Numerals; Genitive and Ablative Uses

CHAPTER FIFTEEN

Chapter 15:OBJECTIVESUpon completion of this chapter, students should be able to:

1. Explain the difference between “cardinal” and “ordinal” numerals.

2. Recognize and translate the cardinal numerals from unus through viginti quinque, as well as centum and mille.

3. Decline unus, duo, tres, and mille.

4. Recognize, decline, and translate the ordinal numerals from primus through duodecimus.

5. Define, recognize, and translate the “genitive of the whole” (or “partitive genitive”) construction.

6. Define, recognize, and translate the “ablative with cardinal numerals” construction.

7. Define, recognize, and translate the “ablative of time when or within which” construction.

Uses of the Ablative and GenitiveAblative of Means or Instrument•  •Ablative + No Preposition•Answers the questions “with what?” or “by what means?”Examples:

litteras stilo scripsit. He wrote the letters with a pencil.Id meis oculis vidi. I saw it with my eyes.

Uses of the Ablative and GenitiveAblative of Accompaniment•  •Ablative + cum•Answers the question “with whom?”

Examples:cum amicis venerunt. They came with friends.id cum eis fecit. He made it with them.

Uses of the Ablative and GenitiveAblative of Manner•Ablative + cum•Answers the question “how?”

Examples:cum vi currit. He ran with force.id cum virtute fecit. He did it with courage.

Uses of the Ablative and Genitive•Ablative of Time When•  •Ablative + No Preposition•Expresses the time when an event occurs.•Can be translated as “at”, “in”, “on”, “within”

Examples:Eo tempore id feci. I did it at that time.paucis horis id faciet. He will do it with a few hours.Eodem die venerunt. They came on the same day.

Genitives•There are many different uses of the genitive case in Latin, the most common of which would be to indicate possession of a noun (the bone of the dog).•There are also partitive genitives which express a part of a larger whole (a piece of pie) and objective genitives which express the relationship between two objects (hatred of Latin quizzes).

Uses of the Ablative and Genitive•Genitive of the Whole (Partitive Genitive)

•The genitive case is used to refer part of something.• It often follows pronouns or adjectives like: aliquid, quid, multum, plus, minus, satis, nihil, tantum, quantum.

Examples:pars urbis part of the citynemo amicorum meorum none of my friends.nihil temporis nothing of time (no time)quid novi what of new (what’s new?)satis sapientiae enough of wisdom enough wisdom

Uses of the Ablative and GenitiveGenitive and Ablative with Cardinal NumbersPartitive genitives (genitives of the whole) cannot be used with cardinal numerals, the only exceptions being that of mille, milia and unus, -a, -um.•Use the Partitive Genitive with milia•decem milia virorum ten thousands of men 10,000 men

•Use ex or de with the other cardinal numbers•Number + ex + ablativeEx: Three of the poets =tres ex poetis•100 of the men=Centum ex viris

NUMERALSThere are two primary types of numerals – cardinal and ordinal.

Cardinal numerals are numbers such as ONE, TWO, THREE, FOUR, etc; they will always answer the question how many?

Ordinal numerals are numbers such as FIRST, SECOND, THIRD, FOURTH, etc; they will always answer the question which one?

Cardinal numerals designate QUANTITY; ordinal numerals designate RANKING.

NUMERALSThe most common numerals in Latin, as in English, are the “cardinal numbers,” the pivotal numbers in counting and the “ordinal numbers,” the numerals that indicate the order of occurrence.

Each set of numbers have a unique declensional format that must be memorized individually.

Both cardinal and ordinal numbers are adjectives, with one exception we'll meet later.

NUMERALS: Cardinal Numbers In Latin, most cardinal numerals through 100 are

indeclinable adjectives, which means that they have only one form, despite the case, number and gender of the noun which they modify. Therefore, these cardinals will never change form. Their endings do not change to match the nouns they modify.

We only have to learn the declensions for a few of them, given here.

The cardinals from unus through viginti must be memorized (see your textbook for the complete list). You must also memorize the cardinal numerals centum (100) and mille (1,000).

NUMERALS: Cardinal NumbersThe following four numerals do have a separate declensional format which must be followed:

unus, una, unum one (Chp. 9)duo, duae, duo twotres, tria threemille, milia thousand

Cardinal Numbers:ūnus, ūna, ūnum, "one"• “Unus, una, unum” can ONLY be declined in the singular form; this is because it designates “one” of an object, so the plural form cannot exist.• Remember also that “unus, una, unum” is one of the nine –ius adjectives, so the genitive and dative singular forms will be irregular.Masculine Feminine Neuter

Nom. ūnus ūna ūnum

Gen. ūnīus ūnīus ūnīus

Dat. ūnī ūnī ūnī

Acc. ūnum ūnam ūnum

Abl. ūnō ūnā ūnō

Cardinal Numbers:duo, duae, duo, "two"• Just as unus, -a, -um can only be declined in the singular, the numerals “duo, duae, duo” and “tres, tria” can be declined only in the plural form.

Masculine Feminine Neuter

Nom. duo duae duo

Gen. duōrum duārum duōrum

Dat. duōbus duābus duōbus

Acc. duōs duās duo

Abl. duōbus duābus duōbus

Cardinal Numbers:trēs, tria, "three"Trēs is declined like a regular third declension adjective, except that it has no singular.

Masc. & Fem. Neuter

Nom. trēs tria

Gen. trium trium

Dat. tribus tribus

Acc. trēs tria

Abl. tribus tribus

Mīlle and mīlia•Mīlle is used to express a thousand of something, while mīlia is used to express multiple thousands. Mīlle, like all the cardinal numerals greater than three, is an undeclinable adjective. So to say there are a thousand of something, simply put it with the noun: •Mille milites ad Romam ambulabant. - A thousand soldiers were walking toward Rome.

•Mīlia, on the other hand, is a plural, third declension I-stem noun meaning “thousands.” As a noun, it cannot modify another noun like the other numerals, so it is used with a partitive genitive. As a noun, it can be modified by adjective numbers to say how many thousands there are: • Viginti milia virorum et feminarum in urbe nostra sunt. - There are twenty thousand men and women (literally: twenty thousands of men and women) in our city.

Mille, Milia -- ThousandSingular Plural

M/F/N Neut.Nom. mille miliaGen. mille miliumDat. mille milibusAcc. mille miliaAbl. mille milibus

Examples of Cardinals •Tres pueri duabus puellis rosas dederunt.

•Octo pueri decem puellis libros dederunt.

•Unus vir venit cum quattuor amicis.

•Consul venit cum centum viris.

Roman NumeralsI = 1V = 5X = 10L = 50C = 100D = 500M = 1000

Ordinal Numbers •The ordinal numbers, which indicate the order of sequence, are regular 1st/2nd declension adjectives, which means that they follow the declensional pattern of magnus, -a, -um. There are no irregularities among the ordinal numerals.

Ordinal Numbers • For the complete list of ordinals, see p. 451 in your textbook. Some of the more common ordinals are as follows:• primus, -a, -um first• secundus, -a, -um second• tertius, -a, -um third• decimus, -a, -um tenth

Primus -a -um Sextus -a -um

Secundus -a -um Septimus -a -um

Tertus -a -um Octavus -a -um

Quartus -a -um Nonus -a -um

Quintus -a -um Decimus -a -um

PRACTICE AND REVIEW• Illae quinque feminae inter ea animalia mortem non timebant.

•Duo ex filiis a porta per agros cum patre suo heri currebant et in aquam ceciderunt.

•Primus rex divitias in mare iecit, nam magnam iram et vim turbae timuit.

•Nemo eandem partem Asiae uno anno vincet.

•Romani quattuor ex eis urbibus prima via iunxerunt.

PRACTICE AND REVIEW• Itaque milia librorum eius ab urbe trans Italiam misistis.

•Libertatem et iura harum urbium artibus belli conservavimus.

•Di Graeci se inter homines cum virtute saepe non gerebant.

•Cicero milia Romanorum vi sententiarum suarum ducebat.

•Sententiae medici eum carum mihi numquam fecerunt.

CYRUS’ DYING WORDS ON IMMORTALITYO mei filii tres, non debetis esse miseri. Ad mortem enim nunc venio, sed pars mei, animus meus, semper remanebit. Dum eram vobiscum, animum non videbatis, sed ex factis meis intellegebatis eum esse in hoc corpore. Credite igitur animum esse eundem post mortem, etiam si eum non videbitis, et semper conservate me in memoria vestra.