INFECTION:

A human with an infection has another organism inside them which gets its sustenance (nourishment) from that person; it colonizes that person and reproduces inside them. The human with that organism (germ) inside is called the host, while the germ or pathogen is referred to as a parasitic organism. Another name for an organism that causes infection is an infectious agent.

It is only an infection if the colonization harms the host. It uses the host to feed on and multiply at the expense of the host to such an extent that his/her health is affected. The normal growth of the bacterial flora in the intestine is not an infection, because the bacteria are not harming the host.

An organism which colonizes and harms a host's health is often called a pathogen. Examples include:

Fungi made up of brands of hair like structure called hypea Bacteria: made of single cell with no nucleus. Prions: made of protein Virus: infectious agent a piece of Nucleic acid coated with protein.

VIRAL INFECTIONS

Infections caused by a virus. An individual may become infect by:

Inhaling the virus (breathing it in) Being bitten by infected insects or parasites Through sexual contact

Respiratory infections of the upper airways, nose and throat are the most common forms of viral infections. 

Some antiviral medications may help, they either undermine the virus' ability to reproduce, or boost the patient's immune system. 

Viruses are tiny organisms, much smaller than bacteria or fungi. The virus invades its host and attaches to a cell, entering it and releasing genetic material (DNA or RNA). This genetic material helps the virus multiply; it takes over control of the cell, making it replicate the virus. A cell that has this genetic material inserted into it cannot function properly and soon dies. When it does it releases new viruses, which infect new cells, etc. 

Not all viruses destroy their host cell. Some of them just alter what the cell does. Experts say that some cells become cancerous as a result of a virus interfering with its functions.  

Sometimes the genetic material lies dormant in a cell; some time in the future something triggers the cell and the virus starts multiplying again, making the host ill. 

Viruses target specific cells in the body, such as those in the genitals or upper respiratory tract. Some target certain age groups, such as babies or young children, such as those that cause croup. (Croup is a common respiratory condition characterized by inflammation of the upper airways that often occurs in infants and children. The result is a swelling and narrowing of the larynx (voice box) and trachea (wind pipe) that results in a harsh, barking cough)

The rabies virus targets the cells in the host's nervous system. Viruses may target skin cells and cause warts. (Rabies is a deadly virus that attacks the CNS (central nervous system) It is transmitted from animals to humans (zoonotic), most commonly by animal bites - although, there have been cases of humans becoming infected in bat caves after breathing in the air. Rabies infection is nearly always fatal unless prompt treatment is administered before symptoms begin.

Infected people who do not receive post-exposure prophylaxis (preventative treatment after being exposed to the virus) will experience fever, myalgia (muscle pains) and headache, which eventually progresses to brain inflammation, confusion, paralysis, coma and death.)

 (Warts are skin growths which are caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV) - they are non-cancerous. The virus causes keratin, a hard protein in the epidermis (the top layer of the skin) to grow too fast. Warts are different from moles. While moles are dark and can be quite large, warts tend to be small, skin-colored rough lumps. Warts most commonly appear on a person's hands and feet.)

However, some viral infections can be systemic - they affect many different parts of the body, causing for example runny nose, sinus congestion, cough, and body aches.

BACTERIAL INFECTIONS

Bacteria are tiny single-cell microorganisms, usually a few micrometers in length that normally exist together in millions - they are neither plants nor animals - they belong to a group all by themselves. A gram of soil typically contains about 40 million bacterial cells. A milliliter of fresh water usually holds about one million bacterial cells. 

Planet Earth is estimated to hold at least 5 nonillion bacteria. Scientists say that much of Earth's biomass is made up of bacteria. 5 nonillion = 5,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 (or 5x1030). 

Bacteria come in three main shapes:

Spherical (like a ball) These are usually the simplest ones. Bacteria shaped like this are called cocci (singular coccus).<.li>

Rod shapedThese are known as bacilli (singular bacillus).Some of the rod-shaped bacteria are curved; these are known as vibrio. <.li>

SpiralThese known are as spirilla (singular spirillus). If their coil is very tight they are known as spirochetes. <.li>

A bacterial cell differs somewhat from the cell of a plant or animal. Bacterial cells have no nucleus and other organelles (sub-units within a cell with a specific function) bound by a membrane, except for ribosome(Ribosomes are the components of cells that make proteins from amino acids.). Bacteria have pili, flagella, and a cell capsule (most of them), unlike animal or plant cells. An organism without a nucleus is called a prokaryote.

Bacteria can live in virtually any kind of environment, from extremely hot to super cold, some even in radioactive waste. A number of bacteria live in our bodies, on our skin, airway, mouth, digestive and urinary tracts - most of the time without causing any harm to the host. 

A relatively small number of bacteria causes diseases in humans. Some of the most deadly diseases and devastating epidemics in human history have been caused by bacteria, including:

Cholera: an acute intestinal infection caused by ingestion of contaminated water or food Diphtheria: A highly infectious disease of the upper respiratory tract characterised by a sore

throat, fever and causing difficulty in breathing Dysentery: an infection of the intestines marked by severe diarrhea Plague: a serious (sometimes fatal) infection of rodents caused by Yersinia pestis and

accidentally transmitted to humans by the bite of a flea that has bitten an infected animal Pneumonia: respiratory disease characterized by inflammation of the lung parenchyma

(excluding the bronchi) with congestion caused by viruses or bacteria or irritants Tuberculosis: Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease that is caused by a bacterium called

Mycobacterium tuberculosis. TB primarily affects the lungs, but it can also affect organs in the central nervous system, lymphatic system, and circulatory system among others. The disease was called "consumption" in the past because of the way it would consume from within anyone who became infected.

Typhoid: Typhoid fever is an infectious disease caused by the bacteria Salmonella typhi. It is also known as enteric fever, or commonly just typhoid. Typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever

are clinically indistinguishable diseases, collectively called enteric fever. It easily spreads through contaminated food and water supplies and close contact with others who are infected. The illness is characterized by very high fever, sweating, and diarrhea.

Bacterial infections typically present with localized redness and heat, inflammation (swelling) and pain. Bacterial infections tend to present localized pain more frequently than viral infections (not always). Even with a throat infection, a bacterial one will usually have more severe pain on one side of the throat. If there is pain in just one ear, it is more likely to be a bacterial infection.

Mycosis (fungal infection/disease)

Mycosis is a fungal infection in or on a part of the body, or a disease caused by a fungus. Some fungi reproduce through very small airborne spores which people either inhale or pick up on their skin - i.e. must fungal infections start in the lungs or the skin. 

Patients on long-term strong antibiotics are at higher-than-normal risk of developing a fungal infection. Strong antibiotics can eventually reduce the population of good bacteria which help maintain the balance of microorganisms in the intestines, mouth, vagina and other parts of the body. If enough of these good bacteria are destroyed, the fungi have an opportunity to grow and cause health problems for the host. 

Patients with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS and individuals receiving chemotherapy have a higher risk of developing a fungal infection. Diabetes patients, especially those who do not have good disease control are also more susceptible. 

There are three types of fungal infections of the skin:

Superficial mycoses - limited to the surface of the skin and hair, such as Tinea versicolor, which commonly affects young people. The chest, back, upper arms or legs may be affected (very rarely the face). Light or reddish-brown spots appear on the skin. Sometimes the spots are not visible.

Cutaneous mycoses - occurs deeper in the skin, in the epidermis. The hair and nails may also be affected. Cutaneous mycoses are limited to the keratinized layers of skin, nails and hair. This type of mycosis is caused by dermatophytes(a group of three types of fungus that commonly causes skin disease in animals and humans), which may cause ringworm.

Subcutaneous mycoses - these types of infections go deeper into the skin, including the dermis, subcutaneous tissue, as well as muscle and fascia. The fascia is a band of tissue below the skin that covers underlying tissues - it separates different tissue layers and surrounds muscles. Subcutaneous mycoses tend to be long term (chronic) and are usually caused by skin penetration.

Prion disease

A prion is an infectious agent consisting mainly of protein - it contains no genetic material. It is neither bacterial nor fungal. It occurs normally in a harmless form, but when it folds into an abnormal shape it turns into a rogue agent and affects the structure of the brain or other parts of the nervous system. All forms of prion infections are currently untreatable and fatal.

Prions cause degenerative brain diseases, such as mad cow disease.

Prion diseases, also called transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, are brain wasting diseases that affect humans and animals. Made primarily of protein, prions are small active agents that act a bit like viruses: they don't replicate themselves but hijack material in the host and cause it to behave abnormally, for instance they force host proteins to fold into shapes that clump together into plaques that clog up the brain, causing it gradually to waste away. 

A team of scientists from the US and the UK have found a new type of prion disease in mice that damages brain arteries and may help us better understand and treat types of Alzheimer's disease that cause similar damage.

Antibiotics by class

Generic name Brand names Common uses Possible side effects

AMINOGLYCOSIDES

Amikacin Amikin

Infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria, such as Escherichia coli 

Hearing loss

Dizziness

Kidney damage

Gentamicin Garamycin

Kanamycin Kantrex

Neomycin Mycifradin

Netilmicin Netromycin

Tobramycin Nebcin

Paromomycin Humatin

CARBACEPHEM

Loracarbef Lorabid

CARBAPENEMS

Ertapenem Invanz

Bactericidal for both Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms and therefore useful for empiric broad-spectrum antibacterial coverage

Gastrointestinal upset

and diarrhea

Nausea

Seizures

Headache

Rash and allergic

reactions

Doripenem Doribax

Imipenem/Cilastatin Primaxin

Meropenem Merrem

CEPHALOSPORINS (FIRST GENERATION)

Cefadroxil Duricef Gastrointestinal upset

and diarrhea

Nausea (if alcohol taken

concurrently)

Allergic reactions

Cefazolin Ancef

Cefalotin or Cefalothin Keflin

Cefalexin Keflex

CEPHALOSPORINS (SECOND GENERATION)

Cefaclor Ceclor

Gastrointestinal upset

and diarrhea

Nausea (if alcohol taken

concurrently)

Allergic reactions

.

Cefamandole Mandol

Cefoxitin Mefoxin

Cefprozil Cefzil

Cefuroxime Ceftin, Zinnat

CEPHALOSPORINS (THIRD GENERATION)

Cefixime Suprax Gastrointestinal upset

and diarrhea

Nausea (if alcohol taken

concurrently)

Allergic reactions

CefdinirOmnicef, Cefdiel

Cefditoren Spectracef

Cefoperazone Cefobid

Cefotaxime Claforan

Cefpodoxime Vantin

Ceftazidime Fortaz

Ceftibuten Cedax

Ceftizoxime Cefizox

Ceftriaxone Rocephin

CEPHALOSPORINS (FOURTH GENERATION)

Cefepime Maxipime

Gastrointestinal upset

and diarrhea

Nausea (if alcohol taken

concurrently)

Allergic reactions

CEPHALOSPORINS (FIFTH GENERATION)

Ceftobiprole Used to treat MRSA

Gastrointestinal upset

and diarrhea

Nausea (if alcohol taken

concurrently)

Allergic reactions

GLYCOPEPTIDES

Teicoplanin Targocid

Vancomycin Vancocin

Telavancin Vibativ

LINCOSAMIDES

Clindamycin Cleocin Serious infections in penicillin-allergic patients; clindamycin topically for acneLincomycin Lincocin

MACROLIDES

AzithromycinZithromax,Sumamed, Zitrocin

Streptococcal infections, respiratory infections,  Lyme disease

Nausea, vomiting, and

diarrhea (especially at

higher doses)

Jaundice.

Clarithromycin Biaxin

Dirithromycin Dynabac

ErythromycinErythocin,Erythroped

Roxithromycin

Troleandomycin TAO

Telithromycin Ketek PneumoniaVisual Disturbance, Liver Toxicity.[3]

Spectinomycin Trobicin Gonorrhea

MONOBACTAMS

Aztreonam Azactam

PENICILLINS

AmoxicillinNovamox,Amoxil

Wide range of infections; penicillin used for streptococcal infections,syphilis, and Lyme disease

Gastrointestinal upset

and diarrhea

Allergy

Brain and kidney damage

(rare)

Ampicillin Principen

Azlocillin

Carbenicillin Geocillin

Cloxacillin Tegopen

Dicloxacillin Dynapen

Flucloxacillin Floxapen

Mezlocillin Mezlin

Methicillin Staphcillin

Nafcillin Unipen

Oxacillin Prostaphlin

Penicillin G Pentids

Penicillin V Pen-Vee-K

Piperacillin Pipracil

Temocillin Negaban

Ticarcillin Ticar

PENICILLIN COMBINATIONS

Amoxicillin/clavulanate Augmentin

Ampicillin/sulbactam Unasyn

Piperacillin/tazobactam Zosyn

Ticarcillin/clavulanate Timentin

POLYPEPTIDES

BacitracinEye, ear or bladder infections; usually applied directly to the eye or inhaled into the lungs; rarely given by injection

Kidney and nerve damage (when given by injection)

Colistin Coly-Mycin-S

Polymyxin B

QUINOLONES

CiprofloxacinCipro,Ciproxin, Ciprobay

Urinary tract infections,  Nausea (rare), irreversible damage to central nervous system(uncommon), tendinosis (rare)

Enoxacin Penetrex

Gatifloxacin Tequin

Levofloxacin Levaquin

Lomefloxacin Maxaquin

Moxifloxacin Avelox

Nalidixic acid NegGram

Norfloxacin Noroxin

Ofloxacin Floxin, Ocuflox

SULFONAMIDES

Mafenide Sulfamylon

Urinary tract infections 

Nausea, vomiting, and

diarrhea

Allergy(including skin

rashes)

Crystals in urine

Kidney failure

Decrease in white blood cell

count

Sensitivity to sunlight

Sulfonamidochrysoidine(archaic)

Prontosil

SulfacetamideSulamyd, Bleph-10

Sulfadiazine Micro-Sulfon

Silver sulfadiazine Silvadene

Sulfamethizole Thiosulfil Forte

Sulfamethoxazole Gantanol

Sulfanilimide (archaic)

Sulfasalazine Azulfidine

Sulfisoxazole Gantrisin

TrimethoprimProloprim, Trimpex

TETRACYCLINES

Demeclocycline DeclomycinSyphilis, chlamydial infections, Lyme disease, mycoplasmal infections,

Gastrointestinal upset

Sensitivity to sunlight

.

Doxycycline Vibramycin

acnerickettsial infections, *malaria *Note: Malaria is caused by a protist and not a bacterium.

Potential toxicity to mother and

fetus during pregnancy

Enamel hypoplasia (staining of

Minocycline Minocin

Oxytetracycline Terramycin

TetracyclineSumycin,Achromycin V, Steclin

ANTIBIOTIC – MODE OF ACTION

Technically, an antibiotic is a substance that is produced by one microorganism and it is capable of killing or inhibit the growth of another microorganism which can a virus, bacteria, fungi, yeast, protozoan or any other pathogen.

The first antibiotic that was developed was Penicillin, a biological compound that is produced by fungi in the genus Penicillium. It was discovered by Alexander Fleming in the year 1928. After that, several other types of antibiotics produced by different species of bacteria and fungi were isolated. Some of these include cephalosporins; aminoglycosides such as streptomycin, gentamicin and kanamycin; ansamycins such as geldanamycin and carabecephems; glycopeptides like vancomycin; macrolides like erythromycin and azithromycin, penicillin, quinolone, polypeptide and sulfonamide.

All these antibiotics have different mode of action by which they act as therapeutic agents. Some of the modes of action by different antibiotics are mentioned below:

Cell Wall Synthesis Inhibitors:

Bacteria contain murein or peptidoglycan that is highly essential in maintaining the cell wall structure. Cell wall synthesis inhibitors such as beta-lactams, cephalosporins and glycopeptides block the ability of microorganisms to synthesize their cell wall by inhibiting the synthesis of peptidoglycan.

Interfering with Protein Synthesis:

These classes of antibiotics inhibit the protein synthesis machinery in the cell. Some examples include tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, aminoglycosides and macrolides.

Cell Membrane Inhibitors :

Antibiotics such as polymyxins disrupt the integrity and structure of cell membranes, thereby killing them. These set of antibiotics are mostly effective on gram negative bacteria because these are the bacteria that contain a definite cell membrane.

Effect on Nucleic Acids:

DNA and RNA are extremely essential nucleic acids present in every living cell. Antibiotics such as quinolones and rifamycins bind to the proteins that are required for the processing of DNA and RNA, thus blocking their synthesis and thereby affecting the growth of the cells.

Competitive Inhibitors:

Also referred to as anti-metabolites or growth factor analog, these are antibiotics that competitively inhibit the important metabolic pathways occurring inside the bacterial cell. Important ones in this class are sulfonamides such as Gantrisin and Trimethoprim.

HYPERTENSION AND ANTIHYPERTENSIVES

Antihypertensive are used to restore blood pressure (BP) in normal cases of hypertension. This

class of drugs includes a large number of substances with diverse modes of action. When one

drug is not sufficient to normalize blood pressure, two antihypertensive agents may be involved.

Blood pressure is the pressure exerted by blood in blood vessels, it is naturally regulated at

different levels including renal, hormonal and nervous. This pressure varies depending on the

rhythm of the heart. Represented by two digits (eg 140 / 80), represents the first blood pressure

(BP) ie maximum blood pressure when the heart contracts (systole), the second blood pressure

minimum prevailing in when the rest of the heart (diastole).

Except in severe cases, hypertension is a chronic disease more or less silent whose effects are

observed after several years. It is therefore important to detect and treat. Treatment of

hypertension is almost always introduced to life.

Side effects:

According to their mode of action, anti-hypertensives can have different side effects and may

interact with other substances. The side effects common to all is hypotension that is to say

excessive reduction of blood pressure. This is particularly evident in the transition from sitting to

standing position, this is called orthostatic hypotension. A reduction in dosage is usually

sufficient to eliminate this side effect. The combination with other medicines that lower blood

pressure may also cause hypotension.

The major classes of drugs:

The alpha1 blockers

By blocking certain receptors in the adrenergic system (called receptors alpha1-adrenergic

receptors), these drugs cause dilation of blood vessels and thus a decrease in blood pressure. Less

and less used, they are indicated in young patients with a history of depression, asthma, chronic

bronchitis, diabetes. In short, when other classes of antihypertensives are more or less cons-

listed. Their main side effects are orthostatic hypotension may result in loss of consciousness,

fluid retention synonymous with edema.

The central anti-hypertensive

Their action is exerted mainly by stimulation of alpha2 adrenergic receptors. Unlike the alpha1-

adrenergic receptors including inhibition lowers blood pressure, alpha2 receptors decreases

blood pressure when stimulated. They are primarily prescribed for hypertension difficult to

control. Side effects are sedation, constipation, dry mouth, depression. They are used in elderly

patients suffering from hypertension complicated by kidney failure, asthma or diabetes.

Beta-blockers

These drugs work by blocking receptors involved in the increase of blood pressure: the beta-

adrenergic receptors. They are mainly used in uncomplicated hypertension in young patients.

They are cons-indicated in cases of asthma, Raynaud's syndrome, heart failure and certain

disorders of cardiac conduction (atrioventricular block) and arteritis, etc.. Their main side effects

include depression, impaired libido, Nightmares and fatigue.

Calcium channel blockers

They work by blocking crossing patterns of calcium in cells. The decrease in cellular calcium

that results causes a relaxation of arteries, decreased activity of the heart and thus a decrease in

blood pressure. It is a class of antihypertensive quite heterogeneous. They are targeted primarily

to elderly patients, the coronary, diabetes, obesity ... They are also useful during severe

hypertension or poorly controlled by beta blockers, or secondary to primary aldosteronism, or

associated with impotence, hyperlipidemia.

Thiazide diuretics (kaliuretic)

They increase the natural process of removing water by the kidneys that lowers blood volume

and made a drop in blood pressure. The main side effects are decreases in blood potassium

(potentially very serious), glucose, cholesterol or uric acid (gout), orthostatic hypotension. They

are widely used. They are more efficient than the subject is older and retain a very important role

in the treatment of hypertension.

Sparing diuretics

Like its predecessors, they promote the renal elimination of water but by a different mechanism..

They facilitate renal excretion of sodium (in favor of potassium) and water, which promotes a

decrease in blood volume and blood pressure. Depending on the products, their side effects

slightly different but they share the risk of increased blood levels of potassium (potentially very

serious). Other effects of hormonal disorders resulting in such a volume increase of the breast,

impotence or menstrual disorders, digestive problems or headaches.

Inhibitors of angiotensin converting enzyme or AEC

As their name implies, they block an enzyme converting enzyme. This naturally involved in the

formation of vasoconstrictor compounds (ie, that constrict the blood vessels) as angiotensin II.

Blocking this enzyme limits the production of these compounds and allows a reduction in blood

pressure. They may result from other dry cough, headache, taste disorders or digestive. They are

cons-indicated in pregnancy or lactation but also in case of allergies, pregnancy and lactation,

stenosis of the renal artery.

Inhibitors of angiotensin II

Unlike ACE inhibitors, these drugs do not prevent the formation of angiotensin II, but its action.

Now angiotensin II is essentially the most known hypertensive. This class of antihypertensives is

the last appeared. They can cause headaches and dizziness.

The associations of antihypertensive

They are often used because they reduce the dosage of each drug used and therefore their

respective side effects. In some cases even the side effects are opposed, for example, in

associations of both classes of diuretics for which the reduction and increase in blood potassium

vanish more or less. Given the number of anti-hypertensives, the possibilities are endless

Association and have more or less side effects, indications and cons of each component.

Product Company Class Sales-Vol

AUGMENTIN GSKBROAD SPECTRUM PENICILLIN

2.6

AUGMENTIN TABS F.DS 625MG

AUGMENTIN SUSP DRY 156MG 60ML

AUGMENTIN TABS F.C. 375MG 6

AUGMENTIN TABS F.C. 1G 6

AUGMENTIN SUSP DRY 312MG 60ML

AUGMENTIN VIAL DRY 1.2G 25ML

AUGMENTIN DROPS DRY 62.5MG 20ML AUGMENTIN VIAL DRY 600MG 10ML AMOXIL GSK BROAD SPECTRUM PENCILLIN 1.2 AMOXIL CAPS 500MG 100 AMOXIL SUSP DRY 125MG 90ML AMOXIL SUSP DRY 250MG/FORT 90ML AMOXIL CAPS 250MG 100 AMOXIL DROPS 125MG 20ML AMOXIL VIAL DRY 500MG 10 AMOXIL CAPS 500MG 20 AMOXIL VIAL DRY 250MG 10 AMOXIL CAPS 250MG 20 AMOXIL SUSP DRY 125MG 60ML AMOXIL SUSP DRY 250MG/FORT 60ML AMOXIL DROPS 125MG 10ML VELOSEF BMS CEPHALOSPORINS 1.1 VELOSEF CAPS 500MG 12 VELOSEF SUSP DRY 250MG 60ML VELOSEF CAPS 250MG 12 VELOSEF SUSP DRY 125MG 60ML VELOSEF VIAL 500MG VELOSEF VIAL 1G VELOSEF VIAL 250MG ROCEPHIN ROC CEPHALOSPORINS 0.67 ROCEPHIN VIAL IV 1G ROCEPHIN VIAL IV 500MG ROCEPHIN VIAL IV 250MG ROCEPHIN VIAL IM 250MG ROCEPHIN VIAL IM 500MG ROCEPHIN VIAL IM 1G NOVIDAT SAM FLUOROQUINOLONES 0.67 NOVIDAT TABS 500MG 10 NOVIDAT TABS 250MG 10 NOVIDAT VIAL INFUSIO 200MG 100ML

NOVIDAT VIAL INFUSIO 400MG 100ML NOVIDAT SUSP DRY 250MG 60ML AMPICLOX GSK BROAD SPECTRUM PENCILLIN 0.63 AMPICLOX CAPS 500MG 100 AMPICLOX SUSP DRY 250MG 90ML AMPICLOX CAPS 250MG 100 AMPICLOX VIAL DRY 500MG 10 AMPICLOX DROPS 90MG 20ML

OXIDIL SAM CEPHALOSPORINS 0.53 OXIDIL VIAL DRY IV 1G 10ML OXIDIL VIAL DRY IM 500MG 2ML OXIDIL VIAL DRY IM 250MG 2ML OXIDIL VIAL DRY IV 500MG 5ML OXIDIL VIAL DRY IV 250MG 5ML SEPTRAN GSK TRIMETHOPRIM 0.49 SEPTRAN TABS DS 960MG 100 SEPTRAN SUSP 240MG/PAED 50ML SEPTRAN SUSP DS 480MG 50ML SEPTRAN TABS 480MG 400 CIPROXIN B/S FLUOROQUINOLONES 0.47 CIPROXIN TABS F.C. 500MG 10 CIPROXIN TABS F.C. 250MG 10 CIPROXIN VIAL INFUSIO 200MG 100ML CIPROXIN VIAL INFUSIO 100MG 50ML CIPROXIN TABS F.C. 100MG 6 KLARICID AB& MACROLIDES KLARICID TABS F.C. 500MG 10 KLARICID TABS F.C. 250MG 10 KLARICID GRAN 125MG 60ML KLARICID TABS F.C. LA 500MG 5 KLARICID VIAL IV 500MG 10ML * Others * 1.8

PRODUCTZESTRIL ZNC

CLASS ACE inhibitor

SALES VOL266

ZESTRIL TABS 10MG 14 ZESTRIL TABS 5MG 14 ZESTRIL TABS 20MG 14 EZIDAY WRP 239 EZIDAY TABS 50MG 20 Diuretics EZIDAY TABS 25MG 20 EZIDAY TABS 100MG 10 CO-EZIDAY WRP CO-EZIDAY TABS 62.5MG 20 CO-EZIDAY TABS 125MG 10 SPIROMIDE SEA Diuretics 157 SPIROMIDE TABS F.C. 30 SPIROMIDE TABS 20 RENITEC MSD ACE inhibitor 139 RENITEC TABS 5MG 20 RENITEC TABS 10MG 20 RENITEC TABS 20MG 20 ALDOMET MSD Antiadrenergic Agent.  134 ALDOMET TABS 250MG 100 CAPOTEN BMS 129 CAPOTEN TABS 25MG 20 CAPOTEN TABS 50MG 20 ZESTORETIC ZNC ACE inhibitor 90 ZESTORETIC TABS 20MG 28 CO RENITEC MSD ACE Inhibitors / Diuretics. 88 CO RENITEC TABS 10MG 20 LASIX S.A Diuretics 83 LASIX TABS 40MG 100 LASIX AMP. 50MG 2ML 50 LASIX TABS 20MG 100 ACE Inhibitors DIOVAN NVR 81 DIOVAN TABS F.C. 80MG 14 DIOVAN TABS F.C. 160MG 14 DIOVAN TABS F.C. 320MG 28 DIOVAN CAPS 80MG 28 XAVOR FZS 74 XAVOR TABS F.C. 50MG 10 TRITACE S.A 73 TRITACE TABS 2.5MG 28 TRITACE TABS 5MG 28 TRITACE TABS 10MG 28 TRITACE TABS 1.25MG 28 ADVANT GTZ Ace Inhibitors 73 ADVANT TABS 16MG 14 ADVANT TABS 8MG 14 ADVANT TABS 16MG 28

ANTIBIOTICS PRODCUTS - COMPANIES:

ANTIHYPERTENSIVE PRODCUTS - COMPANIES

TOTAL3,436,213,90

2 OBS 510,426,013 WERRICK PHARMA 419,100,785 I.C.I 357,183,886 SANOFI-AVENTIS PAK 342,209,706 SEARLE 273,704,512 NOVARTIS PH.PAK LT 195,867,441 GETZ PHARMA 166,889,996 FEROZSONS 152,733,235 BRISTOL MYERS SQUI 146,202,924 PHARMEVO PVT. LTD. 136,055,525 * Others * 735,839,879

TOTAL 27,719,249,207

GLAXOSMITHKLINE 5,798,115,400 BOSCH 2,152,724,503 SAMI 1,829,139,746 BRISTOL MYERS SQUI 1,358,069,842 ABBOTT LAB PAK LTD 978,979,610 PFIZER INC 972,809,837 SANOFI-AVENTIS PAK 895,598,454 GETZ PHARMA 871,597,470 INDUS 721,246,122 NOVARTIS PH.PAK LT 695,293,873 * Others * 11,445,674,350