overburdening them by P4P is one of the way of helping women in

conjuction with monitoring the effectiveness and results of the use of these time-saving

solutions and technologies.

Access to technology could be expanded to communication tools used to disseminate

knowledge, and which women can use, eg, mobile phones and radio programs. These tools can

also be used to increase safety of long distances retailing women. This action can be expanded

to capacity building of P4P partners to train FO leaders and members on safety advice mainly

targeting female members.

Strategic Objective 4b: Facilitate better use of women’s time, particularly through time-

saving technologies


Final Report| 38

6. ACTION PLAN

In this chapter we describe our Proposal for an Action Plan, developed in the separate

document “Project Proposal”. This Action Plan was drafted based on the WFP concern with the

gender component of P4P and the conclusions from the assessment undertaken by the team

experts.

6.1 General and Strategic Objectives

Priorities for Action:

� Undertake gender sensitisation and capacity building specifically targeting FO boards

and leadership structures;

� Identify and partner with in- country organisations/initiatives that focus on developing

cost-effective time saving technologies tailored for women and carried out in the

framework of business opportunities

Potential partners:

� UNWomen, Forum Mulher, Independent consultants, ADRA;

Priorities for action:

� Promote and support FOs to work with a network of women leaders that provide a

closer link to communities and specifically other women that are responsible for

outreach/grassroot recruitment;

� Capacity building in FOs incorporating feedback mechanisms that collect members and

particularly female members’ feedback on the FOs performance.

Potential partners:

� UNWomen, Forum Mulher, Independent consultants, ADRA.

General Objective 1:

Increase understanding of the importance of gender relations based on dequity, within

beneficiaries’ households, FO and supply side partners


Increase opportunities for women to participate in groups and decision-making

Strategic objective 1a: Promote gender sensitisation activities and approaches

Strategic Objective 2a: Facilitate women’s participation through maximising partnership


Final Report| 39


� Support partners to facilitate women's access to certain inputs (e.g. fertilisers) by

setting up flexible ways of paying for these (e.g. revolving funds basis: the FO funds,

and gets paid by women after production sales);

� Facilitate linkages of FOs to FSPs through partners mainly addressing the issue of

quality seeds access;

� Build capacity in credit management for both women and men as well as FO leaders;

� Review possible business opportunities for individual farmers and FOs as inputs

suppliers, with focus on women ownership in the business;

� Liaise with FAO to explore the feasibility of a joint effort in expanding the storage to

P4P FOs

Potential partners:

� Banco Oportunidade could do advocacy on behalf of smallholder farmers, especially

women;

� CLUSA, ADRA, OLIPA would support FO information awareness, linking FOs to FSPs so

they wou be aware and understanding the different products made available by FSPs;

� P4P could partner with FAO Mozambique, provincial and district agriculture authorities

and extension officers to include the FOs in their geographic area of intervention.

� UN Women could undertake advocacy with the government and the Ministry of

Women and partners to ensure that at least 30% of Rural Extension Support would be

made available to women in agriculture.


� Link FOs with micro-financing institutions who will supply small loans with low interest

rates;

� Support partners to skill focal members on providing follow up for women and men

that have requested a loan;

Potential partners:

� Banco Oportunidade

� The private sector, Financial partners, SDAE, ADRA, CLUSA.

Strategic Objective 3a: Facilitate women’s access to, and control over resources, through

maximizing partnerships

Strategic Objective 3b: Maximising partnership in order to promote gender friendly and ethical

approaches to financial services delivery


Facilitate and increase the ability of rural women to access, control and manage resources

and agricultural services


Final Report| 40


� Work with partners to ensure that extension services are accessible to women and

adapted to their practical and social constraints;

� Support partners in building capacity to incorporate innovative methods used for

extension, training and information dissemination;

� Promote and support the training of women extension workers/demonstrators, and

the training of male extension workers on gender;

Potential partners:

� SDAE, ADRA, CLUSA, OLIPA, IKURU


� Assess the potential of partnering with initiatives that use techonologies to

disseminate knowledge, and which these women have access to (e.g. mobile phones,

radio programmes);

� Evaluate the feasibility of processing units that process foods produced by women

(e.g. cassava, potato);

� Build capacity in partners to promote womens crops in markets other than very local

ones;

� Build capacity of field partners (APCs and TPCs) to train FO leaders and members on

safety advice mainly targeting female members;

� Evaluate the potential of women's crops/food products for procurement.

Potential partners:

� CLUSA, ADRA, FAO, TECHNOSERVE, USAID/AGRIFUTURO, OLIPA


� Build partner’s capacity in monitoring the effectiveness and results of the use of these

time-saving solutions and techonologies;

Strategic Objective 3c: Maximising partnership in order to promote gender friendly approaches

to extension services

Strategic objective 4a: Promote and encourage the procurement of crops and food products



Diversify livelihood opportunities for women in income-generating agro-activities

Strategic objective 4b: Facilitate better use of women’s time, particularly through time saving

technologies


Final Report| 41

� Provide support to partners in the solutions, such as childcare, that allow women to

have more time for other income generating agro-activities, and more importantly for

training;

� Provide support to partners in the provision of childcare facilities whenever meetings

and training are organized;

� Build partner's capacity to mainstream cost-effective time-saving technologies that

allow women to engage in production without overburdening them;

� Assess the feasibility of holding an agricultural fair;

Potential partners:

� CLUSA, ADRA, FAO, TECHNOSERVE, USAID/AGRIFUTURO


� Promote linkages between P4P - affiliated FOs and smallholder farmers with potential

partners to support the development of business opportunities in provision of labour

saving agricultural services such as ploughing;

� Identify partners with expertise and that are able to invest in the development of rural

employment/income-generating opportunities for women, in the areas with clear

potential (e.g. food processing, packaging).

Potential partners:

� WFP/P4P could explore feasibility and lnkages with relevant partners (including

Technoserve, CLUSA, USAID, ADRA, Abel Antunes) who already market opportunities

or who do similar work along this line (non-P4P procured crops);

� CLUSA, ADRA, SDAE (local investment Fund);

� Provincial and district governement and CLUSA extension support could enhance

outreach to women by timing events to fit womens schedules, use participatory and

anmated training methods;

� SDAE, ADRA, CLUSA, FAO, TECHNOSERVE, provincial and district level government (fair

organizations and market information).


� Keep the commercial production agents (APCs) and technical production agents (TPC)

abreast of market information. They, in turn, would increase womens awareness

about market issues (such as opportunities, quality standards...);

� Increase the number of female TPCs;

� Profissionalise APCs;

� Explore possibility of networking with phone companies;

Strategic Objectives 4c: Promote women's rural employment in other income generating agro-

activities

Strategic Objective 4d: Promote the delivery of gender tailored and gender-friendly training on

the appropriate skills-set (including literacy)


Final Report| 42

� Facilitate linkages of FO members particularly women, to literacy training

opportunities;

� Enable access to functional literacy opportunities for women. Link to the National

Institutes of Adult Literacy in Nampula and in Beira;

� Partner with organisations that have the capacity to design gender-friendly training

tailored to women's capacity needs (e.g. on business, marketing and quality

assessment skills for female traders;

� Build partners capacity in innovative training methods adapted to women's needs

skills, and literacy levels;

Potential partners:

� CLUSA, ADRA, FAO, TECHNOSERVE, mobile phone companies, National Institute of

Adult Literacy in Nampula and in Beira


Final Report| 43

6.2 Proposed Indicators

The monitoring and evaluation of progress concerning the implementation of the gender

strategy in the P4P program can be supported with the bellow proposed output indicators.

However these need to be made measurable by the definition of baselines values:

The next pages present a systematization of the Assessment of the Gender Component of the

P4P Programme, relating general issues with the implications they have for women in general

and comparing implications for female headed households and male heade households. It also

provides and analysis of identified opportunies and challenges as well as the roles to be taken

by WFP and current and/or potential partners in a number of actions recommend so as to

contribut to achieving P4P objectives.

Scope Indicators

Gender sensitisation activities and

approaches

� N˚ of FOs implementing gender sensitisation approaches;

� N˚ of staff in FOs with gender awareness skills;

Women’s participation

� N˚ of FOs that have in place/organize outreach recruitment actions

to bring women into the FO;

� N˚ of FOs that address women’s practical constraints to

participation (childcare facilities, mobile training sessions,etc);

� N˚ of FOs that collect feedback from women on decisions that

affect their participation in markets;

Women’s access and control over

resources

� N˚ of FOs with strategies in place to facilitate women’s acess to

certain inputs (e.g. fertisers);

� N˚ of FOs that connected to wider advocacy networks on gender

issues

Women’s acess to financial services

delivery

� N˚ of FOs offering gender tailored financial services directly or

through partnership with specialized organization;

Gender Access to extension services

� N˚ of FOs that provide/ facilitate access to extension services

� N˚ of FOs implementing innovative methods on extension, training

and information dissemination

Procurement crops and food products


� N˚ of FOs committed to promoting women’s crops in other

markets;

� N˚ of FOs that provide/facilitate training adapted to women’s

needs and skills and literacy levels.

Use of Women’s Time (use of time-saving

technologies)

� N˚ of FOs that facilitate women with cost-effective time-saving

techonologies, either by providing the technology or the

information /signposting;

� N˚ of FOs that facilitate time-saving solutions, such as childcare, or

facilitate information

� N˚ of FOs that provide /facilitate time-saving technologies and

monitor effectiveness and results;

Women’s rural employment in other

income-generating agro-activities

� N˚ of in-country supply partners liaising with FO’s that have the

expertise and are able to invest in the development of rural

employment for women in the areas that have shown potential.


Final Report| 44

ANNEXES

Annex 1.

Bibliography

Annex 2.

Field Work Plan

Annex 3.

Questionnaires

Annex 4.

Interviews List

Annex 5.

Gender Assessment Summary of findings and potential for action

Annex 6.

Logical Framework Matrix


Final Report| 45

Annex 1. Bibliography


Final Report| 46

Bibliography

� BMGF, Gender Checklist

http://genderedinnovations.stanford.edu/images/Gender_Checklist.pdf

� BMGF, Gender Impact Strategy

http://www.gatesfoundation.org/agriculturaldevelopment/Documents/agricultural

-development-strategy-overview.pdf

� BMGF, Gender and Agricultural development

http://www.gatesfoundation.org/learning/Documents/gender-impact-strategy.pdf

� IBRAIMO, Maimuna (2008), Trading with Women as Partners – the Economic Partnership

Agreement, OneWorld Action: UK

� WFP & ALINe (2009), P4P and Gender: Literature Review and Fieldwork Report, WFP:

Tanzania

http://documents.wfp.org/stellent/groups/public/documents/reports/wfp239392

.pdf

� WPF & ALINe (2010), Global Gender Strategy 2011-2013

� WFP /P4P (2009), Practical Actions to Enhance the Participation of Women in the

Purchase for Progress Pilot Programme, Occasional Paper, Issue 1, WFP P4P and Gender

Units, July 2009

� WFP /P4P (2010), Practical Actions to enhance the Participation of Women in the

Purchase for Progress Pilot Program, Occasional Paper, Issue 2, WFP Gender Service: N/P

http://documents.wfp.org/stellent/groups/public/documents/reports/wfp229144.pdf

� WFP (2009), WFP Gender Policy, Executive Board, First Regular Session, Rome, 9–11

February 2009, WFP/EB.1/2009/5-A/Rev.1

� World Bank (2009), Gender and Agriculture Source Book, IBRD/WorldBank: Washington

http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTGENAGRLIVSOUBOOK/Resources/Complete

Book.pdf

Monitoria e Avaliação

� WFP & Management Systems International (2010), Purchase for Progress Monitoring

Manual, WFP-Management Systems international: N/P


.pdf

� WFP (2002), Full Report of the Thematic Evaluation of the WFP Commitments to Women

1996-2001, WFP: Office of Evaluation


Final Report| 47


.pdf

� WFP /P4P (2011), WFP 2008-2013 Purchase for Progress (P4P) Initiative: A Strategic

Evaluation (mid-term), WFP: Office of Evaluation.


.pdf

Mozambique:

� WFP, Purchase for Progress - Implementation Plan Proposal, Mozambique Country Office

� WFP /P4P (n.d), Mozambique P4P Country Program Profile

http://documents.wfp.org/stellent/groups/procuweb_content/documents/reports

/wfp226780.pdf

� Ministry of Agriculture (2005), Gender Strategy for the Agriculture Sector, Maputo

http://www.portaldogoverno.gov.mz/docs_gov/estrategia/agricultura/estrategia_s

ecAgrario.pdf

Guatemala e Nicaragua:

� BIZARRI, Mariangela (2008), Women Farmers in Latin America and the Carribean, Gender

Assessement Mission Report 25th July to 13th August, WFP

Rwanda:

� KES, Aslihan and MEHRA, Rekha (2009), Addressing the Gender Parity Objective in

Rwanda1, The International Center for Research on Women, World Food Program:

Purchase for Progress (P4P)

� TCHAPTCHET, Ngassam (2008), Gender Assessment Report, WFP / P4P Rwanda

Other:

Sistema de informação de mercados agrícolas de Moçambique

http://www.sima.minag.org.mz/


Final Report| 48

Annex 2. Field Work Plan


Final Report| 49

Misison to Nampula (NP) and Zambézia (ZB): Meetings Agenda

Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thrusday Friday

16 April 17 April 18 April 19 April 20 April

Entity District Entity District Entity District Entity District Entity District

Farmer

Organization

IKURU/Forum 1

de Maio Ribaue (NP) Nova Esperança Mugeba (ZB)

� OIMPEVI

� Solidariedade

Esperança

Lugela (ZB)

Traders

� Ikuru

� OLAM

� Export Market

IKURU

Nampula (NP) Open market Ribaue (NP) AGEMO Mocuba (ZB) Open market Mocuba (ZB)

SDAE/SDMAS SDAE/SDMAS Ribaue (NP) SDAE/SDMAS Mocuba (ZB)

Partners � CLUSA/OLIPA Ribaue (NP) ADRA Mocuba (ZB)


Final Report| 50

Mission to Manica (MA) e Tete (TT): Meetings Agenda

Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thrusday Friday

23 April 24 April 25 April 26 April 27 April

Entity District Entity District Entity District Entity District Entity District

Farmer

Organization

� Bathani Phaza

� Samora

Machel

Barue (MA) � Tilibiinque Angonia (TT) � Chiguirizano

(TT) Angonia (TT)

Traders

� Empresa Com.

Agricola (ECA)

� DECA

� Open Market

(mercado 38)

Chimoio (MA) Open market Catandica � Muana Muana

� Victor Gaspar Angonia (TT) Open market Angonia (TT)

SDAE/SDMAS DPA / DPMAS � Aministração Barue (MA) � SDAE/SDMAS Angonia (TT)

Partners Clusa � CLUSA Barue (MA) � CLUSA Angonia (TT)


Final Report| 51

Annex 3. Questionnaires


Final Report| 52

Annex 3.1 Questionnaire 1: Leadership

Questionnaire number _____

Date: ____ ____ 2012

Name of the Organization: ______________________________________

Place: _______________________________________________________

1. Do you have an activity Plan? Yes ____ No _____

2. What activities are undertaken by your Organization

Activity 1: ___________________________________________________________

Activity 2: ___________________________________________________________

Activity 3: ___________________________________________________________

Activity 4: ___________________________________________________________

3. Of these which are part of the P4P Program?

Activity 1: ___________________________________________________________

Activity 2: ___________________________________________________________

Activity 3: ___________________________________________________________

4. Which institutions provided support to you on these activities (WFP and partners)?

Institution Support

Technical Financial (Value) Other


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5. Labour Allocation in the P4P programs (beneficiaries) by sex:

a.) What is the total number of women and men in the organization? __ Women ___ Men

b.) What role do they play in the organization structure? How many women and men are:

Task Women Men

Leader

Manager (secretariat,

accountants ...)

Simple member

Other, specify

c.) What is the role of women and men in the activities of the P4P program?

Activity Women Men Total

Activity 1

Activity 2

Activity 3

6. How is the Budget allocated in relation to:

Activity Budget (Mts or USD?)

Activity 1

Activity 2

Activity 3

Activity 4

7. The community context

a.) What interventions in the community do you think would contribute for the

improvement of program in relation to production, trade, manufacturing and general

well-being (examples: impact of rural/urban migration and its causes, access to

transport, financial institutions, electricity .... )

b.) So far, what has been supporting helping you?

c.) How do community leaders deal with the available opportunities and constraints in

relation to the FO’s concerns? What do they think it should be done?

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________


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8. Performance of the Program

a.) What are the major gains from the program, specifically for women, and specifically for

men?

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

b.) What were the major constraints (internal/in working in partnership with others) of the P4P

program, for women and men? How did you deal with them?

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

9. Potential for a change

a.) Do you think that shifting labour allocation along the P4P value chain would increase their

performance in the P4P?

b.) What potential exists for each of the following groups: (i) P4P commodity producers/traders;

(ii) non P4P commodity producer/traders, (iii) unpaid labourers, and (iv) casual labourers

c.) What specific support would be needed for such a shift? Why?

d.) What opportunities exist for such a shift, also taking into account their current situation?

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

10. Opportunities through partners

a.) What has the role of the partners been in relation to gender? Are they supporting or

inhibiting women’s empowerment?

b.) Is there any potential to enhance the opportunities you considered above?

c.) What other actors could be brought in and which issues would each of them cover for each

one of the specific groups above?

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________


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Annex 3.2 Questionnaire 2: Traders


Date: ____ ____ 2012

Name of the Trader: ______________________________________

P4P Trader? Yes __________ No ______________

P4P Commodity seller? Yes __________ No ____________

Size of trader: _____ Smaller; ______ Medium; _______ Large

Place: _______________________________________________________

1. Trader information:

a.) Gender: __________________________

b.) Status: (i) ___married and live with spouse, (ii) ___married but absent spouse, (iii)

___Divorced, (iv) ___widow/widowed, (v) ___Single

c.) Age: _____________________________

d.) Head of the household? Yes _____ , No _______

e.) Number of Adults in the Household _______

f.) Number of Children in the Household ______

g.) Number of elders in the household ________

2. Economic activity of the trader:

a.) Other than trading what other activities do you undertake?

b.) What means and skills do you use for trading?

Put a Tic (��)

Market information

My own savings

Credit

Bags (type of bags)

Cans

Bicycle

Car/truck

Hired transportation

Barns

Others, specify


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c.) Who in the household helps you in the activities you undertake?

Activity Spouse Adult

daughter/son Children Brother Employee

d.) How has trade supported you and your family?

3. The role of the Community and the government

a.) What interventions in the community do you think would contribute for the improvement of

your activity and general well-being (examples: impact of rural/urban migration and its

causes, access to transport, financial institutions, electricity .... )

b.) So far, what has been helping you?

c.) How do community leaders deal with the available opportunities and constraints in relation

to your concerns? What do they think should be done?


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4. The Role of the P4P Program and other buyers

a.) What types of products are mostly produced in your region? Do you see differences

between female and male producers?

b.) What products are mostly sold by women, and men?

c.) What is their trading capacity (in terms of volume), and where are they most get

concentrated?

d.) How do you get the commodities you sell? How much do you manage to buy from local, and

from distant suppliers? What factors determine their performance in relation to you? How

can you explain the differences in performance between women and men?

e.) Do you sell your merchandise to P4P? Yes _________ No ________

f.) How does your buyer support you:

Program support Say yes or no, and make comments

Provide barns (celeiros)

Provide packing means

Provide needed standards

Provide price information

Provide better prices

Other

Other, specify

g.) What products do they buy from you?

(i) _______________________

(ii) _______________________

(iii) _______________________

(iv) _______________________

h.) How much have they been buying from you?

Product Bought by P4P

(Kgs) Price/kg

Bought by others

(Kgs) Average price

Corn

Beans

....

.....


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i.) Should there be a change in the products they buy? If so, why?

Also buy (including manufactured goods):

(i) ______________________

(ii) ______________________

(iii) ______________________

Buy less:

(iv) ______________________

(v) ______________________

(vi) ______________________

Why: _______________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

j.) What would be needed for such a change?

k.) What else should be done (by the Program or other buyer) to strengthen opportunities for

you? What are the constraints you anticipate and how feasible would these proposed

actions be, given your current capacity and context?

l.) What are the opportunities for this to happen?


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5. The role of the partners

a.) What help have other partners provided you with?

b.) Do you think that they should progress to other areas of support?

c.) What are the major issues you would like to mention in relation to partner’s support

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________


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Annex 3.3 Questionnaire3: Partners & other organizations


Date: ____ ____ 2012


Place: _______________________________________________________

I. Activities within the Organization.

1. What has been your area of intervention in the P4P program?

Activity 1 _______________________________________________________

Activity 2 _______________________________________________________

Activity 3 ________________________________________________________

Activity 4 ________________________________________________________

2. What objectives did you expect to achieve with these interventions, given specific gender

related issues?

3. What were the major challenges you faced trying to reach the objectives above? Please refer

to your human & financial resources, and to other factors.

4. In your opinion, what gains were achieved? Please provide also evidences of the performance


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5. In your opinion, what would be needed to enhance the program from a gender perspective?

Which specific value chains, and for which women groups? Please refer to the following groups

separately: (i) P4P commodity producers/traders; (ii) non P4P commodity producer/traders, (iii)

unpaid labour, and (iv) casual labour. What opportunities exist for the implementation of such

actions? – (recall also answers from interviewed persons and activities in question “7”)

Producer/traders of P4P commodities

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

Producer/traders of Non P4P commodities

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

Unpaid and casual labour

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

6. Is there any prospect that you can cover any of these related activities?

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

7. Which institutions do you feel should be brought to the program in order to increase and

strengthen its outcomes for gender and the specific groups above? Please consider activities

on:

(i) Gender mainstreaming both at the institution as well as at the FOs, including working plans

(that include women’s practical and strategic needs) and related M&A process

(ii) Increasing women participation in associations and support their activities

(iii) Access and control to resources such as land, production inputs/technology, finance,

extension

(iv) Procurement to products controlled by women

(v) General employment creation including areas linked to P4P value chains

(vi) Delivery of gender tailored and gender-friendly training on the appropriate skills-set,

including literacy

Institution: ________________________________________________________________


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Location: __________________________________________________________________

Role: _____________________________________________________________________

Person of contact: ___________________________________________________________

Institution: ________________________________________________________________

Location: __________________________________________________________________

Role: _____________________________________________________________________


Institution: ________________________________________________________________

Location: __________________________________________________________________

Role: _____________________________________________________________________



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Annex 3.4 Discussion Groups:

- Female headed households (large & smaller sellers; and Women and men)

- Male headed households (large & smaller sellers; and women and men)

Discussion Guide nº _____

Date: ____ ____ 2012


Place: _______________________________________________________

Discuss in your group’s issues concerning and affecting your economic activity

1. Agricultural and livelihood activities carried out

a.) At your household, what activities (economic and non-economic) are undertaken?

b.) How is labour distributed in these activities? Consider separately the activities concerning

agricultural Production. Please consider also:

• The head of the household

• Adult female members

• Adult male members

• Women from outside the household

• Men from outside the household

• Girls

• Boys

• Elders

c.) Who is paid for undertaking such activities?

d.) How do these activities contribute for the household’s well-being?

e.) What is the income derived from the activities undertaken by the members of the

household?

f.) What are the major constraints faced by you? eg: access/control to land, credit, extension

support, access to inputs (including labour force), adequate transportation/ roads, business

training

2. The community Context

d.) What interventions in the community you think would contribute for the improvement of

your production and general well-being (examples: impact of rural/urban migration and its

causes, access to transport, financial institutions, electricity .... )

e.) So far, what has been supporting you?

f.) How do community leaders deal with the available opportunities and constraints in relation

to your concerns? What do they think should be done?


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3. At the Farmer Organization

a.) How do women and men participate in the organization? What are the most visible

differences? Why is this happening this way?

b.) What are the benefits of participating in the FO activities as compared to activities in other

places? What exactly is the FO doing on your behalf?

c.) What should be done by the FO to strengthen opportunities for you? What are the

constraints you anticipate and how feasible would these proposed actions be given, your

current capacity and context?

d.) What are the opportunities for this to happen?

4. Your top priorities

a.) If you had to choose among different interventions that would most benefit you (in relation

to production, storage, trade and manufacturing) what would you choose in the first place?

Why?

b.) How do you think it should be implemented?

c.) Who should be called to support the intervention?

5. The role of the partners

d.) What help have the partners provided you with?

e.) Do you think that they should progress to other areas of support?

f.) What are the major issues you would like to mention in relation to partner’s support?


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Annex 5. Interviews List


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INTERVIEWS

� FO’s Leaders Farmer Organization Leaders have a strategic view of the issues affecting women in the area,

their priorities, the measures that need to be undertaken in order to improve their production

and livelihood and the challenges that may be limiting progress. During the field work we

interviewed the following farmer organization leaders:

− Antonio Fernando Lampião (president) - Associação Nova Esperança (Zambezia)

− Rosita Mussiriwa (treasurer) - Associação Nova Esperança (Zambezia)

− Fabio Amaro (president) - Associação Solidariedade na Esperança – OIMPEVI (Zambezia)

− Marcelino Creva Malissane (president) – Associação Batani Phaza – (Manica/Barue)

− Guideon Elias (president) – Associação Agro-Pecuaria Tilimbique (Tete/Angonia)

− Centulio Saliete (secretary) - Associação Agro-Pecuaria Tilimbique (Tete/Angonia)

− João Augusto (president) - Associação Agro-Pecuaria Chiguirizano (Tete/Angonia)

� Traders of P4P procured commodities Small and medium traders interviewed:

Trader Province

� IKURU

� OLAM Nampula

� AGEMO Zambezia (Mocuba)

� ECA Manica (Chimoio)

� Victor Gaspar

� Muana Muana Tete (Angonia)

� Producers/traders of non-P4P procured commodities Small traders in markets of products like: cassava, peanuts, jugo bean, boer bean,

millet/sorghum, vegetables, fruit, dried fish, cashew, cotton, paprika, sesame, sunflower, copra,

soy beans, other products:

The following markets were covered:

Market Province

� Ribaue Market Nampula

� Mocuba Municipal Market Zambezia (Mocuba)

� Market 38

� Catandica Market Manica (Chimoio)

� Ulongue Market (“Guenha”)

� Domue Market Tete (Angonia)


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� Government Institutions Meetings were held with government officials of the following institutions:

− District Services for Economic Activities: Nampula/Ribaue district (director);

− District Services for Economic Activities: Zambezia/Mocuba district – Esmael Oria

(director);

− District Services for Economic Activities: Tete/Angonia district – Gerson Nunes (director);

− District Government of Angonia: Permanent Secretary;

− Provincial Directorate of Agriculture: Manica province (Chief of the provincial Rural

Extension Services);

− Provincial Services on Health, Women and Social Affairs: Manica province/ Chimoio

(Executive Secretary for the Advancement of Women).

− District Government of Barue: Administrator;

� Partners Meetings were held with representatives of the following partners:

− IKURU: Nampula - Lucílio Gerson/director; Pippy Gardner/Export manager;

− OLIPA: Nampula – João Chauque/executive director;

− PROMER: Nampula – Mr. Fonseca (project staff member);

− ADRA: Zambezia/Mocuba – Farai Muchiguel/director; Crispim Munda/M&E coordinator;

Florêncio Maquina/agriculture coordinator; José Danca/coordinator Lugela district;

− CLUSA: Manica – Francisco Rocha/Supervisor;

− Banco Oportunidade: Chimoio (Manica) – Domingo Elias/Chimoio branch manager;

Casper Ngorima/agriculture credit supervisor;


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Annex 5. Gender Assessment Summary of findings and potential for action


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Annex 6. Logical Framework Matrix


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The Logical Framework Matrix is a Project Management tool which summarises the Project Proposal demonstrating the logical relationship between Objectives, Activities

and Resources. It also defines indicators so as to provide a way to measure the progress of project implementation and describes estimates risks and assumptions for the

Action. This model also describes the Groups targeted with each Activity and the recommended role of both WFP and actual/potential partners.


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N? of FOs committed to promoting women’s

crops in other markets ;

N? of FOs tha t faci l i ta te women with cost-

effective time-sa ving techonologies , e i ther

by providing the technology or the

informa tion /s ignposting;

� N? of FOs that faci l i ta te time-sa ving

solutions , such as chi ldca re, or faci l i ta te

information

N? of FOs tha t provide/faci l i tate tra ining

a dapted to women’s needs and s ki l l s and

l i teracy levels .

Diversfying opportunities for

women in income-generating

agro-activities

Strategic Objectives 4 a)

Promote and encourage the

procurement of crops and food

products whose production

women control; 4 b) Facilitate

better use of womens time,

particularly through time

saving technologies


Strategic Objective: 4 d)

promote the delivery of

gender tailored and gender-

friendly training on the

appropriate skills-set

(including literacy)

WFP/P4P could explore feasibility

and lnkages with relevant partners

(including Technorserve, CLUSA,

USAD, ADRA, Abel ANtunes) who

already market opportunities or

who do work along this line (non-

P4P procured crops);/CLUSA, ADRA,

SDAE (local nvestment Fund);/

Provincial and district governement

and CLUSA extension support could

enhance outreach to women by

timing events to fit womens

schedules, use participatory and

anmated training methods; SDAE,

ADRA, CLUSA, FAO, TECHNOSERVE,

provincial and district level govtn

(fair organizations and market

information)

CLUSA, ADRA, FAO,

TECHNOSERVE, mobile phone

compa nies

4 a) Assess the potential of partnering with initiatives that

use techonologies to dissiminate knowledge, and which

these women can use (e.g. mobile phones, radio

programmes);Evaluate the feasibility of processing units

that process foods produced by women (e.g. cassava,

potato);/build capacity in partners to promote womens

crops in markets other than very local ones;/ build

capacity of field partners (APCs and TPCs) to train FO

leaders and members on safety advice mainly targeting

female members;/evaluate the potential of women's

crops/food products for procurement;/4b):Build partner's

capacity to mainstream cost-effective time-saving

technologies that allow women engage in production

without overburdening them;/provide support to partners

in the provision of childcare facilities whenever meetings

and training are organized;/build partners capacity in

monitoring the effectiviness and results of the use of these

time saving solutions and techonologies;/Access the

feasibility of holding agricultural fair;

Groups 1 & 3: women

producers of P4P and non

P4P commodities

Keep the commercial production agents (APCs) and

Technical Production Agents (TPC) abreast of market

information. They, in turn, would increase womens

awareness about market issues (such as opportunities,

quality standards..);/increase the number of female

TPC;/profissionalise APCs;/explore possibility of

networking with phone companies

Group 1 & 3: women

producers of P4P and

nom P4P commodities