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Donald Bundy

DesMoines, Iowa; October 2016

Why are school meals

programs so popular?

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2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

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3

• 1993 World Development

Report

• Disease Control Priorities

in Developing Countries,

Second Edition 2006

(DCP2)

• Disease Control Priorities,

3rd Edition 2015-2016

(DCP3)

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Child and Adolescent

Development Volume will

encompass:

• Geographic patterns of

risk and morbidity

• Long-term consequences

of chronic illness and

malnutrition on physical

and cognitive

development

• Effect of interventions

and outcomes as well as

return on investment at

different stages along the

life cycle

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Thank you

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Des Moines, Iowa, October 2016

Lesley Drake

Partnership for Child Development

School Feeding:

A Critical Social Safety Net

A ‘Win-Win’ All Around

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5 global standards of good practice

• Design and Implementation

• Policy and Legal

Frameworks

• Institutional Arrangements

• Funding and Budgeting

• Community Participation

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• DCP3: an evidence-based analysis of the impacts of school feeding on education, health, nutrition, agriculture and food security

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• Recognizing the benefits of SHN/SF

• Working together with governments to mainstream costed evidence-based design plans into ESPs

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Action moving forward

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Nigeria

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O’Meals – more than just lunch

• Key facts• Number of children enrolled in primary school

(elementary class 1-4): 252,793• Programme coverage: 100%• Days school meals are provided: 200 (100%)• Cost per day of O’Meals: N12.6 Million ($77,381)• Cost per child per day: N50 ($0.31)• Annual total expenditure on O’Meals: N2.6 Billion

($159,558,149)

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Supporting livelihood generation and economic development

• Livelihood generation/Youth empowerment

– Fisheries scheme: • 2,000 out-growers supported in mass fish production

• 5 metric tons sold to O’Meals

• 15,000 USD profit generated by the scheme in first 3 months

– Poultry industry scheme• O’Meals demand per week: 15,000 chickens and 252,000 eggs

• 2,000 smallholder farmers contracted

• 11,29,770 USD profit generated by the scheme since December 2011

– Cocoyam Project • 1000 cocoyam farmers trained and inputs provides

• Output market support provided by O’Meals

• Integrated with O-YES (Osun Youth Empowerment Scheme)- Over 300 youth provided training and loans (623,000 USD) to act as intermediaries between farmers and vendors

• Women empowerment

– Hired 3,000 previously unemployed women as food vendors

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Scaling up of Nigeria School Feeding

• National HGSF strategy plan launched by Vice-President in June 2016.

• HGSF part of a 500 billion naira Social Investment Programme.

• Potential to feed 24 million school children or 1 in 4 school-aged children in SSA.

• 18 States identified for initial roll out of HGSF.

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Ethiopia

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Enhance School Health Initiative - Ethiopia

• Integrating HGSF, Deworming and WASH interventions in 30 schools in SNNPR.

• Potential cost savings of integrating services.

• Costing analysis showed efficiency savings of $61,760 across study schools.

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Ghana

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Energy 2000kcal Protein 28g Vitamin A 700mcg

Vitamin C 45mg Iron 37mg Zinc 15mg Iodine 120mcg

31%48%

0%

0% 0%

16% 20%

Maize porridge,

500 g.

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Energy 2000kcal Vitamin A 700mcg

Vitamin C 45mg Iron 10 mg Zinc 10 mg Iodine 120mcg

31%48%

0%

0% 0%

16% 20%

100%

33%

61%74%

73%

24% 23%

41%

++

106%

98%Maize, iodize

salt, CL,

chicken egg

++103%

Protein 28g

51%

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Evidence from Ghana

Initial findings show the impact of Home Grown School Feeding on:

Education• Enrolment levels in kindergarten increased by 12%

• Absenteeism reduced by 7%

Health and Nutrition• 14% of girls of in HGSF schools improved literacy scores.

Agriculture• 33% of households increased their value of agricultural sales in HGSF

districts

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Kenya

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Structured Demand Learning suggests greatest impact occurs in areas of lowest demand caused by weak market linkages

• Transparency in price and payment is key for smallholder trust.

• Timely access to price, quality and quantity information enhances operational efficiencies of aggregators and market systems.

• Adaptation of quantity and quality requirements and the effective communication on them can ease SHF transition to supplying structured markets.

Technology as a Solution

School

FBOSMF

TRADER

• The Mobile Phone Platform allowing easier aggregation and management of commodities despite the short period of aggregation

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Summary

• Homegrown school feeding is a ‘win-win’ all around for education, health, nutrition and agriculture.

• It is also an investment in rural economies.

• It is a stable market that will contribute to the improvements on smallholder farmer livelihoods and national food security.

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PartnershipforChildDevelopment

SHN @schoolhealth

HGSF @HGSFglobal

www.schoolsandhealth.org

www.imperial.ac.uk/pcdwww.hgsf-global.org

Find out more

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Thank you

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Arlene Mitchell

Global Child Nutrition Foundation

International Food Assistance and Food Security Conference

The growing importance of school feeding as a

critical safety net and tool for social inclusion

School Feeding:

A Critical Safety Net

Des Moines, Iowa

October 11, 2016

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“Poverty is pronounced deprivation in wellbeing.” The measure is whether people Have enough resources to meet their needs.

Are able to obtain specific goods (food, shelter, health care, education)

Are capable to function in society—have adequate income, education, health, security, self-confidence, a sense of power, and ability to exercise their rights --The World Bank; theOverseas Development Institute

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What is social exclusion?

“Poverty alone is not a comprehensive marker of deprivation. Race, ethnicity, gender, religion, place of residence, disability status, age, HIVAIDS status, sexual orientation or other stigmatized markers, confer disadvantage that excludes people from a range of processes and opportunities.” --The World Bank

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What is social protection?

“Social Protection is concerned with

…preventing,

…managing, and

…overcoming

situations that adversely affect people’s well being.” -- UN Research Institute for Social Development

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Categories of situations leading to/worsening poverty and social exclusion are:

economic, environmental, and/or political

Their impact may be at one or more levels:

Global Multi-national National

Sub-national Community HouseholdIndividual

-- Overseas Development Institute

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Safety net programs

• Address risks, vulnerability and social exclusion

• Help households protect against livelihoods risks, maintain adequate food consumption and improve food security

• Prevent adoption of damaging coping strategies and depletion of household assets

-- Devereux et al. 2008

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In agriculture context, safety net programs might also

• Alleviate liquidity constraints for smallholders

• Boost demands for farm products

• Foster income-generating strategies

• Create multiplier effects throughout the local economy -- Devereux et al. 2008

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Social inclusion

• “ Is the process of improving the terms for individuals and groups to take part in society.

• …Aims to empower poor and marginalized people to take advantage of burgeoning global opportunities.”

-- The World Bank

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Social inclusion

• “…Ensures that people have a voice in decisions which affect their lives and that they enjoy equal access to markets, services and political, social and physical spaces.”

--The World Bank

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Question for today

How does school feeding measure up when viewed against the hallmarks of

strong social protection programs?

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Do (or could) school feeding programs…

•Target the most vulnerable?•Aid access to education and/or health services and programs?•Prevent or mitigate long-term problems?•Increase demand for farmers’ products?•Empower women?•Build capacity?

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Do (or could) school feeding programs…

•Transfer resources to the needy? •Integrate important interventions? •Provide a safe environment? •Create jobs & profits? •Result in intergenerational benefits?•Improve food security?•Build resilience?

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Are school feeding programs• Socially inclusive?

• Scalable?

• Efficient?

• Flexible?

• Transferable?

• Popular?

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references• Poverty: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPA/Resources/429966-

1259774805724/Poverty_Inequality_Handbook_Ch01.pdf and https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/3095.pdf

• Social inclusion and exclusion: http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/socialdevelopment/brief/social-inclusion

• Social Protection: social.un.org/coopsyear/documents/KuriaEnablingsocialprotectionAddisAbaba.pdf

• panelists

http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPA/Resources/429966-1259774805724/Poverty_Inequality_Handbook_Ch01.pdfhttps://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/3095.pdfhttp://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/socialdevelopment/brief/social-inclusion

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Thank you. And now, over to our distinguished panelists.

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October 2016, Des Moines

WFP’s global approach for the development of national school meals programmes

WFP’s global approach for

the development of national

school meals programmes

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WFP School Meals in 2015

In 2015, WFP provided school meals to 17.4 million children in 62 countries and technical assistance to governments in another 10 countries

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Key Facts on WFP School Meals 2015

Key Facts on WFP School Meals

50% 50%

Gen

der B

ala

nce

Children fed in 2015: 17.4 million in 62 countries

Technical assistance to government programmesindirectly supporting an additional 10 million children

Receiving take-home rationsand cash transfers: 2.1 million children

Assisted in emergencyand recovery contexts: 6.4 million children

62,668 schools received WFP assistance

US$321 million spent on school meals programmes

Top three Donors: USA US$85 million, Canada US$37million, Private sector US$30 million

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The Variety of WFP School Meals

School Meals

• Children fed breakfast and/or lunch in school

• Prepared at the school, in the community or delivered from centralized kitchens

High Energy Biscuits & Snacks

• Provided to children in school

• Often fortified with vitamins and micronutrients children need to grow, both physically and mentally

Take-home Rations / Conditional Cash Transfers for Education

• Usually consists of rice or micronutrient-fortified oil

• Motivates parents to send children to school, especially girls

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Knowledge and Policy Productson School Meals and Home Grown School Meals

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

World Bank, WFP WFP WFP/PCD/WB PCD/WB/WFP

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School meals benefit children, families and the community

Education

Gender Equality

Local Agriculture

Safety Nets

Nutrition

Increases concentration,

learning & cognitive

capacity

Improves enrolment,

attendance and

retention rates by

drawing students to

the classroom

Girls more likely to

have healthier

children and head

food-secure

families

Provides fresher foods to schoolchildren and a

predictable market for farmers to sell their goods

Provides household

income – parents

can invest money

for food on other

necessities

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Anjelina, a South-Sudanese refugee, received WFP school meals in the Kakuma camp in Kenya. She competed in Rio2016 with the Refugee Team.

“Food in school encourages kids at home to go to school.”

“We (team refugee) have come far.We represent hope and peace.”

She claims that without WFP school meals,she would never have made it to Rio 2016.

Read the story on medium.com/@WFP

Member of Refugees Olympic Team Received School Meals

School Meals for Education Outcomes

https://insight.wfp.org/how-to-build-effective-and-sustainable-national-school-meals-programs-37ff07193b5c#.w0mdszipm

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By E. Cousin and A. Mitchell

“Shouldn’t every child have a chance to be top of the class?”

When adequate education programs are combined with school meals, children move up respectively 7 and 12 percentiles on intelligence and math tests.

“Add a daily dose of nutritious and good food to an adequate education. The results are a winning combination: healthier, better educated and empowered children.”

Read the Op-Ed on forbes.com

On World Literacy Day, A Recipe For Smarter, Healthier Children

School Meals for Education Outcomes

http://www.forbes.com/sites/realspin/2016/09/08/on-world-literacy-day-a-recipe-for-smarter-healthier-children/#58fcf9624be4http://www.forbes.com/sites/realspin/2016/09/08/on-world-literacy-day-a-recipe-for-smarter-healthier-children/#58fcf9624be4http://www.forbes.com/sites/realspin/2016/09/08/on-world-literacy-day-a-recipe-for-smarter-healthier-children/#58fcf9624be4

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“I strongly believe that an integrated and well-structured school meals programme provides solid foundations for a comprehensive education strategy(…)And I want to make clear that WFP is ready to engage in strategic relationships with all the different players needed to deliver a quality education”

Ertharin Cousin, WFP Executive Director, GCNF

(September 2016).

Maximizing the impacts of school meal programmes for Education

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Main

ou

tpu

ts o

f th

e I

nvestm

en

t C

ase

The Cost-Benefit Analysis tool

Assess monetary cost and economic benefits of the recognized outcomes of school meals supported by the WFP or government.

Calculate school meals Cost/Benefit ratio

• Benefit/Cost (B/C) ratio: how many dollars are generated from investing 1$ in school meals ?

Objective: Measure the benefits generated per 1$ invested in School Meals over the life of the beneficiary (child).

1

2

$ 5.5Average benefit for each $ 1 invested

In a sample of 14 countries providing school meals, itshowed that for every USD 1 invested brought aUSD 3 to USD 9 economic return

The CBA tool was developed jointly byWFP and The Boston ConsultingGroup, as an economic modelsupported by academic literature,country-specific indicators andinformation collected from WFPexperts.

In several countries, the CBA wascarried out through a partnership withMasterCard, thanks to whichvolunteers from MasterCard were ableto spend one month in WFP’s CountryOffice on the field, running theeconomic model and supporting thegovernment.

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…they spend

more time at

school…

…and they

are more

concentrated

when in class…

…in other words,

they get a better

education.

A better

education

leads to a

better job…

…and to a

better health,

enabling them to

work longer…

…both of which

resulting in more

value created

throughout

lifetime.

The Cost-Benefit Analysis tool

When children get school meals…

Source: BCG

Country’s lowest

quintile base wage

Wage increase

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School feeding is a crucialsafety net in emergencies

In the past 5 years, 38 countries have scaled up school

feeding in response to a food crisis, armed conflict, natural

disaster or financial crisis.

Keeps children in school

Promotes protection

Instills a sense of

hope

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Directly Distributing School Meals to Children

Technically Assisting Governments to Develop National Programmes

WFP’s Dual Role in School Meals

WFP is increasing

its focus on its

technical

assistance role,

ensuring

governments have

the political and

financial means to

implement quality

programmes.

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Evidence-based implementation framework

Nutrient gap

SABER SF and

context analysis

Supply chain

M/E System

Coordination

& synergies

Cost efficiency

& effectiveness

Wide diagnostic

Country Assessment Plan

Assessment Based National Dialogue for School Feeding

In depth-assessments

Adequate and coordinated

school feeding system

embedded in social protection

Study Visits WFP

CoE Brazil and

KM platforms Political commitment

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Supporting rural economies through home-grown school meals

Countries with Home-Grown School Meals Programmes(37 in total)

• Provides locally-produced and bought food to school-age children

• Builds direct links between school demands for fresh, local

products and supplies from local and national smallholder farmers

• WFP works with farmers to increase capacity, and with

governments to launch national procurement programs

Ghana: WFP

buys maize,

rice and

cowpeas from

farmers

Bolivia: farmer-

run dairy plant

in the highlands

provides yogurt

to schools

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Maximizing impacts of school meals programmes for Ag and Nutrition

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Resource Frameworkon Home Grown School Meals

Partners:• World Food Programme

• WFP Centre of Excellence

• Food and Agriculture Organization

• Global Child Nutrition Foundation

• Partnership for Child Development

• New Partnership for Africa’s Development

Objectives of the Resource Framework:

• Clarify the key concepts, scope and goals of

HGSM programmes;

• Harmonize existing guidance materials;

• Provide joint technical reference to governments

to design, implement and scale up effective,

efficient, and sustainable HGSM programmes

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WFP/USDA in Lao (since 2014)

NATIONAL SCHOOL FEEDING

SYSTEM AND CAPACITIES

WFP SCHOOL FEEDING OPERATIONS

McGovern-Dole

300,000 beneficiaries per school year

LOCAL PROCUREMENT

Local and Regional Food Aid Procurement

Communities and smallholder farmers*

Technical Assistance and Knowledge Management

*building capacities of SHF and boosting agricultural

diversity

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School meals and the SDGs

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Thanks for your attention

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An overview of benefits and costs considered in this analysis

Benefits Costs

Value Transfer

Direct transfer of resources to beneficiaries'

households

Return on Investment

Return on Assets created or protected from

financial distress

Increased Productivity

Increase wage due to better education / health

Healthier and longer life

Increased productive life due to better health /

education

Externalities

Additional benefits not related to program

beneficiaries (e.g. lower costs for government or

community benefits)

Commodities

Value of commodities distributed to the

beneficiaries

Logistics, storage and utilities

All costs incurred to handle and deliver the food

to the schools

Management and administration

The cost of monitoring & evaluation, field

missions, quality checks

Staff

The cost of all staff (full-time or part-time) working

for the programme

Community costs

Contributions generated by parents associations

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Piloting and expanding ABND-SF for a better integration of SF into social protection scheme

Reinforcing sustainability and cost efficiency of national programmes

School Meals

Safety Nets

Social protection

SP

F1 Access to

essential health care, including maternity care

SP

F2 Basic

income security for children (incl. education, nutrition…)

SP

F3 Basic

income security for persons in active age

SP

F4 Basic

income security for older persons

FROM EARLY CHILDHOOD TO ACTIVE POPULATION

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Adequate and coordinated school feeding system

embedded in social protection

Sustainable financial resources with recognized

positive returns on investment

Integrated and robust operational capacities

Evidence-based

implementation

framework

and

Country technical

assistance plan

Towards sustainable national school meals programme

Assessment

Based National Dialogue

School Feeding

Scaling Up

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- Main scope of research:

- Education in emergencies (Global)

- Nutrition sensitive school meal programmes (LAC/Global)

- Integration of School meals/Social protection (Global)

- Home Grown School Meals (Global)

- Regional consultations:

- African Union (HGSM)

- MENA Region (growth inclusive and social cohesion) with the

Arab League, World Bank, ILO, UNICEF, UNESCO…

- Central Asia (August 2016) and South East Asia (2017)

Research, new and renewed partnerships, regional networks…

Exploring new opportunities

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Links with agriculture

Maximizing impacts of school meal programmes with local Agriculture

Tues. 2.00pm School Safety Nets Bundy.pdfTues. 2.00pm School Safety Nets Drake.pdfTues. 2.00pm School Safety Nets Mitchell.pdfTues. 2.00pm School Safety Nets Ryckembusch.pdf