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WHAT DO ADOLESCENTS NEED TO READ?
AND WHAT SHOULD WE DO TO HELP?
Michael L. KamilStanford University
June 11, 2007 NENYCC Symposium, Albany, NY [email protected]
NEW TO NCLB
SCIENCE
Once in Elementary
Once in Middle School
Once in High School
June 11, 2007 NENYCC Symposium, Albany, NY [email protected]
LEARNING STANDARDS--NEW
Content area literacy standards
Few current standards qualify
What reading skills are required in each discipline?
June 11, 2007 NENYCC Symposium, Albany, NY [email protected]
A HISTORY QUIZ:
How many men waded ashore with William the Conqueror in 1066?
June 11, 2007 NENYCC Symposium, Albany, NY [email protected]
ANSWER
Meanwhile William had assembled an invasion fleet of approximately 600 ships and an army of 7000 men.
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Conquest
June 11, 2007 NENYCC Symposium, Albany, NY [email protected]
A CHEMISTRY QUIZ
How many molecules of hydrogen and oxygen are needed to make water?
June 11, 2007 NENYCC Symposium, Albany, NY [email protected]
DIFFERENT DISCIPLINES REQUIRE DIFFERENT READING SKILLS
See Standards for Middle and High School Literacy Coaches, International Reading Association
http://www.reading.org/downloads/resources/597coaching_standards.pdf
[email protected] Symposium, Albany, NYJune 11, 2007
INTERACTION
How does this affect
Teaching?
Teacher education?
Professional development?
Policy?
June 11, 2007 NENYCC Symposium, Albany, NY [email protected]
HOW MUCH READING DOES EACH ITEM REQUIRE?
June 11, 2007 NENYCC Symposium, Albany, NY [email protected]
June 11, 2007 NENYCC Symposium, Albany, NY [email protected]
11. Which statement below best states the author’s attitude toward the desert?
A The desert is a dangerous place.B She is comfortable in the desert.C The desert is a good place for Sam to
playD She feels like a stranger in the desert.
June 11, 2007 NENYCC Symposium, Albany, NY [email protected]
SCOTT FORESMAN
6th GRADE CALIFORNIA HISTORY(Readability = 6.8)
June 11, 2007 NENYCC Symposium, Albany, NY [email protected]
DIFFERENT DISCIPLINES REQUIRE DIFFERENT READING SKILLS
See Standards for Middle and High School Literacy Coaches, International Reading Association
http://www.reading.org/downloads/resources/597coaching_standards.pdf
June 11, 2007 NENYCC Symposium, Albany, NY [email protected]
Literacy in Science Example
Students should learn to read and/or write presentations that use scientific knowledge to explain, argue, or defend conclusions, theories, and ideas.
June 11, 2007 NENYCC Symposium, Albany, NY [email protected]
CONCLUSIONS
Reading is the key skill
Reading content texts is difficult
Increasing achievement a little is NOT GOOD ENOUGH
We know enough to make this work
June 11, 2007 NENYCC Symposium, Albany, NY [email protected]
Some Conclusions
Standards call for tests of content
Standards do not call for measures of reading of content material
Skills and abilities often taught in K-3 are insufficient for 4-12 and beyond
June 11, 2007 NENYCC Symposium, Albany, NY [email protected]
WHAT MORE DO WE NEED?
Content literacy standards
Assessments of those standards
Preparation of teachers and coaches
June 11, 2007 NENYCC Symposium, Albany, NY [email protected]
RECAP
Independent functioning individuals
Life-long adaptable learners
Options for post-secondary education
June 11, 2007 NENYCC Symposium, Albany, NY [email protected]
RAISE EXPECTATIONS
INCREASE CAPACITY
MEASURE AND REPORT PROGRESS
[email protected] Symposium, Albany, NYJune 11, 2007
INTERACTION
How does this affect
Teaching?
Teacher education?
Professional development?
Policy?
June 11, 2007 NENYCC Symposium, Albany, NY [email protected]
WHAT SHOULD WE DO?
A great deal of evidence
NATIONAL READING PANEL
June 11, 2007 NENYCC Symposium, Albany, NY [email protected]
Alphabetic Principles
Phonemic awareness is far less effective after first grade
Phonics loses its potency as students progress from second to sixth grade
June 11, 2007 NENYCC Symposium, Albany, NY [email protected]
Vocabulary and Comprehension
Vocabulary Research on students above 3rd
grade
Comprehension Research on students above 4th
grade
June 11, 2007 NENYCC Symposium, Albany, NY [email protected]
Teacher Professional Development
PD improves student achievement if
Gain in teacher knowledge Changes in teacher behavior
Coaching has to work but . . . (Not NRP)
June 11, 2007 NENYCC Symposium, Albany, NY [email protected]
Fluency
Fluency practice improves reading
USR DOES NOT improve reading
