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What is a Bureaucracy?
A method for organizing large groups
Loyola’s Bureaucracy
Characteristics of a Bureaucracy Internal Division of Labor specialized by
function.
Employees are recruited and promoted based on expertise (usually).
Hierarchy
Standard Operating Procedures.
Effective, Efficient execution of tasks to reach goals.
Structure…The Cabinet 15 departments
Each established by Congress for a specific task
Headed by a Secretary
Appointed by the President
Approved by the Senate
Each Dept is sub-divided
Functions are greatly impacted by the President
CABINET DEPARTMENTS
Secretary of State Secretary of the Treasury Secretary of Defense Attorney General Secretary of the Interior Secretary of Agriculture Secretary of Commerce Secretary of Labor Secretary of Health and Human Services Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Secretary of Transportation Secretary of Energy Secretary of Education Secretary of Veterans Affairs Secretary of Homeland Security
Created by: Congress
Secretaries Approved by: Senate
What the Bureaucracy Does Congress and Pres.
Pass a Law
Bureaucracy
Implement/Enforce law
Department of the Interior
SUBUNITS Bureau of Indian
Affairs National Parks Service U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service Office of Surface
Mining, Reclamation and Enforcement
INDEPENDENT AGENCIES, REGULATORY AGENCIES & GOVERNMENT CORPORATIONS
Report Directly to the President Narrower area of Responsibility than Cabinet
Departments. What is the difference between these
three?
REGULATORY AGENCIES Created by Congress for a
particular area of focus. Regulate particular activity
or interest Free of political pressure
Securities and Exchange Commission
Federal Elections Commission
INDEPENDENT EXECUTIVE AGENCIES- Like a cabinet dept. but have a more specific
focus- Practical and symbolic reasons- Less indebted to President- NASA- CIA- EPA
GOVERNMENT CORPORATIONS Charge for services. Also receive govt.
funds. Post Office Amtrak
Why do these exist?
EPA VIDEO
9:15 minute mark http://www.learner.org/courses/democracyinamerica/dia_8/dia_8_video.html
• Why was the EPA created?
• What role does leadership play in creating an effective bureaucracy?
• Can any bureaucracy operate effectively without clear political guidance as to what goals it should pursue?
Growth of the Bureaucracy 1st Congress: 1789
Created State, War, Treasury, Justice Departments.
1861-1900: Civil War Industrial Revolution
Department of Agriculture
Dept. of Labor Dept. of Commerce
Depression and WWII Change in public
attitude (role of Govt) Social Programs
WWII Use of Federal Taxes: Expand Govt. Amendment 16:
Income Tax (1913) Military Preparedness
(Continues in Cold War)
1960s Civil Rights Movement LBJ: Great Society
(“War on Poverty”)
Is the Bureaucracy too big? Department of Agriculture: NBC Learn Video
Who Are Bureaucrats?Total Federal Employment
Executive (1.9million, 70%)
Postal Service(767,600; 28%)
Judicial(33,800; 1%)
Legislative(30,000; 1%)
(2.7 million)
U. S. Military 543,000 Army 335,000 Navy 158,000 Marines 330,000 Air Force 810,000 Reserves
Who are Bureaucrats?Hiring 1800s
Spoils System (Patronage)
1883: Pendleton Act Introduce merit based system
Today: 90% are hired by the civil service system Many “indirectly employed” through sub-
contracting. i.e., military contractors
What the Bureaucracy Does Congress and Pres.
Pass a Law
Bureaucracy
Implement/Enforce law
Congress Delegates Authority/ Bureaucratic Autonomy
Administrative discretion: in creating policies, regulations, & disbursing
grants.
Administrative adjudication: Settle disputes between two parties.
“The Bank Regulators’ Book Club”
1. What was the law passed by Congress?
2. Which agency was responsible for implementing?
3. Provide MULTIPLE SPECIFIC examples of how the bureaucrats exercise ADMINISTRATIVE DISCRETION.
4. http://www.npr.org/blogs/money/2011/02/04/133476579/the-bank-regulators-book-club
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Formed in 1933 Why?
Independent Agency
Regulates Banks and Deposits
Insure up to $250,000
“Full Faith and Credit”
Career Bureaucrats v. Political Appointments Agency Point of View
Career with one Agency Continuity Long term stability Status Quo “Protect Turf”
President’s Agenda Temporary political
agenda Short term goals “pet” issues/projects Attempt to enact change
Iron Triangle
Halliburton and the Iron Triangle http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=deGPK54tBW4
Accountability: Checks on the Bureaucracy
Congressional Control Appropriate money
Shape laws; create regulations
Create Departments/Agencies
Investigate agencies (hearings)
Approve of secretaries
Accountability: Checks on the Bureaucracy
Presidential Control Appointments Reorganize (with Congress) Budget Cuts (with Congress) Executive Orders Tells them how to implement
Judicial Control Injunctions
(prevent an agency from acting until court officially rules on a case).
Threat of Litigation Declare actions unconstitutional
DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE
Federal Bureau of Investigation
Bureau of Alcohol Tobacco and Firearms
Drug Enforcement Administration
Federal Bureau of Prisons
DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY Federal Emergency
Management Agency (FEMA)
Transportation Security Administration (TSA)
U.S. Coast Guard
U.S. Secret Service
Customs and Border Protection
DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY
Bureau of Engraving and Printing
Internal Revenue Service
U.S. Mint