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c re ess ereApplying wireless from the rooftop to the
desktop
Presented by Ernest Schirmerrector, ec no ogy onsu t ng
Acentech, Inc.Architectural Acoustics
ruc ura ynam csEnvironmental
NoiseVideo-TeleconferencingTelecommunications Systems
u o- sua an oun ys emsVoice, Data and Multimedia
Infrastructure
8 Interplex Dr. Ste 218 Trevose, PA 19053215-245-8244
[email protected]
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Which Wireless Where?Applying wireless from the rooftop to the
desktop Agenda
Frequency allocation Types of wireless connectivity
The 802 alphabet soup
-
Zigbee
ue oo
Ultra-wideband
WiFi
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Which Wireless Where?Applying wireless from the rooftop to the
desktop Agenda (continued)
Infrared wireless
WiMAX
Microwave and laser technology
Survey tools
WLAN antennae
Mesh networks
Power-over-Ethernet
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Which Wireless Where?Applying wireless from the rooftop to the
desktop Agenda (continued)
Cellular telephone vs. WLAN bandwidth
WLAN tele hones
Emerging technologies
To learn more
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Wireless is already the Next Big Thing.
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Wireless Technologies: What are they good for?
Voice: telephony, radio networks.
Data: wireless local area networks. Security: cameras.
Video: still, full-motion.
Building automation and control. Sensor telemetry.
Tracking: GPS, RFID.
Machine-to-Machine (M2M).
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r:
Sensor Power Sources
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Sidebar:ower ources
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Terminology
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Frequency:The number of times per second asignal repeats. The
term Hertz (abbreviatedHz) is used instead of cycles per second to
honorthe German scientist Gustav Hertz.
For example, middle C on a piano vibrates 256.
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Common Frequency Prefixes: At higher
frequencies, prefixes are used to eliminate the
nee o wr e ou e en re num er.
=
Mega = 1,000,000 (million)
Giga = 1,000,000,000 (billion) era = 1,000,000,000,000
(trillion)
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Licensed Radio Operations: A frequency or
radio service that requires coordination with
other users, the approval of the FederalCommunications
Commission and the
ssu ng o a ra o cense.
Exam les of licensed services: Commercial AM/FM and TV
stations
Fire, police and EMS radios
Some microwave systems
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Un cense Ra o Operat ons: A requencyor radio service that does
not require a
Commission.
Examples of unlicensed services:
Microwave ovens
Citizen band and Family Radio Service
Remote control cars and planes
Garage door openers
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Note t at some ra o systems may e acombination of licensed and
unlicensed
.
Companies that operate cell phone
networks must have an FCC license, but
the end-user just buys a phone and starts
.
In the United States, a pilot no longer
needs a radio operators license (but mustget a license when
flying into a foreign
coun ry .
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Unlicensed operations are subject to FCCtechnical standards and
specifications.However, assuming the equipment is
operatingcorrectly and meets FCC specifications, there isno
protection from interference.
he main subject of this course will be theunlicensed 2.4 GHz
Industrial, Scientific, &
Medical (ISM) band of frequencies. As thename ISM implies, many
different types ofequipment are designed to use the
samefrequencies. Under the right conditions this
can lead to interference and poorcommunications.
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Fre uenc Assi nments
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AM Radio
2/4 5/6 FM 7/13
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Common examp es:300 Hz - 4 Kilohertz (KHz)
880 Kilohertz (KHz):
AM radio station
.
FM radio station
2.4 Gigahertz (GHz):Microwave ovens, WLANs
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a o: o o er z z
-
(channels 2 to 6)
FM Radio: 88 - 108 MHz
Aviation: 108 to 136 MHz
g an : to z(channels 7 13).
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Unlicensed radio equipment:Baby monitors, cordless phones,
CB
, - , .
Industrial, Medical, Scientific (ISM) -
cordless phones
2.400-2.483 Gigahertz (GHz)Microwave ovens, amateur radio
5.150-5.350 GHz US)
5.725-5.825 GHz (Canada)No FCC protection from interference.
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Primary Unlicensed Frequency Allocations
928MHz902MHz 5.850GHz5.725GHz2.4835GHz2.4000GHz
900MHz 2.4GHz 5.8GHz
e . z an s au or ze
worldwide for unlicensed operations.
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Types of Wireless Connectivity
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Wireless Networking: Making it Work
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Specialized Equipment
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.
Ultra short-range: Near-Field Magnetic Communications
Very short-range: Zigbee
Short-range: Bluetooth, Ultra-Wide Band
Metro or Campus: WiMAX
Point-to-Point: WiFi, microwave, laser
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Useful Range vs. Data Rate
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The Alphabet Soup of WirelessNetworking Standards
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802.1x Extensible Authorization Protocol.802.11a 54 Mbps at 5
GHz.
802.11b 11 Mbps at 2.4 GHz.802.11d International freq.
coordination
802.11e Quality of Service.
802.11f Access Point Interoperability.
. g p s a . z.*802.11b compatible.
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802.11h Adds frequency and power control to
802.11a.
802.11 En ance secur ty an encrypt on.
Requires forklift upgrade if using first-
.
802.11k Advanced radio resource mgmt.
80 .11n Multi le in ut Multi le out ut(MiMo)
Multiple antennae, 600+ Mbps data rate
802.11p Automotive 5.9 GHz band for directshort-range
communications.
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802.11r Fast roaming between APs
802.11s Extended Service Set Mesh
802.11u Internetworking(e.g. WiFi to cellular)
802.11v Wireless network management
802.11w Protected management frames802.11x
User-authentication
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802.15 Personal Area Networks802.16 Broadband wireless local
access.
as m e access n compe on w e ep one an
cable service providers.802.20 Mobil Broadband Wireless Access .
Realtime data rates up to 1 Mbps at 150 MPH Porsche has done field
trials of 1 Mbps at 206 MPH.
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Ultra Short-range:
Near Field Magnetic
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NFMCStandard: None (Proprietary). ange: o ee .
Data Rate: 384 kilobits/second (typical)Frequency: 10 15
megahertz range.Power: 100 nanowatts.Relatively unaffected by
conductive (metal)
.
The strength of the magnetic field bubble decreasesth
electric fields which decrease at the 2nd power.
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NFMCBattery life (1 AA cell): 25 hours active use;
3 months on standby.
Current applications: wireless audio andheadsets.
Chipset manufactured by AuraCommunications.
Note: NFMC is not the same as NFM. NFMrefers to Radio Frequency
Identification
(RFID) technology.
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-
Personal Area Networks (PAN)
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ZIGBEE . .
Range: 30 to 300 feetData Rate: 20 Kb s 868 MHzData Rate: 40
Kbps (915 MHz)
Data Rate: 250 Kbps (2.4 GHz)Power:
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ZIGBEE .
Very low-cost electronics (
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-
Personal Area Networks (PAN):uetoot
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BLUETOOTHStandard: IEEE 802.15.1Range: 30 to 300 feet. ata ate:
o ts secon psData Rate: 3 megabits/second (peak).
.79 1 MHz channels.U to 7 clients form a iconet. Multi le
piconets can link to form scatternets.
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Short-ran e:Ultra-Wideband
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ULTRA-WIDEBANDStandard: None* based on IEEE
802.15.3a)Range: 6 to 30 feet.Data Rate: 480 Mbps at 6 feet.
Data Rate: 110 Mbps at 30 feet. IEEE UWB committee disbanded at
meeting in Hawaii
January 19, 2006.
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Standard Freq. Typ. DataRate
Max. DataRate
802.11a 5 GHz 25 Mbps 54 Mbps
802.11b 2.4 GHz 6.5 Mbps 11 Mbps
802.11g 2.4 GHz 25 Mbps 54 Mpbs
802.11n 2.4 GHz 200 Mb s 540 Mb s5 GHz
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Conservative design assumptions suggest:
~ . .
802.11a ~ 50 radius for 54 Mbps. 802.11g ~ 50 radius for 22/54
Mbps.
802.11n ~ 50 radius for 100 Mbps.
Building materials and contents affect range.
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Infrared Wireless Technolo
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Historical note: Many wireless networkingtechnolo ies had an
infrared interface but itis rarely ever implemented.
Once common on printers and laptops (thelittle rub -red window
.
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etro or ampus:WiMAX
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Standard: 802.16 (point-to-point).Standard: 802.16a
(omnidirectional). ange: ~ m es.
Data Rate: 70 Mbps.Frequency: 10 60 GHz (802.16).Frequency: 2 11
GHz (802.16a).Power: 20 watts average power (typ).
speeds up to >60 mph.
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- -
Microwave & Laser
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MicrowaveRan e 2 to 30 miles de endin on
frequency.
2 miles at 30 GHz - 30 miles at 2 GHz .
Modular systems add bandwidth as
needed. c rcu ts p us ana og v eo.License required, but easily
obtained.
Fre uenc coordination eliminates
interference.Frequencies relatively easy to get.
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Cost effective at about $30,000 per link,nsta e .
No preventive maintenance.Sub ect to si nal fade, ice, rain,
etc.
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LaserHighest bandwidth available.
OC-3 (155 Mbps) to OC-48 (2.488 Gbps).
1,000 meter range. o cense requ re .Cost effective at about
$20,000 per link,
installed.
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Requires preventive maintenance.Subject to vibration, heat
distortion, blocking
by sunlight, etc.
Also known as Free Space OpticalNetworkin .
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General Design Considerations
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re ess e wor ng
ecur andmi obi nteoveitygem
istr
ityna
agenttio
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Coverage (area) Capacity (simultaneous users) Bandwidth a
lications ransmitting power (may be regulated) Channel
selection
Cablingec r c power Signal security Physical security
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er users same serv ce or requency Building construction Signal
reflection, deflection, refraction, etc. Rouge WLAN access points
(if access controlnot used)
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Terminology
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Dec e : Ga n ncrease or oss ecrease osignal strength measured as
a ratio against a
.
The ratio is expressed mathematically as:
= og10 1 2Example: log10 (100/10) = 2
=
Common (power) dB values to remember are:
=
6 dB = times 4 increase or 1/4 decrease 20 dB = times 10
increase or 1/10 decrease
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Attenuation: Signal loss caused bytransmission through a wire,
the air, oro ec s oca e e ween e ransm er an
the receiver.
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Attenuation: Radio signals traveling throughfree space are
attenuated according to asquare aw ormu a.
Signal strength = q/r2
Where q = signal source and r = distance
.
double the distance and the signalecreases y a ac or o or o s pr
or
value).
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Common Building MaterialsAttenuation at 2.4 GHz
a va ues are approx ma e
Glass (non-tinted)-2 to -3 dBWood door -3 dBSystems furniture -3
to -5 dB
- -Marble -5 dBBrick -8 dB to -10 dB
oncre e oor wa - o -
Design Issues: Received Signal Strength
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g g g
2r t t r
Where:P Received ower
Pt Effective radiated power
Gt Antenna gainGr Receiver gain
wavelength in meters
pi (3.1415962..)
d distance in meters
Design Issues: Path Loss:
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g
Path LossdB = 20 log (4l/)+10 log (dn)
Where:wave eng n me ers
pi (3.1415962..)d distance in meters
n =2.0 free space.
. . .3.0 to 5.0 shadowed outdoor urban areas.1.6 to 1.8
in-building, direct line-of-sight.. o . n- u ng, a r c covere
partitions.4.0 to 6.0 in-building, obstructed, office.2.0 to 3.0
in-building, obstructed,
warehouse.
Design Issues: Link Budget:
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g g
Pr = Pt + Gt + Gr Path loss - Lr
Where:
Pr Received powerP Effective radiated owerGt Antenna gainGr
Receiver gain
L Receiver loss noise fi ure **A common specification for
receiversensitivity is -93 dB.
at s, t e s gna at t e rece ver must eat least -93 dB to be
detected.
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Typical WLAN
Network Configuration
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te urvey
done. This involves measuring the signalstrength at specific
locations or a given distancerom a es an enna.
After the survey is completed a contour map isdrawn. The lines
on the map connect points ofequal signal strength just as the lines
on a
pressure.
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more common to take a laptop and walk thebuilding to determine
where additional accesspoints are needed to obtain reliable
coverage in agiven area.
(Relatively) Inexpensive Site Survey Tools
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( y) p y
Wireless Networking Performance
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There can be large differences between thespecifications given
in a manufacturers datas ee an per ormance n e rea wor .
Signal-to-noise ratio determines data rate. Covera e vs. Ca acit
Plannin
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WLAN Antennae
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Rough Rules of Thumb
Doubling the height of an antenna hasapproximately the same
affect as increasing
transmitter power by a factor of 10.
increasing transmitting power by a factor often does not double
the coverage area. As a
ru e o t um , re a e operat ng rangeincreases by approximately
30%.
Antenna Radiation Patterns
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on- rec ona
antenna
Directionalantenna
Misc. Antennas
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Omni-directional Ceiling AntennaRubber
Duckyflexible antenna
Directional YAGI Antenna
Slotted Coaxial CableFaceplate Antenna
Ceilin Tile Antenna
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Armstrong iCeiling Product Line ua - an ce u ar . z . an
ennas
Flat-panel (Patch) Antenna
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Emer in Technolo ies
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16 radios
16 antennae (22.5 degrees per sector)
1,000 users
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r v a
Which female Holl ood star in ented spread
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Which female Hollywood star invented spreadspectrum technology
and received patent
#2,292,387 on Aug. 11, 1942?
(Technology first put into use during the 1962u an m ss e cr s
s
Hint: Born in Austria
Hint: Married six timesHint: Worked with Geor e Antheil
Hint: Ms. Hedwig Eva Maria KieslerHint: HL
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To Learn More
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Author: Harry Newton
Publisher: Flatiron Publishing ISBN 0-979-38733-7
he one to bu if ourebuying only one!
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Using Wireshark to Solve Real
World Network Problems
Author: Chris SandersPublisher: No Starch Press
ISBN: 1-593-27149-2
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The ARRL Handbook
Author: American Radio
Publisher: ARRLISBN: 0-872-59144-1
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Electromagnetics Explained
Author: Ron Schmitt
Publisher: Newnes- - -
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www.spiceworks.com
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Thank You
Ernest SchirmerD rector, ec no ogy Consu t ng
Acentech, Inc.
n erp ex r ve, u eTrevose, PA 19053
- -
[email protected]
. .
