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Why Are There Still Underrepresented Groups in Engineering? .. Understanding the Issues Susan Staffin Metz Stevens Institute of Technology Center for Innovation in Engineering & Science Education ******** Co-Founder and Past President Women in Engineering Programs & Advocates Network (WEPAN)

Why Are There Still Underrepresented Groups in Engineering

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Page 1: Why Are There Still Underrepresented Groups in Engineering

Why

Are

The

re S

till

Und

erre

pres

ente

d G

roup

s in

Engi

neer

ing?

�..

Und

erst

andi

ng th

e Is

sues

Susa

n St

affin

Met

zS

teve

ns In

stitu

te o

f Tec

hnol

ogy

Cen

ter f

or In

nova

tion

in E

ngin

eerin

g &

Sci

ence

Edu

catio

n**

****

**C

o-Fo

unde

r and

Pas

t Pre

side

ntW

omen

in E

ngin

eerin

g P

rogr

ams

& A

dvoc

ates

Net

wor

k (W

EPA

N)

Page 2: Why Are There Still Underrepresented Groups in Engineering

So W

hy D

o W

e C

are

if W

omen

and

M

inor

ities

Bec

ome

Engi

neer

s?♦

As a

con

sequ

ence

of a

lack

of d

iver

sity

[in

engi

neer

ing]

, w

e pa

y an

opp

ortu

nity

cos

t in

desi

gns n

ot th

ough

t of,

in

solu

tions

not

cre

ated

.D

r. W

illia

m W

ulf,

Pres

iden

t, N

atio

nal A

cade

my

of E

ngin

eeri

ng

♦B

y th

e ye

ar 2

050,

85%

of t

he e

ntra

nts i

nto

the

US

wor

kfor

ce w

ill b

e w

omen

and

und

erre

pres

ente

d m

inor

ities

.Bo

ston

wor

ks.c

om

♦If

we

do n

ot e

ngag

e w

omen

and

min

oriti

es in

the

engi

neer

ing

ente

rpris

e, w

e ar

e ig

norin

g m

ore

than

50%

of

Am

eric

a�s i

ntel

lect

ual t

alen

t.

Cop

yrig

ht ©

200

6 by

Sus

an M

etz.

All

Rig

hts R

eser

ved

Page 3: Why Are There Still Underrepresented Groups in Engineering

Cal

cula

ted

% o

f 22

Yea

r-O

lds W

ho W

ould

Earn

S&

E B

ache

lor�

s Deg

rees

if S

tatu

s Quo

R

emai

ns

9.8

10.0

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2005

2010

2015

2020

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Sour

ce: E

nsur

ing

A S

tron

g U

S Sc

ient

ific,

Tec

hnic

al a

nd E

ngin

eeri

ng W

orkf

orce

in th

e 21

st

Cen

tury

Nat

iona

l Sci

ence

and

Tec

hnol

ogy

Cou

ncil,

Apr

il 20

00.

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yrig

ht ©

200

6 by

Sus

an M

etz.

All

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hts R

eser

ved.

Page 4: Why Are There Still Underrepresented Groups in Engineering

Tren

ds in

NA

EP M

ath

Scor

es b

y Se

x an

d R

ace/

Ethn

icity

, Age

17,

197

3-20

04

240

250

260

270

280

290

300

310

320

1973

1978

1982

1986

1990

1992

1994

1996

1999

2004

Whi

teAl

l Boy

sTo

tal

All G

irls

His

pani

cAf

rican

Am

eric

an

Sou

rce:

CP

ST,

dat

a de

rived

from

Nat

iona

l Cen

ter f

or E

duca

tion

Sta

tistic

s

Cop

yrig

ht ©

200

6 by

Sus

an M

etz.

All

Rig

hts R

eser

ved.

Page 5: Why Are There Still Underrepresented Groups in Engineering

Wha

t Mat

hem

atic

s Cou

rses

Are

U.S

. H

igh

Scho

ol S

tude

nts T

akin

g?

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e

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ale

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te, n

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pani

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n/P

acific

Isla

nder

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ive

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ican

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ebra

II A

naly

sis/

pre-

calc

ulus

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culu

s

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rce:

CP

ST,

dat

a de

rived

from

Nat

iona

l Cen

ter f

or E

duca

tion

Sta

tistic

s

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ht ©

200

6 by

Sus

an M

etz.

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hts R

eser

ved.

Page 6: Why Are There Still Underrepresented Groups in Engineering

Wha

t Sci

ence

Cou

rses

Are

U.S

. H

igh

Scho

ol S

tude

nts T

akin

g?

0.0

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

100.

0

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e

Fem

ale

Whi

te, n

on-H

ispa

nic

Bla

ck, n

on-H

ispa

nic

His

pani

c

Asia

n/P

acifi

c Is

land

er

Nat

ive

Amer

ican

Bio

logy

Che

mis

try P

hysi

cs

Sou

rce:

CP

ST,

dat

a de

rived

from

Nat

iona

l Cen

ter f

or E

duca

tion

Sta

tistic

s

Cop

yrig

ht ©

200

6 by

Sus

an M

etz.

All

Rig

hts R

eser

ved.

Page 7: Why Are There Still Underrepresented Groups in Engineering

Mal

es F

ar M

ore

Like

ly to

Pla

n to

M

ajor

in T

echn

ical

Fie

lds T

han

are

Fem

ales

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

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30.0

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0 1

992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

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5.0

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0 1

992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

Com

pute

r Sci

ence

Phy

sica

l Sci

ence

s

Eng

inee

ring

Mal

esFe

mal

es

Sou

rce:

CP

ST,

dat

a de

rived

from

Hig

her E

duca

tion

Res

earc

h In

stitu

te

Cop

yrig

ht ©

200

6 by

Sus

an M

etz.

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Rig

hts R

eser

ved.

Page 8: Why Are There Still Underrepresented Groups in Engineering

Tota

l U.S

. Eng

inee

ring

Enro

llmen

tof

Wom

en �

Gai

ns a

nd L

osse

s

15.7

84.3

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1994

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enM

en

Sou

rce:

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ST,

dat

a de

rived

from

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inee

ring

Wor

kfor

ce C

omm

issi

on

Cop

yrig

ht ©

200

6 by

Sus

an M

etz.

All

Rig

hts R

eser

ved.

Page 9: Why Are There Still Underrepresented Groups in Engineering

U.S

. Und

ergr

adua

te E

ngin

eerin

g En

rollm

ent b

y G

ende

r/Rac

e/Et

hnic

ity

02468101214161820

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

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ale

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ic A

mA

sian

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pani

cN

ativ

e A

m

Sour

ce: C

PST,

dat

a de

rived

from

Eng

inee

ring

and

Tech

nolo

gy E

nrol

lmen

ts: E

ngin

eerin

g W

orkf

orce

Com

mis

sion

Cop

yrig

ht ©

200

6 by

Sus

an M

etz.

All

Rig

hts R

eser

ved.

Page 10: Why Are There Still Underrepresented Groups in Engineering

Bac

helo

r�s D

egre

es G

rant

ed b

y En

gine

erin

g D

isci

plin

e 20

04

0510152025303540

Mec

hCh

emCi

vil

Com

pIn

dust

Elec

All

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ale

Afri

c. A

mH

ispan

ics

Asia

n Am

Sour

ce: C

PST,

dat

a de

rived

from

Eng

inee

ring

and

Tech

nolo

gy E

nrol

lmen

ts: E

ngin

eerin

g W

orkf

orce

C

omm

issi

on N

OTE

: N

ativ

e A

mer

ican

s le

ss th

an 1

% in

all

cate

gorie

s.

Cop

yrig

ht ©

200

6 by

Sus

an M

etz.

All

Rig

hts R

eser

ved.

Page 11: Why Are There Still Underrepresented Groups in Engineering

Why

Are

The

re U

nder

repr

esen

ted

Gro

ups i

n En

gine

erin

g?

♦St

ereo

type

s♦

Lack

of a

war

enes

s♦

Pres

ence

of i

nacc

urat

e in

form

atio

n♦

Lack

of i

nteg

ratio

n in

to K

-12

educ

atio

n♦

Lack

of r

ole

mod

els

♦M

edia

influ

ence

♦Pe

er p

ress

ure

♦R

igid

and

nar

row

col

lege

cur

ricul

um♦

Poor

col

lege

leve

l ins

truct

ion

♦�C

hilly

� ac

adem

ic c

limat

e♦

Com

petin

g in

tere

sts:

law

, med

icin

e, b

usin

ess

Cop

yrig

ht ©

200

6 by

Sus

an M

etz.

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hts R

eser

ved.

Page 12: Why Are There Still Underrepresented Groups in Engineering

Wha

t is E

ngin

eerin

g?

Wha

t Do

Engi

neer

s Do?

♦42

% A

mer

ican

s fee

l the

y ar

e �n

ot v

ery

wel

lin

form

ed a

bout

eng

inee

ring

and

engi

neer

s�.

♦24

% A

mer

ican

s fee

l the

y ar

e �n

ot a

t all

wel

l inf

orm

ed a

bout

eng

inee

ring

and

engi

neer

s�.

Sour

ce:

Har

ris P

oll C

omm

issi

oned

by

Am

eric

an A

ssoc

iatio

n of

Eng

inee

ring

Soc

ietie

s, A

AE

S 20

03

Cop

yrig

ht ©

200

6 by

Sus

an M

etz.

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hts R

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ved.

Page 13: Why Are There Still Underrepresented Groups in Engineering

Chr

onic

le o

f Hig

her

Edu

catio

nFe

brua

ry 1

7, 2

006

Full

Page

Ad:

CD

W-G

The

Rig

ht T

echn

olog

y R

ight

Aw

ay

Cop

yrig

ht ©

200

6 by

Sus

an M

etz.

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hts R

eser

ved.

Page 14: Why Are There Still Underrepresented Groups in Engineering
Page 15: Why Are There Still Underrepresented Groups in Engineering

Tim

e M

agaz

ine

Feb.

06,

200

6Lo

okin

g fo

r a L

ab-C

oat I

dol

♦In

the

U.S

., ab

out 5

0,00

0 ta

ke p

art i

n th

e fa

irs. S

tanf

ord

Uni

vers

ity p

resi

dent

John

H

enne

ssy

is w

orrie

d ab

out a

lack

of r

ole

mod

els,

amon

g ot

her t

hing

s. "W

e ha

ve [T

V]

show

s abo

ut d

octo

rs, l

awye

rs, p

oliti

cian

s. W

here

are

our

role

mod

els o

f sci

entif

ic

inno

vatio

n?" a

sks H

enne

ssy.

"W

e ne

ed

Eddi

e th

e En

gine

er o

r Sam

the

Scie

ntis

t."

Cop

yrig

ht ©

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an M

etz.

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hts R

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ved.

Page 16: Why Are There Still Underrepresented Groups in Engineering

Eval

uate

you

r pot

entia

l fut

ure

as a

m

echa

nica

l eng

inee

ring

maj

or b

y as

king

yo

urse

lf th

ese

ques

tions

:(Wor

ldW

ideL

earn

.com

)

♦H

ow a

re y

our g

rade

s in

mat

h an

d sc

ienc

e? If

you

st

rugg

le, c

hoos

e an

othe

r spe

cial

ty. I

f you

do

wel

l and

as

k fo

r mor

e, m

echa

nica

l eng

inee

ring

mig

ht b

e th

e rig

ht c

hoic

e.

♦D

o yo

u ha

ve a

cur

iosi

ty a

bout

how

thin

gs w

ork?

H

ave

you

foun

d yo

urse

lf ta

king

thin

gs a

part

and

putti

ng th

em b

ack

toge

ther

? Th

is c

urio

sity

is a

nat

ural

at

tribu

te o

f the

mec

hani

cal e

ngin

eer.

♦If

you

live

to d

isco

ver n

ew o

r bet

ter w

ays t

o do

th

ings

, you

are

def

inite

ly in

the

right

trac

k.C

opyr

ight

© 2

006

by S

usan

Met

z. A

ll R

ight

s Res

erve

d.

Page 17: Why Are There Still Underrepresented Groups in Engineering

Eval

uate

you

r pot

entia

l fut

ure

as a

m

echa

nica

l eng

inee

ring

maj

or b

y as

king

yo

urse

lf th

ese

ques

tions

:(Wor

ldW

ideL

earn

.com

)

♦A

re c

ompu

ter g

ames

, maz

es, a

nd ji

gsaw

puz

zles

fu

n fo

r you

? W

hat c

ould

be

bette

r tha

n do

ing

wor

k yo

u en

joy?

♦D

o pe

ople

turn

to y

ou fo

r adv

ice

or tr

ust y

our

deci

sion

s? T

hat m

eans

you

thin

k cl

early

and

hav

e de

mon

stra

ted

deci

sion

-mak

ing

abili

ties i

n th

e pa

st. I

t is

an

impo

rtant

requ

irem

ent f

or a

mec

hani

cal

engi

neer

.

Cop

yrig

ht ©

200

6 by

Sus

an M

etz.

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hts R

eser

ved.

Page 18: Why Are There Still Underrepresented Groups in Engineering

CO

LLEG

E B

OA

RD

WEB

SITE

Se

arch

for M

ajor

s:El

ectri

cal E

ngin

eerin

g

♦A

s an

elec

trica

l eng

inee

ring

maj

or, y

ou�ll

st

udy

elec

trici

ty: h

ow it

wor

ks, h

ow it

�s

gene

rate

d, a

nd h

ow it

�s u

sed

to p

ower

ev

eryt

hing

from

ligh

t bul

bs a

nd ra

dios

to

cell

phon

es a

nd ro

bots

. You

�ll a

lso

lear

n ho

w to

des

ign

your

ow

n el

ectri

c-po

wer

ed

proj

ects

.

Cop

yrig

ht ©

200

6 by

Sus

an M

etz.

All

Rig

hts R

eser

ved.

Sour

ce:

http

://w

ww

.col

lege

boar

d.co

m/c

sear

ch/m

ajor

s_ca

reer

s/pr

ofile

s/

Page 19: Why Are There Still Underrepresented Groups in Engineering

CO

LLEG

E B

OA

RD

WEB

SITE

Se

arch

for M

ajor

s:El

ectri

cal E

ngin

eerin

g

Are

You

Rea

dy T

o...?

�Ju

ggle

pro

ject

s, la

b ex

erci

ses,

and

read

ing

assi

gnm

ents

Spen

d ho

urs b

uild

ing

deta

iled,

com

plic

ated

syst

ems

�D

esig

n yo

ur o

wn

gadg

ets o

r sof

twar

e �

Try,

try,

and

try

agai

n w

hen

at fi

rst a

pro

ject

doe

sn�t

succ

eed

�W

ork

as p

art o

f a te

am

�W

rite

repo

rts a

nd g

ive

oral

pre

sent

atio

ns

�D

o an

inte

rnsh

ipin

whi

chyo

u�ll

have

real

job

resp

onsi

bilit

ies

Cop

yrig

ht ©

200

6 by

Sus

an M

etz.

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Rig

hts R

eser

ved.

Sour

ce:

http

://w

ww

.col

lege

boar

d.co

m/c

sear

ch/m

ajor

s_ca

reer

s/pr

ofile

s/

Page 20: Why Are There Still Underrepresented Groups in Engineering

Dra

w-a

n-En

gine

er, a

dapt

ed fr

om D

raw

-A

-Sci

entis

t Tes

t (D

AST

) firs

t dev

elop

ed

by D

.W.C

ham

bers

, 198

3.

Arti

st:

4thgr

ade

girl,

200

2

Cop

yrig

ht ©

200

6 by

Sus

an M

etz.

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Rig

hts R

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ved.

Page 21: Why Are There Still Underrepresented Groups in Engineering

Hig

h Sc

hool

Girl

s�

Perc

eptio

n of

Eng

inee

ring

Acc

ordi

ng to

a r

ecen

t stu

dy c

ondu

cted

by

WG

BH

in

Bos

ton

for

the

Am

eric

an S

ocie

ty o

f Civ

il E

ngin

eers

��

♦H

igh

scho

ol g

irls b

elie

ve th

at e

ngin

eerin

g is

for

peop

le w

ho lo

ve m

ath

and

scie

nce.

The

y do

n�t h

ave

an u

nder

stan

ding

of e

ngin

eerin

g, sh

ow a

n in

tere

st o

r th

ink

it is

for t

hem

. The

y pe

rcei

ve e

ngin

eerin

g as

a

prof

essi

on fo

r men

.

Cop

yrig

ht ©

200

6 by

Sus

an M

etz.

All

Rig

hts R

eser

ved.

Sour

ce:

Ext

raor

dina

ry W

omen

Eng

inee

rs F

inal

Rep

ort,

2005

Page 22: Why Are There Still Underrepresented Groups in Engineering

Key

Car

eer I

nflu

ence

rs

of H

igh

Scho

ol G

irls

♦Pa

rent

s♦

Peer

s♦

Educ

ator

s (te

ache

rs a

nd g

uida

nce

coun

selo

rs)

♦M

edia

Find

ing:

Key

car

eer i

nflu

ence

rs a

re n

ot fa

mili

ar

with

how

to g

uide

stud

ents

tow

ard

engi

neer

ing.

Po

sitiv

e st

orie

s abo

ut e

ngin

eeri

ng a

re n

ot b

eing

co

nvey

ed.

Sour

ce:

Ext

raor

dina

ry W

omen

Eng

inee

rs F

inal

Rep

ort,

2005

Cop

yrig

ht ©

200

6 by

Sus

an M

etz.

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hts R

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ved.

Page 23: Why Are There Still Underrepresented Groups in Engineering

Hig

h Sc

hool

Girl

s and

Eng

inee

ring

Key

Issu

es a

nd F

indi

ngs

♦En

gine

erin

g is

por

traye

d as

ver

y ch

alle

ngin

g an

d st

ress

im

porta

nce

of su

perio

r mat

h an

d sc

ienc

e sk

ills.

Mes

sage

s do

not

incl

ude

bene

fits a

nd re

war

ds o

f bei

ng a

n en

gine

er.

♦Pr

ofes

sion

al in

tere

sts f

or g

irls h

inge

on

rele

vanc

e -t

he jo

b is

rew

ardi

ng a

nd th

e pr

ofes

sion

is fo

r som

eone

�lik

e m

e.�

♦C

aree

r mot

ivat

ors f

or h

igh

scho

ol g

irls:

enj

oy th

eir j

ob,

have

a g

ood

wor

k en

viro

nmen

t, m

ake

a di

ffer

ence

, ear

n a

good

sala

ry, a

nd h

ave

flexi

bilit

y.

♦H

igh

scho

ol g

irls r

eact

pos

itive

ly to

per

sona

l and

in

form

atio

nal s

torie

s. H

ow d

oes e

ngin

eerin

g al

ign

with

th

eir c

aree

r mot

ivat

ors?

Sour

ce:

Ext

raor

dina

ry W

omen

Eng

inee

rs F

inal

Rep

ort,

2005

Cop

yrig

ht ©

200

6 by

Sus

an M

etz.

All

Rig

hts R

eser

ved.

Page 24: Why Are There Still Underrepresented Groups in Engineering

Key

Mes

sage

s to

Con

vey

Hig

h Sc

hool

Gir

ls T

ell U

s To:

Shar

e m

ore

stor

ies o

f how

peo

ple�

s liv

es h

ave

been

af

fect

ed b

y en

gine

ers.

♦H

ow e

ngin

eerin

g is

not

just

abo

ut d

rafti

ng a

nd c

ars..

it ca

n be

abo

ut so

cial

issu

es, a

nd th

ird-w

orld

cou

ntrie

s bec

omin

g be

tter a

nd c

itize

ns h

appi

er.

♦Ta

lk a

bout

han

ds-o

n fu

n, th

at it

�s n

ot si

tting

in a

cub

icle

al

l day

, but

it�s

trav

elin

g th

e w

orld

, mak

ing

a di

ffer

ence

, se

eing

you

r cre

atio

ns c

ome

to li

fe.

♦Te

ll us

that

eng

inee

rs n

ot o

nly

mak

e go

od m

oney

, but

co

ntrib

ute

to th

e w

ell-b

eing

of t

he h

uman

race

.

Sour

ce:

Ext

raor

dina

ry W

omen

Eng

inee

rs F

inal

Rep

ort,

2005

Cop

yrig

ht ©

200

6 by

Sus

an M

etz.

All

Rig

hts R

eser

ved.

Page 25: Why Are There Still Underrepresented Groups in Engineering

Cha

lleng

e: T

o En

gage

Stu

dent

s C

onve

rt P

erce

ptio

n of

Eng

inee

ring

FRO

M T

HIS

��

.♦

Ner

d♦

Mat

h an

d sc

ienc

e ge

ek♦

Mus

t be

brill

iant

♦W

hite

mal

e♦

Prim

arily

wor

ks w

ith

mac

hine

s♦

Com

mun

icat

es p

oorly

♦B

orin

g♦

Rig

id

TO T

HIS

��

♦C

reat

ive

♦En

joys

and

doe

s wel

l in

mat

h an

d sc

ienc

e♦

Like

s to

solv

e pr

oble

ms

♦W

orks

in te

ams

♦H

elps

peo

ple

♦Im

prov

es th

e qu

ality

of

life

♦C

urio

us

Cop

yrig

ht ©

200

6 by

Sus

an M

etz.

All

Rig

hts R

eser

ved.

Page 26: Why Are There Still Underrepresented Groups in Engineering

Wom

en a

nd M

en o

n th

e En

gine

erin

g Pa

th(A

delm

an, 1

998)

♦N

eith

er w

omen

nor

men

will

cho

ose

engi

neer

ing

for t

he ri

ght r

easo

ns u

nles

s bot

h th

e pr

ofes

sion

an

d en

gine

erin

g ed

ucat

ors c

an re

ach

out t

o a

broa

d po

pula

tion

with

a fu

ll po

rtra

it of

the

rich

ness

of c

ultu

re a

nd p

ract

ice�

. ♦

[Stu

dent

s nee

d to

exp

erie

nce]

pro

ject

des

igns

that

ha

ve c

ultu

ral,

econ

omic

, and

pol

itica

l dim

ensi

ons

in a

dditi

on to

eng

inee

ring

task

s and

cal

cula

tions

an

d sc

ient

ific

know

ledg

e.

Cop

yrig

ht ©

200

6 by

Sus

an M

etz.

All

Rig

hts R

eser

ved.

Page 27: Why Are There Still Underrepresented Groups in Engineering

Educ

atio

nal P

athw

ay fo

r Eng

inee

ring

Engi

neer

ing-

Rea

dy H

.S.

Seni

ors

Fres

hman

En

gine

erin

g St

uden

ts

Engi

neer

ing

Bac

cala

urea

tes

Engi

neer

ing

PhD

s61%

of M

ales

57%

of F

emal

es

84%

Mal

e16

%

Fem

ale

80%

Mal

e20

%

Fem

ale

83%

M

ale

17%

Fe

mal

e

Sour

ce: C

PST

deriv

ed fr

om N

atio

nal C

ente

r for

Edu

catio

n St

atist

ics

Cop

yrig

ht ©

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6 by

Sus

an M

etz.

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Rig

hts R

eser

ved.

Page 28: Why Are There Still Underrepresented Groups in Engineering

Teac

hers

M

ake

a B

ig D

iffer

ence

!!♦

My

lab

part

ner n

ever

let m

e do

thin

gs w

ith th

e eq

uipm

ent.

H

e to

ld m

e I w

as b

ette

r at w

ritin

g th

an h

e w

as w

hich

was

tr

ue.

But,

my

teac

her m

ade

us sw

itch

(rol

es).

That

was

goo

d be

caus

e I w

ould

n�t h

ave

aske

d ev

en th

ough

I w

ante

d to

.10

thgr

ade

fem

ale

♦I w

ould

hav

e ne

ver t

houg

ht a

bout

maj

orin

g in

eng

inee

ring

if

my

teac

her d

idn�

t giv

e m

e th

is b

roch

ure

abou

t a sp

ecia

l su

mm

er p

rogr

am. M

y pa

rent

s can

�t be

lieve

it, b

ut I�

m g

oing

to

maj

or in

eng

inee

ring

in c

olle

ge. 11

thgr

ade

fem

ale

♦I a

lway

s wor

ked

hard

and

did

pre

tty w

ell i

n m

ath

and

scie

nce

but n

ever

thou

ght I

was

smar

t eno

ugh

to b

e an

en

gine

er. I

�m a

n en

gine

erin

g m

ajor

bec

ause

my

scie

nce

teac

her t

old

me

that

he

thou

ght I

cou

ld d

o it

and

I�m

doi

ng

amaz

ingl

y w

ell!

colle

ge fe

mal

e so

phom

ore