What is an IDEOLOGY?

Describes a condition of life, problems, demands and offers solutions.

Strongly believed and carries air of ultimate truth.

Way of interpreting the past, explaining the present, and the creation of a future

Ties to politics, society, education, and economy

Contestant #1 I am a womanizer, have self-interested policies

and unfortunately suffer from ailing health.

Contestant #2I have a drinking habit and a defiant tongue or attitude

Contestant #3I am a decorated war hero,

do not drink and want to create a stable economy

Contestant #3Contestant #2Contestant #1

Treaty of Versailles

Black Thursday 1929- stock market crashes

Great Depressionduring 1930s

Increasing influence of new political parties that emphasize

state control-For example: Communism,

Nazism, Fascism

Total Controlof State by a

Dictator

Democracy

Demos= People, Kratien= to rule 5th century Athens Government “of the people, by the

people, for the people” Stresses: individual worth, consensus,

protection of the minority, civil liberties (speech, assembly, press), and equality

Direct and Republican

What is it?What is it?Describe its Describe its characteristics…characteristics…

Government establishes complete control of all aspects of the stateGovernment establishes complete control of all aspects of the state(political, military, economy, social, cultural)(political, military, economy, social, cultural)

Highly nationalistic (flags, salutes, rallies, uniforms)Highly nationalistic (flags, salutes, rallies, uniforms)

Strict controls and laws Strict controls and laws

Military state (secret police, army, military)Military state (secret police, army, military)

Censorship (opposing literature and ideas)Censorship (opposing literature and ideas)

Propaganda (media – radio, newspapers, posters)Propaganda (media – radio, newspapers, posters)

One leader (dictator); charismatic One leader (dictator); charismatic

Total conformity of people to ideas and leaderTotal conformity of people to ideas and leader

Terror and Fear Terror and Fear

Socialism

System of bettering the condition of people by having the state own and control major industries

State determines the needs of the people and then provides them.

Mixed economies between capitalism and socialism exist and thrive

excesses of private profit are redistributed to help the majority

Capitalism

Gaining and promoting wealth through private ownership and operation of businesses

Supply and demand and competition control prices.

Purpose is to produce profit which can be reinvested to produce more profit.

Nazism

FascismCommunism

*These theories, specifically Communism and Fascism, are completely different theories that are bitterly opposed; however they exhibit the same behaviour

Totalitarianism

I am Joseph Stalin, the leader of the Soviet Union from 1922-1953.

What is Communism?

• LEFT WING• based on theory by Karl Marx• revolutionary idea of a political, economic and social system that creates a “classless society”• state ownership and control of the means of production (no private ownership)• Soviet Communism or “Stalinism”, was more of a totalitarian and military state combined with elements of communism

I am Benito Mussolini the leader (Il Duce) of Italy from 1922 to 1943.

What is Fascism?

• RIGHT WING• intense nationalism and elitism• totalitarian control • interests of the state more important than individual rights• maintain class system and private ownership

Interesting Fact: Fascism name was derived from the fasces, an ancient Roman symbol of authority consisting of a bundle of rods and an ax

I am Adolf Hitler the leader (der Fuhrer) or dictator of Germany from 1933 to 1945. What is Nazism?

• extremely fascist , nationalistic and totalitarian • based on beliefs of the National Socialist German Workers Party• belief in the racial superiority of the Aryan, the “master race”• belief that all Germans should have “lebensraum” or living space in Europe•Violent hatred towards Jews and blamed Germany’s problems on them

• GESTAPOGESTAPO:: the Secret State Police the Secret State Police • SSSS (Schutzstaffel):(Schutzstaffel): Defense Corps “black shirts”, an Defense Corps “black shirts”, an elite guard unit formed out of the SAelite guard unit formed out of the SA

• SASA (Sturmabteilung): (Sturmabteilung): Stormtroopers "brown-shirts" Stormtroopers "brown-shirts" early private Nazi army that protected leaders and early private Nazi army that protected leaders and opposed rival political partiesopposed rival political parties

• LebensraumLebensraum (living space): (living space): concept that emphasized concept that emphasized need for territorial expansion of Germany into eastneed for territorial expansion of Germany into east

• WehrmachtWehrmacht: : German armyGerman army

• HJHJ (Hitler Jugend): (Hitler Jugend): Hitler YouthHitler Youth

• EinstazgruppenEinstazgruppen: : Nazi Death Squad; mobile killing Nazi Death Squad; mobile killing unitsunits

• Volk:Volk: all inclusive concept of nation, people and race, all inclusive concept of nation, people and race, implying the superiority of German culture and race; led implying the superiority of German culture and race; led to policy of to policy of VolksgemeinschaftVolksgemeinschaft (idea of a harmonized (idea of a harmonized racial Nazi community in government policies and racial Nazi community in government policies and programs)programs)

This Nazi propaganda poster reads, ‘Behind the enemy powers: the Jew.

“The Eternal Jew”Depiction of a Jew holding gold coins in one hand and a whip in the other. Under his arm is a map of the world, with the imprint of the hammer and sickle. Posters like this promoted a sharp rise in anti-Semitic

feelings, and in some cases violence against the Jewish community.

Policy of AppeasementPolicy of AppeasementAppeasementAppeasement willingness to surrender to an aggressors’ willingness to surrender to an aggressors’

demands to avoid wardemands to avoid war reduction of international tensions through reduction of international tensions through

removal of causes of friction; concessions removal of causes of friction; concessions to disgruntled nations to lessen their to disgruntled nations to lessen their tendency to take aggressive actionstendency to take aggressive actions

How was it used prior to World War II?How was it used prior to World War II? Acceptance that Hitler could not be stopped Acceptance that Hitler could not be stopped

and needed to be negotiated with (even at and needed to be negotiated with (even at the expense of the smaller independent the expense of the smaller independent countries)countries)

Accepted because of sympathy and guilt Accepted because of sympathy and guilt felt by Britain and USA of unjust Treaty of felt by Britain and USA of unjust Treaty of VersaillesVersailles

RealityReality Blindness to true nature of Hitler’s agenda Blindness to true nature of Hitler’s agenda

program for Eastern Europeprogram for Eastern Europe Positive and Negatives Reasons for Positive and Negatives Reasons for

appeasement?appeasement?

From W. Robson, “Twentieth-Century History”, 1973.

There had been nothing weak or foolish about the attitude of the Western leaders. They tried to settle differences by discussion and conciliation, methods that had been highly successful in the 1920s. Their failure was due to the fact that Hitler took consolation for weakness and found that he could get his own way. He could have been stopped earlier but only at the risk of war. Discussion was the method of gentlemen, which explains why Chamberlain and the Western leaders favoured it and Hitler did not

Steps to WarSteps to War Was the Treaty of Versailles Was the Treaty of Versailles

truly the cause of World War truly the cause of World War II?II?

How did appeasement How did appeasement contribute to World War II?contribute to World War II?

Why did the League of Why did the League of Nations fail?Nations fail?

What role did “isolationism” What role did “isolationism” play?play?

Could Hitler have been Could Hitler have been ‘contained’ at any time prior ‘contained’ at any time prior to 1939?to 1939?

How did World War II begin? How did World War II begin? What were the steps to war? What were the steps to war?